China and the New Imperialism
China’s Geography
• Landforms: 1.1 billion people (_______ of the worlds
population) are crowded into the eastern third of the country
• Rivers: Huang He (____________________) called the
―river of sorrow‖ because it floods frequently causing terrible destruction
• People: 95 % of the people are Han (Ethnic Chinese) the other 5 percent are made up of Mongols and Tibetans
• Great Wall of China is the only man made object that can be seen from ____________________
China’s Culture
• Government: Mandate of Heaven – Chinese believed that heaven granted a ruler the mandate, or right to rule.
• People owed the ruler complete _____________ and obedience.
• For their loyalty, the people had the right to expect good government and to rebel if harmony was not maintained.
• Dynastic cycle: China had many ruling dynasties rise and fall
The Bronze age in China- 2000BC - thru 771 B.C.
* _________ was produced on a massive scale for weapons and ritual
objects used by the ruling elite.
* Bronze became widespread in the central plain of China in the early
Shang times
* -______ was abundant in China
—
led to the Chinese
discovery of ___________
* -tin + copper = bronze
Writing in the Shang Dynasty 1600 BC
–
1046 BC
*-one of the first cultures in the world to have ___________
*-writing based on ___________ that stand for words and ideas
*-wrote on bronze artworks and oracle bones
*-2,000 of the 4,500 characters have been ______________
Dynasties
Shang-
Qin the First emperor
–
Built the ____________ warriors, the
Great Wall, not a popular leader.
Han
-
introduced gov’
t based on _____________
–
started the silk road,
education, crop rotation.
T
ang
- ____________ is a period of stunning development in China
,
use
of
paper money
, the introduction of
tea drinking
, and the inventions of
gunpowder
, the
__________
, and
printing
all occur.
•
Yuan Dynasty-
Ruled by the__________ (Genghis & Kublai Khan)
―barbarians‖ who form Yuan Dynasty in China, they were the first of
only two times that the entire area of China was ruled by foreigners
•
Qing (Manchu)
- The Qing instituted changes in the dress of the
Chinese, it was the last Dynasty 1644
–
1911, The impact of the west
was also felt for the first time in China.
History: China’s Imperialism
• Trade Issue: Prior to the 1800’s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders
• China sold silk, porcelain, and tea in exchange for gold and silver.
• China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported.
• Two developments transformed China’s relations with the western world:
• China entered a period of decline.
• Industrial Revolution created a need for expanded markets for European goods and gave the West superior military power.
The Opium War
• Late 1700’s, British made huge profits by trading _________ grown in India for Chinese ____________.
Silver flowed out of China in payment for the drug
• Chinese government outlawed opium
Executed Chinese ________ dealers.
• Called on Britain to stop trade (British refused / free trade)
• In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants
Triggering the Opium War
• Outdated weapons and fighting methods, the Chinese were easily defeated
China’s Reform Efforts
• ―Self-strengthening‖ movement. Imported modern weapons and ______________ technology.
• War with Japan
___________ Japanese pressure on China led to the __________-Japanese War.
Japan gained Taiwan.
• _______________ of Influence: The defeat revealed China’s Weakness. Western powers moved swiftly to carve out spheres of influence along the Chinese coast.
• British, French, _______________ and Russia took hold of China.
• United States –called for a ―Open ___________ Policy‖ to Chinese trade open to everyone on an equal basis
The Qing Dynasty Falls
• ____________ Uprising: Antiforeigner feeling finally exploded in the Boxer Uprising.
(Boxers - Chinese trained in martial arts)
• Western powers & Japan crush the Boxers and force China to make more concessions to the west.
• Although the Boxer Uprising failed it did drive the ―_______ Principles of the People‖ • Nationalism
• Democracy
• Livelihood
Making of a Republic
–
Nationalists vs. Communists
• Nationalist Party – Based itself on the 3 People Principles
Leader Chiang Kai Shek
• Communists – Leader _______ Zedong
• Nationalists and Communists work together to take power from warlords and foreigners
Kills thousands
• Mao flees to the Himalayas on the ____________ March in 1934
Wins support of peasants
Japan invades China
•
Nationalists and Communists work together again to defeat the Japanese invasion in ____ WWII unofficially begins in Asia
•
U.S. supports the Nationalist party during _________•
End of WWII Nationalist and Communists go to war with each other over control of China•
U.S. again supports the NationalistCommunists win China in 1949
•
Chiang and the Nationalists flee to Taiwan and create a new country•
Mao sets up Communists controlled Government _________________ Republic of China
•
Mao rules in a Totalitarian stateCultural Revolution 1966
•
Distrust of Mao was growing•
Mao accused the educated of conspiring against him•
Sent to work camps/killedTHE “GREAT LEAP FORWARD”
1958 - 1962
• Establishing Peoples ___________ as relatively self-sufficient economic units.
• _________________—Mass labor would create an industrialized society.
• __________ communes were set up. The hope was to industrialize by making use of the massive supply of cheap labor and avoid having to import heavy machinery.
• Use these communes to _________ steel, agriculture, and infrastructure output.
• The Great Leap Forward is now widely seen both within China and outside as a major ___________________.
• Various sources now put the death toll somewhere between 25 and 60 million people, with the majority of the deaths owed to starvation.
• Communist Party members openly laid blame for the disaster at the feet of the Party leadership and took it as proof that China must rely more on education.
• It was principally to crush this opposition that Mao launched his Cultural Revolution in early 1966.
The Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956-57) deliberate attempts to flush out dissidents
by encouraging them to show themselves ____________________, before wiping them out. The campaign was a political trap, and those who had differing views from Mao were ______________________.
Cultural Revolution 1966-1976
_______________of Mao was growingMao accused the _______________ of conspiring against him Many were sent to work camps and
or killed.
Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976), A political campaign in China, launched in 1966 by Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong to _______________________ and revolutionize Chinese society. In the social chaos and political persecution that followed, thousands died and millions were imprisoned or exiled.
Not only was the gap still great between the standard of living in the city and countryside, but intellectuals and professionals still retained privileges in
education and an ____________________________________. Frustrated with the slowness of social change, Mao sought an opportunity to attack the
moderates.
THE RED GUARD
In 1966, a group of ________________________ in Beijing named themselves "Chairman Mao's Red Guards." Mao's support for them led to the name "Red Guard" being adopted by groups who were sanctioned by Mao and his
supporters to "rebel against the system" all over China. Sworn to protect Chairman Mao and his revolutionary line, the Red Guards and other, older
revolutionary rebels caused havoc and eventually turned on each other, resulting in great destruction and considerable loss of life.
some never did.
For many people today, images of fanatical Red Guards dressed in old army jackets and wearing red armbands, waving copies of __________________ and chanting "Long Live Chairman Mao!", are all that remain of the complex, at times idealistic, and often violent student movement of the Cultural Revolution.
Red Guards traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teachings of Mao.
The role of Red Guard was mainly to attack the ―__________" of society, that is what is believed to be old ideas, cultures, manners, and customs of China at the time.
some committed ________________ in the name of the Cultural Revolution. The Red Guards ransacked museums and destroyed old books and works of art
throughout China. Many famous temples, shrines, and other heritage sites were destroyed
Mao closed schools and encouraged students to join Red Guard units, which ____________________________________________ and enforced Mao's cult of personality.
The movement for criticism of party officials, intellectuals, and "bourgeois values" turned violent, and the Red Guard split into factions. Many people died in the ensuing purges.
The Cultural Revolution also caused ______________________; industrial production dropped by 12% from 1966 to 1968.
Mao expressed regrets for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. Mao's death (Sept., 1976) marks the end of the Cultural Revolution. Torture became common.
Encouraging and manipulating the young Chinese intelligentsia into overthrowing established authorities.
Rooting out the families of officials who were believed to be loyal to the status quo.
Red Guards provided Mao with a powerful vigilante force which could be turned at a whim against whoever was out of favor.
Beatings were commonplace.
―EVIL DOERS‖ might be paraded naked through the town, made to kneel on broken glass.
It was a time of lawlessness and cultural destruction.
Temples, mosques and churches were looted and destroyed. Even flowers were declared to be bourgeois.
Torture became common.
CULT OF PERSONALITY
It arises when a country's leader uses _____________ to create a larger-than-life public image (of him or her self) through unquestioning flattery and praise. Cults of personality are often found in ______________________.
People’s Repu
blic of China- Under Mao
The Chinese government ran: farms
schools
hospitals
factories
People do __________________ to rebuild China Government provided basic living needs
The system failed because people disliked the commune
Food was ______________ produced
There were too ____________ farmers
CORRUPT OFFICIALS
Positive Mao actions
Public Schools- Educate all Womens Rights
Stronger military
International ―Mover and Shaker‖
Brought China into the international Limelight!
Legacy of Mao
Strive for a Classless Society
Equal rights for ___________
Emphasis on public ________________
China after Mao
•
___________ Xiaoping – assumes control of Communist Party after Mao’s death•
Brings wealth and power to China Modernize Agriculture and Industry
_____________ Reform not class struggle
Mixed Capitalism with Communism
•
End Mao’s plan of self-reliance and ________________ from the rest of the world Open Door policy of foreign trade
* ____________ agriculture, military, industry, science and engineering-Reducing the
number of soldiers and improving military technology with advanced weapons systems. Sent thousands of students abroad, particularly to the United States, to study science and engineering.
• Joint venture companies (foreign investment) Joint ventures are businesses where a foreign firm goes into business with a local Chinese partner.
• special economic zones where foreign investment was encouraged and new factories were established.
• ____________________________ (capitalism) communist authorities have not granted it full legal protection and still ban private ownership of land.
Tiananmen Massacre 1989
• Deng planned to empower China by sending _____________ to study abroad and bring back ideas of technology and agriculture
The students also brought back ideas of democracy and human rights
• Massive student rallies call for more rights and _____________
• Deng deemed them dangerous to Communist order and had them broken up
Protesters refused to leave and police __________ on crowds
Tiananmen Massacre ensued
