Proceeding of International Conference 2nd SHIELD 2017 Bandar Lampung, September 18-20

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social and humanities

PROCEEDINGS

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

2 nd

SHIELD 2017

52

nd

Dies Natalis Unila

Organized by:

Supported by:

Postgraduate Program and Institute for Research and Community Services University of Lampung

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social and humanities

PROCEEDINGS

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

2 nd

SHIELD 2017

52

nd

Dies Natalis Unila

Organized by:

Supported by:

Postgraduate Program and Institute for Research and Community Services University of Lampung

dev

el

opm

e

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Bandar Lampung, September 18-20

2017

Editor:

Warsono, Ph.D

Prof. Dr. Sudjarwo, M.S.

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akib. S.H.M.Hum.

Dr. Ir. Slamet Budi Yuwono, M.S.

Bayu Sujadmiko, Ph.D

Dr. Hasan Hariri

Dr. Vivit Bertoven

Dr. Melya Riniarti

Publisher:

Postgraduate Program University of Lampung

and

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Foreword

In this globalization era, advancement in science and technology has led to remarkable gains

in life. However, despite the remarkable gains, many countries particularly Asian countries

face inequalities and uneven progress. Even worse, these countries are facing many problems

such as poverty, terrorism, drug abuse, and other social issues. These problems are complex

and multidimensional. We should give a real contribution to solving these problems. Because

the problems are multidimensional, we need people from cross-disciplinary interests to work

hand in hand with strong commitment, not only to face, but also to change these problems

into opportunities.

Therefore, the Postgraduate Program in collaboration with Institute of Research and

Community Service of University of Lampung provides a place for academicians,

practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals from multi-disciplines related to

Social Sciences and Humanities, Economics, Education, Law, and Sustainable Development

(SHIELD) to meet and interact with members inside and outside their own particular

disciplines. All participants are challenged to give their real contribution to helping solve the

real-world problems.

The authors of Proceeding of 2nd SHIELD International Conference come from

academicians, practitioners, policy makers, researchers and professionals from multi-

disciplines related to Social Sciences and Humanities, Economics, Education, Law, and

Sustainable Development.

This conference aims to share information and discuss resent developments and innovations

arising from research in a wide range of disciplines. Through this conference, it is expected

that the research articles can be documented and communicated throughout the countries.

Head of Commite

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Welcome Address

Report by the Organizing Committee

Dear

distinguished

guests

and

participants

,

In this globalization era, advancement in science and technology has led to

remarkable gains. However, despite the remarkable gains, many countries

particularly Asian countries face inequalities and uneven progresses. Even

worse, these countries are facing many problems such as poverty, terrorism,

drug abuse, and other social issues. These problems are complex and

multidimensional. We should give a real contribution to solving these problems.

Because the problems are multidimensional, we need people from cross-

disciplinary interests to work hand in hand with strong commitment, not only

to face but also to change these problems into opportunities.

Therefore, the Postgraduate Program in collaboration with Institute of Research

and Community Service of University of Lampung holds The 2

nd

_SHIELD

Conference as a place for academicians, practitioners, policy makers,

researchers and professionals from multi-disciplines relating to Social Science

and Humanities, Economic, Education, Law, and Sustainable Development

to meet and interact with members inside and outside their own particular

disciplines. All participants are challenged to give their real contribution to

helping solve the real-world problems.

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I would like to thank you for your participation and look forward to having

productive discussion among participants.

Sincerely yours,

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Remarks by the Rector of the University of

Lampung

The Honorable keynote speakers, committees,

participants, ladies and gentlemen,

It gives me a great pleasure to welcome all of you and chair the Opening

Ceremony this morning to the Second SHIELD International Conference,

jointly organized by Postgraduate Program and Institute for Research and

Public Services, the University of Lampung. We’d like to say how grateful we

are to all the keynote speakers who have accepted our invitation. Also, we are

delighted to have all of participants here to participate and share in the Second

SHIELD International Conference.

Along with an increase in the activity of national development and dynamic

development of the international world due to globalization, then it always

be followed by the emergence of complex social, humanity, economics,

education, law and sustainable development issues. Therefore, the University

of Lampung, which has a vision to be the best 10 among public universities

nationwide, a mission to be a world class research university, and as the third

largest state university (outside Java Island) feels compelled to draw up concepts

and provide solutions to the various issues.

In relation to these issues, practically the University of Lampung through its

Postgraduate Program in collaboration with its Institute Research and Public

Services organizes the Second International

Conference with such disciplines as social sciences, humanities, economics,

education, law and sustainable development. This international conference

presents several keynote speakers who come from leading universities in the

world. These activities are held in Lampung, which is one area that has a

nationally important role, because it is the gateway of Sumatera Island and is

strategically located for the development progress.

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life for dissemination of research results in the fields of social sciences,

humanities, economics, education, law and sustainable development. The

participants include practitioners, researchers, academics, students, industrialists

and science observers from various organizations such as industries, state-

owned enterprises, research institutions, government agencies, and public and

private universities.

To expand the horizons of thinking for the participants and to share the

experiences of international researches from world experts, this conference

invites four keynote speakers from four countries who will present their main

papers. These speakers are:

1. Prof. Dr. Arief

Hidayat, S.H., M.S., Chairman of the

Constitutional Court, Republic of Indonesia

2. Prof. Ryohei Kada from Shijyonawate Gakuen University,

Japan.

3. Dr. Fonny Dameaty H. from University of Malaya, Malaysia.

4. Dr. Jenny H. Panchal from James Cook University, Singapore.

We are honored to have you all the speakers here in this conference, and thank

you for being our keynote speakers in this conference.

Finally, I do hope that this seminar can run well and all participants can

participate actively.

Sincerely yours,

Rector,

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Tittle and Writer

Page

COMMODIFICATION OF PAPUAN POVERTY IN TOURISM

MAGAZINE

Amadea Dwi Pradhipta, Udi Rusadi

PAKSI BENAWANG

AT TANGGAMUS :MARRIED RITE,

MARGINALIZED AND LOCAL WISDOM

Bartoven Vivit Nurdin, and Damayanti

A STUDY OF STUDENTS’ READING MOTIVATION FACTORS IN

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AT THE THIRD GRADE OF A

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN PANGKALPINANG

Erni Yulianti

THE EFFECT OF THE UNITED STATE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

ON JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA

STOCK EXCHANGE

Hiro Sejati, Erna Listyaningsih and Nur Baiti

PRINCIPLED MATERIALS DEVELOMENT FOR KINDERGARTEN

STUDENTS

Iin Inawati

PRINCIPLED MATERIALS DEVELOMENT FOR KINDERGARTEN

STUDENTS

Jeni Wulandari, Sam’un Jaja Raharja, Heru Nurasa, Herwan Abdul Muhyi

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIVERSION IN CHILD CRIMINAL

JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDONESIA

Nikmah Rosidah, Chaidir Ali

MODELS & PATTERNS OF CLIENTELISM IN LAMPUNG LOCAL

ELECTION

Robi Cahyadi Kurniawan, Utang Suwaryo, Muradi, _{R.Widya Setiabudi S}

POSITIVE PROTECTION: PROTECTING GENETIC RESOURCES

RELATED TO TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN INDONESIA

Rohaini, Nenny Dwi Ariani

1-14

16-24

25-31

32-39

40-53

54-62

63-71

72-83

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THE MODEL OF SMES EMPOWERMENT THROUGH VILLAGE

RULES AS EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF PRIMARY

PRODUCT VILLAGE

Yusnani Hasyimzum, Utia Meylina

THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN LAND

ACQUISITION FOR PUBLIC INTEREST BASED ON LAND

SAVING MODEL REGULATION

Ade Arif Firmansyah, Yos Johan Utama and HS. Tisnanta

REPRESENTATION OF SUBJECT’S IDENTITY IN MIXED

MARRIAGE THROUGH CYBERMEDIA (SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF

“NASIB SAYA KAWIN CAMPUR” AND “NIKAH SAMA LOKAL”

VIDEOS ON SACHA STEVENSON’S YOUTUBE ACCOUNT)

Alifia Oktrina Fayardi and Eduard Lukman

LEGAL PROTECTION ON CHILDREN’S RIGHTS FROM BLOOD

RELATIONS MARRIAGE (INCEST) IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

Amnawaty Hamid, Dina Juliana Anwari, Siti Nurhasanah

REPRESENTATION

OF

SPEECH

POLITENESS

CULTURE

THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA (SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF HATE

SPEECH INDONESIA NETIZEN TOWARD PRESIDENT JOKOWI IN

CYBERSPACE)

Annisa Nur Muslimah Koswara , Eduard Lukman

THE POSITION OF ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN THE

POSITIVE LAW OF INDONESIA

Bayu Sujadmiko, Dheka Ermelia Putri and Bismo Jiwo Agung

ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION

IN

ARMED

CONFLICT

ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

Desy Churul Aini, Desia Rakhma Banjarani

THE PREFERENCE OF MULTIPLE REPRESENTATION ON

BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT : IDENTIFICATION AND QUALITY

CONSTRUCTED REPRESENTATION

Dewi Lengkana, Fransisca Tapilow, Ana Ratnawulan

THE CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY FOR APPARATUS

THROUGH NEW GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP COOPERATION

IN LAMPUNG TO OBTAIN OPTIMUM PUBLIC SERVICE

Dian Kagungan, Devi Yulianti

92-101

102-111

112-120

121-126

127-136

137-143

144-152

153-160

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THE EFFECTS OF THE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

ON THE MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE (AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

ON BPR IN BANYUMAS REGENCY, INDONESIA)

Dona Primasari, Abdul Rohman, Fuad

EFFECT OF SERVICE QUALITY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

AND LOYALTY SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA INTERNATIONAL

AIRPORT ACEH INDONESIA AS THE WORLD’S BEST AIRPORT

FOR HALAL TRAVELLERS

Dorothy Rouly Haratua Pandjaitan

THE CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST CRIMINAL ACTS

BEGAL

BY CHILD OFFENDERS

Eddy Rifai, Heni Siswanto, M. Farid, Anisa Cahaya Pratiwi

CHEMICAL CASTRATED SANCTION ON SEXUAL CRIME

IN

MEANING INSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG

Gede Eka Putrawan, Rafista Deviyanti, Riyan Hidayatullah

STRENGTHENING MODEL CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT

CRIME SPOLIATION BY THE APPLICATION OF INTEGRAL AND

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES

Heni Siswanto, Maroni, Fathoni

LEGAL ASPECT OF THE COOPERATION ON TRIPLE HELIX

MODELS IN MITIGATION ANAK KRAKATAU MOUNTAIN

Heryandi

WASTE BANK: THE STRATEGY AND COMMUNITY-BASED

ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

Intan Fitri Meutia

THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM ON MANAGERIAL

PERFORMANCE : TASK UNCERTAINTY UNCERTAINY TASK AS

MODERATING VARIABLE

Lego Waspodo, Rini Widianingsih, Dona Primasari

CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION OF KOREAN BEAUTY TREND WITH

HALAL-CERTIFIED

LOCAL

COSMETICS

(ANALYSIS

OF

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THE USE OF IMPORTED INPUT AND MANUFACTURING

INDUSTRY PRODUCTIVITY

Lies Maria Hamzah, Dian Fajarini

THE LEGAL POLITICS OF RECALL RIGHT OF POLITICAL PARTIES RELEVANCE WITH THE SYSTEM OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN DYNAMICS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDONESIA

Malicia Evendia, Armen Yasir, and Yulia Neta

STRENGTHENING THE INTEGRITY OF LOCAL LEADERSHIP

AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE EFFORT TO RUN A DEMOCRATIC

GOVERNMENT

Maulana Mukhlis, Idil Akbar

NONPENAL EFFORT IN ADDRESSING ILLEGAL FISHING IN THE

LAMPUNG PROVINCE

Maya Shafira

REGULATION OF THE COOPERATION LAW INTER-REGIONAL IN

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN LAMPUNG PROVINCE

Muhammad Akib, FX. Sumarja, Slamet Budi Yuwono, Hieronymus

Soerjatisnanta

HOW FAR IS THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE CONSIDERED IN

THE BENEFITS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

WORLD WIDE?

Orima Melati Davey, Ahmad Syofyan , Melly Aida

RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: POSSIBILITY OF

IMPLEMENTATION INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO

PROTECT CIVILIAN

Parulian Yusuf S, Rehulina

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COORDINATION OF FINANCIAL

SERVICES AUTHORITY AND DEPOSIT INSURANCE AGENCY

(LPS) AND BANK INDONESIA TO THE TROUBLED BANK

Ratna Syamsiar

TRANSGENDER AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM: A FILM ANALYSIS OF

LOVELY MAN

BY TEDDY SOERIAATMADJA

Ria Hasna Shofiyya, Udi Rusadi

TAX DEBT IN THE BANKRUPTCY DISPUTE: INDUSTRIES BADJA

GARUDA INC. V.S. TAX OFFICE OF MEDAN BELAWAN

Rilda Murniati

a

,Richmond Cosmas Tobias

267-276

277-287

288-295

296-304

305-311

312-322

32

3 -331

332-338

339-347

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SPREADING OF POOR HOUSEHOLD AROUND WAN ABDUL

RACHMAN FOREST PARK AND MANGROVE FOREST IN

SIDODADI VILLAGE (STUDY IN SIDODADI VILLAGE SUB

DISTRICT OF TELUK PANDAN DISTRICT OF PESAWARAN)

Rizki Bahagia Utama, Rommy Qurniati, Arief Darmawan

THE

PROTECTION

OF

INDIGENOUS

PEOPLE’S

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: CASE OF KASEPUHAN CIPTAGELAR

Rudi Wijaya, Rudy

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION THROUGH A SHIFT IN

CROPPING AREA ONTO THE UPPER STREAM REGION:

MEASURING COFFEE BEANS RESPONSE IN PHYSICAL QUALITY

Samsul Bakri, Agus Setiawan, Ida Nurhaida

MARINE POLLUTION: INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE

AND SETTLEMENT DISPUTES

Siti Azizah, Safira Salsabila Annisa Musthofa

360-366

367-373

374-383

384-392

LAW PROBLEM ON THE COASTAL VILLAGE

393-397

Siti Khoiriah, Rudi Wijaya

EFFECT OF SELF EFFICIENCY AND TRAINING TO CAREER

DEVELOPMENT IN TEACHER STUDENTS IN THE SUBJECT OF

BEKASI CITY

Suherman, Dede Hamdani, Romlie Ardie

THE ROLE OF CREATING SHARED VALUE (CSV) TO ENFORCE

SOCIAL WELFARE FOR STAKEHOLDER

Sunaryo; I Ketut Dharma, Putra Yoga

DRAMATURGY STUDY ON COMMUNICATIONS BY GAY IN

BANDAR LAMPUNG

Toni Wijaya

THE ETHNIC

IMMIGRANT

LIVING IN SIDOWALUYO VILLAGE,

SIDOMULYO SUBDISTRICT, SOUTH LAMPUNG DISTRICT

Trisnaningsih, Buchori Asyik, Sudjarwo

THE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (FSA) FUNCTION IN THE SUPERVISION OF THE GOOD CORPORATE

GOVERNANCE (GCG) IMPLEMENTATION FOR BANKING

INSTITUTIONS IN INDONESIA

Yulia Hesti, Nenny Dwi Ariani

THE INFLUENCE OF SEGMENTING STRATEGY AND BRAND

POSITIONING

STRATEGY

ON

CONSUMER

PURCHASING

DECISION (STUDY AT SMARTPHONE SAMSUNG IN INDONESIA)

Annisa Nurawalia, Faila Shofa

398-402

403-411

412-418

419-426

427-435

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RESOLUTION MODEL ON HORIZONTAL VIOLENCE CONFLICTS

IN LOCAL MULTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES IN LAMPUNG

PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Hartoyo, Abdul Syani

449-455

LIVELIHOODS ASSETS CHANGES OF COMMUNITY FOREST

FARMERS ON PROTECTION FOREST

Hari Kaskoyo, Slamet Budi Yuwono, Christine Wulandari, Rommy Qurniati,

Irwan Sukri Banuwa

456-465

MAPPING THE INDIGENOUS CONFLICT OF INDONESIA: 1945-2017

Budiyono, Meylina U.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SYARI’AH ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES ON

THE MANAGAEMENT OF SYARI’AH MUTUAL FUND

IN INDONESIA

Nunung Rodliyah, Risti Dwi Ramasari

466-474

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Commodification of Papuan Poverty in Tourism Magazine

Amadea Dwi Pradhipta, Udi Rusadi

Faculty of Social Scirnce and Political Science, University of Lampung [email protected]

Abstract

Tourism magazines are not different from other types of magazines. They also stand with text, which shaped all forms of language including words and pictures. They are usually equipped with beautiful photojournalism to attract tourists. However, in contrast to their articles in general, there is an article featuring depressing photographs of Papuans who are perfunctory below the poverty line. This research is conducted to analyze the discourse of photojournalism in Manusia Rawa Papua

article on National Geographic Traveler Indonesia magazine. The research was done by doing text analysis using Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics theory. Based on the signs from the semiotics perspective, the result of this study shows a hidden message that Papuans are still classified as poor. This pathetic condition is then used as a commodification to attract the attention of magazine readers, who come from the upper middle class.

Keywords: commodification, photojournalism, semiotics, tourism magazine;

1. Introduction

Tourism plays an important role in the economic sector. The increase of visit numbers will increase the profit for some types of business in the tourism industry and the employment opportunities in tourist destinations (Wahab, 1997: 13). However, there are three stimuli that usually affect these tourists’ decision to travel; one of them is symbolic stimulus. Symbolic stimulus is the word, sentence, and image that the travel industry propagates for media promotion, such as newspapers, general magazines, and tourism magazines (Ross, 1998: 69). The existence of a symbolic stimulus that can influence the tourists’ visit impacts the media industry; whose stakeholders are competing each other to feature interesting photojournalism.

Basically, tourism magazines are not different from other types of magazines. They also stand

by text. Peter Garrett and Allan Bell in their book, Approaches to Media Discourse, mentioned that

texts are all forms of language, including words, speech, music, images, sound effects, and imagery (1998: 3). But, as a promotion media of tourist destinations, tourism magazines would require photojournalism in order to describe the destination’s condition more clearly to the readers.

However, tourism magazines do not always featuring beautiful photojournalism. One of the

proofs can be seen in the article Manusia Rawa Papua in National Geographic Traveler Indonesia

volume 7 number 7, which was published in July 2015. Contrast to other articles in the same magazine or other tourism magazines, this article shows the depressing photographs of Papuans who are perfunctory under the poverty line. From this article, it is safe to see that communities in Udagaga, Kayobiro, and Adona (UKA) village in Papua fulfill their daily necessities from local in their village.

Yet the fact that the article Manusia Rawa Papua became Editor’s Choice article in National

Geographic Traveler Indonesia volume 7 number 7 makes it more interesting.

National Geographic Traveler Indonesia is a reference for Indonesian readers who like to

travel, both inside and outside the country. The majority of its readers are groups of men and women aged 20-35 years with Socioeconomic Status (SES) A+, A, and B and work as employees or

employers1. This reader group indicates that National Geographic Traveler Indonesia is a magazine

1

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that consumed by upper middle class. This fact is also reinforced by the high rate of advertising on

National Geographic Traveler Indonesia as can be seen in the following table.

Table 1. Rate card of National Geographic Traveler Indonesia 2015

Source: http://www.gramediamajalah.com/ratecard/print/6/national-geographic-travel

Media content actually does not reflect events perfectly. It is a representation of a world that has been selected and translated by the media. It is very likely to be used as commodities in commodification practice (Mosco, 2009: 133). Based on this statement, Papuan poverty reflection that is featured in article Manusia Rawa Papua is then suspected of being deliberately commodified in commodification practice. Therefore, the research question that will be discussed in this research is “How the commodification process of poverty occurs in photojournalism in article Manusia Rawa

Papua, based on Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotics analysis method?”. Regarding this research

question, the purpose of this research is to analyze the commodification process of poverty in article

Manusia Rawa Papua based on the study of meaning of icon, index, and symbol.

Prior to this research, the author have found some previous research on photojournalism studying both non-tourism and tourism magazine, and the commodification of poverty in the mass media. One research that discusses photojournalism is a research entitled “Problems in Photojournalism: realism, the nature of news, and the humanitarian narrative” by John Taylor in 2010. Through this research, Taylor raised three problems that often arise related to the importance of photojournalism in the daily press. The first problem concerns to the compromised nature of photography as a foundation for authentic eye-witness reports. The second problem derives from the poor states of the newspaper industry as a reliable source of public record. Then, the third problem relates to how effective hard-hitting documentary record might be, given that readers are supposed to be quickly bored by images of suffering, unknown strangers. The result suggests that photography is not present as a medium that offers meaning in a transparent way. Then, it also suggests that depressing photos are allowed in the press, as long as it can lead readers to the truth and provide positive knowledges.

Another research that discusses photojournalism in tourism magazine is a research entitled “Analisis Foto Jurnalistik Majalah Travel Xpose (Studi Analisis Semiotika Mengenai Foto Wisata Indonesia dalam Rubrik Domestik Majalah Travel Xpose)” by Dawam Syukron in 2013. This research is conducted to gain the meaning of photojournalism in Travel Xpose magazine. The meaning includes denotation, connotation, and mythology and ideology based on Roland Barthes’ theory. The research was conducted by qualitative approach using semiotics analysis method. The result showed that photos, whether that records incidental events or planned and factually based on the field, had a hidden meaning behind them. The photos are shown to attract public sympathy.

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feasible. At the level of representation, editing techniques can make the show more dramatic and moving. At the ideological level, it is clear that this show has a close relationship with capitalist ideology. Poverty is seen as a high-value commodity. Then, the characteristics of audience that tend to accept what they see without seeing what happens behind the text are exploited by the capitalist by designing a product that has the greatest potential to profit as much as possible using the smallest capital.

Based on the aforementioned research studies, the author have not found a study that focuses on researching the commodification of poverty in tourism magazine using photo semiotics analysis method. Thus, the result of this research are expected to complement some previous research on commodification, semiotics, or photojournalism in tourism magazines.

1.1Commodification

Vincent Mosco, in his book entitled The Political Economy of Communication, wrote that commodification is the process of transforming use values into exchange values. Based on Adam Smith’s explanation, the use values and exchange values are two values that can distinguish a product. The use values come from human satisfaction of a particular want or need, while the exchange values is based on what the product produces in exchange (2009: 129). More specifically, Mosco defines commodification as the process of transforming goods and services, including communication, which are valued for what they will bring in the marketplace. Meanwhile, commodities are a form of production that is regulated through the exchange process. Commodities are a special form of product when their production is organized through the exchange process (2009: 156).

Communication is mentioned as a potential arena as a place of commodification. Speaking of communication, Mosco discloses three types of commodification that are important for communication. The first type is commodification of content. This commodity is at the center of the study of the political economy of media and communications. This commodity occurs when the message or content of the communication is treated as a commodity. The second type is the commodification of audiences. In this commodification, the political economy puts some attention on the audience, especially in an attempt to understand the general practice in the way advertisers pay for the size and quality (the trend for consumption) of audiences, magazines, websites, radio, or television programs. The third type is the commodification of labor. Communications workers who are also commodified as wage labor have grown significantly in the media job market (Mosco, 2009: 133- 141).

1.2Market-Driven Journalism

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2. Representation

In his book, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, Stuart Hall mentioned that representation is the production of the meaning of concepts in the mind through language. Representation connects concepts and languages that allow humans to refer to things, people, or events in both the real world and the fictional world. According to Hall, representation arises because of the principle of similarity and difference to build relationships between concepts or differentiate them from one another. In order to successfully elicit representation, humans need a common conceptual map. However, the conceptual map also needs to be translated into a common language so that people can connect concepts and ideas with some written words, spoken voices, and meaningful visual images called “signs” (1997: 17-18).

2.1Charles Sanders Peirce’s Semiotics Theory

Something can be called as a sign if it represents something. Charles Sanders Peirce explained, semiotics depart from three main elements called triangle meaning theory. This theory consists of sign, object, and interpretant (Kriyantono, 2006: 263). The object is something referencend by a sign. Then, interpretation is a sign that is in someone’s mind about the object being referred to a sign (Sobur, 2012: 115). These signs are identified by Peirce into 66 different types of signs. Three of them commonly used for studying semiotics are: (1) icon, this sign is designed to represent a reference source through a form of replication, simulation, imitation, or equation, (2) index, this sign representing a reference source by pointing to it (explicitly or implicitly) with other reference sources, (3) symbols, this sign representing the object by agreement in a specific context (Danesi, 2012: 33).

3. Research Methods

This research applies qualitative research. There are three methods that can be used in qualitative research (Baxter, 2004: 348). One of them is social text analysis. Something can be called a social text, as long as it contains symbols and meanings: varies from conversations at home or at work, to photos and movies. Baxter mentioned that the semiotics approach is included in social text analysis (2004: 353).

The source of research data was collected from Manusia Rawa Papua article in National

Geographic Traveler Indonesia volume 7 number 7, published by Kompas Gramedia in July 2015.

The ten pages-article consists of written text and ten photos. The primary data used are the ten photos that featured in the article. But, this research does not ignore the written text to see the photo context. Literature review was also conducted to find out the larger content about poverty in Papua.

After collecting the data, the research continued by identifying the signs of poverty commodification contained in the photo by analyzing the type of signs according to Peirce’s semiotic analysis perspective. All of the photos that featured were analysed one by one by considering three types of signs. Then, the research continued with the overall interpretation of the poverty commodification in Manusia Rawa Papua article. The final step is to draw the conclusion of the interpretation of the signs that has been identified previously and to give criticism of the results that have been obtained.

4. Results and Concluding Discussion

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Figure 1. Photo from page 86-87

Table 2. Sign identification of Figure 1

Type of sign Sign Object

Icon Visualization of two Papuans Same with the sign

Index Clothes Simple and shabby

clothes

Index Rowing boat Rowing boat that small

and simple in poor condition

Symbol The title of the article “Manusia Rawa di Tanah

Papua” (Human swamp in the land of Papua)

Written text in the middle of the photo Symbol Photo caption “Menggunakan perahu

sederhana, penduduk setempat ini baru kembali dari hutan rawa tempat mereka beraktivitas. Sungai adalah nadi transportasi utama bagi

warga.” (Using a simple boat, these locals have

just returned from the swamp forest where they do their activity. River is the main transportation route for the residents.)

Written text in the lower left corner of the photo

Overall, this photo of two Papuans was taken to illustrate the daily life of the people living in Papua. The Papuan are depicted as if very primitive with the writing of ‘manusia rawa’ (human swamp). In the photograph, the two Papuans are seen wearing clothes that simple and shabby. In addition, they are seen rowing small simple boat in poor condition to travel from one place to another. Indonesian Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (Badan Koordinasi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Republik Indonesia) and Research Institution SMERU (Badan Penelitian SMERU) explained that two examples of poverty problems are the inability to meet basic consumption needs, such as clothes, and lack of access to other basic living needs, such as transportation (Susanto, 2006: 35). This shows that the Papuan still have poverty problems. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital

Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the category of

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Figure 2. Photo from page 88

Overall, this photo of the harbour was taken to illustrate the profession of Papuan that living around Teminabuan Port. The Papuan is shown earning money by doing lower class jobs, such as being a longboat driver or unskilled laborers. Besides that, the activity of loading and unloading cargo seen in the photograph relies solely on hands and a small wooden board. This activity will certainly take a long time if done without the help of high-tech tools. Corruption Eradication Commission (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi) explained that one of the characteristics of the poor is not having the ability to conduct productive business activities (Papilaya, 2013: 21). Thus, the Papuan are still classified as poor. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 72), the composition of this photo is included in the category of Leading lines.

Icon Visualization of male workers in port Same with the sign

Index Loading and unloading cargo Loading and unloading cargo

with hands and a small wooden board

Symbol Photo caption “Suasana aktivitas di Pelabuhan Teminabuan, Ibukota Kabupaten Sorong Selatan. Pelabuhan ini menjadi titik awal perjalanan panjang menuju Kampung Udagaga, Kayobiro,

dan Adona (UKA).” (Activity atmosphere at

Teminabuan Port, in the capital of South Sorong Regency. This port became the starting point of a long journey to Udagaga, Kayobiro, and Adona (UKA) village.)

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Icon Visualization of a child Same with the sign

Icon Visualization of houses on stilts Same with the sign

Icon Visualization of bridge Same with the sign

Index Crossing the bridge Walking across the bridge

without fear of falling Symbol Photo caption “Mentari menghangatkan Kampung

UKA pagi itu. Di kampung ini, arah bangunan rumah menghadap ke sungai. Semua aktivitas dilakukan di atas rumah panggung dan jembatan yang

menghubungkan satu rumah ke rumah lainnya.” (The

sun warmed up UKA village that morning. In this village, the direction of the house building faces the river. All activities are carried out on stilts and bridges that connect one house to another.)

Written text in the outside the photo

Overall, this photo was taken to illustrate neighbourhood residents in UKA village. Residents live in houses on stilts whose condition looks easily damaged. The materials that used for the walls and roofs of these houses appear to have inferior quality compared to most urban houses. Besides that, residents have to cross the bridge that conditions is also fragile to move from one house to another. The bridge is made using small woods that are unable to withstand heavy loads. However, a child that featured in the photo is not afraid to cross the bridge without adult supervision. The photo shows that situation like that is commonly experienced by children in UKA village. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in

Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the

category of One center of interest and a clean background. .

Icon Visualization of photos of former President and Vice President of Indonesia

Same with the sign

Icon Visualization of old electronic equipments Same with the sign

Index House interior House interior that are not

durable, dirty, and messy Symbol Photo caption “Interior rumah warga di Kampung

UKA. Sebuah televisi, aki untuk sumber listrik, dan tak lupa foto Presiden Republik Indonesia

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SBY-Boediono yang belum diganti.” (The house interior of a resident in UKA village. A television, battery for power source, and photos of President of the Republic of Indonesia SBY-Boediono that has not been replaced.)

Overall, this photo was taken to illustrate the house interior of Papuans. The condition of the house interior looks very different form the condition of the house interior in most urban areas. This interior uses materials that are not durable, such as bamboo walls and floor woods. The furniture in the house looks dirty and messy. This house also still has the old electronic equipment that is not widely used anymore. Besides that, this house displays photos of former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Boediono whose term has expired on October 20, 2014. The backwardness of Papuans in possessing the latest goods can be caused by two reasons, the slow distribution of goods in Papua and the inability of the Papuans to buy expensive goods. Because, Papua is a province located in the easternmost region of Indonesia and difficult to reach by other areas. This is consistent with John Kenneth Galbraith’s explanation that geographical location can be a major cause of poverty (Susanto, 2006: xxv).

Overall, this photo of sago processing was taken to illustrate the activities of men and women in UKA village. The women in this village are described having the routine of sago processing using their own hands. Sago processing is done with simple tools, such as bamboo and coconut leaves. In addition, the men in this village are described having a routine to work in swamp forest. The research conducted by Soedarto explains that people in Papua (formerly Irian Jaya) live in subsistence life because of their socioeconomic and cultural environment, as well as their human resource capacity are still very limited (Soeradji, 1998: 333). That research can be said is still relevant to the condition of Papuan today. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in National Geographic Photography Field Guide: Travel

(2005: 53), the composition of this photo is included in the category of The rule of thirds.

Icon Visualization of a woman Same with the sign

Index Clothes Simple and shabby clothes

Index Sago processing Sago processing with simple

tools Symbol Photo caption “Sementara pria bekerja ke hutan

rawa, kaum perempuan mengolah sagu.” (While men

work in swamp forests, women process sago.)

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Overall, this photo of cassowary bird was taken to illustrate the life condition of Papuan who are still very close to nature. In contrast to the condition of residence in the developed region that overrides the existence of nature, Papua is still filled with simple places to live in the midst of nature, without changing the natural conditions. Cassowary bird that featured in the photo is also seen eating food calmly. This bird does not feel disturbed and feel safe as if it was in its natural habitat. However, the bird is mentioned to be a resident’s pet. In fact, as the Encyclopædia Britannica explains, cassowary is the most dangerous bird in the world2. This bird has fierce and aggressive nature, and easy to attack if it feel disturbed. So, cassowary being resident pet can show that knowledge of the Papuan is relatively low. Judging from the aspect of taking photos, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the category of One center of interest and a clean background.

Figure 7. Photo from page 92-93

2 _{6 of the world’s most dangerous birds.}

(n.d.). May 7, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/list/6-of-the-worlds- most-dangerous-birds

Icon Visualization of cassowary bird Same with the sign

Index Eating food Eating food calmly

Symbol Photo caption ‘Kasuari dijadikan hewan peliharaan

warga.’ (Cassowary is made into resident’s pet.)

Icon Visualization of a man Same with the sign

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brown river

Index River Blackish brown river

Symbol Photo caption “Salah satu rutinitas kaum pria adalah menjaring ikan di sungai. Air sungai dengan

rupa cokelat kehitaman ini bersumber dari rawa.”

(One of the men's routines is catching fish in the river. The river with this blackish brown water is came from the swamp.)

Overall, this photo of fish catching was taken to illustrate one of men activities in UKA village. As mentioned in figure 5 analysis, this activity shows that Papuans are still live in subsistence life. Besides that, the fish catching is done in the river whose water is blackish brown. The color of this river water shows that the availability of clean water is still limited in UKA village. National Development Planning Agency of Republic of Indonesia (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional) explained that the inability to fulfill basic needs, such as clean water, is one element of poverty (Papilaya, 2013: 21). Thus, Papuan are still classified as poor. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in

Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the

category of One center of interest and a clean background.

Type of sign

Sign Object

Icon Visualization of a boy Same with the sign

Index Taking water Taking water that is dark

brown and turbid

Index Water source Water source that came

from the blackish brown river

Symbol Photo caption “Entong di Kampung UKA menggiring jeriken air dari sungai melewati papan kayu menuju rumahnya. Meskipun berair keruh, tak ada pilihan lain

untuk mendapat sumber air.” (Entong in UKA village bring

water jerrycan from the river through a wooden board to his house. Though the water is turbid, there is no other choice to get a water source)

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Overall, this photo of a boy named Entong was taken to illustrate the way the Papuan in UKA village get water. Entong mentioned forced to take water from the blackish brown river and turbid because there is no other water source that condition is cleaner. As mentioned in figure 7 analysis, this activity indicates that the availability of clean water is still limited in UKA village. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the category of One center of interest and a clean background.

Overall, this photo of a boy was taken to illustrate the situation of children’s play activity in UKA village. The river that became the main source of life, the main transportation route, the place to fish, and the water source is also a playground for children in UKA village. This is due to the entertainment of children in the village is very limited. In addition, the tools that used to play by the children in the river is very simple, such as nets and leaves. Judging from the aspect of taking photo, the composition of photo that used to make this photo has a sale value. As described in Digital

Masters: Travel Photography (2008: 69), the composition of this photo is included in the category of

One center of interest and a clean background.

Type of sign

Sign Object

Icon Visualization of a boy Same with the sign

Index River The river that

became the main source of life and the playground

Index Playing on the river Playing on the river

as an entertainment Symbol Photo caption “Sungai tak hanya menjadi sumber kehidupan

utama bagi warga. Bagi bocah yang mendiami kampung ini, sungai adalah taman bermain sederhana yang menjadi sumber

kebahagiaan paling berharga.” (The river is not only the main

source of life for the residents. For the boy who lives in this village, the river is a simple playground that becomes the most precious source of happiness.)

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Overall, this photo of classroom was taken to illustrate the educational institution in UKA village. Classroom filled with students shows that Papuan in UKA village is still aware of the importance of education. However, in the photo caption mentioned, YPK Maranatha elementary school in the photo is the only educational institution in UKA village. Besides, this school is in poor condition. Based on education achievement data in 2015-2016 from Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan)3, the achievement rate of junior high school and equivalent in Papua has reached 642.700 and 415.800. Then, the achievement rate of secondary school education and equivalent has reached 484.300 and 376.900. Meanwhile, the achievement rate of junior high school and equivalent in DKI Jakarta has reached 1.080.100 and 958.000. Then, the achievement rate of secondary school education and equivalent has reached 913.600 and 679.100. Thus, many Papuans that still only achieve education up to elementary school and lag far behind other provinces. In fact, as presented by the Indonesian Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (Badan Koordinasi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Republik Indonesia) and Research Institution SMERU (Badan Penelitian SMERU), the lack of access to education is one of the poverty problems.

4.1 Commodification of Papuan Poverty in Manusia Rawa Papua Article

According to the authors' interpretation, the photojournalism that examined in this research contain a hidden message that Papuans are still classified as poor. The authors' interpretation is reinforced by data from the Indonesian Central Agency on Statistics (Badan Pusat Statistik) which shows that Papua was the poorest province in Indonesia when the Manusia Rawa Papua article was published. In March 20114, DKI Jakarta became the richest province with the percentage of poor population of 3,75% and Papua became the poorest province with the percentage of poor people

3

Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic of Indonesia (2016, June). Indonesia educational statistics in brief 2015/2016. May 9, 2017. http://publikasi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/uploadDir/isi_AA46E7FA-90A3- 46D9-BDE6-CA6111248E94_.pdf

4

Indonesian Central Agency on Statistics (2011, December 1). Laporan bulanan data sosial ekonomi edisi 19. March 24, 2017. https://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/IP_Desember_2011.pdf

Icon Visualization of elementary school students Same with the sign Symbol Photo caption “Dengan bangunan sekolah yang seadanya,

anak-anak di Kampung UKA tetap bersemangat menuntut ilmu. Sekolah Dasar YPK Maranatha adalah lembaga

pendidikan satu-satunya di kampung ini.” (With a simple

school building, children in UKA village still eager to study. YPK Maranatha Elementary School is the only educational institution in this village.)

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31,98%. In March 20125, DKI Jakarta became the richest province with the percentage of the poor at 3,69% and Papua became the poorest province with the percentage of poor people 31,11%. In March 20136, DKI Jakarta became the richest province with the poor percentage of 3,55% and Papua became the poorest province with the percentage of poor people 31,13%. In March 20147, DKI Jakarta became the richest province with the percentage of poor people of 3,92% and Papua being the poorest province with the poor percentage of 30,05%. Then in March 20158, DKI Jakarta became the richest province with the percentage of poor people of 3,93% and Papua became the poorest province with the percentage of poor people of 28,17%. From these various data, it can be concluded that during the last five years until the Manusia Rawa Papua article was created, Papua is constantly the poorest province in Indonesia.

Based on the result of research that has been done, the photojournalism in Manusia Rawa

Papua article shown the representation of poverty. Production of the meaning of the concept of

poverty is translated into a common language, which can be seen through the types of signs in Peirce's semiotics perspective. Starting from the icon, the signs are Papuan and cassowary bird. All these residents are shown with simple and shabby clothes or even without clothes and footwear. Cassowary birds also should not be resident’s pet. Then, the index, the signs are objects and various activities of the Papuan. Clothes and home interior indicate that these two things are not a priority for Papuans. In addition, the Papuans’ acitivity are usually carried out without adequate equipment. Next, the symbol, the signs are written text and photo captions. These signs strengthen the conditions of poor Papuans.

As mentioned before, media content is a representation of the world and very likely to be a commodity. The representation of poverty displayed through photojournalism at the same time is used as a commodity to attract the attention of magazine readers, who are mostly from middle to upper class. This phenomenon is in line with Bob Krist's exposure in Digital Masters: Travel Photography

that the desperation of the poor in various countries can attract the attention of tourists and photographers because of the great distance between rich and poor communities (2008: 135). The representation of poverty displayed through the photojournalism is also reinforced by the composition of high-value photographs and photos information that explain the poor condition of Papuan.

The commodification process in photojournalism in Manusia Rawa Papua article takes place when the actual photo has the value to communicate the condition of the Papuan community to the reader transforming into exchange value as it can generate profit in the market. The commodification process investigated in this research belongs to the type of commodification that is important for communication according to Mosco. That type of commodification is the commodification of content because the treated as a commodity.

5. Conclusion

From this research, it can be concluded that the photos in the magazine is able to provide a world representation to magazine readers. The process of displaying representation at the same time can also be a commodification process. Through the signs in Peirce’s semiotics perspective, the result of the analysis in this research indicates that Papuan poverty is turned to be a commodity by the magazine.

Nevertheless, the commodification of Papuan poverty can not only be used for the benefit of the magazine. This commodification can also bring benefit to the Papuan. Therefore, the depressing conditions shown through photojournalism can lead to awareness of readers and even governments, that the Papuan still need a lot of help to improve their living condition.

5

Indonesian Central Agency on Statistics (2012, December 3). Laporan bulanan data sosial ekonomi edisi 31. March 24, 2017. https://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/IP_Desember_2012.pdf

6

7

8

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Paksi Benawang

at Tanggamus :

Married Rite, Marginalized and Local Wisdom

Bartoven Vivit Nurdinª, and Damayantiᵇ

ªSociology Department, FISIP, Universitas Lampung email: [email protected]

ᵇAdministrasi Bisnis Departement, FISIP, Universitas Lampung email : [email protected]

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the married rite, marginalized and local wisdom in the Paksi Benawang of Tanggamus. People of Benawang are a group of indigenous people who are included in the existing Kepaksian Tanggamus people. So far, the paksi Benawang has been marginalized in terms of culture and power. The research used ethnography method, by conducting in-depth interviews and observations. The results show that since regional autonomy, they have begun to do reconstruction, reproduction and even the revitalization of their traditional life, as a response to their marginalization over the years. This is seen in the aspects of the marriage system. The system of marriage has reflected the power delegation. Kepaksian is an institution that is flexible and relative. Adat (custom tradition) is a discussion, dialogue and agreement. This shows that a growing local wisdom is to build harmony in society.

Keywords:

Married Rite, Power, Local Wisdom, and Adat (custom tradition;)

1. Introduction

This paper is a result of research and studies on the culture of Indigenous communities

in the Sai Batin custom of Tanggamus. In a society in Tanggamus, Lampung has two

indigenous groups, the indigenous group of Sai Batin and indigenous group of Pepadun. In

addition, there are also other ethnic groups reside in the region, such as Semendo and Java.

This study focused on the indigenous people of Sai Batin, due to scarcity of research results

and research on indigenous people in the Sai Batin cutom of Tanggamus. The Sai Batin

Tanggamus have indigenous sub-groups called Paksi. The Paksi have four sub-groups, they

are Paksi Benawang, Paksi Ngarip Padang Ratu, Paksi Pematang Sawah, and Paksi

Belungu.

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