Computers Are Your Future
Twelfth Edition
Databases and
Objectives
•
Describe the basic components of a
database.
•
Describe the qualities of a good
database.
•
Distinguish between file management
programs and relational database
Objectives
•
Differentiate between advanced database
programs and applications, such as data
warehouses, data mining, client/server
database systems, and Web-database
integration.
Objectives
•
Recognize the functional divisions and
business units of an organization.
•
List the major types of information
systems used in today’s organizations.
•
Describe how the retail sector is taking
The Levels of
Data in a Database
•
Database
o
Collection of related data organized so it is
easy to:
• Access • Manage • Update • Group
The Levels of
Data in a Database
•
Database units
o
Bit
•
Smallest unit of data stored by a computer
•
Contains either a 1 or a 0
o
Character
•
A letter, number, or symbol
The Levels of
Data in a Database
•
Database units (con’t.)
o Field
• Single unit of relative information
• Has a field name—identifies content
• Content is data type—includes items as Text, Number, Currency, Date/Time
o Record
• Includes a group of related fields
• Contained in tables or data files
The Levels of
Data in a Database
•
Database units (con’t.)
o Data file (table)
• Collection of records
o Database
The Levels of
Advantages of Database
Management Systems
•
Data integrity
o
Data is valid
•
Data validation
Advantages of Database
Management Systems
•
Data independence
o Separate from applications
o Changes do not require changes in structure of forms, reports, or programs accessing databases
•
Avoiding data redundancy
o Enter data only once
Advantages of Database
Management Systems
•
Data security
o Prevents contents from being accessed by
unauthorized users (e.g., medical records, financial data)
o Audit trail—report of who accesses which data
•
Data maintenance
o Required for proper care and protection
o Add records
o Modify records
Types of Database
Programs
Database Programs
•
Software used to create
databases
o File management program
• Generates a flat file, meaning that there is no relationship with fields in other files
o Database management systems (DBMSs)
Types of Database
Programs
•
File management systems
o Useful for personal and small business needs
o Used to develop a simple computerized system for information storage and retrieval
o Inexpensive and easy to use
Types of Database
Programs
•
DBMS (Database management
systems)
o Connects several files or tables
o Manages, accesses, stores, and edits data
o Available in a variety of forms
o Not usually tied to one particular platform
Types of Database
Programs
Types of Database
Programs
•
DBMS
classifications
o Flat
o Relational
o Object oriented
Types of Database
Programs
•
RDBMS (Relational database
management systems)
o Most widely used class of DBMS
o Primary key field used as index to locate records
o Queries can be done through SQL
o Data dictionary lists all tables in database
o Compared to file management program, RDBMS is: • More expensive
• More difficult to learn
Types of Database
Programs
Types of Database
Programs
•
ODBMS (Object-oriented
database management systems)
o
Suits media applications
o
Data represented as objects
o
Incorporate sound, video, text, and graphics
o
Well suited for applications such as:
•
Financial portfolio risk analysis
Types of Database
Programs
•
Multidimensional
databases
o Depicted as a data cube
o Dimensions typically categories (i.e., time,
products, sales, customers, budget, and markets)
Types of Database
Programs
•
Data warehouses
o Central location capable of storing all corporate information
o Data available for analysis
o Helps executives make decisions
• Use drill-down method (start with summary level and move down) to focus on specific data
Types of Database
Programs
•
Data mining
o Explores and analyzes data
o Determines data patterns helpful for making decisions
o Managers better understand customers and market
o Can help predict future trends
Types of Database
Programs
•
Client/server database systems
o Use database server software—responds to remote users’ requests for information
o Use database client software—provides an interface with the user
o Use queries to request information from the database server
Types of Database
Programs
•
Web–database integration
• Taking database information and making it accessible via the Internet
Types of Database
Programs
•
Cloud computing database
o
Contenders
•
Amazon SimpleDB
•
Google AppEngine Datastore
Information Systems:
Tools for Global
Competitiveness
•
Information
systems
o Integrate: • People • Hardware • Software • Data
Information Systems:
Tools for Global
Competitiveness
•
Information systems (con’t.)
o
Perform many functions:
•
Accepts input (data)
•
Processes data into information
•
Stores data
Information Systems:
Tools for Global
Information Systems:
Tools for Global
Competitiveness
•
Reduce information overload
o Route to appropriate users
o Summarize
o Provide information to selected people with specific needs
Information Systems:
Tools for Global
Competitiveness
•
Functional
divisions
Information Systems:
Tools for Global
Competiveness
•
Typical functional divisions
o Accounting
• Accounts payable, accounts receivable, cost
accounting, sales information, accounting reports
o Finance
Information Systems:
Tools for Global
Competiveness
•
Typical functional divisions (con’t)
o Human Resources
• Tracks employees
o Production/operation
• Plans and controls processes that produce goods and services
o Information Systems
Information Systems:
Tools for Global
Competiveness
•
Business units
o Use of information systems: • Analyze market
• Provide analysis and summary of market information
Information Systems in
Organizations: A Survey
•
Transaction processing systems
o Handle day-to-day accounting needs
o Keeps record of every transaction involving money
o Save money by automating routine recordkeeping
o Batch online processing
•
Management information
systems
o Provide information needed to make decisions
Information Systems in
Organizations: A Survey
•
Decision support systems
o Produce reports more specific than management information system reports
o Enable managers to create simulations • OLAP (online analytical processing)
•
Executive information systems
o Help top-level managers make strategic decisions
Information Systems in
Organizations: A Survey
•
Knowledge management
systems
o Use information from books and experienced individuals to assist decision making
•
Expert systems
o Rely on detailed and in-depth knowledge of experts in a specific field
Information Systems in
Organizations: A Survey
•
Retail sector
o Computers and databases not only used for traditional
applications
•
Point-of-sale (POS)
o Credit card authorization
o Inventory system
o Check-screening system
o Signature capture system
o Photo checkout system
Summary
•
A database is a collection of data stored
in an organized way. The units of a
database are: table or data file, records,
field, and bit.
Summary
•
File management programs, which work
with a single flat file, are easy to use and
inexpensive. A database management
system works with two or more data files
that can be related by common fields.
Summary
•
Client-server database systems and Web–
database integration are examples of
Database management systems (DBMS).
•
An information system includes data,
hardware, software, people, and
procedures.
Summary
•
Information systems include: transaction
processing systems, management information
systems, decision support systems, executive
information system, knowledge management
systems, and expert systems.
•
The retail sector’s use of POS terminals, when
linked with inventory databases and other
systems such as check-screening systems,
provides businesses with the ability to
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