Panduan Materi B-Inggris

TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Bentuk : Verb 1 atau Verb 1+s

Contoh :

go – goes, write – writes, read – reads, study - studies Pola Kalimat : (+) S + V1 / V1+s + ……… (-) S + do/does + not + V1 + ………. (?) Do/Does + S + V1 + ……. ? Wh + do/does + S + V1+ ……. ? What/Who + V1+s Kegunaan :

Kata kerja Simple Present Tense digunakan :

1. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang bersifat umum/permanent : Contoh :

Jack Wilson works for the Ford Motor Company. Nancy Taylor lives in Bandung, West Java. 2. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran atau fakta :

Water freezes at 0o_Celcius.

The earth revolves around the sun. My house faces the beach.

1

Di dalam bahasa Inggris jika ingin mengungkapkan suatu peristiwa/kegiatan kita menggunakan bentuk kata kerja yang berbeda tergantung kepada kapan peristiwa tersebut

terjadi. Perubahan bentuk kata kerja tersebut disebut “Tense”.

Pada dasarnya hanya ada 3 (tiga) macam tenses, yakni

Present, Past dan Future. Masing-masing mempunyai

bentuk Simple, Continuous, Perfect dan Perfect

3. Untuk menyatakan berapa sering kita melakukan sesuatu atau untuk menyatakan kebiasaan :

I arrive at school on time. I get up at 4.30 every morning.

Keterangan Waktu yang biasa digunakan :

•Every morning/day/week/month/year •On Sundays/Mondays/Tuesdays, dst. •Once a week, twice a …., Three times, dst.

Keterangan Frekuensi ( Adverb ) yang biasa digunakan :

• Always, usually, generally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, now and then, on and off, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never

4. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan pengindraan dan mental state : We hear some noise in the hall.

He smells something burning. Jeffry knows the answer. I believe he is right.

Berikut ini adalah kata kerja yang menyatakan pengindraan dan mental state. Kata kerja ini tidak pernah digunakan dalam bentuk continuous. Berikut ini adalah daftar kata kerja pengindraan dan mental state :

Appear Have need see want

Belong know owe seem wish

Believe like own smell

Forget love prefer taste

Hear mean remember understand

Hate mind realize

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Bentuk : am/is/are + Ving

Pola Kalimat :

(-) S + am/is/are + not + Ving + ……….

(?) Am/is/are + S + Ving + ……. ?

Wh + are/is/are + S + Ving + ……. ?

What/Who + is + Ving Kegunaan :

Kata kerja Present Continuous Tense digunakan :

1. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan suatu peristiwa yang sedng berlangsung pada saat sekarang, pada periode sekitar waktu sekarang.

Contoh :

Listen ! Somebody is knocking at the door. Please don’t make so much noise! I ‘m studying. “Where is Tom?” “He is playing tennis.

Maria is learning English at English Language Institute.

“Have you heard about Brian?” “ He is building his own house.” “You ‘re working hard today.” “Yes, I have a lot to do.

2. Untuk menyatakan suatu situasi yang berubah/berkembang : Contoh :

The population of the world is rising very fast. Is your English getting better ?

Keterangan Waktu yang biasa digunakan :

•Listen! Look! Hurry! Please be quiet! Don’t make so much noise!, dst.

•Where is …. ?

•Now, at the moment, at present, right now •Today, this week, this season, this month Catatan :

Kata kerja pengindraan dan mental state tidak bisa digunakan dalam present continuous.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Bentuk : Have/has + V3

Pola Kalimat :

(+) S + Have/has + V3 + ………

(-) S + Have/has + not + V3 + ……….+ yet

(?) Have/has + S + V3 + ……. ?

Wh + have/has + S + V3+ ……. ?

What/Who + has + V3

Kegunaan :

Kata kerja Present Perfect Tense digunakan :

1. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi akhir-akhir ini, atau untuk kegiatan yang baru saja selesai.

Contoh :

I’ve lost my key. Can you help me look for it? Did you hear about Jim? He’s gone to Singapore.

“Would you like something to drink?” “No, thanks. I ‘ve just had lunch.” 2. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang telah selesai lebih cepat dari yang

diperkirakan. Contoh :

“Don’t forget to mail the letter!” “ I’ve already mailed it.” 3. Digunakan setelah superlative This is the first time …..

Contoh :

What a boring movie! It’s the most boring movie I’ve ever seen. This is the first time I have driven a car.

4. Untuk mengatakan bahwa kita tidak (pernah) melakukan sesuatu selama periode tertentu hingga sekarang.

Contoh :

I have never smoked.

Jill hasn”t written to me for a nearly a month.

5. Dengan yet untuk menunjukkan bahwa pembicara mengharapkan sesuatu terjadi:

Contoh :

Has it stopped raining yet ?

Keterangan Waktu yang biasa digunakan : •Already, recently, lately, so far, just •The most ……, this is the first time •For, since

•This morning, this evening, today, this week, this semester

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Bentuk : Have/has + been + Ving

Pola Kalimat :

(+) S + Have/has + been + Ving + ……… + for / since ….

(-) S + Have/has + not + been + Ving + ... + for / since ….

(?) Have/has + S + been + Ving + ……. ?

Wh + Have/has + S + been + Ving + ……. ?

How long + have/has + S + been + Ving ……..? Kegunaan :

Kata kerja Present Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan :

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung hingga sekarang.

Contoh :

It is raining now. It began to rain two hours ago, and it is still raining. →It has been raining for two hours.

→It has been raining since two hours ago. How long have you been studying English ?

2. Jika berbicara tentang suatu kegiatan yang dimulai di waktu lampau dan baru saja/akhir-akhir ini berhenti.

Contoh :

“You ‘re out of breath. Have you been running ?

Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing ? Keterangan Waktu yang biasa digunakan :

•For, since •How long

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Bentuk : Verb 2 Pola Kalimat : (+) S + V2 + ……… (-) S + did + not + V1 + ………. (?) Did + S + V1 + ……. ? Wh + did + S + V1+ ……. ? What/Who + V2 . ……. ? Kegunaan :

Kata kerja Simple Past Tense digunakan jika kita berbicara tentang suatu peristiwa / kegiatan yang terjadi di waktu lampau.

Contoh :

I met Mr. White yesterday. Mr. Brown died ten years ago.

When I lived in Jakarta, I worked in a bank. The police stopped me on my way home last night. Keterangan Waktu yang biasa digunakan :

•Yesterday, last night/week/month/year •……… ago

•When S + V2/was/were •In 19.., in 2004, dst.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Bentuk : was/were + Ving

Pola Kalimat : Pola 1 :

When + S + V2, S + was/were + Ving Pola 2 :

Pola 3 :

S + V2 + while + S + was/were + Ving Pola 4 :

While + S + was/were + Ving, + S + V2, Kata kerja Past Continuous Tense digunakan :

1. untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada saat tertentu di waktu lampau ( kegiatan tersebut belum selesai).

Contoh :

This time last year I was reading the newspaper. What were you doing at 10:00 last night ?

2. jika ingin mengatakan bahwa sesuatu terjadi pada saat kegiatan lain terjadi.

Gunakan Pola 1 – 4 di atas. Contoh :

When Helen arrived, we were having dinner. ( Pola 1 ) It was raining when I got up. (Pola 2)

While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back. (Pola3) The phone rang while I was typing a letter. (Pola4)

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Bentuk : Had + V3

Kegunaan :

Kita menggunakan Past Perfect Tense jika ingin mengatakan bahwa suatu kegiatan sudah selesai sebelum kegiatan lain terjadi di waktu lampau.

Pola 1 : S + had + V3 + before/when + S + V2 Pola 2 : Before/when + S + V2, S + had + V3 Pola 3 : S + V2 + after + S + had + V3

Pola 4 : After + S + had + V3, S + V2

Pola 5 : S + V2 + because + S + Had + never + V3 + before Contoh :

It was my first time in airplane. I was very nervous because I had never flown before. (Pola5)

After I had finished dinner, I wrote a report. (Pola4)

She called her friend after she had done her home work ( Pola3).

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Bentuk : Had + been + doing

Kegunaan :

Past Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sudah berlangsung selema beberapa saat di waktu lampau.

Pola : S + had + been + Ving + for….. + when + S + V2 Contoh :

We had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible storm.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Bentuk : Will + V1 (Infinitive)

Am/is/are + going + to + V 1 Pola Kalimat :

(+) S + will + V1 + ………

S + am/is/are + going to + V1 (-) S + will + not + V1 + ……….

S + am/is/are + not + going to + V1 + ….. (?) Will + S + V1 + ……. ?

Am/is/are + S + V1 + ……. ?

Kegunaan :

1. Simple Future Tense will + V1 digunakan jika kita memutuskan untuk melakukan sesuatu pada saat bicara.

Contoh :

“Did you call Ann?” “Oh, no, I forgot. I will do it now. Oh, I left the door open. I’ll go and shut it.

Kita seringkali menggunakan I think atau I don’t think I will bila memutuskan untuk melakukan sesuatu.

Contoh :

I think I’ll stay home this evening.

I don’t think I’ll go out tonight. I’m too tired.

2. am/is/are + going to + V1 digunakan bila kia bicara tentang apa yang sudah direncanakan.

Contoh :

A : I hear Ann has wob a lot of money. What is she going to do with it ? B : I heard she is going to travel around the world.

Going to juga digunakan untuk mengatakan apa yang diperkirakan akan terjadi. Biasanya berdasarkan tanda-tanda pada waktu sekarang.

Contoh :

Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain.

Keterangan Waktu yang biasa digunakan : tomorrow, next ……

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Bentuk : Will + be + Ving Pola Kalimat :

(+) S + will + be + Ving

(-) S + will + not + be + Ving

(?) Will + S + be + Ving?

Kegunaan :

1. Future Continuous Tense digunakan jika ingin mengatakan bahwa suatu kegiatan sedang berlangsung pada saat tertentu di waktu yang akan datang.

Contoh :

At 10.00 o’clock tomorrow he will be working.

This time next week I’ll be on vacation. I’ll probably be lying on a beautiful beach.

2. Untuk mengungkapkan rentang waktu dari suatu kegiatan tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

Contoh :

Ratu will be staying in the rural area for the next four weeks. Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan :

• At 9.00 tomorrow/next …. • This time tomorrow/next …..

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Bentuk : Will + have + V3

Pola Kalimat :

(+) S + will + have/has + V3

(-) S + will + not + have/has + V3

(?) Will + S + have/has + V3

Kegunaan :

Future Perfect Tense digunakan jika ingin mengatakan bahwa suatu kegiatan diperkirakan sudah selesai pada saat tertentu di waktu yang akan datang. Contoh :

I’m sure that the parcel will have arrived by Tom’s birthday.

Next year is our silver wedding; that means we ‘ll have been married for 25 years.

Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan : • At 9.00 tomorrow/next …. • By this time tomorrow/next …..

• Before the end of this year/ before she comes, …….

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Bentuk : Will + have + been + Ving

Pola Kalimat :

(+) S + will + have + been + Ving (-) S + will + not + have + been + Ving (?) Will + S + have + been + Ving

Kegunaan : Hampir sama dengan Future Perfect Tense, hanya lebih menekankan pada saat terjadinya peristiwa. Tense ini mengisyaratkan suatu peristiwa berdurasi berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang.

Contoh :

He will have been riding his bike to school for two years before the time he graduates in June.

I will have been living here for ten years by the end of this year. Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan :

• All next …. ( all next week, etc.)

TRIK DAN CARA CEPAT MENJAWAB SOAL TENSES just/already/recently/yet/so far/ ever/never since + ket.waktu since + S + V2 didahului superlative : this is the most ~

This is the first/second time in the last few days

this morning/this evening/ today this week/this semester

~ before have + V3 has yesterday last ~ ~ ago in + tahun sebelumnya this morning/this afternoon

V2 Did not V1

Kata Sebelumnya : Jika Terdapat : Pilih :

Was + Ving were

V2

Was + Ving were While As when Was + Ving were

V2

When As While

Had + V3

Before when

V2

V2

after

_{Had + V3}

Kata Sebelumnya : Jika Terdapat : Pilih :

Jika Terdapat : Pilih :

For + lamanya + when /

before+S+V2 Had been + V ing

Jika Terdapat : Pilih :

at + waktu + tomorrow/next ~

This time tomorrow/next~ when + S + V1

Tomorrow Next ~ Will + V1 Am Is + going to + V1 Are I think I don’t think Probably I suppose I guess I’m sure Will + V 1 Setelah Kata/ Klausa berikut Pilih : by the time + S + V1

by the end of before the end of

Will + have + V3

for +lamanya+by+waktu for +lamanya+next+ket waktu

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Kalimat Conditional atau pengandaian memiliki tiga bentuk/tipe :

FUTURE CONDITIONAL ( TYPE I )

Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang ataupun sekarang jika syarat atau kondisi tertentu terpenuhi. Rumus Conditional Type 1 :

Contoh :

If I have money, I will buy a new car.

Contoh :

If he has enough time, Randi usually walks to school.

Contoh :

If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me. Catatan :

Unless dapat menggantikan if … not jika menyatakan kekecualian terhadap apa yang dikatakan.

Contoh :

If you don’t take more care, you’ll have an accident.

If + subject 1 + simple present + subject 2 + will/can/may/must + Infinitive

If + subject 1 + simple present, + Command/Imperative If + subject 1 + simple present + subject 2 + Simple Present

2

2

→ Unless you take more care, you’ll have an accident. I want you to keep working if I tell you to stop.

→ I want you to keep wotking unless I tell you to stop. If there is not a strike, the train will be running normally.

→ Unless there is a strike, the train will be running normally.

PRESENT CONDITIONAL ( TYPE II )

Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang ada / terjadi sekarang.

Rumus Conditional Type II

Contoh :

If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this week end.

( Saya sebenarnya tidak punya waktu sehingga saya tidak bias pergi). He would tell you about it if he were here.

(Dia akan mengatakan hal itu jika saja dia ada disini, sayangnya dia tidak ada disini).

CATATAN :

• Untuk If Clause Type II, kata kerja to be yang digunakan hanya were untuk semua subjek.

• Kata IF pada Conditional Type II dapat dihilangkan tanpa mengubah makna dengan menggunakan pola inversi.

Contoh :

If he were here, he would tell you about it.  Were he here, he would tell you about it.

If+subject 1 + simple past + subject 2 + would/could/might + Infinitive

If I were John, I would not forgive you.  Were I John, I would not forgive you.

Past Conditional ( Type III )

Pengandaian tipe ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang telah terjadi ( lampau ).

Contoh :

If we had known you were there, we would have written you a letter.

(Kalau saja kami tahu kamu berada disana, kami sudah mengirim surat padamu. Ini berarti bahwa kami tidak mengirim surat karena kami tidak tahu kamu berada disana).

Bentuk inverse untuk pola ini adalah :

Contoh di atas bila ditulis dalam pola inverse menjadi :

Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.

Trik dan Cara Menjawab Soal Conditional

Pada dasarnya soal-soal tentang conditional hanya berkisar pada tiga ruang lingkup : melengkapi, mengartikan suatu conditional, dan membuat conditional berdasarkan fakta/data yang diberikan.

1.

Bila kita diminta untuk melengkapi, tinggal ingat saja pola apa yang sudah muncul :

If + subject 1 + past perfect + subject 2 + would/could/might + have + V3

2. Bila diminta untuk mengartikan conditional, tinggal diingat :

a. will/shall → sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi (perhaps/possible/probable) b. would/could/might + Verb1/be → jawaban dalam bentuk present

dan sesuatu yang sebaliknya dengan yang dinyatakan soal. c. would/could/might + have+verb3→ jawaban dalam bentuk past dan

sesuatu yang sebaliknya dengan yang dinyatakan soal.

Jika Muncul : Pilih :

IF

Will Can + V1 May Kalimat perintah V1 V1+s Am Is Are

IF

Would Could + have + V3 Might Had + V3

Jika Muncul : Pilih :

3. Bila diminta untuk membuat conditional (lamunan) berdasarkan fakta yang ada, maka tinggal diingat :

a. fakta dalam bentuk present → would/could/might+Verb1/be dan pernyataan yang berkontradiksi dengan fakta. b. fakta dalam bentuk past →

would/could/might+have+Verb 3 dan pernyataan berkontradiksi dengan fakta.

+ V3

Nunung Suryatna

CAUSATIVE

Causative adalah suatu pola kalimat yang menyatakan bahwa seseorang/subyek menyebabkan orang lain melakukan sesuatu atau

menyebabkan sesuatu dikerjakan untuknya oleh orang lain

Active Causative

Subyek menyuruh/menyebabkan objek (pelaku) melakukan suatu tindakan. Pola: _Have Make Let help

Subject + Object Pelaku + infinitive + object

Contoh:

 Mary had John wash the car.

(Mary menyuruh John mencuci mobil = John-lah yang mencuci mobil)

 The robber made the teller give the money. (Pencuri memaksa Teller memberikan uang)

Pola.diatas mempunyai makna yang sama dengan pola:

Contoh:

 Mary got John to wash the car.

 The robber asked the teller to give the money.

3

have

get

Subject

+

+ Object (benda)

Nunung Suryatna Passive causative

Apabila objek dalam causative berupa benda (mati), passive causative digunakan dimana subyek menginginkan sesuatu (obyek) dikerjakan oleh orang lain.

Pola:

Contoh:

 Mary got her car washed.

(Mary menyuruh mobilnya dicuci)

 Setiawan has his shirts cleaned at the drycleaner. (Setiawan menyuruh bajunya dicuci di drycleaner)

Bila causative memakai ”have”, ”have” disini berfungsi sebagai kata kerja penuh, oleh karenanya bentuk negative dan atau interrogative-nya menggunakan do/does/did.

Contoh:

 You have the flowers delivered. (+)  Do you have the flowers delivered? (?)  You don’t have the flowers delivered. (-)

RELATIVE PRONOUN

Jenis relative pronoun:

1. Defining Relative Pronoun

Defining relative pronoun adalah bentuk pronoun yang mempunyai sifat menentukan dan atau membedakan antara frase benda yang diterangkannya dari benda lainya. Defining “tidak diapit koma (,) dan relative pronounnya terkadang bisa dihilangkan.

Jenis pronoun yang digunakan:

As Subject As Object Possessive

Person Thing Person Thing Person

Who That* Which that Whom Who That -Which That -Whose A. Who / That

“Who” digunakan untuk menggantikan orang yang berkedudukan sebagai subyek.

Relative pronoun adalah kata ganti penghubung yang

digunakan untuk membentuk sebuah kalimat yang berasal dari dua buah kalimat. Relative pronoun

menggantikan satu atau dua frase benda yang identik dan menghubungkan klausa satu dengan lainnya, dimana nantinya kalimat/klausa yang satu akan menerangkan bagian

kalimat lainnya.

There is the doctor. She used to live next door.

Kedua kalimat ini dapat digabungkan dengan pola relative pronoun menjadi:



There is the doctor who* ( that) used to live next door.. *) Bagi sebagian orang penggunaan kata “who” dianggap lebih benar. Kita biasa juga menggunakan kata “that” sebagai pengganti “who”, tapi tidak mengacu pada nama orang.

Contoh :

I spoke to Mrs. Pearson who / tha t owns the bookstore.

# Relative pronoun diletakan tepat setelah kata yang digantikannya.

- The people were mostly young soldiers.

- They were killed during the war.

“They” pada kalimat kedua mengacu pada “the people” dan berkedudukan sebagai subjek,. maka gabungannya adalah:



The people who were killed during the war were mostly young soldiers:

B. Whom / that /

-“Whom” digunakan untuk menggantikan frase orang yang berkedudukan sebagai objek atau complement.

The men are angry. I don’t like the men.

Gabungan kalimat diatas adalah:



The men whom I don’t like are angry.

Kata “whom” dapat pula digantikan oleh that, who atau dihilangkan sama sekali (-).

Contoh :

 The men who I don’t like are angry. Atau :  The men I don’t like are angry.

Catatan :

Kata whom jarang digunakan, namun dalam written English, Whom dianggap lebih benar daripada who.

Kalau dalam kalimat kedua sebelum frase yang digantikan dengan relative pronoun terdapat preposisi, maka preposisi itu harus dipindahkan pada posisi sebelum “whom”.

The girl is Anita. The man is talking to her.



The girl to whom the man is talking is Anita.

The lady had moved to another city. This letter is addressed to her.



The lady to whom this letter is addressed had moved to another city.

C. Whose

“Whose” digunakan untuk menggantikan frase orang yang menyatakan kepemilikan /kepunyaan (possessive):

Contoh :

The board was composed of citizens. The citizens’ dedication was evident.



The board was composed of citizens whose dedication was

evident.

Tom’s father is in hospital now. His health hasn’t been so good lately.



Tom’s father whose health hasn”t been so good lately is in hospital now.

“Which” digunakan untuk menggantikan frase benda atau binatang baik berkedudukan sebagai subjek maupun objek.

Contoh :

I’m writing about a camera. It doesn’t work properly.

 I’m writing about a camera which doesn’t work properly. Atau :  I’m writing about a camera that doesn’t work properly.

Where is the book ? I bought the book yesterday.  Where is the book which I bought yesterday ? atau :  Where is the book that I bought yesterday ? atau :  Where is the book I bought yesterday ?

Apabila dalam kalimat kedua sebelum frase yang akan digantikan dengan relative pronoun terdapat preposisi (kata depan), maka preposisi itu harus dipindahkan pada posisi sebelum “which”.

Contoh :

This is the knife. He was killed with the knife.  This is the knife with which he was killed. Atau :

 This is the knife which he was killed with. ( lebih informal)Atau :

 This is the knife he was killed with. Catatan :

Jangan pernah menggunakan that setelah preposisi. Perhatikan : This is the school that my children go to.

Tapi tidak boleh :

This is the school to that my children go.

2. Non Defining Relative Pronoun

Non-defining relative pronoun adalah bentuk pronoun yang bersifat memberi tambahan informasi mengenai frase yang diterangkannya.

Non-defining selalu diapit oleh koma dan relative pronounnya tidak bisa dihilangkan.

Contoh :

 Mr. Porter’s house, which has been for sale for two years, has just been sold.

 Bandung, in which I live, is famous for peuyeum.

Pembentukan relative pronoun pada non-defining sama dengan pada defining (bahasan 1) terkecuali that tidak dipergunakan.

Trik dan Cara Cepat Menjawab Soal Relative Pronoun

Orang

Who

that

1. is/are/was/were 2. have/has/had 3. will/may/can/must/would/ could / might/ought to/should 4. V1 / V2

Pilih

Kata Sesudah

Kata Sebelum

Orang

Whom

That

S + is/are/was/were have/has/had will/may/can/must/would/ could/might/ought to/ should S + V1 / V2

Benda

Which

That

1. is/are/was/were have/has/had will/may/can/must/would/ could/might/ought to/ should 2. V1 / V2

Benda

Which

That

S + is/are/was/were have/has/had will/may/can/must/would/ could/might/ought to/ should S + V1 / V2

Orang

Whose

V1 + V2Benda Is/are/was/were

Have/has

Tempat

Where

nama orang

_pronoun

Pilih

Kata Sesudah

MODALS

Modals adalah bagian dari auxiliary, merupakan sekelompok kata bantu yang memberikan arti tambahan pada suatu kalimat dalam mempertajam makna. Yang harus diingat adalah modals selamanya

harus diikuti bare infinitive (V1 / be).

Bentuk modals:

Modals present Modals past

Can Could May Might Must Had to Will Would Shall Should Should

-Ada sekelompok kata yang memiliki makna/arti sama dengan modal diatas:

Can/could = be able to

May/might = probable, possible, presumable, perhaps

Must = have to

Will/shall = be going to, be about to

Should = had better, ought to, be supposed to

Makna dan Arti dari Modals

A. Modal + simple form

COULD/MAY/MIGHT

Walaupun modal could digunakan dalam conditional / pengandaian, selain untuk menyatakan kemampuan, could bisa juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kemungkinan. Dalam hal ini could semakna dengan may atau might; pembicara tidak yakin akan sesuatu saat dia menggunakan modal ini.

 It might/may/could rain tomorrow = it will possibly rain tomorrow / maybe it will rain tomorrow.

SHOULD Modal ini digunakan untuk menyatakan :

1. saran/anjuran, pendapat, atau keharusan/kewajiban. Contoh :

 Setiawan should study tonight = it is good idea if setiawan studies tonight.

 Karina should go on diet = it is suggested that Karina go on diet.

2. harapan Contoh :

 My check should arrive next week= I hope that the check will arrive next week.

MUST Modal ini digunakan untuk menyatakan : 1. keharusan mutlak

Dalam hal ini’must” maknanya lebih kuat ketimbang ”should”. Dengan menggunakan should, orang mempunyai pilihan: melakukan atau tidak; tapi dengan must, orang tidak punya pilihan.

Perhatikan :

 Setiawan must call his insurance today = it is necessary for Setiawan to call the insurance today.

 An automobile must have gasoline to run = it is obligatory for an automobile to have gasoline to run.

2. kesimpulan logis

Must digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa si pembicara menganggap sesuatu itu benar adanya berdasarkan fakta yang ada tapi kebenaran ini tidak harus mutlak.

Contoh :

 Prabu’s lights are out. He must be asleep.  The grass is wet. It must be raining.

WILL/SHALL Lihat bahasan future pada bab Tenses. B. Modal + perfective

Modal + perfective biasanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu lampau.

Harus diingat bahwa modal selalu diikuti V1 / be (simple form/bare infinitive), jadi have tak pernah berubah menjadi has ataupun had.

Could + have V3/been

Modal + have +V3/been

Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu hal sebenarnya bisa terjadi di waktu lampau.

Contoh :



He could have eaten ice cream = Dia sebenarnya bisa makan ice cream; ini berarti dia pada kenyataannya tidaklah makan ice cream (he didn’t eat ice cream).



She could have asked her brother to lift the box = Dia sebenarnya bisa menyuruh adiknya untuk mengangkat kotak; artinya kenyataannya dia tidak menyuruh, yang dengan kata lain dia-lah sendiri yang mengangkat kotak.

Might + have V3/been Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu

kemungkinan/praduga dari apa yang sudah terjadi di waktu lampau.

Contoh :



His room was still dirty, he might have forgotten to clean it. (Karena kamarnya kotor, mungkin saja dia lupa membersihkannya-atau bisa karena penyebab lain)

Should + have V3/been

Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya sudah terjadi di waktu lampau, tapi karena satu dan lain hal, hal itu tidak terjadi.

Contoh :



Setiawan should have gone to his office this morning. (Setiawan seharusnya sudah pergi ke kantornya tadi pagi).

Must + have V3/been

Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kesimpulan logis dari apa yang telah terjadi di waktu lampau.

Harus diingat bahwa untuk menyatakan keharusan di waktu lampau hanya digunakan “had to” atau “should + have V3/been”.

Contoh :



The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.



Fini failed in the test. She must not have studied.

Trik dan Cara Cepat Menjawab Soal Modals

Rumus 1 : Bila terdapat pilihan jawaban yang searti/semakna maka dianggap salah karena tidak perna terjadi/terdapat jawaban ganda

Rumus 2 : Bila soal dinyatakan dalam bentuk lampau, atau mengisyaratkan sesuatu yang sudah terjadi, pili jawaban dalam pola modal + perfective

Rumus 3 : Bila soal mengisyaratkan sesuatu yang terjadi sekarang, maka hindari pilihan modal perfective

Rumus 4 : Hindari pilihan would dan would + have V3/been, bila di soal tidak terdapat kata `if, `unless”, atau `otherwise”, karena would have umumnya hanya digunakan untuk pola

CONCORD

Concord adalah persesuaian (agreement) antara subjek dalam suatu kalimat dengan kata kerjanya (verb) atau auxiliary-nya, juga suatu persesuaian antara suatu kata dengan kata lainnya (word agreement).

Peraturan Tentang Concord A. Concord of Tenses

Dalam bahasa Inggris, bentuk kata kerja senantiasa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan keterangan waktu yang mengikutinya.

Contoh :

Dina goes to the beach on Sundays. Dina went to the beach last week.

B. Concord of Person ( Persesuaian kata ganti orang)

Concord ini menunjuk pada persesuaian antara kata benda dengan kata ganti yang menunjukkannya.

Contoh :

•

The boy under the tree waved his hand.

•

The mad man often talks to himself.

•

He did not buy these shoes because they are too expensive. Adapun perubahan kata ganti sesuai dengan fungsi dalam kalimat sebagai berikut ; PERSONAL PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOU NS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Subjec

t Object Determiner nominal

1st Pers on Singul ar I Me Myself My ~ mine

plural We Us Ourselves Our ~ ours

Singul

ar you

yourself _{Your ~ Yours}

2nd pers on plural yourselve s 3rd pers on Singul ar

He him Himself His

She Her Herself Her ~ Hers

It itself Its ~

-plural They the

m Themselves Their ~ theirs

C. Concord of Predicate

Concord ini menunjukkan persesuaian antara subyek dengan kata kerja/predicate.

1. Apabila subject dalam bentuk singular (tunggal), maka harus dipergunakan kt. kerja (verb)/auxiliary untuk singular (tunggal) -is, was, has, Verb+s/es.

Contoh :

He has a red umbrella.

2. Sebuah subjek yang diawali oleh kata everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, nothing, everything, something, anything diikuti predikat untuk tunggal

Contoh:

•

Everyone was running as fast as they could.

•

No one knows where their king puts the crown.

•

Everything is in order now.

3. Subjek yang menyatakan jumlah, jarak, volume, berat, uang, dan waktu selalu dianggap tunggal, oleh karenanya predikatnyapun harus tunggal : is, was, has, V1+s/es.

Contoh

4. Untuk menentukan subjek utama dari subject yang berupa frase panjang, tinggal dilihat kata sebelum preposisi; bila tunggal maka pilih: is, was, has, V1+s/es, dan bila jamak (plural) maka pilih: are, were, have, Verb-tanpa -s/es.

Contoh:

•

Different interpretations on the same event by various newspapers make readers confused and angry.

•

One of the problems faced by foreign businessmen is the frequent changing of regulations.

•

The increase in the sales of new cars is expected to make traffic jam worse.

5. Subyek yang terbentuk dari gerund (Verb-ing) harus dianggap tunggal, oleh karena itu “is, was, has, V+s/es” harus dipilih untuk melengkapi predikatnya.

Contoh:

• Producing fine paintings requires skill and creativity. 6. Subyek dengan menggunakan kata ”number” bisa dianggap

tunggal dan bisa pula dianggap jamak bergantung pada kata sebelum “number”-nya itu sendiri. Bila yang muncul adalah artikel “a” maka dianggap jamak, dan bila “the” dianggap tunggal.

Contoh:



Due to monetary crisis, the number of people without jobs is increasing at the moment. (jumlah)

 The number of illiterate people in our country has decreased drastically.



A number of students are making research. ( sejumlah)

A number of → are/were/have/Verb tanpa -s/es

7. Bila kata ”either …. or” dan “neither …. nor, kata kerja/verb dan auxiliary-nya mungkin tunggal ataupun jamak bergantung pada kata setelah “or” atau “nor” apakah tunggal atau jamak.

Dan kalaupun kata “or” atau “nor” berdiri sendiri verb / auxiliary-nya tetap ditentukan oleh kata setelah “or” atau “nor”.

Contoh :



It was a miracle that neither the passengers nor the driver was injured in the accident.



Neither the football players nor their coach was satisfied with the referee’s decision.

8. Neither of, each of, none of diikuti kata benda jama tetapi selalu memakai predikat tunggal.

Contoh :

Each of the students has to write a paper.

9. Ungkapan “not only ... but also/as well as ...” menghubungkan pemakaian kata, frase, klausa yang bentuk dan jenisnya sama dan setara.

Contoh:

 The way professor Mattis teaches English not only keeps the students” interest but also increases their motivation

TRIK DAN CARA CEPAT MENJAWAB SOAL CONCORD

Pilih Kata Kerja : Jika Subyeknya Each (of) Every (of) Either (of) Neither (of) Volume Berat Jarak Uang Waktu prosentase Subyeknya Verb+ing Nothing Nobody Everything Everybody Something Someone anything Uncountable : Advice,Baggage, Behavior,Bread, Chaos,Furniture, Information,Luggage, News,permission, Progress, scenery, Traffic,travel,trouble, Weather,work Is Was Has V1+s V2

Pilih Kata Kerja : Jika Subyeknya`` Much (a)little The number of Is Was Has V1+s V2

a number of AreWere

Have Vi V2 a number of both (of) many much (a)few either Kt.Benda or Is Was Has V1+s V2 neither nor Kt.Bd.Tunggal either Kt.Benda or are Were Have V1 V2 neither nor Kt.Bd.Jamak Kt.Benda Tunggal Ornor Is Was has V1+s V2 Kt.Benda Tunggal

Not only + + but also/as well as + Noun Adjective Adverb Phrase Gerund To infinitive Noun Adjective Adverb Phrase Gerund To infinitive Kt.Benda Jamak Ornor are Were have V1 V2 Kt.Benda Jamak

PARTICIPLE

Active Participle

Active participle atau present participle ialah verb/kt.kerja yang berakhiran “-ing”: running, passing, crying, dsb. Apabila active participle didahului oleh ”to be” timbulah pola progressive (continuous form).

Active participle kerapkali muncul setelah objek dari kt. kerja: see, hear, smell, feel, watch, notice, listen to, look at, observe, keep, find, catch, leave, yang mana fungsinya sebagai adjective atau adverb.

 I felt the house shaking.  I saw the boat sinking.

 He noticed me leaving the house.

TRICK CEPAT MENJAWAB SOAL ACTIVE PARTICIPLE Apabila active participle (V-ing) muncul diawal kalimat hendaknya diperhatikan dan diingat bahwa dalam bentuk active participle tersebut sudah terkandung beberapa arti:

1. Having = setelah (after) Contoh:



Having studied English at Express, Fini went home with her friends

= After she had studied English at Express, Fini went home with her friends.

 Having been defeated three times in a row, the boxer decided to give up fighting” means

= After he had been defeated three times in a row, he decided to give up fighting

2. Verb ing (active participle) sebagai sub-clause terkandung makna sedang / sementara” (when/while), “Karena/sebab” (because / as / since).

Contoh:



Walking along the street, I met an old friend = when 1 was walking along the street, I met and old friend.



Loving her, he will do anyrhing for her = because he loves her, he will do anything for her.

 “Trying hard to win the beauty contest, Ita neglected all her school assignments.”= Since she tried to wind the beauty contest, Ita neglected all her school assignments.

 Talking exccitedly to each other, they forgot to finish the execises.= Because they were talking excitedly, they forgot to finish the exercises.

3. Kata “being’sebagai sub-clause mengandung arti karena-because/since/as.

 Being ill, my mother had her breakfast brought to her room = because/as/since my mother was ill, she had her breakfast brought to her room.

 Being an oustanding of our school, he has been offered a scholarship to study in Australia. = As he is an outstanding student of our school, he has been offered a scholarship to study in Australia.

PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

Passive participle atau past participle adalah verb/kt. kerja bentuk ke-3. Apabila past participle didahului oleh ”tobe”

timbulah passive form.



A table is made of wood.

Fungsi utama passive participle:

Untuk menggantikan anak kalimat pengganti kata sifat (relative clause) yang bersifat pasif.



The window which was broken by Edi has not been repaired yet = The window broken by Edi has not been repaired yet.



We promised to send you all the photos which were taken by Arief yesterday = We promised to send you all the taken by Arief yesterday.

Untuk menyatakan sebab-akibat.



Because/as/since the city is surrounded by mountain, the city has a cool climate = Surrounded by mountain the city has a cool climate.



Because/as/since it is inhabitted by not more than 40 families, kampung Naga is a unique village in West Java =Inhabitted by not more than 40 families, kampung Naga is a unique village in West Java.

TRIK DAN CARA CEPAT MENJAWAB SOAL PARTICIPLE

Jika Muncul Salah Kata Setelah : Pilih : Satu kata berikut :

See, hear, smell, feel, watch,notice, listen to, look at, observe, keep, find, catch, leave

V+ing Noun

Apabila active participle (V-ing) muncul di awal kalimat hendaknya diperhatikan dan diingat bahwa dalam bentuk active participle tersebut sudah terkandung beberapa arti :

1. having + Verb 3 = after +S+have/has/had+ Verb 3 2. Verb + ing ………., INDUK KALIMAT

When+S+was/were+Verb+ing Because/Since/As +S+V

GERUND

Gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja yang karena kasus tertentu harus ditambah -ing (Verb-ing).

Gerund digunakan dalam tujuh (7) kasus: 1. Sebagai subyek kalimat

Contoh:



Speaking is better than thinking . S P Complement



Swimming is a good sport . S P Complement



Jogging makes us fresh.

S P O 2. Sebagai objek/complement

Contoh:



She likes dancing . S P O



My hobby is cycling . S P Complement

3. Sebagai prepositional object (kt. kerja terletak setelah kata depan) Contoh:

 I am sorry for coming late.  On opening the door, I saw him.  Before leaving, he said nothing. 4. Setelah istilah khusus

a. no use (tiada guna)



It is no use studying without practising.

b.

to be worth (bermanfaat)

 It is worth reading source books. c.

to be busy (sibuk)

 She is busy preparing for the exams. d. can’t help/can’t bear (tidak bisa menahan)

 She can’t help laughing when she hears a joke. e.

to be used to (terbiasa)

 I am used to eating gudeg Yogya. Tetapi I used to eat gudeg Yogya. (pernah)

f. get used to (telah terbiasa)

 She gets used to living near the airport g. to be accustomed to (telah terbiasa)

 Setiawan is accustomed to wearing, a tie during his work.

5. Setelah possessive adjective: my, your, his, her, our, their, your, Amir’s, etc. Contoh:

 Her teaching is fascinating.  His staring frightens me.  I hate Iwan’s wearing earing. 6. Setelah kata kerja tertentu

Contoh:

 Would you mind helping me?

 We enjoys them again after so many years.  Bob admitted stealing the money.

 The coast guard reported seeeing another ship in the Florida strait.

admit consider enjoy mind recall

appreciate avoid finish miss regret

claim delay quit postpone report

can’t help deny resist practice recent

7. Setelah kata kerja/kata sifat tertentu yang selalu dirangkai dengan “to” namun harus diikuti gerund (verb-ing)

Contoh:

 We are looking forward to going back to school.  Bob confessed to stealing the jewels.

 I object to giving you another allowence.

Terdapat sekelompok kata kerja yang dapat diikuti baik gerund (verb-ing) ataupun to infinitive ( to + Verb 1), yang mana memiliki pengertian

berbeda.

 Setiawan stops studying. (Setiawan tidak belajar lagi)

 Setiawan stops to study. (Setiawan berhenti melakukan sesuatu lantas belajar)

Terdapat kelompok kata kerja yang dapat diikuti gerund ( Verb-ing ) dan to infinitive ( to + Verb1 ), yang mana arti dan maknanya sama.

Contoh:

 He started to study after midnight = he started studying after midnight.

Stop remember forget regret

begin, can’t stand, like, love, continue, prefer, dread, start, hate

advance to be opposed to object to

confess to be used to look forward to

dedicate to be accustomed to key to

 John hates to ride his bicycle to school = Joh hates riding his bicycle to school.

* Note:

Gerund setelah kata”need” dan”want” mengandung pengertian pasif. This gate needs painting = this gate needs to be painted (pintu pagar perlu dicat)

The room needs decorating = the room needs to be decorated (kamar perlu didekor)

TO INFINITVE

To infintive merupakan bentuk kata kerja simple dengan mendapat awalan ”to”, To infinitive digunakan apabila:

1. Kata kerja setelah objek pelaku (accusative object)  She wanted me to buy a new camera.

 Prabu asked me to go with him.

2. Kata kerja setelah kata tanya yang mengawali klausa kata benda (noun clause)

 She wanted to know how to manage the business.  I don’t know what to do.

3. Kata kerja sebagai complement ( object complement dan impersonal it complement )

 He is a nice mail to talk to.

 Dcdy is too young to run the business.  It is difficult to adapt in a new environment.



It is easy for me to defeat him,

4. Kata kerja setelah kata kerja tertentu

Contoh :

 Prabu expect to begin studying law next month.

Agree forget plan want

Attempt hesitate prepare try

Claim hope pretend wish

Decide need refuse expect

Demand intent seem

Desire learn strive

Fail offer tend

 Ratu learned to swim when she was young.  The soldiers are preparing to attack the village.

 Cyntia agreed to act as a liason between the two countries. 5. Kata kerja setelah kata sifat ( adjective ) berikut:

Contoh :

 The students are not yet able to handle such problem.  Andi is anxious to see his family.

 We are ready to pass the test.

6. a. Terdapat sekelompok kata kerja yang dapat diikuti baik oleh gerund (verb-ing) ataupun to infinitive (to + Verb 1), yang mana memiliki pengertian berbeda.

Contoh :

 John stops studying. (John tidak belajar Iagi)

 John stops to study. (John berhenti melakukan sesuatu lantas belajar)

b.

Terdapat kelompok kata kerja yang dapat diikuti gerund (Verb-ing) dan to infinitive (to + Verb 1), yang mana arti dan maknanya sama.

c.

Anxious eager pleased common

Boring good prepared difficult

Dangerous glad able wrong

Certain ready usual delighted

stop remember forget

Begin can’t stand like love

continue

Contoh:

 He started to study after midnight =he started studying after midnight.

 John hates to ride his bicycle to school = Job hates riding his bicycle to school.

Nunung Suryatna

TRIK DAN CARA CEPAT MENJAWAB SOAL GERUND DAN TO INFINITIVE

Cara Mudah Belajar dan Menguasai

Bahasa Inggris Praktis

52

Jika titik2 di awal kalimat

Pilih

………..

Is_Was

V1+s

Verb+ing

Setelah Preposisi

In, on, at, off, by, for, from, with, without,before, after, about

………..

Pilih Verb+ing Setelah Kt.Kerja

Admit, anticipate, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practice, recall, regret, resent, resist, risk, resume, suggest

………..

Pilih

Verb+ing

Setelah Kata/Phrase

:

Pilih

No use Be worth To be busy Can’t help Can’t bear To be used to Get used to To be accustomed to Object to

Nunung Suryatna Kata kerja : Would like Would love Would hate Would prefer

Setelah Kata berikut

:

Pilih

To infinitive

……….

Kata kerja :

Agree, arrange, attempt, afford, appear, decide, dare, fail, forget, hope, intend, mean, manage, need, offer, promise, pretend, refuse, seem, threaten, tend, want

Kata sifat :

Sorry, surprised, delighted, happy, glad, pleased, sad, disappointed, amazed, astonished

Nunung Suryatna

Setelah Kata Kerja

:

Stop Remember Forget Regret Pilih Verb+ing To infinitive Begin, like, love,

continue, prefer, dread, start, hate

……….

Jika terdapat

:

Kata Setelah

:

Pilih

Want, ask, expect, would like, would prefer, tell, order, remind, warn, force, invite, enable, teach, persuade, get, advise, encourage,

allow, permit _{To infinitive}

Object …………..

Ask, decide, know, remember, forget, explain, understand To infinitive What Where How …………..

CONJUNCTION

1. Besides (preposisi)

Semakna dengan ”in addition” yang berarti ”lagi pula”,”selain” yang berfungsi menambah informasi. Kata ini mengawali noun/pronoun/gerund.

Contoh:

 Besides doing the cooking, I look after the garden.  Besides this house, Ratu has a beach home.

 Besides being good at sport, Setiawan is a good student. Besides (adverb)

Berarti “lagi pula”, terlebih-lebih” mengawali klausa.

Kata “moreover”, dan ”furthermore” memiliki arti yang semakna dengan conjunction ini.

Contoh:

 Ratu doesn’t want to go there, besides she has already been there.

 I can’t go now; I am busy. Besides my passport is out of date. 2. However

Memiliki arti “namun demikian”, mengawali kata keterangan/sifat/klausa. Pernyataan yang diawali ”however” berkontradiksi dengan pernyataan lainnya. Kata ”but” dan “nevertheless” memiliki makna yang senada tatkala mengawali sebuah kalimat.

Contoh:

 You couldn’t earn much, however hard you work.  I’d like to go; however, I don’t have time.

3. Otherwise

1

0

Memiliki arti “sebalikya”,”jika tidak” untuk menyatakan kemungkinan akibat yang tidak diharapkan kalau pernyataan sebelumnya / lainnya tidak terpenuhi. Conjunction “or”, “if not” dan “unless” dapat menggantikan kedudukan “otherwise”. Contoh:  We must be early; otherwise, we won’t get seat.

 You go with me, or/otherwise you stay here alone. 4. So

Memiliki arti”jadi”,’maka”, menunjukkan akibat yang terjadi dari pernyataan sebelumnya.

 Our cases were too heavy, so we took a taxi.

# Apabila ”so” dirangkai dengan”that” maka akan membentuk arti: “begitu ... sehingga ...”.

Contoh:

 They ran so fast that 1 couldn”t beat him.

(Larinya begitu cepat sehingga saya tidak dapat mengejarnya) 5. Therefore

Berarti “oleh karena itu”, memiliki makna yang senada dengan “so”, “consequently”, dan “hence” untuk menunjukkan akibat dari suatu kalimat sebab-akibat.

Contoh :

 There is fog at Cijoho; therefore, the place has been diverted. 6. Still dan Yet

Sebagai conjunction mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu ”namun” untuk menunjukkan arti yang kontradiksi.

 They are ugly and expensive, yet/still people buy them. 7. Though/although/eventhough

Memiliki arti “walaupun”, menunjukkan kalimat yang bertentangan dan selamanya diikuti oleh bentuk klausa (S + predikat).

Sementara ”despite” dan ”in spite of” meskipun artinya sama yaitu ”walaupun” tetapi conjunction ini harus diikuti frase/fragmen (noun/pronoun/gerund).

Contoh :

 Though/although/even though he had no qualification, he got the job.

Despite/in spite of having no qualification, he got the job.”  Though/although/even though it was windy, he continued the cruise. Despite/inspite of the wind, he continued the cruise.

8. As, For, Because, Since

Ketiganya dapat berarti “karena” tatkala diikuti sebuah klausa.  The days were short, as/for/since/because it was not December.

Kt. Hubung ”karena” yang diikuti frase berupa ”because of.  The days were short, because of not December.

9. As, When, While

Memiliki arti”ketika/tatkala/sementara-menunjukan waktu saat terjadinya sesuatu:

 My father came as/while/when I was studying.

Namun”as” terkadang bermakna ganda: tatkala atau karena.  As a student, he knows a lot of knowledge.

10. And

Bermakna”dan” menggabungkan dua buah kata/kalimat/klausa yang bentuk dan fungsinya sama dan setara.



I know Dody as an awfully loyal employee and a very hard worker.



He tried to preserve the environment for future generation by

purifying the air and replanting the forest. 11. Whereas

Bermakna”padahal” untuk menunjukkan kontra harap dengan rujukan pembuktian fakta sebenarnya.

 She can’t travel whereas she has a lot of money. 12. Not ..,until ...

Rangkaian ”not ... until ...” memiliki pengertian ”baru ... setelah ...”.

Contoh :

 I didn”t understand the lesson until the teacher explained it twice.

(Saya baru mengerti pelajaran tersebut setelah guru menerangkannya dua kali)

 She could not believe me until I told her the truth.

(Dia baru percaya setelah saya ceritakan yang sebenarnya)

Conjunction yang berpasangan :

Either …………. Or ………. = salah satunya …… atau ….. Neither …… nor ……… = keduanya …. Dan ….. tidak/bukan Both ……… and ………….. = keduanya …. Dan ….. ya

Not only ….. bu also ……… = Tidak hanya ….. tetapi juga ….. Whether ….. or ……….. = apakah ….. atau ……

Trik dan Cara Cepat Menjawab Soal Conjunction

Bila terdapat pilihan conjunction yang memiliki arti sama maka harus dianggap salah karena tidak pernah terjadi terdapat dua pilihan. Carilah pilihan yang barmakna lain dari pilihan lainnya. Berikut conjunction yang semakna:

Therefore Hence Consequently So Eventhough Although Though Despite Inspite of However But Nevertheless Yet Still Moreover In addition Furthermore Besides Otherwise Unless Or If not Because As Since For When While

PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat pasif adalah suatu kalimat dimana subject dikenai tindakan / pekerjaan / perbuatan, berbeda dengan kalimat aktif dimana subject-lah yang melakukan perbuatan / pekerjaan / tindakan.

Cara Membuat Kalimat Pasif : Pola Umum:

Active : Subject Active Verb Object

Passive : Subject Passive Verb By Agent  Subject pada kalimat pasif berasal dari object pada kalimat aktif.  “be ... ing” dalam aktif menjadi”being” dalam bentuk pasifnya.  Tense pada kalimat pasif mengikuti bentuk kalimat aktifnya.

 Verb 3 pada kalimat pasif dibentuk oleh verb pada kalimat aktifnya.

 Hanya kalimat transitif (kalimat yang mengandung object) yang bisa diubah ke dalam bentuk pasif dan atau kalimat pasif hanya berlaku bagi kata kerja transitif.

 Kalimat pasifdigunakan tatkala ingin menonjolkan hasil tindakan daripada pelaku tindakan tersebut.

to be + Verb 3 (past participle)

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1

Present

Active

Passive

Simple S + V 1 + O S + is/am/are/+ V3

Ratu writes a letter A letter is written by Ratu

Continuous

S + is/am/are + V-ing S + is/am/are + being + V3 Ratu is writing a letter A letter is being written by

Ratu

Perfect

S + have/has + V3 S + have/has + been + V3 Ratu has written a letter A letter has been written by

Ratu

Past

Active

Passive

Simple S + V

2 _{+ p S + was/were + V3}

Ratu wrote a letter A letter was written by Ratu Continuous

S+was/were +Ving S + was/were + being + V3 Ratu was writing a

letter

A letter was being written by Ratu

Perfect

S + had + V3 S + had + been + V3 Ratu had written a letter A letter had been written by

Ratu

Future Active Passive

Ratu will write a letter A letter will be written by Ratu

Perfect

S + will + have +

V3 S + will + have + been + V3 Ratu will have written a

letter

A letter will have been written by Ratu

Trik dan Cara Cepat Menjawab Soal Passive :

1. Bila terdapat kata `by + agent” (pelaku), pilihlah pola pasif (to be + V3)

2. Bila subject dari kalimat soal berbentuk benda mati dan kata kerjanya transitif pilihlah pola pasif

Jika Subject Kata Sebelum Pilih Jika Terdapat

Am Is Are Was were Bukan Orang ………. by V3 Being +V3 Have Has Had Will have Bukan Orang ………. by Been +V3 Will Can May Bukan Orang ………. by Be +V3

ELIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION

Eliptical construction adalah bentuk kalimat majemuk gabungan setara, terjadinya penghilangan bagian predikat yang sama dari suatu

kalimat. 1. Gabungan setara

Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung ”and”. Gabungan setara dibagi dua:

a. Positif b. Negatif a. Positif

“Too” dan’so”digunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat positif.

Pola 1 : Mengandung Auxiliary

# Berauxiliary Contoh :

My mother will be interested in reading this novel. My father will be interested in reading this novel

Dua kalimat di atas dapat digabung dengan menggunakan too atau so.

 My mother will be interested in reading this novel and my father will to. atau :

Subject 1 + auxiliary + (verb) + and + Subject 2 + auxiliary + too Atau :

Subject 1 + auxiliary + (verb) + and + so + auxiliary + Subject 2

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 My mother will be interested in reading this novel and so will my father.

Fini is pretty and Karina is pretty. Dapat digabung menjadi :

 Fini is pretty and Karina is too.  Fini is pretty and so is Karina.

Pola 2 : Tidak mengandung auxiliary

Contoh :

1. Your sister likes seafood and I like seafood.



Your sister likes seafood and I do too



Your sister likes seafood and so do I..

2. The students often come late and the teacher comes late.



The students often come late and the teacher does too.



The students often come late and so does the teacher.

3. I went abroad last year and Ratu went abroad..



I went abroad last year and Ratu did too.



I went abroad last year and so did Ratu. B. Negative

“Either” dan”neither” digunakan untuk mengabungkan kalimat negative.

I. Subject 1 + verb 1 + and + Subject 2 + do/does + too Subject 1 + verb 1 + and + so + do/does + Subject 2 II. Subject 1 + verb2 + and + Subject 2 + did + too

Subject 1 + verb2 + and + so + did + Subject 2

Subject 1 + auxiliary not +(verb)+and+Subject 2 + auxiliary + not + either

* Neither = not either, oleh karena itu setelah auxiliary tidak disetai “not” lagi.

Contoh :

The teacher couldn’t come on time and I couldn’t come on time.



The teacher couldn’t come on time and I couldn’t either.



The teacher couldn’t come on time and neither could I.

Yanti didn’t like the movie and Tati didn’t like the movie.



Yanti didn’t like the movie and Tati didn’t either.



Yanti didn’t like the movie and neither did Tati. 2. Gabungan setara berlawanan

Contoh :



She always comes late but I don’t.



We don’t have to return the book tomorrow, but he does.



I think that my mother will be interested in reading this novel while my father won’t.



Andy agreed that everybody has to pay Rp. 50.000,- for the study tour to Waduk Darma but/while 1 didn’t.

Subject 1 + verb 1 + but/while + Subject 2 + do/does + not Subject 1 + verb 2 + but/while + Subject 2 + did + not

Subject 1 + auxiliary +(verb) + but/while + Subject 2 + auxiliary + not Subject 1 + auxiliary +not +(verb) + but/while + Subject 2 + auxiliary

PRONOUN

Pronoun adalah kata ganti, baik untuk orang (person) maupun benda (object, thing).

Personal Pronoun Possessive Reflexive/ Emphatic

Pronoun Subject Object Determiner Pronoun

I Me My Mine Myself

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

You You Your Yours Yourself/

yourselves

He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It It Its * Itself

They Them Their Theirs Themselves

One One One’s * Oneself

Catatan :

Biasanya tidak terdapat possessive pronoun untuk it atau untuk one. Subject Pronouns

Kita menggunakan Subject Pronoun (Kolom 1) sebagai subjek kalimat.

Contoh :

 John is my best friend. He is a student.

 Nila and I are SMK students. We are from the same village.

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Object Pronouns

Kita gunakan Object Pronouns pada posisi berikut ini : o Setelah kata kerja

o Setelah preposisi o Sebagai indirect object Contoh :

 I’ll drive you home. ( setelah kata kerja )

 I think this book is very good. Can I read it please ? ( setelah kata kerja )

 The examiners were annoyed with me. ( setelah preposisi )  Mark sent me a birthday card. ( sebagai indirect object )

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive adalah kata yang menyatakan kepunyaan atau milik. Bentuk Possessive ada 2 yaitu :

o possessive determiner : selalu diikuti kata benda. o Possessive pronoun : tidak diikuti kata benda. Contoh :

 Have you seen my tennis racket? (determiner) No, this one is mine. ( pronoun )

 You should improve your handwriting?(determiner) Well, it’s better than yours. (pronoun)

Possessive Nouns

Kata benda (Noun) mempunyai bentuk possessive sendiri. Untuk itu kita tambahkan ‘s pada kata benda singular dan plural dan ‘ pada kata benda plural yang berakhiran s.

Noun Possessive

Girl Girl’s

Men Men’s

People People’s

Letak possessive noun adalah di depan kata benda yang diterangkannya.

Contoh : the girl’s toys the girls’ teacher Some people’s opinion men’s clothing

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronoun adalah kata ganti yang mengacu kembali kepada subjek kalimat / diri sendiri. Reflexive pronoun digunakan sebagai object kata kerja jika subject dan object orangnya sama.

Contoh :

 I always admire myself. ( Saya selalu mengagumi diri saya sendiri)

 James hates himself. ( James suka membenci dirinya sendiri)  You should help yourself. ( Kamu harus menolong dirimu sendiri)

 My aunt lives by herself. ( Bibi saya tinggal sendiri)

 My brother has hurt himself.(Saudara saya telah melukai dirinya sendiri)

 They helped themselves.

 I hope that Sue and Stanley are enjoying themselves.

Emphatic Pronouns

Emphatic Pronoun bentuknya sama dengan Reflexive Pronoun. Penggunaannya adalah untuk memberikan penegasan atau penekanan pada kata sebelumnya.

Contoh :

 The great man himself visited us. We felt very proud.  We ourselves cooked the dinner (= and nobody else)  They were introduced to the princess herself.

 The garden is very untidy, but the house itself is beautiful.

Cara Mudah Belajar dan Menguasai

Bahasa Inggris Praktis

71

Direct Indirect I He / she You Me/he/she/them/I/him/her My His/her Our Their/our Your My/his/her

Direct

Indirect

I

he/she

You

me/he/she/them/I/him/her

My

his/her

Our

their/our

Your

my/his

Nunung Suryatna

DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech

Direct speech adalah kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip, kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital. Tanda titik dua (:) diletakkan sebelum direct speech bilamana kata penghubung/pelapor (reporting verb)-nya berada di muka, dan tanda koma (,) harus diletakan setelah direct speech bilamana kata penghubung diletakan setelah atau di antara direct speech-nya. Tanda baca seperti tanda seru (! ), tanda tanya (?) yang menunjukan jenis kalimat direct tidak mengalami perubahan.

Contoh:

 She yelled at me: “Don’t leave the door open!”  My mother says to my sister: “Brush your teeth!”  “Where are you going?” she asked

Indirect Speech

Bentuk kalimat laporan ini adalah untuk menceritakan kembali pembicaraan / pendapat seseorang yang mana mengalami modifikasi tertentu.

Terdapat tiga jenis indirect speech: A. Command/request

B. Statement C. Question

A. Command request

Yang dilaporkan di sini adalah suatu perintah. Karena kalimat perintah biasanya tidak mengenal subject, maka verb dalam

Cara Mudah Belajar dan Menguasai

Bahasa Inggris Praktis

72

TRIK DAN CARA CEPAT MENJAWAB SOAL

Direct Indirect

Verb 1 Subject 1 + told + subject 2 + to verb 1 Don’t verb 1 asked not to verb 1 Be adj/adv ordered to be adj/adv

Suggested not to be adj/adv begged warned You Me/he/she/them/I/him/her My His/her Our Their/our Your My/his/her

Direct

Indirect

I

he/she

You

me/he/she/them/I/him/her

My

his/her

Our

their/our

Your

my/his

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4