BAHASA INGGRIS
BAB I : TENSES
A. Pengantar
Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja dalam kalimat yang berhubungan dengan Waktu (saat kejadian). Dalam bahasa inggris secara lengkap terdapat 16 macam tenses, namun yang sering digunakan hanya 12 macam yaitu :
B. Present
1. Simple Present Tense a. Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + V1 +___ SUBJECT + v +s,es + ___ I He
You She We It They
They go to work by bus everyday. He earns his living by selling books.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum
The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west. 2. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang masih berlangsung We watch television in the evening
3. Dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya.
When Lisa Reading a novel, the phone rings, she picks it up and listens
quietly…..
c. Keterangan waktu
Every morning/day/week/month/year Once, twice, three times, four times
Occasionally, now and then, on and off, nowadays, habitually, frequently Juga sering digunakan keterangan keseringan, seperti : always, ussually, Sometimes, often, never, seldom.
2. Present Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + TO BE + V-ing (is, am, are)
Mother is still cooking in the kitchen now.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu sekarang.
They are still playing at moment.
2. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan belum tentu sedang berlangsung ketika pernyataan dikemukakan.
She is studying English and learning French this year.
Catatan :
Kata kerja berkaitan dengan aktivitas mental (agree, believe, expect, forget, mean, perceive ,realize, recall, recognize, remember, understand)
c. Keterangan Waktu
Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today. Kata kerja seperti : Look !, Listen !, Watch !, Notice !(imperative)
3. Present Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + V-3 + ____
I have seen the wolves in the forest.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau (waktunya tidak tertentu) John Smith has written a number of short stories.
2. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan lagi di waktu yang akan datang.
I have gone to Bali.
3. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan baru saja berakhir waktu bicara.
I haven’t met you for a month.(sekarang sudah bertemu)
c. Keterangan Waktu
Since, for,….,just (baru saja),lately, recently, as yet, (hingga kini), so far (hingga kini) up to the present (hingga sekarang).
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V-ing
We have been studying English for six years.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang dimulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau Sekarang masih berlangsung dan mungkin masih akan dilanjutkan.
Mr.Jones has been listening to the radio for an hour.
2. Untuk kata kerja “live” present Perfect Continuous mempunyai arti sama dengan Present Perfect. I have been living in Jakarta for two years = I have lived in Jakarta for two year (I still live in
Jakarta now)
c. Keterangan Waktu
For …,since….,the whole day,all the morning, for the last…., for…now.
C. Past
1. Simple Past Tense a. Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + V-2 + O + ____
He presented his paper at seminar yesterday. Mother bought a new carpet last Sunday.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. He met Lina yesterday.
c. Keterangan Waktu
Last week/month/year,…ago, this morning, this afternoon, just now, yesterday
2. Past Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + was / were + V-ing
She was reading the magazine when he came.
While they were talking the guests knocked on the door. b. Fungsi
1. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau. His wife was cooking in the kitchen.
2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau di mana kejadian lain terjadi dan biasanya disertai anak kalimat yang diawali dengan When/While/as.
When I was walking to school, I met Ana. As she was having breakfast the phone rang.
Dalam contoh diatas dapat kita melihat bahwa “When I was walking to school,as she was having breakfast, while they were playing,” peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut sedang berlangsung peristiwa lain terjadi.
c. Bentuk was / were going to dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan di masa lampau tetapi keinginan tersebut tidak dilaksanakan.
I was going to publish my book (but I didn’t).
They were going to climb the mountain (but it was cloudy).
3. Past Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + HAD + V-3
The thief had escaped when police came.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya muncul di masa lampau .
They went home after they had finished the work.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu hingga kedua terjadi pada waktu lampau.
The family had waited for an hour when the doctor arrived.
3. Untukmenyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang sebelum peristiwa kedua muncul di waktu lampau.
His mother had given him medicine for three days before she took him to the hospital.
c. Keterangan Waktu
When + clause (past tenses).
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung hingga peristiwa lain muncul di waktu lampau. Perbedaan Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense lebih menekankan pada proses berlangsungnya suatu peristiwa.
a. Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + V-ing
b. Fungsi
Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sudah berlangsung terjadi sebelum saat tertentu pada waktu lampau peristiwa itu masih berlangsung atau tepat berhenti sebelum peristiwa lain menyertai. Contoh :
1. John had been working there for five years when the world war II ended. John worked there.
He worked there for five years.
Then the world war II ended and John was still working there and (we don’t know whether John would still work there or not after the war).
D. Future
1. Future Tense a. Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + V-1 + ____ The examonation will start next week.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan pendapat, anggapan, spekulasi, tentang kejadian yang akan datang, biasanya diikuti probably, possible, perhaps, surely.
(I’m sure ) he will pass the exam.
2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi. I’ll come back the day after tommorow.
3. Untuk menyatakan maksud / kemauan
I will not see her again (saya menolak bertemu dia).
4. Untuk mengumumkan suatu rencana formal dalam radio atau surat kabar yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang.
The Prime Minister will open the museum next week. 5. Untuk menyatakan kehendak
Dalam penggunaan ini ‘pronoun’ menggunakan ‘will’. She will study hard.
6. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa yang mendatang bukan karena keinginan atau kehendak subjek (pelaku).
I dan We menggunakan shall sedang lainnya menggunakan will. He will be twenty-five next month.
2. Future Continuous Tense a. Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + shall / will + be + V-ing _____
She will be watering the flowers at four tommorow.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu yang akan datang masih berlangsung sesudahnya.
This time next week U will be studying hard.
2. Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada preiode waktu yang sama mendatang. Kedua kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tetapi main claus (induk kalimat) yang berbentuk Future Continuous
The family will be thinking about farm while they are sitting in the sea shore.
c. Keterangan Waktu
When + Clause (present), at the usual next week, at this time tommorow, at three o’clock tommorow.
3. Future Perfect Tense a. Pola Kalimat
By the end of this week she will have finished reading the novel.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya terjadi yang akan datang.
Future Perfect digunakan untuk kegiatan yang lebih dulu terjadi. The mechanics will have worked on the car before the race starts.
2. Untuk menyatakan aktivitas dalam periode waktu tertentu sebelum aktivitas lain terjadi yang akan datang.
He will have run for five hours by the time of finish.
c. Keterangan Waktu
By then : menjelang waktu
By ……= menjelang, by next week/month/year By the end of = …= menjelang akhir…
Into two weeks/months/years = dalam dua minggu/bulan/tahun. Before + clause (present), when + clause (present).
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Continuous digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan telah
berlangsungselama periode waktu tertentu sebelum kegiatan lain muncul di waktu yang akan datang. a.Pola Kalimat
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing +_____
We will have been studying English for six years next year.
b. Keterangan Waktu
By + keterangan waktu ______ for + keterangan waktu Next + keterangan waktu ____ for + keterangan waktu When + Keterangan waktu ___ for + keterangan waktu
SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN
1.‘What are you looking for?’
‘My wallet; I don’t know where I ____ it’. A.have been putting
B.am putting C.had put D.was putting E.have put
2. ‘Anwar was promoted president of your company last week wasn,t he? A.had worked
B.has been working C.was working D.would work E.worked
3. She____the shoes for five minutes when one of the heels came off. A.am only wearing.
B.was only wearing. C. had only been wearing. D.have only been wearing. E.only wearing
.
‘When you ____the meeting.’ A.were attending
B.attend
C.have attended D.attended E.had attended
5. ‘Several hotels in this region are closing down.’ ‘That’s because tourism itself____since last year.’ A.is declining
B.had declining C.declined D.was declining E.has been declining
6. ‘Don’t you think the bus driver is speeding ?’ ‘Yes, I ‘m afraid he____the lives of the passengers’. A.endangered
B.will endangered
C.would have endangered D.endangers
E.would endanger
7. ‘While living in Bogor, we always went to this school on foot.’ This means that we___on foot while we were living in Bogor. A.go to school
B.are going to school C.used to go to school
D.are used to going to school E.liked going to school
8. ‘Can I see you tomorrow about the seminar?’
‘all right, come at 10 o’clock, and I__teaching by then.’ A.will have finished
B.have finished C.am finishing D.will be finishing
E.will have been finishing
9. I___all over the place for my dictionary when I suddenly remembered that my sister had borrowed.
A.had looked B.was looking C.looked D.am looking E.have been looking
10. Ridwan : When are the children going to see the rice field? Willy : In June, after the harvest time.
Ridwan : Are they? So, by the time they get there, the famers … A.harvest
B.harvested C.has harvested D.had harvested E.will have harvested.
A. Pengantar
Kalimat elip adalah kalimat yang merupakan pemendekkan dari dua kalimat atau lebih dengan cara menghilangkann beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. Kalimat elip digunakan untuk menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam satu kalimat.
B. Cara Membentuk Kalimat Elip
Kalimat elip dapat dibentuk dengan cara, antara lain dengan menggunakan : 1. and…too;and so…(dan….juga;dan demikian juga …)
and …too;and so… digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat positif yang memiliki kesamaan. Adapun cara membuat bentuk elip dengan memakai to be auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu).
Contoh
a. Tony is playing football. Rudy is playing football. =Tony is playing football and Rudy is too. =Tony is playing football and so is Rudy.
b. He can speak English well. She can speak English well. =He can speak English well and she can too.
=He can speak English well and so can she. c. They work very hard. She work very hard. =He work very hard and she does too. =He work very hard and so does she.
d. he passed the final examination. She passed the final examination. =He passed the final examination and she did too.
=He passed the final examination and so did she. e. he has finished the work. I have finished the work. =He has finished the work and I have too.
=He has finished the work and so have I.
f. He has many books. I have many books. =He has many books and I do too. =He has many books and so do I.
g. She had bought a dictionary. He had bought a dictionary. =She had bought a dictionary and he had too.
=She had bought a dictionary and so had he.
h. She had a new bag. He had new bag. =She had a new bag and he did too. =She had a new bag and so did he.
i. She has to study regularly. We have to study regularly. =She has to study regulrly and we do too.
=She has to study regularly and so do we.
2. and neither….;and…either (juga)
and neither ….;and …..either juga digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat negatif.
Contoh :
a. He isn’t studying English. She isn’t studying English. =He isn’t studying English and neither is she.
=He isn’t studying English and she isn’t either. b. He didn’t do the exercise. She didn’t do the exercise . =He didn’t do the exercise and neither did she. =He didn’t do the exercise and she didn’t either.
3. But (tetapi)
But digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang bertentangan. Contoh :
He isn’t studying English. She is studying English. =He isn’t studying English but she is.
4. Both….and (keduanya). Contoh :
=He painted both the door and the window. b. Heni is in the thrid year. Sita is in the thrid year. =Both Heni and Sita are in the thrid year.
5. Either …or..(baik ..ataupun…./salahsatu). Contoh :
Rini forgot where she put her new dictionary. =Isn’t either in living room or in the bedroom.
6. Neither ….nor…(baik…maupun…tidak). Contoh :
a. He isn’t a teacher. He isn’t a doctor. =He is neither a teacher nor a doctor.
b. He doesn’t say rude things. They don’t say the rude things. =Neither he nor they say the rude things.
=Neither they nor he says the rude things.
7. And (dan)
Contoh :
I will write a letter. I will write a short story. =I will write a letter and short story.
8. Or (atau)
Contoh :
a. Does he buy a black and white or does he buy colour film? =Does he buy a black and white or colour film?
b. You can go by bus. You can go by taxi. =You can go by bus or taxi.
9. Whether…or not(baik…atau tidak)
Contoh :
I will give you the money although you need it or you don’t need it. =I will give you the money whether you need it or not.
C. Susunan Elliptic Dalam Klausa.
Susunsn Elliptic biasanya digunakan dalam dependent dan independent clause bila kedua subjeknya sama.
Contoh :
a. Mary was poor but she was honest. =Mary was poor but honest.
b. Although she was given everything, she was never satisfied. =Although given everything, she was never satisfied. c. However he is busy, he always comes on time. =However busy, he always comes on time. d. If you are sleepy, you may go to sleep. =If sleepy, you may go to sleep.
e. While she was cooking,she listened to the radio. =While cooking, she listened to the radio. f. I saw him when she was crossing the road. =I saw him crossing the road.
g. Nani washed the dresses and she hang them. =Nani washed and hang the dresses.
h. When you stop a car, you always use a hand signal. =When stopping a car, you always use a hand signal. i. Before I eat, I always say a short prayer.
=Before eating the meal, I always say a short prayer.
1. Please remind me to return the book and___library card. A.that I renew
B.to renew C.I must renew D.renewing E.have to renew
2. I think you had better tell her the truth before somebody else___ A.can
B.tells C.did D.does E.him
3. I think my mother will be interested in reading this novel,but ____ A.so will my father
B.my father won’t C.so does my father D.my mother is not E.my father will be
4. “Ridwan believes that advertisement on TV is the most effective”.”__” A.as I do
B.the same I do C.so do I D.I do also E.so do I
BAB III : SUBJUNCTIVE
A. Pengantar
Sesuai dengan ruang lingkup materi, kalimat subjunctive yang diperkenalkan dalam bab ini adalah kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’(ingin), ‘if only’ (jika,hanya jika),’would rather’(lebih suka) dan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ (seolah-olah). Kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’,’if only’ dan ‘would rather’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan. Sedang kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar adanya.
Kata kerja atau ‘to be’ yang digunakan dalam kalimat subjunctive selalu dalam bentuk Past Tense, baik
Simple Past maupun Past Perfect Tense.
B.Bentuk Kalimat Subjunctive Dan Fakta a. Present Subjunctive
Kalimat subjunctive ini menunjukkan pada keadaan sekarang. Kata kerja yang digunakan dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense. To be untuk semua kata ganti adalah ‘were’.
Contoh :
1. I wish she were here. (faktanya : she isn’t here).
2. He wishes I went to the meeting . (faktanya : I don’tgo to the meeting). 3. If only they were my friends.
(faktanya : They aren’t my friends) 4. If only he didn’t ask me
(faktanya : He asks me).
5. I would rather you told me the news. (faktanya : You don’t tell me the news).
b. Past Subjunctive
Past Subjunctive menunjukkan pada keadaan waktu lampau. Kata kerja yang digunakan bentuknya Past Perfect Tense.
Contoh :
1. I wish she had been here. (faktanya : She wasn’t here).
He wishes I had gone to the meeting. (faktanya : I didn’t go to the meeting). 2. If only they had been my friends. (faktanya : They were not my friends). 3. If only he hadn’t asked me.
(faktanya : He asked me).
4. She would rather he had been at home with me yesterday. (faktanya : He wasn’t at home with me yesterday)
I would rather you had told me the news. (faktanya : You didn’t tell me the news).
5. He behaved as if he had been the owner of the hotel. (faktanya : he wasn’t the owner of the hotel).
She stared at me as thogh she hadn’t known me. (faktanya : She knew me).
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. Fatimah wished … to buy the book. A. she had enough money
B. she had had enough money C. she has had enough money D. she will have enough money E. she has enough money
2. If only she … me about her problem yesterday. A. told
B. has told C. had told D. tells E. was telling
3. I am thirsty. The subjunctive is …. A. I wish I am not thirsty.
B. I wish I was not thirsty. C. I wish I were not thirsty. D. I wish I were thirsty E. I wish I was thirsty.
4. He wishes it … a holiday today. A. had been
B. were C. was D. be E. is
5. His daughter wished he … a motorcycle. A. will have bought
A. I am going to go to the cinema. B. I went to the cinema.
C. I would go to the cinema. D. I have not gone to the cinema. E. I did not go to the cinema.
7. Bram would rather his father … at BAC now. A. has taught
B. is teaching C. had taught D. teaches E. taught
8. She acts as though she … the manager of the store. A. is being
B. is C. has been D. were E. was
9. Most insurance agents would rather you … anything before an investigation. A. don’t do
B. didn’t do C. didn’t D. do
E. haven’t done
10.”I am sorry I don’t know the answer , but I really wish I …. A. had knew
B. will knew C. knew D. know E. have known
BAB IV : VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION
A. Verb
Ciri-ciri kata kerja
Kita telah melihat bahwa ciri tertentu yang membantu kita untuk mengenal kata Benda. Beberapa ciri yang mirip akan membantu kita dalam mengenal kata kerja. Ciri-ciri tersebut antara lain :
a. Inflectional Suffixes
Akhiran –s,-es pada kata kerja dengan subyek orang ketiga tunggal, akhiran–d,-ed dalam bentuk lampau, tambahan –ing dalam Present Participle serta tambahan –d.-ed pada Past participle. Contoh :
1. Rita thinks that we are fishing. 2. Surely he means something.
3. Finally he realized what happened.
b. Position
Kata kerja menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Posisi pada permulaan kalimat dapat berlaku dengan didahului – Please, Let’s or Don’t + V 1.
Contoh :
1. Please open your dictionary. 2. Don’t be afraid, little girl.
3.Let’s give the boys a chance to rest.
Contoh :
1. My friend bought books in the bookstore. 2. The men watched the football match.
c. Auxiliary verbs
Kata kerja dapat terjadi dalam frase yang disebut auxiliaries (kata kerja bantu). 1. Can / could must
May / might dare
Shall / should need + V-1 Will / would (had) better/ best
Do/does/did
2. Is / am / are / was / were
Get / gets / got + V-ing Keep / keeps / kept
3. Is / am/ are / was / were
Get / gets /got + V-3 Have / has /had
4. Have / has/ had to
Ought to + V-1 Used to
Is / am / are / was /were to
d. Derivational suffixes and prefixes :
Kata kerja dapat pula dikenali dengan derivational suffixes and prefixes dalam pembentukan kata kerja.
AFFIXS EXAMPLE -en hasten, strengthen -ze, -ize apologize, standardize -fy, -ify, -efy beautify, solidify, liquefy en- encircle, enjoy
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
Answer questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage!
Although speech is the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using speech. Signals, signs, symbols, and gestures may be found in every known culture. The basic function of a signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes of a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication is very great. Less adaptable to to the codification of words, signs also contain meaning in and of themselves. A stop sign or a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conveniently. Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theatre provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.
Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they do have a major disadvantage. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. As a result, means of communication intended to be used for long distances and extended periods are based upon speech. Radio, television, and the telephone are only a few.
1. Which of the following would be the best tittle for the passage? A. Signs, Signals, and Symbols
B. Gestures
C. Communication D. Speech
2. Applauding was citied as an example of …. A. a gesture
B. a symbol C. a signal D. a sign E. an attitude
3. According to the passage, what is a signal?
A. The most difficult form of communication to describe.
B. A form of communication which may be used across long distances. C. A form of communication that interrupts the environment.
D. The form of communication most related to cultural perception. E. Same as speech.
4. Why were the telephone, radio, and TV invented?
A. Because people were unable to understand signs, symbols, and signals B. Because people wanted to communicate across long distances
C. Because people believed that signals, signs, and symbols are obsolete D. Because people wanted new forms of entertainment
E. Yet people love them
5. It may be concluded from this passage that ….
A. signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are forms of communication B. symbols are very easy to define and interpret
C. only some cultures have signals, signs, and symbols D. waving and handshaking are not related to culture E. communication is important
Next questions are not related with the passage above.
6. Although buses are scheduled to depart at a certain hour, they are often late. A. listed
B. requested C. obligated D. loaded E. overloaded
7. Veterinarians usually give dogs an anesthetic so that they do not cry out in pain. A. gulp
B. flip C. yelp D. purr E. in
8. Vendors must have a license.
A. People employed in food service B. People who drive a car
C. People engaged in selling D. People who work in hospital E. People who sell his self
9. The Miami port authorities have seized over a million dollars worth of illegal drugs. A. confiscated
B. discarded C. concealed D. destroyed E. like
A. slow B. hurt C. careful D. worried E. careless
11. Travel agent will confirm your reservations for you free. A. purchase
B. verify C. exchange D. obtain E. classify
12. Discretionary funds are included in most budgets to cover expenses that the contractor might run into
during the work. A. forget to do B. pay for
C. meet unexpectedly D. add on
E. go on
BAB V : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
A. Pengantar
Setiap kalimat conditional terdiri atas dua klausa, yaitu Main Clause dan if Clause.
Sususnan atau letak Main Clause dapat berada di depan dan juga dibelakang. Perbedaan letak main Clause ini sama sekali tidak mempengaruhi arti.
Main Clause dalam kalimat pengandaian selalu memiliki modal, sedang If Clause tidak. Modal yang paling sering digunakan adalah : “will” atau “shall” an Modal yang lain adalah “can”,”may”,”must”,”have to” dan “ought to”. Modal ini bisa dalam bentuk present atau past tense sesuai dengan tipe kalimat pengandaiannya.
Sesuai dengan namanya, kalimat pengandaian menyatakan suatu hal yang diharapakan terjadi, akan tetapi kenyataan belum atau tidak terjadi sebagaimana yang diharapakan.
Contoh : Main Clause If Clause
1. I will come to the party if Susi invites me 2. We shall go together if We have enough time
Susunan kalimat di atas bisa diubah dengan memindahkan Main Clause di bagian belakang kalimat, sehingga susunannya menjadi :
1. If Susi invites me, I will go to the party 2. If we have enough time, we shall go together.
B. Tipe-Tipe Kalimat Kondisional
a. Tipe I (Future Conditional Sentences)
Kalimat pengandaian tipe I menunjuk pada peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang, sehingga mungkin terjadi atau tidak. Modal pada Main Clause dan kata kerja pada If Clause semuanya dalm bentuk present.
Contoh :
1. They will visit you if you meet them.
(Artinya : They may visit you, you may meet they). 2. I can go for a swim the weather is not bad,
(Artinya : I may go for a swim, the weather may not be bad).
b.Tipe II
pada Main Clause dan kata kerja atau to be dan If Clause semuanya dalam bentuk Past Tense. To be untuk semua pronoun adalah “were”.
Contoh :
1. They would visit you if you met them.
(Artinya : They don’t visit you because you don’t meet them). 2. I could go for a swim if the weather were not bad.
(artinya : I can’t go for a swim because the weather is bad).
c. Tipe III
Kalimat pengandaian tipe III menunjuk pada peristiwa yang akan terjadi di waktu lampau, digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada waktu lampau sehingga tidak mungkin terjasi pada waktu sekarang. Modal pada Main Clause dalam bentuk Past Tense ditambah dengan ‘have’ dan kata kerja atau ‘to be’ bentuk ketiga, sedang kata kerja If Clause dalam bentuk Past Perfect Tense.
Contoh :
1. They would have visited you if you had met them.
(Artinya : They didn’t visit you because you didn’t meet them). 2. I could have gone for a swim if the had not been bad.
(Artinya : I couldn’t go for a swim because the weather was bad).
C. Kalimat Kondisional Tanpa If
If Clause pada kalimat pengandaian tidak harus selalu dimulai dengan kata if. Kata-kata lain yang mempunyai makna setara adalah :
‘on condition that’ (dengan syarat bahwa), ‘provided that’ (asalkan) dan ‘unless’ (kecuali jika).
If juga bisa dihilangkan dengan menggubnakan inversi atau susun balik. Bentuk inversi ini hanya bisa digunakan pada kalimat pengadaian tipe II yang memiliki to be ‘were’ dan kalimat pengandaian tipe-III. Contoh :
1. We shall go if we have enough time.
We shall go on condition that we have enough time. We shall go provided that we have enough time. We shall not go unless we have enough time. 2. If she were sick, she couldn’t do the work. Were she sick, she couldn’t do the work.
3. If we had had enough time, we should have gone together. Had we had enough time we should gone together.
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. He ___ come if you call him. A. would
B. would have C. would rather D. will
E. will have
2. I won’t come if you ___ me. A. don’t invite
B. did not invite
C. have been invitation D. has been invited E. have invite
3. You ___ go this afternoon if you want to. A. can
4. She wouldn’t have arrived at the station on time unless her father had driven her there. It means .___.
A. She arrives at the station on time B. She came late to the station C. She did not miss the train
D. Her father did not drive her to the station E. She didn’t go to the station
5. If it ___ today, I would not go to the school. A. rained
B. rains C. had rained D. rain E. will rain
6. It’s very cold and windy outside. If you don’t have a coat, you ___ borrow mine. A. could
B. shall C. can D. might E. must
7. Unless his father ___ him there, he would not have arrived at the station on time. A. has drive
B. has driven C. drives D. had driven E. driving
8. If my mother ___ the money, I ___ the book. A. had given, would buy
B. gives, shall buy
C. gave, would have bought D. gave, will buy
E. gives, would buy
9. Had I not been given the book, I would have failed the test. This sentence means __. A. I fail the test
B. I failed the test C. I passed the test
D. I was not given the book E. I gave the book
10. ___, I might borrow it from him. A. If his this novel
B. If the novel him C. If his the novel D. Were the novel is E. The novel were his
11. When the boy saw the dog, he ran away and was bitten. We can conclude that __. A. If he had not run away, he wouldn’t have been bitten
B. If he doesn’t run away, he won’t be bitten C. If he hasn’t run away, he wouldn’t be bitten D. Unless he run away, he wouldn’t be the bitten E, If he hasn’t run away, he shouldn’t be bitten
B. whether C. unless D. but E. yet
13. Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver, I ___ my car. A. would not have lent him
B. did not lend him C. will not lend him D. hadn’t lent him E. wouldn’t lent him
14. I deposit all my idle money in the bank; if not, I ___ it on things that I did not really need. A. will spend
B. would have spent C. can spend
D. could spend
E. am going to spend
BAB VI : CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET
Pengantar
Causative “have”adalah sususnan kalimat menggunakan “have” yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang dikerjakan orang lain untuk “subject”. Jadi “have” ini berarti menyuruh atau memerintah. Kata kerja lain yang dapat untuk menggantikan “have” adalah kata kerja “get”. Dari dua kata kerja tersebut terdapat sedikit perbedaan dalam susunannya.
A. Susunan causative Have dan Get
a. Causative have dan get dengan objek aktif
Di sini obyek melakukan kegiatan sesuai dengan keinginan subjek. Adapun susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut :
S + HAVE + O-1 + V-1 + O-2
Contoh :
I have the mechanic repair my car
(Saya menyuruh montir itu memperbaiki mobil saya).
Apabila mengunakan “get” susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut :
S + GET + O-1 + to V-1 + O-2
Mother gets my sister to tidy up her room. (Ibu menyuruh adik saya merapikan kamarnya).
b. Causative have dan get dengan objek pasif
Dalam susunan ini subjek menghendaki seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu terhadap objek penderita. Adapun susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut :
S + HAVE + O + V-3
Contoh :
The manager had the letter typed soon.
(Manajer itu menyuruh surat itu diketik segera).
Apabila menggunakan “get” pola kalimatnya sebagai berikut :
S + get + O + V-3
I get my trousers shortened
(Saya menyuruh celana panjang saya dipendekkan)
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. I can’t accompany my little sister to go to school, but I’ve got to have her ___. A. accompanied
B. to accompany C. accompanying D. to accompanying E. accompany
2. I’ll get my sister ___ my new dress. A. sew
B. sewed C. sews D. to sew E. sewing
3. Lisa had the gardener ___ the grass. A. plant
B. plants C. planted D. planting E. to plant
4. Rangga forgot to bring his glasses, so he had somebody ___ the announcement. A. reading
B. to read C. to reading D. reads E. read
5. “Choki is a lazy boy.”
“Yes, he always wants ___ for him. A. to have everything done B. everything having been done C. have everything done
D. to has everything done E. everything has done
6. “Is your car new?”
“No, I ___ at my brother’s garage.” A. only had it painted
B. had only painted it C. had been asked to paint it D. only to had it painted E. just has it painted
7. We are going on a long trip, so we must ___. A. have checked the car
B. have the car checked C. to have the car checked D. had the car checked E. have had the car checked
B. make C. to make D. making E. makes
9. I don’t know how to arrange these flowers. I’d rather ___. A. do it
B. have to do it C. have it done D. have done it E. it has been done
10. “This English text on Accounting is too difficult for me to read.” “ Well, you’d better ___.”
A. translate it B. to translate C. have it translated D. have translate it E. it translate
BAB VII : INFINITIVE
A. Pengantar
Pada prinsipnya infinitive adalah kata kerja yang meggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakn to. Pembahasan mengenai infinitive dalam bab ini hanya terbatas pada arti dan pemakaian kata kerja, baik yang menggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakan to secara khusus. Untuk mempermudah pembahasan digunakan istilah ‘to infinitive’ yang menggunakan to dan ‘infinitive tanpa to (bare infinitive)’ untuk infinitive yang tidak menggunakan to.
B. Penggunaan To Infinitive a. Sebagai Subjek
Contoh : To drive fast needs a lot of pratice. b. Sebagai Modifier (penjelas / pembatas)
To-infinitive digunakan sebagai modifier (penjelas) dari : 1. Kata benda (modifier of a noun)
Contoh : We need a lot of water to drink. 2. Kata sifat (modifier of an adjective)
Contoh : She was sad to hear that terrible news. 3. Kata kerja (modifier of a verb)
Contoh : The president was invited to open yhe conference.
4. Kata tanya atau frase yang dimulai dengan kata tanya (modifier of a WH-Word Or a WH-Phrases).
Contoh : She was conviced when to start the business.
C. Kata Kerja Yang Harus Diikuti To-infinitive Kata kerja berikut ini harus diikuti to-infinitive
Advise force mean want Allow hope need wish Ask intend permit would like Bag invite promise tell Decide instruct propose teach Expect learn warn urge
Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah :
1. S + V + TO-INFINITIVE + ___
Contoh : The headmaster asked us to wear the uniform every Saturday.
D. Pengunaan Infinitive Tanpa To (Bare Infinitive)
a. Setelah Modal (can, could, may; might, shall, should, ought to, will, would, must).
b. Setelah kata : need not, dare not (tidak berani), would rather (lebih suka), had better (sebaiknya) dan would sooner (lebih suka)
Contoh :
1. We had better tell him that you list it. 2. she would rather go than stay at home
c. Setelah kata kerja sensasi, presepsi dan causative-have, kecuali dalam bentuk passive.
Contoh :
1. She saw the boy steal the money
2. The teacher has his students clean the classroom
3. Birth Control has helped decrease the population growth.
Jika digunakan dalam bentuk pasif kata kerja tersebut harus diikuti oleh bto-infinitive (dalam bentuk pasif).
Contoh :
1. She was heard to leave the house 2. He was found to smoke in the class KECUALI : let
Contoh :
1. They let him go
Passive : He was let go
2. He lets Amir enter the room. Passive : Amir is let enter the room
d. Beberapa katakerja yang bisa diikuti infinitive tanpa to : Feel hear see look at Get make watch let Have notice know listen to Help observe
Kata kerja presepsi dan sensasi di atas juga bisa diikuti kata kerja bentuk –ing, kecuali : let have, know, dan help.
Contoh :
1. They saw the thief run away. I saw the thief running away. 2. I notice him sleep under the tree. 3. She heard the boy call for help.
Perbedaan bentuk infinitive tanpa to dan kata kerja bentuk –ing dalam pemakaian ini terletak pada sempurna tidaknya peristiwa yang dilakukan. Kata kerja bentuk –ing (V-ing) menunjukkan sedang berlangsungnya peristiwa kapan dimulai dan kapan berakhirnya tidak diketahui. Sedang bentuk infinitive tanpa to menunjukkan lengkapnya peristiwa tersebut, sejak dari awal sampai akhir
e. Dalam dependent clause setelah adjective yang mengandung arti penting Misal : important, necessary, essential, etc.
Contoh : It is important that she take the course
Kadang-kadang infinitive tanpa to dalam dependen tclause semacam di atas didahului oleh “should”. Contoh :
1. I suggest that they should take a vacation 2. It is important that we should take a vacation
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
C. to tell D. told E. to telling
2. It’s difficult ___ to English correctly if you don’t practice. A. spelling
B. spelled C. spells D. to spell E. spell
3. The girl begged the robber ___. A. not to take her money
B. don’t take my money C. do not take my money D. didn’t take my money E. did not take my money
4. “What did Ali promise you yesterday?” “ ___ together in library.
A. We study B. Studying C. In studying D. Studied E. To study
5. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife __. A. crying
B. to cry C. cry D. cried
E. has been cried
6. The reason Why I am here is ___ you fill in the forms for the scholarship. A. help
B. helping C. I will help D. I’m helping E. to help
7. “What are you planning to do with all these paintings?” “ ___ them in the cultural center next month.”
A. To exhibit B. To be exhibiting C. Exhibition D. We exhibit E. Be exhibiting
8. The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful ___ a balanced and healthful. A. kept
B. they keep C. for keeping D. to keep E. keeping
9. As the road to Puncak had become very slippery after the rain, I told the bus driver __. A. not to speed
D. did not speed E. don’t speed
10. I usually take a walk early in the morning ___ some fresh air. A. get
B. to get C. be getting D. getting E. gets
BAB VIII : MODAL AND MODAL PERFECT
Modal adalah bagian dari auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) sehingga dapat diperlakukan seperti kata kerja bantu. Adapun fungsinya memberikan tambahan arti pada kata kerja.
Modal selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk I tanpa to (infinitive without to). A. Modal
1. Can 2. Could
a. Menyatakan kemampuan (ability) Menyatakan kemampuan pada waktu Contoh : She can speak three languages lampau.
b. Menyatakan ijin (permission) Contoh : She couldswim well when Contoh : Can I borrow your dictionary? She was young.
3. May 4. Might
a. Menyatakan ijin (permission) a. Bentuk lampau dari may
Contoh : May I read this book? Contoh : She said that I might go b. Menyatakan kemungkinan (possibility) home early
Contoh : He may come late this morning b. Menyatakan kemungkinan besar (strong possibility).
Contoh : She might be at home today.
5. Must
a. Menyatakan kebutuhan (necessity) Contoh : We must eat nutrious food. b. Menyatakan kesimpulan (conclusion)
Contoh : He has been in England for year. He must speak English fluently
B. Modal Perfect
1. Must + have + V-3
Untuk menyatakan suatu kepastian atau kesimpulan tentang sesuatu yang terjadi pada waktu lampau. (past conclusion).
Contoh : The oil was frozen. It must have been very cold last night.
2. Might + have + V-3
Untuk menyatakan kemungkinan pada waktu lampau (past possibility). Contoh : Lany came late this morning, she might hve missed the bus.
3 .Should + have + V-3 = ought to + have + V-3
Untuk menyatakan saran yang seharusnya dilakukan pada waktu lampau (past suggestion).
Contoh : Lena has an examination today but she saw the film last night, She should have been studying for her exam.
4. Could + have + V-3
Untuk menyatakan kemampuan (capability) untuk melakukan sesuatu pada waktu lampau tetapi tidak digunakan.
Contoh :
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. It ___ rain tomorrow. A. may
B. should C. would
D. shouldn’t have E. bring
2. You’ve got a lot of time. You ___ to hurry. A. don’t have
B. do C. have D. may E. can
3. They were plenty of tickets left for the concert. We ___ have bought them in advance. A. wouldn’t
B. must not C. might not D. could not E. shouldn’t
4. They ___ discussing the matter when I came. A. are
B. was C. were D. had E. been
5. I ___ to sit on the bus this morning because it was too crowded. A. can’t
B. couldn’t C. isn’t able to D. wasn’t able to E. had been
6. He ___ not paint the whole building in one day. A. should
B. may C. doesn’t D. shall E. can
7. It’s raining very hard. We ___ go out. A. ought not
B. don’t have to C. can
D. had better not E. should
8. There was a lot of work to do. He ___ gone home so early. A. mustn’t have
B. wouldn’t have C. might not have D. couldn’t have E. shouldn’t have
A. should B. must
C. must have been D. could have E. will
10. ___ you ___ long when he finally arrived? A. Did; wait
B. Could; have waited C. Had; been waiting D. Do; wait
E. Have; been waiting
BAB IX : CONCORD (AGREEMENT)
A. Pengantar
Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian unsur-unsur pembentuk suatu kata, frase atau kalimat sesuai dengan kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu bahasa.
B. Jenis-Jenis Concord :
a. Concord of person (persesuaian kata ganti orang)
Concord ini menunjuk pada persesuaian antara kata benda dengan kata ganti orang yang menunjukkan. Contoh :
1. John is my brother. He is a doctor. (Concord : John … he )
2. The girl under the tree waved her hand. (Concord : went…last week)
b. Concord of tense (persesuaian tenses)
dalam bahasa Inggris bentuk kata kerja senantiasa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan kata keterangan waktu yang mengikutinya.
1. They go to the movie every week (Concord : go……everyweek) 2. They went to the movie last week. (Concord : went …last week)
c. Concord of number (persesuaian jumlah) Concord ini meliputi persesuaian antara : 1. Subjek dan Predikat :
PREDIKAT
SUBYEK to be to do to have to verb I am do have go We, You, They are do have go He, She, It is does has goes
Contoh :
1. He has finished reading the book (Concord : He…has)
2. We go to school by bus (Concord : Betty…goes)
Collective nouns dapat berpredikat tunggal atau jamak. Dianggap tunggal apabila dipandang kesatuannya dan dianggap jamak bilamenunjuk kepada anggota-anggotanya.
Contoh :
1. The team is good.
2. The team are playing seriuously.
Everybody, everyone, nobody, no one,anybody dan anyone, menggunakan predikat bentuk tunggal tetapi kata gantinya jamak.
Contoh
1. Everybody was running as fast as they could 2. No one knows where their king puts the crown
Beberapa kata benda yang bentuknya jamak tetapi selalu digunakan dengan predikat (to be atau kata kerja) bentuk tunggal, antara lain : cards, billiards, dominos, mathematics, mechanics, physics, economics, phonetics, optics, statistics.
Contoh :
Billiards is an easy game.
Ukuran jarak, waktu dan uang dianggap tunggal. Contoh :
Five hundred miles is quite far for them.
Nama judul buku (buku, cerita, film) dan beberapa benda yang disatukan dianggap tunggal. Contoh :
Romeo and Juliet is a good story.
Tetapi :
1. The number of workers takes a rest. 2. A number of cards are painted red. Noun and attributive :
No. Attributive Noun
Uncountable Tunggal Jamak 1. a / an - v - 2. the v v v 3. some v - v
4. many - - v 5. much v - -
6. few - - v 7. little v - - 8. a lot of v - v 9. this / that v v - 10. these / those - - v 11. each / every - v - 12. all of v v v 13. one - v - 14. two / three / four - - v
Contoh :
This man is my brother.
Nama bilangan tidak boleh ditulis dalam bentuk jamak, kecuali jika menunjukkan kelipatan dari bilangan tersebut.
Contoh :
Two hundred two hundred books
d. Concord of gender (persesuaian jenis kelamin) Contoh :
John is my brother. He is a good student.
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. Each girl must contribute ___ share of the expenses. A. hers
C. herself D. her E. she
2. The committee has begun ____ meeting. A. her
B. his C. their D. its E. ours
3. The name of a river passing through some big towns ___ the title of a very popular Indonesian song. A. has become
B. have become C. it has become D. to have become E. having become
4. An increase in the number of students ___ expected next year. A. is
B. are C. was D. were E. will
5. Due to the current financial condition, our budget plan for 1998/1999 ___. A. it needs reviewing
B. needs to be reviewed C. need to review
D. is needed to be reviewed E. needs review
6. About 10 % of the Earth’s land area, or nearly 5.8 million square miles ____ by glacial ice. A. are covered
B. has covered C. is covered D. had covered E. to be covered
7. The local radio stations as well as newspapers ___ that riots have spread to other places in the city. A. confirm
B. to be confirmed C. is confirmed D. are confirmed E. confirms
8. Siti’s sister and brother have got scholarship to study aboard. ___ are studying economies. A. Both of them
B. One of them C. The tree of them D. Siti and her brother E. Siti and her sister
9. Mrs. Retno’s way of teaching and of dealing with the students ___ her the name of model teacher. A. has earned
10. At the beginning of d semester, each of the students ___ given a new time-table. A. is
B. be C. he is D. they are E. are
BAB X : READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARY
A. Noun
Terdapat beberapa cara untuk mengenal kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris. Beberapa ciri yang membantu kita untuk mengenalnya antara lain : a. Inflectional Suffixes
Inflectional suffixes adalah akhiran pada kata benda, tetapi tidak mengubah jenis kata benda yang mendapatkan akhiran tersebut seperti pembentukan kata benda jamak (pluralizer) –s, -es, dan penanda menyatukan kesamaan (possesive marker) ‘s-dan-s.’
Contoh : Mother must buy books and pencils for my little brothers and sister. b. Position :
Kata benda menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Salah satu posisi adalah sebelum kata kerja sebagai subyek sedang posisi yang lain adalah sesudah kata kerja sebagai obyek.
Contoh : The soldiers found tracks near their camps.
c. Deteminers :
Deteminers adalah kata yang terletak sebelum kata benda. Contoh : a its each many more An our every much most The their no few one My this both several two Your that some either ten His these any neither twenty-one Those all
Several groups of outlaws lived in those mountains.
d. Derivational Suffixes
Derivational suffixes adalah akhiran pada suatu kata hingga mengubah jenis kata yang mendapatkan akhiran.
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
The text for number 1 to 5.
Many government leaders are coming to realize that population growth is reaching a crisis point; they fell that the world’s land, water, and energy ____(1) will not be able to support many more people. This view however , is often in ____(2) to the traditions and beliefs of many people . ____(3) conflicts often exist between government policies ____(4) birth control people’s practices. Looking at three ____(5) countries, India, China, and Kenya, we can see how effectively the world population crisis is being dealt with.
1. A. assets B. supplies C. conditions D. alternatives E. demands
2. A. agreement B. counterpart C. contribution D. opposition E. approval
3. A. consequently B. in addition C. otherwise D. moreover E. nevertheless
4. A. due to B. regarding C. resulting in D. referring E. caused by
5. A. develop B. developed C. developing D. to developing E. development
This text for number 6 to 9
Organic architecture—that is, natural architecture—may be varied in concept and form, but it is always faithful to principle. Organic architecture rejects rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature of the site, the materials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who will ultimately use it. If this natural principle is upheld, then a bank cannot be built to look like a Greek temple. Form does not follow function; form is inseparable from function. In other words, a building should be inspired by nature’s forms and constructed with materials that retain and respect the natural characteristics of the setting to create harmony with its natural environment. It should maximize people’s contact with and utilization of the outdoors.
6. What is another name for organic architecture? A. Natural architecture
B. Aesthetic architecture C. Principle architecture D. Varied architecture E. Mixed architecture
B. function follows form
C. function is not important to form D. form and function are one E. no comment
8. A good example of natural principles is a ___. A. bank that is built to look like a Greek temple
B. bank built so that the location is unimportant to the structure C. bank that is built to conform to the natural surrounding D. bank that is built to be beautiful rather than functional E. the sweaty bank
9. Which of the following statements best describes the architect’s view of nature? A. Nature should be conquered.
B. Nature should not be considered C. Nature should be respected D. Nature should be improved E. Nature should be broken
BAB XI : DEPEDENT AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
A. Pengantar
Adjective Clause (klausa ajektif) yaitu suatu klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat dalam kalimat majemuk. Klausa ajektif untuk menerangkan orang biasanya daiawali dengan relative clause who, whom, atau whose sedangkan untuk benda dan binatang which, that atau whose.
1. Non-defening Adjective Clause a. Who : menggantikan subjek orang
Cth : Dila’s father plays tennis twice a week. b. Whom : menggantikan objek orang
Cth : Do you know Mr.Hadi? I talked with him yesterday. c. Whose : menggntikan possesive adjective orang.
Cth : We take a pity to Dina’s father. d. Which : menggantikan subjek benda binatang Cth : Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. e. Which : menggantikan objek benda / binatang Cth : Linda told me her address.
f. Whose : menggantikan possesive adjective benda / binatang Cth : The book is mine. It’s cover is torn.
2. Defening adjective clause
a. Who, that : menggantikan subjek orang
Contoh : That boy is a new student; He is speaking English with Santi. b. Whom, that : menggantikan objek orang.
Contoh : That man is a manager; she introduced him to me. That man whom she introduced to me is manager. That man that she introduced to me is manager. That man she introduced to me is a manager. c. Which,that : menggantikan subjek kata benda / binatang. Contoh : Jane showed dewi a book. It belongs to Rina. d. Which/that : menggantikan objek benda / binatang
Contoh : The dictionary belongs to Sita. I showed it to Lina yesterday.
B. Adverb Clause
Adverb Clause adalah klausa terikat yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (keterangan) dalam kalimat majemuk. Jadi dapat menggantikan adverb dalam kalimat tunggal.
Adverbial clause of time biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after,before, when, as, as soon as, until, while.
b. Adverbial clause of place
Adverbial clause of place diawali dengan konjungsi where atau wherever
c. Adverbial clause of reason
Adverbial clause of reason diawali dengan konjungsi because, since, as atau for
d. Adverbial clause of purpose
Adverbial clause of purpose diawali dengan konjungsi so, so that, in order that. e. Adverbial clause of consession
Adverbial of consession diawali dengan konjugsi though, although, eventhough, while atau wherleas.
f. Adverbial clause.of condition
Adverbial clause of condition diawali dengan konjungsi if, unless, as long as, on condition that.
C. Noun Clause
Noun Clause dalam kalimat menduduki fungsi kata benda. Jadi dapat sebagai subjek, objek maupun pelengkap.
a. Sebagai subjek
Contoh : What he decided makes the number happy. b. Sebagai objek
Contoh : The student have to do what their teacher assigned them. c. Sebagai pelengkap
contoh : This is where I work.
SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN
1. He asked me ___
A. whether I grew my own vegetables B. you grow your own vegetables C. did I grow my own vegetables? D. I grew my own vegetables E.If I did grow my own vegetables?
2. He is only one of my friend___French. A. that studies
B.that study C. studies D. who study E. study
3. The Businessman___we met at the party yesterday is the general manager of big company. A. whom
B. who C. which D. with whom E. whose
4. The student succeeded in getting a scholarship. The teacher like him.
The above sentences can be joined as follows: The student ___ succeeded in getting a scholarship. A. whom the techers like
B. he is like by the teachers C.the teachers like him D. which the teachers like E. is like by the teacher
C. from whom he borrowed a car D. his car he borrowed
E. the person he borrowed a car
6. It is known ___ solar energy can be used to generate electricity. A. whether
B. that C. in case D. what E. in fact
7. The book ___ is only available in the library. A. From which these two chapter sre taken B. These two chapter are taken
C. Where these two chapter are taken from D. It was from them are two chapter are E. The two chapter are taken
8. This is Mr. Tasroni ___. A. which i told you B. whom I told you about C. I told you
D. that I told you
E. about which I told you
9. The tourist asked me___ A. where the nearest bank is B. the nearest bank
C. where is the nearest bank D. which the nearest bank is E. that is the nearest bank
10. ‘ How could July afford to go about at least twice a year?’ ‘I am also wondering___.
A. that she has earned her living B. what she was earning a living for C. why does she earn her living? D. how she earns her living E. does she earn a living
BAB XII : GERUND
A. Pengantar
Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda gerund bisa digunakan sebagai subjek, objek, komplemen, dan penjelas kata benda lainnya.
B. Fungsi Gerund 1. Sebagai Subjek
Contoh : Cooking is a good hobby. 2. .Sebagai Objek
Contoh : I don’t like smoking
Beberapa kata yang mengikuti gerund :
Detest (membenci) prevent (mengcegah) Enjoy (menikmati) resist (menahan) Excuse (menolak) risk (mengambil resiko) Finish (menyelesaikan) understand (memahami)
b. Objek kata depan (preposisi) Contoh : He gave up drinking beer
Beberapa preposisi yang perlu diketahui adalah : at, after, before, from, in, on, of, under, up, though, about, without, for, and to.
Preposisi yang paling sulit dikenali adalah : ‘to’ karena di samping ‘infinitive’. Karena itu untuk mempermudah memahaminya, hafalkanlah bentuk ‘to’ yang harus diikuti gerund dalam kelompok kata berikut ini :
To be used to (terbiasa) to take to (menyukai) To be accustomed to (terbiasa) to look forward to (menanti-nanti) To object to (berkeberatan) to be averse to (terbiasa)
Contoh :
1. I am used to drinking coffe. 2.
c. Sebagai Komplemen
Contoh : My hobby is drawing.
Gerund sebagai komplemen selalu diletakkan setelah to be (am, is, are, was, were)
d. Sebagai penjelas kata benda noun modifier : Contoh : the waiting room is very large.
e. Sebagai menyatakan larangan Contoh : No smoking
C. Perbedaan Gerund dan To Infinitive
Beberapa kata kerja yang bisa diikuti gerund dan to infinitive : Advise intend
Allow love Attempt prefer Begin regret Continue remember Forget start Hate stop Like try
Diantara kata kerja diatas, ada kata kerja yang memiliki perbedaan yang sangat kontras apabila diikuti oleh gerund dan to-infinitive.
Contoh : I stop to smoke
(Artinya : berhenti dari melakukan perbuatan tertentu baru kemudian merokok). I stop smoking.
(Artinya : berhenti dari perbuatan merokok untuk kemudian melakukan perbuatan yang lain).
D. Perbedaan Gerund dan Active Participle :
Gerund dan Active Participle memiliki bentuk yang sama, yaitu kata kerja bentuk –ing Sekalipun bentuknya sama, keduanya memiliki fungsi yang berbeda. Dari segi arti, gerund mengandung makna : “peristiwa yng sedang berlangsung”.
Contoh :
1. The running boy is anwar, (active Participle)
(The boy who is running is Anwar= Anak yang sedang berlari itu Anwar) 2. The running shoes are very expensive.(gerund)
4. The old man needs a walking stick. (gerund) (orang tua itu memerlukan tongkt untuk berjalan)
E. Gerund setelah Possesive Adjective :
Seperti umumnya kata benda, gerund bisa diletakkan setelah possesive adjective dan pronoun bentuk object.
Contoh :
Her coming late makes her mother angry.
SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN
1. Would you mind___your pet snake somewhere else? A. to put
B. to putting C. putting D. put E. puts
2. X : “Do you like swimming?” Y : “NO, I prefer___to swimming. A. play badminton
B. played badminton C. playing badminton D. has played badminton E. had played badminton
3. This knife needs___ it is dull. A. to be sharpening
B. to sharpen C. sharpen D. sharpens E. sharpening
4. We were astonished at ___ a good score for TOEFL in spite of his poor English. A. her could get
B. his being able to get C. to be able to get D. being able to get E. be able to get
5. She was very sad because her father did not approve of___too often. A. I saw her
B. me to see her C. my seeing her D. me seeing her E. that I see her
6. “What don’t you like about Irwan ?” “____.”
A. Why he wears earings B. To wearing earings C. His wearing earings D. For wearing earings E. Waering earings
7. ___ clothes can often be very time consuming. A. They buy
D. Man buys E. Buying
8. Litte children are usually afraid of___ by their mother. A. left
B. to leave C. being left D. leaving E. been left
9. ‘It’s hot here; the air conditioner is not working.’ ‘I think it only needs ___.’
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. clean E. be cleaned
10.Facing hard times, people with very low income are looking forward to ___ by the well to do in getting the daily necessities.
A. support B. supporting C. being supported D. supported E. be supporting
BAB XIII : PARTICIPLE
A. Pengantar
Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dua macam participle : * Present Participle (Active Paticiple) dan
* Past Participle
Active Participle dan Past Participle memiliki bentuk dan arti berbeda. Active Participle adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk –ing dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat aktif (melakukan pekerjaan), sedang Past Participle adalah kata kerja bentuk ke-3 dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat pasif (dikenai pekerjaan).
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini : 1. Active (Present Participle) :
Running water = air yang sedang mengalir 2. Past Participle :
Poured water = air yang tertumpah / ditumpahkan
B. Penggunaan Active (Present) Participle a. Sebagai Adjective
Contoh : 1. The boiling water is very hot. 2. the waiting man reads a magazine.
b. Untuk membentuk Continuous Tense. Contoh : 1. We are studying English now. 2. You have been dreaming.
c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception). Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah :
S + V + O + Active Participle + ……
