Social Community Aspects of Watershed Management

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M odu le 5 – ( L1 9 – L2 1 ) :

“Socio- e con om ic Aspe ct s of

W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t ”

W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t

Socia l Aspe ct s of W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t : Com m u n it y

pa r t icipa t ion , Pr iva t e se ct or pa r t icipa t ion , I n st it u t ion a l issu e s, Socio- e con om y I n t e gr a t e d de ve lopm e n t W a t e r le gisla t ion a n d Socio- e con om y, I n t e gr a t e d de ve lopm e n t , W a t e r le gisla t ion a n d im ple m e n t a t ion s, Ca se st u die s

1 9

Socia l & Com m u n it y Aspe ct s

1 1

1

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L1 9

L1 9 –

Socia l & Com m u n it y Aspe ct s

f W t

h d M

t

of W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t



Topics Cove r e d



Social aspect s of wat ershed m anagem ent ,

Com m unit y part icipat ion Com m unit y based

Com m unit y part icipat ion, Com m unit y based

w at ershed m anagem ent , I nst it ut ional issues.



Keywords:

Social aspect s, Com m unit y part icipat ion, Social aspect s, Com m unit y part icipat ion, I nst it ut ional issues.

I nst it ut ional issues.

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Wat ershed Managem ent - Perspect ives

 Past Tradit ional and Current Developm ent Approaches

Tiw ari et al ( 2008) The Journal of Agricult ure and Environm ent Vol: 9 Jun 2008 Tiw ari et al., ( 2008) The Journal of Agricult ure and Environm ent Vol: .9, Jun.2008

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Socia l Aspe ct s

Photo, A.K. Singh, 2002

• Wat ershed m anagem ent obj ect ive: Social uplift m ent & well being of inhabit ant s

W t h d t i t f t h di t d h

• Wat ershed m anagem ent consist s of t hose coordinat ed hum an act ivit ies aim ed at cont rolling, enhancing, or rest oring

wat ershed funct ions.

• Com m unit y- based wat ershed m anagem ent - approach t o

wat er- resource prot ect ion t hat enables individuals, groups, and inst it ut ions wit h a st ake in m anagem ent out com es ( oft en called inst it ut ions wit h a st ake in m anagem ent out com es ( oft en called st akeholders) t o part icipat e in ident ifying & addressing local

issues t hat affect or are affect ed by wat ershed funct ions.

Social Aspect s: t h d t d it t ib t i

• Social Aspect s: wat ershed m anagem ent and it s cont ribut ion t owards opt im al ut ilizat ion of nat ural resources t hereby accruing great er and sust ainable benefit s t o m ankind.

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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

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Wat ershed Managem ent - Social Aspect s

 Wat ershed m anagem ent - process of im plem ent ing land

use pract ices & wat er m anagem ent pract ices t o prot ect & im prove qualit y of wat er & ot her nat ural resources & im prove qualit y of wat er & ot her nat ural resources

wit hin a wat ershed by m anaging t he use of t hose land & wat er resources in a com prehensive m anner.

 Wat ershed m anagem ent - a way of looking at

relat ionships bet ween people, nat ure, land and wat er.

 Wat ershed m anagem ent - aim s at bringing about

balance bet ween nat ural resources on one hand & balance bet ween nat ural resources on one hand & societ y on t he ot her.

Ecology &

environm ent Econom ic _{uplift m ent}

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Socia l Aspe ct s of Su st a in a ble D e ve lopm e n t

Econ om ic

S

Polit ica l

S D

En vir on m e n t a l

Socia l

To achieve sust ainabilit y: Socially accept able econom ically &

En vir on m e n t a l

To achieve sust ainabilit y: Socially accept able, econom ically & t echnically viable proj ect , m ult i- disciplinary approach, social inst it ut ion, involvem ent of st ake holders – Holist ic approach -Capacit y Building- “good science & sm art planning”

6 6

Capacit y Building good science & sm art planning

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Socia l Aspe ct s of W a t e r sh e d D e ve lopm e n t

W h y Socia l Aspe ct s a r e im por t a n t in Ecosyst e m M a n a ge m e n t ?

 Principles of ecosyst em m anagem ent include

st at em ent s about how hum ans and hum an values are

i l i h

int egral ecosyst em com ponent s, suggest ing t hat :

 “ People cannot be separat ed from nat ure,”

 “ Hum ans are fundam ent al influences on ecological

 Hum ans are fundam ent al influences on ecological pat t erns and processes and are in t urn affect ed by t hem ,” and

“ R dl f t h l f i t ifi k l d h

 “ Regardless of t he role of scient ific know ledge, hum an values play a dom inant role in ecosyst em

m anagem ent goals” .

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Socia l Aspe ct s of W a t e r sh e d D e ve lopm e n t

Sh a r in g Cost s a n d Be n e fit s

 Wat ershed proj ect s oft en dist ribut e cost s & benefit s

unevenly, wit h t he cost s levied upst ream , t ypically am ong y, p , yp y g poorer users, and t he benefit s hogged by resident s

downst ream , usually t he richer farm ers.

 I ndividuals m ust derive privat e t angible benefit s from t he I ndividuals m ust derive privat e t angible benefit s from t he wat ershed act ivit ies such as raising agricult ural

product ivit y, augm ent ing incom e, m eet ing food securit y & cont rolling land degradat ion. g g

 Expect ed privat e benefit s m ust subst ant ially exceed t he expect ed privat e cost s.

 Appropriat e arrangem ent s be m ade t o convert as m uch of

 Appropriat e arrangem ent s be m ade t o convert as m uch of collect ive benefit s int o t angible privat e benefit s.

 Done t hrough developing need- based inst it ut ional

arrangem ent s which assess needs of t he st akeholders in arrangem ent s, which assess needs of t he st akeholders in t he w at ershed & accordingly plan dist ribut ion of benefit s.

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Com m u n it y Pa r t icipa t ion

• Proponent s of com m unit y- based wat ershed m anagem ent

m aint ain t hat involving local st akeholders result s in m ore l ll l t l t i th t t k i t t h

locally relevant solut ions t hat t ake int o account each

com m unit y's unique social, econom ic, and environm ent al condit ions and values.

• St akeholder part icipat ion is also t hought t o creat e a sense of local ownership of ident ified problem s and

solut ions, t hus ensuring long- t erm support for result ing solut ions, t hus ensuring long t erm support for result ing m anagem ent plans.

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Charact erist ics of Com m unit y

Charact erist ics of Com m unit

y--Based Wat ershed Managem ent

Based Wat ershed Managem ent

• Ch a n gin g Role s & Re la t ion sh ips: As local com m unit ies part icipat e m ore act ively in wat ershed m anagem ent , roles & relat ionships of resource m anagers & st akeholders will change. Com m unit y- based wat ershed m anagem ent recognizes t hat all y g g st akeholders have a crit ical role t o play in t he m anagem ent planning process.

• W h ole Syst e m Pe r spe ct ive: Wat ershed m anagem ent is not

• W h ole - Syst e m Pe r spe ct ive: Wat ershed m anagem ent is not a single st rat egy, but is a general approach t o wat er resource prot ect ion t hat recognizes t he int erconnect edness of all t he

h i l d bi l i l t f t h l d i l di

physical and biological com ponent s of t he landscape, including hum an com m unit ies.

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Charact erist ics of Com m unit y

Charact erist ics of Com m unit

y--Based Wat ershed Managem ent

Based Wat ershed Managem ent

• W h ole - Syst e m Pe r spe ct ive: A com m unit y- based approach considers not only t he physical charact erist ics of a wat ershed, considers not only t he physical charact erist ics of a wat ershed, but it also t akes int o account t he social & econom ic fact ors

associat ed wit h wat ershed issues. The goal of com m unit y- based wat ershed m anagem ent is t o prot ect and rest ore wat ershed

wat ershed m anagem ent is t o prot ect and rest ore wat ershed funct ions while considering t he variet y of social and econom ic benefit s of t hose funct ions.

i f S i ifi f i & S i l l

• I n t e gr a t ion of Scie n t ific I n for m a t ion & Socie t a l Va lu e s:

Wat ershed m anagem ent decisions should be based on sound scient ific inform at ion, bot h in t erm s of ident ifying problem s and select ing opt ions for addressing t hose problem s.

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Charact erist ics of Com m unit y

Charact erist ics of Com m unit

y--B

d W t

h d M

t

B

d W t

h d M

t

Based Wat ershed Managem ent

• Ada pt ive M a n a ge m e n t St yle: Addressing environm ent al,

i l d i i t t h t h d l i l

social, and econom ic issues at t he wat ershed scale is com plex, and oft en t here is a high level of uncert aint y regarding t he

out com es of m anagem ent decisions.

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Challenges Associat ed Wit h Com m unit y

Challenges Associat ed Wit h Com m unit

y--Based Wat ershed Managem ent

Based Wat ershed Managem ent

W t h d t h d f f bli & i t l

• Wat ersheds m ay cover t housands of acres of public & privat ely owned land. Developing a basic underst anding of how hum an act ivit ies affect wat ershed funct ions is a m aj or undert aking. • Som e key st akeholders m ay lack t he t im e, m ot ivat ion, skills, or resources t o part icipat e effect ively t hroughout t he

m anagem ent planning process. g p g p

• Resource m anagem ent professionals m ay be reluct ant t o give up t heir role as expert s and t o share aut horit y wit h lay persons regarding resource m anagem ent issues.

regarding resource m anagem ent issues.

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Challenges of Com m unit y

Challenges of Com m unit y-- Based

Based

Wat ershed Managem ent

C fli t b t t k h ld t l d

• Conflict s bet ween st akeholders over m anagem ent goals and t he m eans t o accom plishing t hose goals are inevit able, and resource m anagem ent professionals are oft en ill- prepared t o facilit at e const ruct ive dialogue t o resolve t hese conflict s.

• Com m unit y based approaches require t im e and resources t o • Com m unit y- based approaches require t im e and resources t o generat e int erest and t o build relat ionships bet ween

st akeholders.

• Funding agencies and st akeholders m ay grow im pat ient wit h t he lack of observable out com es.

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Developm ent Paradigm s

 Rural developm ent over t he past 20 years has been m arked by a gradual shift from t he int ervent ion- based m et hod t o an

approach prom ot ing rural people’s involvem ent in t heir ow n

d l h i ld b id h

developm ent so t hat m ore at t ent ion could be paid t o t he

people’s requirem ent s, problem s on t he ground could be bet t er underst ood & groups concerned could be helped t o im prove t heir sit uat ion

t heir sit uat ion.

Direct I nt ervent ion Met hod Vs Part icipat ory Met hod.

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Pu blic Pa r t icipa t ion

E i P bli i i i

En su r in g Pu blic pa r t icipa t ion :

Sust ainabilit y, Equit y and Part icipat ion are t he t hree basic elem ent s of part icipat ory w at ershed m anagem ent .

 Sust ainabilit y involves conservat ion and enhancem ent of t he prim ary product ivit y of t he ecosyst em , t he m ain

com ponent s of which are land, wat er and biom ass. p

 Equit y has t o be seen in t erm s of creat ing an equit able access t o livelihood resources for t he wat ershed

com m unit y. y

 Part icipat ory w at ershed m anagem ent at t em pt s at ensuring sust ainabilit y of t he ecological, econom ic &

social exchanges t aking place in t he wat ershed t errit ory. o a a g a g p a a d o y

 I ncludes nat ural resource exchange, which is t he

convent ional wat ershed m anagem ent , and part icipat ory w at ershed m anagem ent addit ionally considers t he

w at ershed m anagem ent addit ionally considers t he econom ic, polit ical and cult ural exchanges.

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Com m u n it y Pa r t icipa t ion …

 I n real t erm s com m unit y part icipat ion m eans volunt ary sharing by users group t heir t im e, energy & m oney on program m e & adopt t he recom m ended m easures and program m e & adopt t he recom m ended m easures and pract ices on a sust ained basis.

 People’s part icipat ion is crit ical for t he success of t he

wat ershed program because t he sum of individual choices has wat ershed program because t he sum of individual choices has collect ive consequences on m anagem ent of nat ural resources.

 I n com m unit y part icipat ion people act collect ively & influence out com es

out com es.

For success of t his t ype of part icipat ion, 3 aspect s are crit ical:

( 1) t he abilit y of m em bers t o part icipat e as a com m unit y or t o have a collect ive voice;

( 2) decision m ade j oint ly by t he com m unit y and im plem ent ing organizat ions; and

( 3) com m unit ies bearing a share of cost s.

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Pu blic Pa r t icipa t ion

Con dit ion s for fa cilit a t in g pe ople ’s pa r t icipa t ion :

( 1) Making people aware about pot ent ial benefit s of

collect ive act ion in conserving & m anaging nat ural resources collect ive act ion in conserving & m anaging nat ural resources ( 2) Dem and- driven act ivit ies in t he w at ershed program ;

( 3) Em pow ering people in planning, im plem ent ing and

i t h d

m anaging w at ershed program s;

( 4) Sufficient privat e econom ic benefit s t o creat e incent ives for part icipat ion.

Colle ct ive a ct ion ca n be de fin e d a s t h e pu r su it of a goa l or se t of goa ls by m or e t h a n on e a ct or .

Em pow e r in g t h e com m u n it yp g y

When people are em pow ered t o t ake decisions & execut e t he act ivit ies, t hey ow n t he program . They run t he

wat ershed act ivit ies according t o local, social & cult ural g , syst em s.

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S

Prof. T I Eldho, Department of

Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Photo, A.K.

Singh,

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I n st it u t ion a l issu e s

I nstitution building:

Role of inst it ut ions is t o develop rules

for planning & m anaging wat ershed act ivit ies, sharing cost s & b fit & di t l t i

& benefit s & disput e resolut ion.

The inst it ut ion building process involves generat ion of self renewing capabilit y in t he organizat ion & also abilit y g p y g y t o align m issions & goals wit h t he em erging changes in t he environm ent wit hout losing basic et hics and spirit . Som e of t h e k e y fa ct or s t h a t fa cilit a t e de ve lopm e n t of Som e of t h e k e y fa ct or s t h a t fa cilit a t e de ve lopm e n t of socia l in st it u t ion s in t h e con t e x t of w a t e r sh e d:

- Capacit y building

- An assured flow of funds t o t he proj ect - Cost sharing has t o be ‘real’.

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I n st it u t ion a l issu e s

 cont ribut ion of volunt ary labor does not necessarily creat e a feeling of ownership of t he asset s creat ed for land & wat er developm ent .

• St rong dedicat ed and com m it t ed leadership

• A shared percept ion of benefit s by all group m em bers • A shared percept ion of benefit s by all group m em bers

 Fa ct or s t h a t im pe de t h e pr oce ss of in st it u t ion bu ildin g in t h e w a t e r sh e d pr ogr a m s:

- • Unreasonable quot as and t arget s L k f lf li

- • Lack of self- reliance - • Lack of t ransparency

- •• Failure t o m obilize local resources Failure t o m obilize local resources

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Wat ershed Managem ent

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Case St udy:

Th S kh

j i i W t

h d M d l

The Sukhom aj iri Wat ershed Model

 From t he m id 1970s onw ards t he Gov. I ndia, Haryana Forest Dept . ( HFD) & Cent ral Soil and Wat er Conservat ion Research and Training I nst it ut e ( CSWCRTI ) wit h support from Ford Foundat ion w ere involved in undert aking soil & w at er

t i t i it i i S kh j i i ill i H

conservat ion act ivit ies in Sukhom aj iri village in Haryana

 I nit ially check dam s w ere const ruct ed t o arrest t he m ovem ent of silt from cat chm ent areas.

 How ever, w hen villagers dest royed t he check dam s and cont inued t o open graze cat t le in forest areas, a m ore

com prehensive dialogue was init iat ed wit h local com m unit ies.

 Discussions revealed t hat inadequat e irrigat ion facilit ies caused fodder scarcit y, result ing in villagers open grazing

 Tw o eart hen dam s w ere const ruct ed in 1978 and furt her 2 m ore

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in subsequent years.

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R f P bli P i t P t hi i W t h d M t

Ca se st u dy:

Ref: Public Privat e Part nerships in Wat ershed Managem ent -Evidence from t he Him alayan foot hills: Mr. Mat hew Kurian

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Ca se st u dy:

Six fe a t u r e s of t h e in st it u t ion a l con t r a ct s t h a t ch a r a ct e r iz e d for m a t ion of com m u n it y or ga n iz a t ion s a r e n ot a ble :

 Wat er user associat ions were const it ut ed

Landless households were given a share of wat er from dam s

 Landless households were given a share of wat er from dam s and at t em pt s were m ade t o inst it ut e a syst em of t radable wat er shares so t hat landless households could sell t heir

h f t t t h h h ld

share of w at er t o ot her households.

 Profit s from t he sale of wat er from dam s ( fiber & fodder grasses) could be used for com m unit y developm ent

g ) y p

act ivit ies. Such act ivit ies could t ake t he form of const ruct ion of village roads, repair of school buildings or const ruct ion of rest areas for laborers

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rest areas for laborers.

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Ca se st u dy:

 HFD w as t o facilit at e annual elect ions of t he m anaging com m it t ee.

 Mem bership issues were t ackled, especially in cases where not all m em bers in a village could benefit from w at er supply from dam s.pp y

 At least a t hird of posit ions in t he m anaging com m it t ee are t o be reserved for wom en. Every w om an in a household w as ent it led t o m em bership dist inct from household w as ent it led t o m em bership dist inct from m em bership of t he m ale head of household in t he general body of HRMS.

 Profit s from t he sale wat er from eart hen dam s ( and fiber

 Profit s from t he sale wat er from eart hen dam s ( and fiber and fodder grasses) const ruct ed in areas under j oint m anagem ent were t o be shared bet ween t he HFD and t he HRMS (Hill Resource Managem ent Societ ies) .

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e S ( ou a ag o )

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Case St udy: Out com e

 The dam s provided supplem ent al irrigat ion t o w heat crop and t hus helped t o increase agricult ural product ivit y in t he p g p y rabi season.

 Furt her, product ion of wheat st raw increased farm er’s

disposable incom e by enabling t hem t o reduce t heir fodder p y g grass purchases from ext ernal sources.

 The im proved supply of w heat st raw fodder also led t o an increase in cat t le dung, w hich w as used as a cooking fuel, c ease cat t e du g, c as used as a coo g ue , and t hus lessened pressure on st at e forest s for fuel wood.

 Success wit h part icipat ory wat ershed m anagem ent lead t he forest depart m ent t o expand t he m andat e of t he JFM

forest depart m ent t o expand t he m andat e of t he JFM program in t he Shiwalik hills.

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Ca se st u dy: Le sson Le a r n t

 Wat ershed m anagem ent is m ore t han j ust t he cost -benefit analysis of invest m ent s.

 The m ain dist inct ion bet ween wat ershed

developm ent and ot her t radit ional developm ent al program m es is t hat t he form er is essent ially a com m unit y- based one.

com m unit y based one.

 Raising awareness of t he people’s role in t he wat ershed approach.

 St rengt hening t he capabilit ies of local organizat ions

 St rengt hening t he capabilit ies of local organizat ions.

 Decent ralizat ion of decision- m aking by all players concerned, including t hose out side of wat ershed areas

areas.

 Prom ot ing dialogue, part nership and alliances am ong players.

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Re fe r e n ce s

• J.V.S Murt hy ( 1991) , Wat ershed Managem ent , New Age int ernat ional Publicat ions

 Econom ic and Polit ical Weekly Sept em ber 16, 2000, 3435- 3444, Sust ainable

Wat ershed Managem ent I nst it ut ional Approach. V Rat na Reddy.

R l C li i P i i W h d M I i S ffi i

 Rule Com pliance in Part icipat ory Wat ershed Managem ent : I s it a Sufficient Guarant ee of Sust ainable Rural Livelihoods? Mat hew Kurian, T. Diet z and K.S. Murali

 Joshi PK, Vasudha Pangare, Shiferaw B, Wani SP, Boum a J and Scot t C. 2004.

Socioeconom ic and policy research on wat ershed m anagem ent in I ndia: Synt hesis of past experiences and needs for fut ure research. Global Them e on

Agroecosyst em s Report no. 7. Pat ancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, I ndia: I nt ernat ional Crops Research I nst it ut e for t he Sem i- Arid Tropics. 88 pp.

 Public Privat e Part nerships in Wat ershed Managem ent - Evidence from t he

Him alayan foot hills Mr. Mat hew Kurian

 Hydrologic Design That I ncorporat es Environm ent al, Qualit y, and Social Aspect s, Environm ent al Qualit y Managem ent / DOI 10 1002/ t qem / spring 2006 © 2006 Environm ent al Qualit y Managem ent / DOI 10.1002/ t qem / spring 2006 © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, I nc. Published online in Wiley I nt erScience

w w w .int erscience.w iley.com) . DOI : 10.1002/ t qem .20092

 ht t p: / / w w w .sw rcb.ca.gov/ rw qcb2/ w at ershedm anagem ent .ht m ht t / / iki di / iki/ W t h d t

29 29

 ht t p: / / en.w ikipedia.org/ w iki/ Wat ershed_m anagem ent  w w w .apm as.org .

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Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?.



How com m unit y part icipat ion can be used t o

m ake appropriat e wat ershed m anagem ent

plans & im plem ent at ions.?

.



Discuss t he possible levels of com m unit y



Discuss t he possible levels of com m unit y

part icipat ions in wat ershed m anagem ent

plans.

t he overall sust ainable developm ent &

m anagem ent of Wat ersheds?.

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Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!.

Q



Different iat e bet w een past t radit ional & current

w at ershed developm ent approach plans

w at ershed developm ent approach plans.



Discuss social aspect s of w at ershed

m anagem ent w it hin t he perspect ives of

g

p

sust ainable developm ent .



What are t he im port ant charact erist ics of

it b

d

t

h d

t ?

com m unit y based wat ershed m anagem ent ?.



Different iat e bet w een direct int ervent ion

m et hods and part icipat ory m et hods in

w at ershed m anagem ent .

P f T I Eldh D t t f Ci il E i i IIT B b

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Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?.

g

Q



I llust rat e im port ant social aspect s in wat ershed

m anagem ent ?

m anagem ent ?.



How com m unit y part icipat ion can help in bet t er

w at ershed developm ent plans &

p

im plem ent at ions?.



What are t he challenges associat ed w it h

it b

d

t

h d

t ?

com m unit y based wat ershed m anagem ent ?.



I llust rat e t he w at ershed developm ent out look in

I ndia for t he last 5 decades & it s success

I ndia for t he last 5 decades & it s success.



What are t he im port ant I nst it ut ional issues in

w at ershed m anagem ent ?.

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Un solve d Pr oble m !.



 St udy t he various social issues in your wat ershed St udy t he various social issues in your wat ershed

area. area.

D l i t l t l i l i



 Develop an appropriat e plan t o solve social issues Develop an appropriat e plan t o solve social issues

such as povert y, lack of em ploym ent , lack of such as povert y, lack of em ploym ent , lack of educat ion t o children in your st udy area.

educat ion t o children in your st udy area.



 St udy how t he “ Com m unit y part icipat ion” can help St udy how t he “ Com m unit y part icipat ion” can help

bet t er wat ershed m anagem ent in your st udy area. bet t er wat ershed m anagem ent in your st udy area.



 Develop appropriat e plans for com m unit y Develop appropriat e plans for com m unit y 

 Develop appropriat e plans for com m unit y Develop appropriat e plans for com m unit y

involvem ent in sust ainable developm ent & wat ershed involvem ent in sust ainable developm ent & wat ershed m anagem ent .

(34)

Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho

Professor, Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, pp gg gg

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076.

Mumbai, India, 400 076.

Email:

Email: [email protected]@iitb.ac.in Email:

Email: [email protected]@iitb.ac.in Phone: (022)

Phone: (022) –– 25767339; Fax: 2576730225767339; Fax: 25767302

http://www.