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I would ilket oexpres smydeepes tpraiseandgrattiudet oJesu sCh irst rfo e
v a h h c i h w n o it c e t o r p d n a , e v o l ,s g n i s s e l b s i
H been granted t o me so t ha t Iam
. y d u t s s i h t f o t s e b e h t e k a m o t e l b a
t s e t a e r g y
M thankfulnes si sfo rmy advisor ,Dr .Franci sBorgias A ilp, ,
. A . M , . d P .
M fo rhispaitenceand understanding of t hedfiifculites ,fo ral loft he e
tt a d n a t n e m e g a r u o c n e , e c n a d i u
g niton from the beginning unit lthe end o fthi s .
h c r a e s e
r My grattiude also goest o my co .advisor ,Dra .B .RiaLestair ,M.S. rfo g
n i d a e r n i s s e n h g u o r o h t d n a s s e n g n il li w r e
h andcorrecitng myt hesis .He radvice d
e t e l p m o c d n a d e h c ir n e n o it s e g g u s d n
a thist hes i .s
A heatr-fel tgrattiude goe sto my beloved parent sand sister ,fo rthei r d
e ti m il n
u love ,prayers ,and suppo tr .Wtihoutt hem , Iwli lneve rbet heway Iam. o
t s e o g e d u ti t a r g l a i c e p s y
M my second famliy ,X’orc ;Anang ,Airstya ,Fani , ,
y r n e J , y r r e
F Laurent ,Maira ,Mikhael ,Nike ,Shelry ,andVero ,whoalway scheer ll
if d n a p u e
m myday swtihs omuchexctiements .
I also would ilke to expres smany thank sto al lmy firend sin Engilsh s
r e tt e
L 2008 ,2009 and 2010 rfo giving mesuppo tr ,encouragemen tand prayers , d
e p l e h e v a h o h w e l p o e p r e h t o d n
a compleitng thi sresearch ,including those to t o n n a c I m o h w , h c r a e s e r e h t g n it c u d n o c r o f s t e e w t d n a s e s u t a t s e h t d e s u I m o h w
.s e m a n y b l l a n o it n e
m eT h loveo ffamliy and t headmriaiton o ffirendsi smuch e
g e li v ir p d n a h tl a e w n a h t t n a tr o p m i e r o
m .
x i
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
E G A P E L T I
T ………. … i ..
E G A P L A V O R P P
A ……….… ii
E G A P E C N A T P E C C
A ………..………. i ii Y
T I L A N I G I R O F O T N E M E T A T
S ………...… i v
I S A K I L B U P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L ………..… v
E G A P O T T O
M ……… v i E
G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ……….… v ii
S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ……… v iii
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ……… xi
T C A R T S B
A ………. …… x i K
A R T S B
A ……….… x ii :
I R E T P A H
C INTRODUCTION………....…… 1 y
d u t S e h t f o d n u o r g k c a B .
A ……… 1
n o it a l u m r o F m e l b o r P .
B ……….… 2
… … … … … … … … y d u t S e h t f o s e v it c e j b O .
C ………..… 3
s m r e T f o n o it i n if e D .
D ………. … 3 ..
: I I R E T P A H
C THEORETICALREVIEW………..… 6 s
e i d u t S d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R .
A ……….… 6
s e ir o e h T d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R .
B ………. 7 ..
… … … … … … … .. . … … … … s e c i v r e S g n i k r o w t e N l a i c o S .
1 7
e g a u g n a L .
2 Choice………...……… 9 … … … .. . … … … … .. . … … … … … … … … g n i h c ti w S e d o C .
3 1 1
… … .. . … … … … … … … … … … … … s e k a t s i M d n a s r o r r E .
4 1 2
k r o w e m a r F l a c it e r o e h T .
C ………..……… 1 5
: I I I R E T P A H
C METHODOLOGY……… 1 7 y
d u t S e h t f o t c e j b O .
A ………. …… 1 7
y d u t S e h t f o h c a o r p p A .
B ……… 1 7
y d u t S e h t f o d o h t e M .
C ……… 1 8
c r a e s e R e h T .
1 hI nsrtumen t………...……… 1 9 … … … … … . … … … … … … … e r u d e c o r P n o it c e ll o C a t a D .
2 1 9
l a n A a t a D .
3 ysi sProcedure……… 2 0 :
V I R E T P A H
C ANALYSISRESULTS……….……… 2 2 d
n a s e s u t a t S s ’ k o o b e c a F e h t n i h s il g n E f o e s U e h T . A
… … … … s r e g a n e e T n a i s e n o d n I y b d e t s o P s t e e w T s ’ r e tt i w
T 2 3
… … … … … … … … … … … … … e c i o h C e g a u g n a L .
1 .. ….… 2 4
g n i h c ti w S e d o C .
x
s e s u t a t S s ’ k o o b e c a F e h t n i h s il g n E e h t f o y c a r u c c A e h T . B
… s r e g a n e e T n a i s e n o d n I y b d e t s o P s t e e w T s ’ r e tt i w T d n
a .… 3 4
… … s e s u t a t S s ’ k o o b e c a F e h t f o s i s y l a n A e h T .
1 ..………… 3 5
… … … … … … … … s t e e w T s ’ r e tt i w T e h t f o s i s y l a n A e h T .
2 3 8
: V R E T P A H
C CONCLUSION……….……… 4 3 Y
H P A R G O I L B I
B ……… 4 5 I
D N E P P
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a enablest heuserst o share and exchangei nformaiton o rnew ,s t o sel lo rbuy n
o it n e m y b s d n e ir f h ti w e t a c i n u m m o c o t , g n i h t e m o
s i ng thei rID o rsendi ng a
n i s i t a h w l l e t o t , g n i o d e r a y e h t t a h w l l e t o t , e g a s s e
m theri m s , cind et .Those
e b o s l a n a c s e it i v it c
a called as t‘weeti ’ng .Twitte ri scalled a s‘micro obl gging ’ t
i e s u a c e
b ha s ilmtiedcharacters ,only140 charactersl ength, to wrtieont heblog . e
h
o t p e c n o c e h t , y ll a u t c
A fFacebook si almos tsimlia rt owha tTwitte rhad . m
e h t f o h t o
B can cha tand read both o fthe users’ statuses ,picture ,notes ,etc . k
o o b e c a F r e v e w o
H havemuch longe rcapactiyi n charactersl ength f o rt hestatus. o
s l a s r e s u e h
T can add othe ruseras t hei rfirend and fi t he person approves t he t
s e u q e r d n e ir
f , theyautomaitcallywli lbef irends .WhlieonTwitter ,tii sno tcalle d g
n i w o ll o f ‘ t u b ’ s d n e ir f ‘ s
a -follower.’
n o e t a c i n u m m o c e l p o e
P Facebook and Twitter wtih many dfiferen t o
d n e p e d ; s e g a u g n a
l n where they come from .Moslty ,they use Engilsh i fthey s
r e w o ll o f e v a h o t t n a
w and firends from al love rthe wo lrd o rthey wan tto e w s a , e s u a c e b s i t I . y rt n u o c t n e r e f fi d a m o r f s d n e ir f r i e h t h ti w e t a c i n u m m o c
u g n a l l a n o it a n r e t n i t s ri f e h t s i h s il g n E , w o n
k age t ha ti sused and understood by n
o g n i d u l c n i , d lr o w e h t r e v o l l a m o r f e l p o e
p Facebook and Twitter .However ,
e h
t y also uset hei rown l anguage when they communicate wtih people from t he .
n o it a n r o y rt n u o c e m a
s Thi sphenomenon interested t hewrtie rand provided t he n
o h c r a e s e r a e k a tr e d n u o t s u l u m it
s theuseo fEngilshamong theIndonesianuser s f
o FacebookandTwitter.
.
B ProblemFormula iton
e r a y d u t s e h t f o s m e l b o r p e h t , d n u o r g k c a b e v o b a e h t n o d e s a B
: s w o ll o f s a d e t a l u m r o f
.
1 Howi est h Eng ilshusedint heIndonesiant eenagers’FacebookandTwitter? .
2 Wha ta rethegrammaitca lerrors ni Engilsh positngs found i n Facebook and ?
.
C Objecitve soft heStudy
t s a h y d u t s s i h t , e v o b a d e t a l u m r o f s m e l b o r p e h t h ti w e c n a d r o c c a n
I w o
t s ri f e h T . s e v it c e j b
o objecitve of t hi sstudy is t o observethephenomenon oft he r
e tt i w T d n a k o o b e c a F , s e ti s a i d e m l a i c o s e h t n i h s il g n E f o e s
u .Thi swilli nclude
e h t o t g n i d r o c c a n o it a c if i s s a l c s ti o s l a d n a h s il g n E e h t f o n r e tt a p e h t r o m r o f e h t
f o e p y t e h t d n a s e c n a t s m u c ri
c .ti Thesecondi st o ifnd ou taboutt heaccuracy o f d
n a s e s u t a t s e h
t tweets postedi nFacebookandTwitte.r
.
D De ifniitono fTerms
s a d e n if e d e b l li w s m r e t g n i w o ll o f e h t , h c r a e s e r s i h t s u c o f o t r e d r o n I : s w o ll o f
.
1 Languageont heI nternet e h t ,l a r e n e g n
I universall anguageon t heInterneti sEngilsh. Eng ilsh on s s a h h s il g n E n e tt ir W . h s il g n E n e tt ir w f o m r o f e h t n i s i t e n r e t n i e h
t ome
r e f fi d t a h t s c it s ir e t c a r a h
c from spoken Engilsh .W irtten Engilsh consist so fneat , t
a p e c n e t n e s s ti e s u a c e b s e c n e t n e s t c e r r o
c tern sare wel lorganized and planned . f
o e r u t c u rt s e h t g n i d u l c n i ,r a m m a r
G words ,phrases ,clauses ,and sentences ,and P
. ti n i e l o r t n a tr o p m i n a e v a h o s l a n o it a u t c n u
p eople who use Engilsh a sthei r
s , s d r o w t l u c if fi d l l e p s o t w o h w o n k t o n o d e g a u g n a l e v it a
n ince they basically
o n
k w Engilsh a s a spoken language . Thus , roughly speaking ,the universa l " h s il g n E " d e ll e p s s i m d n a e s r a o c , y s m u l c s i t e n r e t n I e h t f o e g a u g n a l
il / a l e p r o k j ~ /i f. t u t. s c . w w w // : p tt h
.
2 Facebook k o o b e c a
F i sa socia lnetworking webstie intended to connec tfirends , .s
e t a i c o s s a s s e n i s u b d n a , y li m a
f Facebook wa sfounded o n 2004 by a Harvard t
n e d u t
s , Mark Zuckerberg, and o irginallyi twa scalled sa t hefacebook. Facebook n o it a m r o f n i s k r o w t e n d n a s d n e ir f r i e h t s w o h s t a h t e g a p e li f o r p a e t a e r c s r e s u
t u o b
a themselves . The choice to include a proflie in a network mean stha t e
n o y r e v
e wtihin tha tnetwork can viewt heproflie .Theprofliet ypically i nclude s :
g n i w o ll o f e h
t informaiton ,status ,firends ,photos ,notes ,group ,andthewall.
.
3 Twitter r e tt i w
T i sas ocia lnetworkingandmicrobloggings ervicet ha tallow syou o
t answer t he quesiton ,"Wha tare you doing?" by sending sho tr t ex tmessages, s
d n e ir f r u o y o t , " s t e e w t " d e ll a c , h t g n e l n i s r e t c a r a h c 0 4
1 o r"followers". Tweeitng
n o it a c i n u m m o c f o d o h t e m d e t a g s s e l a o s l a s
i becauseyou can sharei nformaiton
h ti w s e g a s s e m r o l i a m e e g n a h c x e y ll a m r o n t ' n d l u o w u o y t a h t e l p o e p h ti w
o c .t e n r e t e e w t/ /: p tt h
( m/ , accessed on 29-08-2013 .) However , there is a grea t o
t s e m o c t i n e h w y ti li b i x e
lf choose wha ti rsfo pubilcand wha ti sno tmean tfo r c
il b u
p by setitng yourt wee tp irvacy .You can send amessaget o ace train firend d
n a , e g a s s e m e h t g n i e e s s r e h t o t u o h ti
w you can a swel lsharesome i nformaiton .
.
4 Texts
s i h n i k n o d r e
V Styilsitcsproposest ha t“texti st heobservableproduc to f (
” e s r u o c s i d s ’ r e k a e p s r o s ’ r e ti r w
a 2002 :17) .Text scanbel tieraryo rnon-ltierary. n
o
N -ltierary composiiton use sfact sand ifgure sto proo fa point so ti i sw irtten e h t n o d e s a b s n o it i s o p m o c l a n o it c if e r a s t x e t y r a r e ti l , t s a rt n o c n I . y l e v it c e j b o
d n a s n o it a n i g a m i d n a l li w s ’t s it r
a they are subjecitve. Both kind so ftex thave h
o c , g n i n a e
6
I
I
R
E
T
P
A
H
C
W
E
I
V
E
R
L
A
C
I
T
E
R
O
E
H
T
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies h w s e i d u t s e m o s e r a e r e h
T ich also discuss the use o fEngilsh in some .
c t e , s e ir a t n e m m o c , s l e b a l ,s e lt it s w e n e k il , s a i d e m
e t a u d a r g r e d n u s i h n i n a h o J . 8 0 0 2 n i n a h o J y b d e t c u d n o c s i e n o t s ri f e h T
d e lt it n e s i s e h
t The Grammaitca lError so fthe Engilsh Written Commentarie s a
v a J l a r t n e C d n a a t r a k a j g o J n i s e ti S l a c i r o t s i H n i d n u o
F discussed abou tthe il
g n E e h t f o y ti l a u q l a c it a m m a r
g shw irtten commentairesf ound i n somehisto irca l ,t
a h t d i a s e h , n o i s u l c n o c s i h n I .s e ti s
a c n a r f a u g n il a s i tI . d lr o w e h t n i e r e h w y n a n e k o p s s i e g a u g n a l h s il g n E
o t s e g a u g n a l t n e r e f fi d m o r f e l p o e p s e l b a n e h c i h w e g a u g n a l e h t s a g n i v r e s
o h c a e o t e t a c i n u m m o
c ther . In Indonesia , many people have been e h t r e t s a m o d y e h t t a h t n a e m t o n s e o d t a h t t u b , e g a u g n a l e h t h ti w r a il i m a f
) 1 6 : 8 0 0 2 , n a h o J ( . e g a u g n a l
y b e n o d s a w y d u t s d n o c e s e h
T HammamRizain2006 .Shes tudiedabou t e
h
t Indonesian l anguage diverstiy on t he internet .Sheconcluded t ha tthe digtial e
d i v i d e g a u g n a
l doe s exis t a t se irou s leve lin the region ,and the state of s
s o r c f o e c n e s e r p g n it a n i m o d e h t d n a m s il a u g n il it l u
m -border l anguages ,Engilsh
n
i paritcular ,areanalyzed .From h ersurvey a swel,l t he diverstiy o fIndonesian .
d e v r e s b o s i t e n r e t n I e h t n o s e g a u g n a l l a c o l d n a l a i c if f o
r e h n i k i w i W . 6 9 9 1 n i i m a tr a h s u S k i w i W y b d e t c u d n o c s i e n o d ri h t e h T
d e lt it n e s i s e h t e t a u d a r g r e d n
u Language Choice in Chlid Biilnguailsm :A Case n
e r d li h C l a u g n il i B o w T f o y d u t
f o n o it c n u f d n a m r o f e h t t a h t d e t a t s e h S . n e r d li h c l a u g n il i b e h t y b s e g a u g n a l e e r h t
r o e v it a p i c it r a p e h t f o l e u q e s a r e h t a r s i t i s a g n i c n e u lf n i o o t t o n e r a h c e e p s a
. n o it a r e d i s n o c l a n o it a u ti s
c i h w y d u t s e h
T hi sconductedbyt hewrtiert hi sitmei sdfiferentf romt he t i t a h t y a w a n i n a h o J y b d e t c u d n o c y d u t s e h t s a e m a s e h t t o n s i tI . e v o b a s e i d u t s
n i d n u o f s e ir a t n e m m o c n e tt ir w h s il g n E e h t d e s u e H . y d u t s f o t c e j b o t n e r e f fi d d e s u
a j g o J n i s e ti s l a c ir o t s i h e m o
s katra and Cenrta l Java . Meanwhlie , the study k o o b e c a F n a i s e n o d n I e h t n i h s il g n E f o e s u e h t n o d e s u c o f r e ti r w e h t y b d e t c u d n o c
.r e tt i w T d n a
t n e r e f fi d o s l a s i t
I from the study done by Hammam Riza and Wiwik o
b a s i d e v r e s b o a z i R m a m m a H t a h w e s u a c e b i m a tr a h s u
S utt hedigtia lweb page s
n o y l n o d e v r e s b o r e ti r w e h t e li h
w the socia lnetworking services ,Facebook and n a i s e n o d n I e h t s i d e v r e s b o e h s t a h t e g a u g n a l e h t , y d u t s s ’ k i w i W n I . r e tt i w
T
-n o it a s r e v n o c y li a d e h t n i e l p o e p e s e n a v a J e h t y b d e s u e g a u g n a l e s e n a v a
J s .
h
W ereas ,thi s study analyzed the Engilsh language used by the Indonesian .s
r e g a n e e t
.
B Reviewo fRelatedTheories .
1 Socia lNetworkingServices
t a h t e ti s r o , m r o ft a l p , e c i v r e s e n il n o n a s i e c i v r e s g n i k r o w t e n l a i c o s A
l a i c o s f o g n i d li u b e h t g n it a ti li c a f n o s e s u c o
f network so rsocia lrelaiton samong i
v it c a , s t s e r e t n i e r a h s , e l p m a x e r o f , o h w e l p o e
d a f o y t e ir a v a d n a , s k n il l a i c o s r e h / s i h , ) e li f o r p a n e tf o
( diitona l service s
a i c o s s it a h w . w w w // : p tt h
( lnetworking.com/ ,accessed on 27/01/2013) .Mos tsocia l b
e w e r a s e c i v r e s k r o w t e
n -based and providemean sfo ruserst o i nterac tovert he e
s a h c u s ,t e n r e t n
I -mai landi nstan tmessaging .Socia lnetworkings tie sallowuser s . s k r o w t e n l a u d i v i d n i r i e h t n i h ti w s t s e r e t n i d n a , s t n e v e , s e it i v it c a , s a e d i e r a h s o t
, r e t s d n e ir F e l p m a x e r o f , s e c i v r e s g n i k r o w t e n l a i c o s f o s d n i k y n a m e r a e r e h T
n o d e s u c o f y l n o s ’t i , h c r a e s e r s i h t r o F . c t e , r e tt i w T , d lr o w y C , e c a p S y
M Facebook
d n
a Twitter. k o o b e c a F 1 . 1
1 2 n a h t e r o m e v a h o t d e tr o p e r s a w k o o b e c a F 7 0 0 2 y b , 4 0 0 2 n i d e t a e r C
s i e ti s e h T . y a d h c a e s w e i v e g a p n o il li b 6 . 1 g n it a r e n e g s r e b m e m d e r e t s i g e r n o il li m
r e s u l a c i p y t e h T : s r e s u s ti f o s e c it c a r p a i d e m y li a d e h t o t n i d e t a r g e t n i y lt h g it
s d n e p
s abou t20 minute saday on t hestie ,and t wo-thrid so fusersl ogi n atl eas t l a n o s r e p n w o r i e h t r o f y lt s o m t i e s u e l p o e p y n a M . ) 6 0 0 2 , y d i s s a C ( y a d a e c n o
h ti w t c e n n o c e r o t e k il , s n o s a e
r therilong-lostf irends .They ea r ablet okeep wtih f
e l p o e p h ti w h c u o
t rom t hei rhigh school ,universtiy ,previou swork places ,and .s
e v it a l e r
r e tt i w T 2 . 1
n i s m a il li W n a v E d n a , e n o t S z i B , y e s r o D k c a J y b d e d n u o f , r e tt i w T
o r c i m d n a g n i k r o w t e n l a i c o s a s i ,) 6 0 0 2 y l u J n i y l c il b u p d e h c n u a l( 6 0 0 2 h c r a
M
s w o ll a t a h t e c i v r e s g n i g g o l
b userst opos tupdate s140charactersl ong .Twitte ri sa l
a e
r -itme informaiton network tha tconnect suser sto the lates tstories ,ideas , .s
w e n d n a , s n o i n i p
s e l r o e r o m e r a r e tt i w T d n a k o o b e c a
F sthe same .The dfiference i sjus tthe t s o m t a e ti r w n a c e w , r e tt i w T e h t n I . g n it s o p e h t r o f s r e t c a r a h c e h t f o n o it a ti m il
e s u a c e b t n a w e w s a g n o l s a e ti r w n a c e w , k o o b e c a F n i e li h w g n o l s r e t c a r a h c 0 4 1
.s r e t c a r a h c e h t r o f n o it a ti m il h c u s o n s ’ e r e h t
.
2 LanguageChoice
t fi h s h c i h w s e v it a n r e tl a h c e e p s s e v l o v n i e c i o h c e g a u g n a
L according to
e h
t stiuaiton ,Ervin-T irpp propose sfou rmain factors t ha taccoun tfo rchange i n e h t , n o it a u ti s e h t d n a ) e c a l p d n a e m it ( g n it t e s e h t , t s ri F . y t e ir a v e d o c
h c i h w n i s e c n a t s m u c ri
c the language isused ; second , the paritcipant s in the n o it a l e r n i e l o r r i e h t d n a , y ti c i n h t e , n i g ir o , n o it a p u c c o , x e s , e g a r i e h t : n o it c a r e t n i
e h t , h tr u o f d n a ; ) s t n e v e l a n o it a n , s tr o p s , k r o w ( c i p o t e h t d ri h t ; r e h t o n a o t e n o
s e u q e r : n o it c a r e t n i e h t f o n o it c n u
f t , offe irng informaiton on interpretaiton , .) 8 2 1 : 2 8 9 1 , n a e j s o r G ( n o o s d n a , s e i g o l o p a , s k n a h t ,s g n it e e r g s a h c u s ,s e n it u o r
.
a Stiua iton
t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t s e m o c e b n o it c a r e t n i e h t f o n o it a c o l e h t ,s e s a c e m o s n I
i s n o c e b o t e l b a ir a
v dered in preceding language use .Fo rexample the repor tby f o s t n a ti b a h n i e h t t a h t s w o h s , ) 8 3 1 : 2 8 9 1 ( n a e j s o r G y b d e t o u q s a ) 0 8 9 1 ( a d e w h c S
d l u o w e n i a M d n a k c i w s n u r B w e N n e e w t e b r e d r o b e h t s s o r c y e ll a V n h o J . t S e h t
E , e li v h c n e r F n i h c n e r F : e d i s n a c ir e m A e h t n o y tr a p a t a h s il g n E k a e p
s ngilsh i n
r e k r a B . e c i o h c e g a u g n a l n i e l o r a s y a l p n o it a u ti s e h t f o y ti l a m r o f e h T
l a i c o s l a m r o f d n a c i m o n o c e n i , d e tr o p e r ) 9 3 1 : 2 8 9 1 ( n a e j s o r G y b d e t o u q s a ) 5 7 9 1 (
. d e s u y l e d i w s i h s il g n E . s n o it a l e r
.
b Paritcipants e h
T rearestli lmany concern srelated t o t hi svairable,f ris,tt hel anguage e s u o t s d n e t l a u g n il i b a s e m it e m o S . r o t u c o lr e t n i d n a r e k a e p s e h t f o y c n e i c if o r p
t a h t n i r e tt e b s i e h t a h t s l e e f e h e s u a c e b n e tf o e r o m s e g a u g n a l o w t s i h f o e n o
f o e e r g e d e h T . e g a u g n a
l initmacy mayalso i n lfuencet heuseofl anguage .Howa . e g a u g n a l e t a ir p o r p p a e h t e s u o t m i h d a e l ll i w s r e h t o h ti w g n o l a s t e g l a u g n il i b
.
c Topic
. e c i o h c e g a u g n a l n i r o t c a f a s a d e k o v n i n e e b s a h e s r u o c s i d f o t n e t n o c e h T
) 0 4 1 : 2 8 9 1 ( n a e j s o r G y b d e t o u q s a , n a m h s i
F ,wrote tha tsome topic are bette r s k c a l e g a u g n a l r e h t o e h t e s u a c e b r e h ti e , r e h t o n a n a h t e g a u g n a l e n o n i d e l d n a h
r o e g n a rt s d e r e d i s n o c e b d l u o w t i e s u a c e b r o , c i p o t e h t r o f m r e t d e z il a i c e p s
. e g a u g n a l t a h t n i c i p o t a s s u c s i d o t e t a ir p o r p p a n i
.
d Funciton il i
B ngual sdonotj us tchanget hel anguaget o i ncludemonoilngual ,st hey s e v l e s m e h t g n o m a e g a u g n a l e s u y e h T . m e h t e d u l c x e o t e g a u g n a l e h t e s o o h c o s l a
s e s o o h c y ll a u s u l a u g n il i b A . d n a t s r e d n u t o n o d s l a u g n il o n o m e h t k n i h t y e h t h c i h w
it a m o t u a d n a y l d i p a r e g a u g n a
.
3 CodeSwtiching
e l c it r a r e h n i ) 5 0 0 2 ( k y z c r e p s a
K Implemenitng Code Swtiching in the m
o o r s s a l
C say sthat ,code-swtiching i sthe swinging between two code s(both r
o / d n a s e g a u g n a
l dialects) ,amongpeoplewhos haret hoset woparitcula rcode .s 2
8 9 1 ( z r e p m u G o t g n i d r o c c
A ) , code swtiching i s the su e o f two r e h t o e h t n O . h c e e p s r o n o it a s r e v n o c e n o n i g n it a n r e tl a r e h t e g o t s e g a u g n a
l hand ,
s r e y
M -Scotton (1993 )added tha tcode swtiching can involve more than two .s
e g a u g n a
l
y n a m o s e r a e r e h t n e v
E argument saboutt hedeifniitono fcodes wtiching , f
o l l
a thes ocioilnguisitc sexpe tr sagreei nonecondiitono fcodes wtiching,t hati s , e
h
t atlernaiton o ftwo code sin one conversaiton between two o rmore person s d
e r e t s a m o h
w moret hanonel anguageo ra tleastt heva iretyoft hel anguage tisel .f .
3 1 Type sofCodeSwtiching
: e r a y e h T . g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o s e p y t e e r h t s e t a t s ) 3 3 : 2 0 0 2 ( ll e w k c o t S .
a T -ag swtiching
g a t r o f m r e t r e h t o e h
T -swtichingi semblemaitccodes wtiching .Thist ype y
l n o g n i h c ti w s e d o c f
o swtiche san intejreciton ,a tag ,o rsentence iflle rin the e h t y fi t n e d i o t d e s u s i t i , s n o i s a c c o e m o s r o F . s r o t u c o lr e t n i e h t f o s e c n a r e tt u
s g a t t a h t s d d a o s l a ) 0 0 0 2 ( i e W y b d e ti c s a ) 8 7 9 1 ( k c a l p o P . r e k a e p s e h t f o y ti t n e d i
i h w s d r o w t n e t n o c f o t n e n o p m o c e r
a ch may be i nsetred almos tanywhere wtihin g a t f o s e l p m a x e e h T . e l u r l a c it a m m a r g y n a g n it a l o i v t u o h ti w e c n e t n e s e h
t
-. w o l e b n e e s e b n a c g n i h c ti w s
.i
i Well ,ktiat unggus ajahasi lakhrinya. .
b Intersentenitals wtich
e h t y b e d a m s e c n e t n e s n e e w t e b s r u c c o g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o e p y t s i h T
y b d e y o l p m e e s u a p y b h c ti w s e b y a m n o it a s r e v n o c e h t f o c i p o t e h T . s r o t u c o lr e t n i
. w o l e b n e e s e b n a c h c ti w s l a it n e t n e s r e t n i f o s e l p m a x e e h T . r o t u c o lr e t n i e h t f o e n o
.i Gigg sitdakadadalams kua tmalami ni .1000wli lhavet owati. .i
i Past ikangenl ah .NoDoubt !Yangdikangeninj ugacumakamu. .
c Inrtasentenitals wtich
e d o c f o m r o f e h T . s e c n e t n e s n i h ti w s r u c c o g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o e p y t s i h T
e l g n i s a f o m r o f e h t n i e b n a c g n i h c ti w
s word ,aphrase ,o raclause .Belowaret he :
h c ti w s e d o c l a it n e t n e s a rt n i f o s e l p m a x e
.i Sayat ad idapa tfreeeggmufifnsdis ana. .i
i Berdasarkanfansr eport ,Tsukapon2Ls udahhabist ejrua.l .i
ii Diaakandatangwhent he itmeha scome.
.
4 Error sandMistakes
g n i p o l e v e d l li t s s ’ r e n r a e l o t e u d n o it a i v e d c it a m e t s y s a s i r o r r E
y a l u D ( m e t s y s e l u r e g a u g n a l d n o c e s e h t f o e g d e l w o n
k e tal ,1982:139) .Therefore , s i t i , p il s a r o s s e u g m o d n a r a r e h ti e s i t a h t r o r r e e c n a m r o f r e p a t o n s i t i
. e c n e t e p m o c
, s r o r r e , e r o f e r e h
T a sNorirsh( 1983:7-8 )notes ,arecausedbyt hel earners ’ e
c n e t e p m o c n
a s A . g n i n r a e l e r a y e h t e g a u g n a l e h t f
o consequence,t heyarenotr eadyt ocorrec t s i e c n e t e p m o c d e ti m il s i h T . s r o rr e g n i k a m f o e r a w a t o n y a m y e h t r o , s r o r r e r i e h t
e r a s e k a t s i m , d n a h r e h t o e h t n O . g n i p o l e v e d l li t s s i t a h t e g d e l w o n k r i e h t y b d e s u a c
m o d n a r a r e h ti e e r a t a h t e c n a m r o f r e p n i s r o r r
e gues sors ilp .Theyr efert oaf aliure .
) 0 7 1 : 7 8 9 1 , n w o r B ( y lt c e r r o c m e t s y s n w o n k a g n i z il it u n i
1 .
4 Classiifca itono fErrors y
a l u
D e talbasel anguageerror son ilnguisitccategory whichconsist so f ti
s o p e r p , n u o n o r p , n u o n , b r e v , e l c it r a f o a e r a e h t n i s r o r r
e ion ,sentenceconnector ,
. ) 6 4 1 : 2 8 9 1 , l a t e y a l u D ( e v it i n e g d n a , r e d r o d r o w , r o r r e l a c i x e l
. y m o n o x a t y r o g e t a c c it s i u g n il n o d e s a b s r o rr e f o s e p y t e h t e r a w o l e B .
a Errorsi nAritcle
e d u l c n i e l c it r a n i s r o r r
E incorrec tuse o fboth de ifn tie and indeifntie d
n a , s e l c it r
a theomission oft hearitcle .Theexampleofi ncorrec tuseo faritclei s e
k
il theuseoft hei ndeifntiearitclean atfe raconsonan.t Fo rexample *anbrush f
o d a e t s n
i abrush. .
b Errorsi nVerb s r o r r
E in verb phrase include omission o f verb , incorrec t use o f e c n e s e r p , t x e t n o c e c n e t n e s d n a s t c e j b u s r o f s m r o f b r e v t c e r r o c n i , e s n e t e v i s s e r g o r p
n o i s s i m O . b r e v d n a t c e j b u s f o t n e m e e r g a t c e r r o c n i o s l a d n a , s b r e v y r a s s e c e n n u f o
a h c i h w s tr a p o w t s r e v o c b r e v f
o re ,omission o fmain verb ;S ( she eat )banana ,
; e b o t f o n o i s s i m o d n
f o n o i s s i m o f o s t s i s n o c e s n e t e v i s s e r g o r p f o e s u t c e r r o c n
I to be ;you
g n i k o o
l ,replacemen to f–ing by t hesimple verb form ;thegirl i swalk around , ;
t s a p e l p m i s e h t r o f e v i s s e r g o r p e h t f o n o it u ti t s b u s d n
a thebabycryingl oudly.
d n a t c e j b u s n e e w t e b t n e m e e r g a s i d s i e s a r h p b r e v n i r o r r e f o e p y t t s a l e h T
; n o s r e p b r e
v you i s hric ,between subjec tand number ;thewoman are smoking , ;
e s n e t d n a t c e j b u s n e e w t e b d n
a Hedidno tknowwha thedoes. .
c Errorsi nPronoun
; n u o n o r p t c e j b u s e h t f o n o i s s i m o e r a n u o n o r p n i s r o r r
E ( uyo )brokethe
s s a l
g ,omission o fobjec tpronouns ;We willno tgive i()tt o uyo ,and t he use o f e
r a s a n u o n o r
p dundan telement ;Mys isters heeats omeporridge. .
d Errorsi nNouns
; r a l u g e r r o f r a l u g n i s f o n o it u ti t s b u s e d u l c n i s n u o n n i s r o r r
E I founds ome
e n o t
s ,substtiuiton o fprulars t o singulars ;she tsabbed him i n t hefeet, i ncorrec t e
c n e t n e s a n i d e s u n u o n f o m r o
f ;make a triangular ,addiiton o funnecessary ;
s n u o
n Prambanant emplebulidingcomplexi sunde rconstruciton ,andomission ;
e c n e t n e s a n i s n u o n f
o hei sno tas mar torf amous (person). .
e Lexica lErrors
d r o w t c e r r o c n i e h t o t s r e f e r t I . s e ir a l u b a c o v n i s r o r r e e r a s r o r r e l a c i x e L
, e l p m a x e r o F . s e c i o h
c shelooked atthenew son TV, i nstead o fshe watched or s
e h
s a wthenewsonTV?
.f Errorsi nSentenceConnector
e c n e t n e s a f o e s u t c e r r o c n i e h t o t s r e f e r r o t c e n n o c e c n e t n e s n i r o r r E
s l a ti v e ti u q s i r o t c e n n o c e c n e t n e s a f o e c n a r a e p p
a incei tcan avoidawkwardness . a
s i e r e
H nexampleo fani ncorrec tuseo fasentenceconnector; Hes hout sandhe y
r g n a s
i .And i sno tthe irgh tchoice since i tdoe sno tshow why he shouts . y
b d e c a l p e r e b d l u o h s t i , e r o f e r e h
T because since i tshow sthe reason why he .s
t u o h s
.
g Errors inWordOrder
Errori n word orderi st hei ncorrec tarrangemen to fwordst o consrtuc ta c
t e d n a , e s a r h p b r e v , e s a r h p n u o
n . Fo rexample ;Hardt rying .Theconsrtucitono f e
v it c e j d a e h T . t c e r r o c t o n s i e s a r h p b r e
v hardshouldbeplaceda tferthemainverb g
n i y r
t since i ti sa postmodiifer .Therefore ,the arrangemen to fthecorrec tverb s
i e s a r h
p Tryinghard. .
h Errorsi nGeniitve
, e l p m a x e r o F . e v it i n e g e h t f o e s u t c e r r o c n i e h t o t s r e f e r
tI Richardss hoes
f o d a e t s n
i Richard’ss hoes.I nanothe rwords ,tir eferst ot heomissiono f‘s. .i Error sinPreposiitons
s a l l e w s a s n o it i s o p e r p f o e s u n i s r o r r e o t r e f e r n o it i s o p e r p n i s r o r r E
; s n o it i s o p e r p f o n o i s s i m
o sheboughts omeclothe saf actoryoulttieinsteado fshe e
ti lt u o y r o t c a f a n i s e h t o l c e m o s t h g u o
b .
.
C Theoreitca lFramework r e w s n a o t r e d r o n
I thequesitonsi n t heproblemf ormulaitont heoreitcally , m
e r e ti r w e h
e h t n i a l p x e l li w n o it c e s s i h t , e r o f e r e h T . s i s y l a n a e h t f o n o it a d n u o f r o s i s a b
d a e rl a e v a h h c i h w s e ir o e h t e h t f o n o it u b ir t n o
c ymenitonedabove.
s y o l p m e r e h c r a e s e r e h
T a theory o fcricumstance so flanguage choice , n
i v r E y b d e s o p o r p , n o it c n u f d n a , c i p o t ,t n a p i c it r a p , n o it a u ti s e r a h c i h
w -T irpp and
e r a h c i h w , g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o s e p y t f o y r o e h t
a gt -a swtiching ,inrtasentenita l h
c ti w
s ,and i ntersentenita lswtich ,from Stockwell (2002) i n order t o answert he o
h T . n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p t s ri
f se theo ire swli l be a basi s to revea l the fris t e
z y l a n a o t d e s u s i h c i h w n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r
p theform o rpattern, t he t ype ,and e
c n a t s m u c ri c e h
t o eft h Engilshoccursi nFacebookandTwitter ,paritcula lryt hose r
e tt i w T d n a k o o b e c a
F user swhosepage scontaint hedatatargeted .Thoset heo ire s e
r
a selected because the researche r ifnd si teasy to comprehend and those are e
h t s a h g u o n e t n e i c if f u
s lt s ooo t answert hef ris tproblemf ormulaiton. r
e w s n a o
T the second problem which i sto determine the grammaitca l n o d e s a b s r o r r e f o n o it a c if i s s a l c e h t d n a s r o r r e f o y r o e h t e h t , a t a d e h t n i s r o r r e
y r o g e t a c s c it s i u g n il r i e h
t a sproposed by Dulay (1982) .Those theo ire sare very t
e h t d n a s r o r r e f o n o it a n a l p x e r a e l c e h t s e v i g t i e c n i s t n a tr o p m
i ype s o f
U . s r o r r e l a c it a m m a r
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e h t , y d u t s e h t f o t c e j b o e h t : o t n i d e d i v i d e b l li w n o i s s u c s i d e h T . y d u t s s i h t
. y d u t s e h t f o d o h t e m e h t d n a , y d u t s e h t f o h c a o r p p a
)
a Objec toft heStudy
s u t a t s k o o b e c a F n i d n u o f h s il g n E e h t s i h c r a e s e r t n e s e r p e h t r o f a t a d e h T
t e e w t r e tt i w T d n
a posted on January unit lMarch 2013 .The statu sand twee t
y l n o r e tt i w T e h t n i t e e w t e h T . s e c n e t n e s d n a , s e s u a l c , s e s a r h p , s d r o w e h t e d u l c n i
r e t c a r a h c 0 4 1 f o s t s i s n o
c swhlie t he statusi n t heFacebook can consis ta smany
ir w e b o t s r e t c a r a h
c tten .There are approximately 71 Facebook statuse sand 77
t e e w t r e tt i w
T s whichwli lbeanalyzed.
d e s u h s il g n E e h t f o e r u t a n e h t e z y l a n a o t d e m i a s i h c r a e s e r e h t , y ll a r e n e G
n I e h t y
b donesiant eenager son theriFacebookandTwitter .Theanalysi swli lalso
l a e v e
r themostf requen terro rand t hepresen twrtie rwli lrtyt ocorrectt heerror .s
)
b Approachoft heStudy
t g n i z y l a n a n
I he data ,the presen twrtie rwould use styilsitc approach .
s i h n i k n o d r e
V Styilsitcs propose stha t“styilsitc si sthe analysi so fdisitncitve . ) 4 : 2 0 0 2 ( ” t c e f f e d n a e s o p r u p s ti f o n o it p ir c s e d e h t d n a e g a u g n a l n i n o i s s e r p x e
n i e l y t s e h t s e i d u t s s c it s il y t
S language .Stylei n l anguagei sase to fconsciou so r
c s n o c n
.) 1 2 1 : 2 0 0 2
( Pete rBarry in hi sbook enitlted Beginning Theory also said tha t e h t f o s g n i d n if d n a s d o h t e m e h t s e s u h c i h w h c a o r p p a l a c it ir c a s i s c it s il y t s “
e h t n i s c it s i u g n il f o s e c n e i c
s analysi sofl tieraryt exts”( Barry ,2002 :203 .)
The text sanalyzed in thi sstudy are no tthe ltierary one ,which are
.r e tt i w T n i s t e e w t d n a k o o b e c a F n i s e s u t a t
s Styilsitcanalysi so fanon-ltieraryt ex t
e g a s s a p a l i a t e d n i g n i y d u t s s n a e m e c n a t s n i r o
f . hT e method o fanalysi scan be
s tr a p e h t t a h w g n i v r e s b o , li a t e d t a e r g n i t x e t e h t t a g n i k o o l s a n e e
s are ,andsaying
e g a s s a p e h t f o t x e t n o c e h t n i m r o f r e p y e h t t a h w
h s il g n e / 3 1 / 9 0 / 9 0 0 2 / k u . o c . x e t n a m . w w w // : p tt h
( -language-styilsitc-analysis)/ .The goa li s
i h c a o
t eve the hard data through counitng and calculaitng the occurence o f
. d n u o f e r u t a e f c it s i u g n il
t e h t h g u o h tl
A heo ire s used fo r thi s research are taken from
e d o c d n a e c i o h c e g a u g n a l( d l e if s c it s i u g n il o i c o
s swtiching) ,the socioilnguisitc s
ti u s t ’ n s i h c a o r p p
a able t o be appiled i n t hi sstudy because socioilnguisitcs i sthe
l a r u tl u c g n i d u l c n i , y t e i c o s f o s t c e p s a l l a d n a y n a f o t c e f f e e h t f o y d u t s e v it p ir c s e d
f o s t c e f f e e h t d n a , d e s u s i e g a u g n a l y a w e h t n o , t x e t n o c d n a , s n o it a t c e p x e , s m r o n
e s u e g a u g n a
l on society (Trudgill ,2000) .Therefore ,the sty ilsitc approach i s
t s o m e h t d e r e d i s n o
c sutiableapproacht ousei nt hiss tudy.
)
c Methodoft heStudy
a t a d e h t , t n e m u rt s n i h c r a e s e r e h t , s tr a p e e r h t f o s t s i s n o c t r a p s i h T
.
1 TheResearchI nsrtument
t n e m u rt s n i h c r a e s e r o w t e r e w e r e h
T s used whlie gathe irng the data ,a
. e l b a t d n a t s il k c e h
c There weret wo kind so fcheckilst sused i n t heanalysis .The
e h t e t a c i d n i o t d e s u s a w t s il k c e h c t s ri
f cricumstance of t hose statuse s and t weet
d e p l e h t s il k c e h c r e h t o e h T . e r o f e b d e t a t s r e ti r w e h t t a h t s e ir o e h t e h t o t g n i d r o c c a
g n it s o p t c e r r o c n i h c a e n i r u c c o s r o r r e l a c it a m m a r g t a h w e t a g it s e v n i o t r e ti r w e h t
. a t a d h c a e n i
T eabl swereusedtoshowhowmanycorrec tandi ncorrec tpositng salong
s r o r r e l a c it a m m a r g e h t t a h w w o h s o t d e s u e r e w y e h t n e h T . s e g a t n e c r e p r i e h t h ti w
e h T . s e g a t n e c r e p d n a s r e b m u n r i e h t h ti w g n o l a , e r a m u t a d e ri t n e d n a h c a e n i r u c c o
f o e s u e h t f o e c n a t s m u c ri c t n e u q e r f t s o m e h t w o h s o t d e il p p a o s l a e r e w s e l b a t
n i h s il g n
E the socia lnetworking services ,Facebook and Twitte ralong wtih the
s e g a t n e c r e
p ineachand ifnallyi nt heentriedatum.
.
2 DataCollecitonProcedure
e r e v it a ti l a u q d n a e v it p ir c s e d a s i h c r a e s e r t n e s e r p e h
T search . The
e r e w a t a d e v it a ti l a u
q theEngilsh positngst aken f romFacebookand Twitter .The
r o s t n e m u c o d l a n i g ir o e h t “ g n i n a e m a t a d y r a m ir p e h t s a t c a s g n it s o p h s il g n E
t s ri f e h t ,s n i a m e
r wtinessest o af act”( Good ,1941:253) .Accordingt o Sp irnthall ,
o ri S d n a e tt u m h c
S i s(1991 :98) ,a descirpitve research i sa research rtying to
s i h t n I . r e tt e b a n e m o n e h p e h t f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c r o s e t a t s e h t y l e v it c e j b o e b ir c s e d
e h t o t r e f e r a n e m o n e h p e h t , h c r a e s e
e r e w a t a d e h
T taken i n dfiferen t itmet hrough photographing i n order to
r e ti r w e h t , n e h T . a t a d e t a r u c c a n a t e
g rtansc irbed the data wtihou tadding ,
.l a n i g ir o a t a d y r a m ir p e h t p e e k o t r e d r o n i ti g n it e r p r e t n i r o , g n i c u d e r
.
3 DataAnalysi sProcedure
s e s u t a t s h s il g n E e h t e r a h c i h w , a t a d e h t d e t c e ll o c r e ti r w e h t ,l l a f o t s ri F
n o s r e g a n e e t n a i s e n o d n I e h t y b d e t s o p , r e tt i w T d n a k o o b e c a F m o r f s t e e w t d n a
. 3 1 0 2 h c r a M l it n u 3 1 0 2 y r a u n a
J A tfe r the data have been gathered and
s i s y l a n a e h t , d e b ir c s n a
rt couldbesta tred .Sincet hedataweret akenf romdfiferen t
e s a c s i h t n i ,s e c r u o
s from Facebook and Twitter, t he analysi swa sdonefo rtwo
h c a e g n it c u d n o c n i n e k a t s p e t s l a r e v e s e r e w e r e h T . s p e t s r a li m i s h ti w t u b s e m it
.s i s y l a n a
t s h s il g n E e h t e r e w d e z y l a n a a t a d e h
T atusest akenf romtheFacebookand
r e ti r w e h t e r e H . s r e g a n e e t n a i s e n o d n I e h t y b d e t s o
p classiifed them into some
s u t a t s e h t n i d e s u s a w h s il g n E s e c n a t s m u c ri c t a h w r e d n u e t a c i d n i o t s e ir o g a t a
c e . s
e g a u g n a l f o y r o e h t e h t d e s u r e ti r w e h t , s e c n a t s m u c ri c e h t y fi t n e d i o T
e h t f o n o it p ir c s e d e h t n o d e s a B . g n i h c ti w s e d o c f o y r o e h t e h t d n a e c i o h
c factor s
y t e ir a v e d o c n i e g n a h c r o f t n u o c c a t a h
t proposed by Ervin-T irpp, t hewrtiert ook
e h t n o t i t u p n e h t g n it s o p e h t f o n r e tt a p e h t y ll u f e r a c d e z y l a n a d n a a t a d e h t f o e n o
o t a t a d e h t f o t s e r e h t r o f s p e t s e m a s e h t d e t c u d n o c r e ti r w e h T . r o t c a f e l b a ti u s t s o m
. s e c n a t s m u c ri c e h t y fi t n e d i
n e d i e r e w s e c n a t s m u c ri c e h t r e tf
A itifed ,the second step began .The
r e ti r
k o o b e c a F e h t n i y lt s o m d e r u c c o h s il g n
E ’ s statuse sposted by the Indonesian
s r e g a n e e
t . The resul ti swirtten in the form o fpercentage sto make i teasie rto
. d n a t s r e d n u
r e tf
A ifnishing the second step ,the thrid step began .The data were
m e h t f o e n o h c i h w d n a y n a m w o h t u o d n if o t d e n i m a x
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