ASEAN Community 2015: A New Human Resources Paradigm.

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SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES

IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Edited by:

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin Centre for Socioglobal Studies

Padjadjaran University

Foreword by: Dr. Arry Bainus MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University

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ii Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

First Published May, 2015

Published By

Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI) Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30 Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198 Telp. (0274) 9494 558

E-mail/FB: [email protected]

ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8

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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.

Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University

Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the politics of community.

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vi Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has published book and journals in the ield of communication and media. In 2013, she published her irst book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar Malaysia-Indonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia (Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy (2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development Planning.

Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing, School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia (USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf, Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).

Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who identiied as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently, he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user community.

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Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).

Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work Sertiication of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).

Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and rural community.

Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now, a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 – present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).

Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he publication of this book would not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.

he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards my success.

Wassalam.

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FOREWORD

Dr. Arry Bainus, MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Padjadjaran University

I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues”. his is a very interesting and important book which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many academics, not only from sociology and political ields, but also from other ields as well. he various issues addressed in this book are in fact very much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be understand and scrutinize for better intervention.

I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us today.

I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this book kind will be published in the near future.

hank you. Wassalam.

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INTRODUCTION

In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful

his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era, Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he main objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony.

his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human life through many perspectives; political and international strategy, culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. he various theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy directions.

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and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has contribute to the development of “Ummah.”

In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media education: an efort to achieve harmony and sustainability in Indonesia-Malaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative news. A critical community is a community who is able to diferentiate the written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian should be aware that each of them has had a signiicant contribution one to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development. However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend to lead to conlict situations. he role of media and media educationis importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who are based theory of cultural conlict and acculturation. Chapter fourth, the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St_Century.

his section concludes that hird World back to dig the philosophical values that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is relected in the ive principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty, humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people. he problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of the great nations of the world.herefore, the cultural heritages is an essential economic asset in facing the escalation of human development.

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of democracy, resulting in crafting a uniied republic out of a multi ethnic Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model or best practice in the broadcast media industry. his concept is suitable due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of research product for design and implementation of public policies. his will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies that the government is currently designing.

In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However, these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories, because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence they are known as urban pioneers.

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xvi Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia.

his book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader “Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. hat experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the author’s responsibility.

Wassalam.

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15

ASEAN Community 2015

READERS GUIDE

his chapter focus on ASEAN Community 2015 and discusses the dilemma of Indonesian workers especially those who categorized as illegal in Malaysia. Both countries have recognized their positive contribution whether for Malaysia or Indonesia. It was undeniable that all sectors in Malaysia especially construction and plantation were using Indonesian workers services. At the same time, Indonesia also indirectly obtained advantages through the remittance which totally contribute to the national economic development. However, what happened in Malaysia is illegal workers were arrested and treat as a criminal. It should be stopped

Chapter

2

ASEAN Community 2015:

A New Human Resources Paradigm

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16 Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

and substituted by the constructive policies which could give beneits to the both countries. Indonesia and Malaysia and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has contribute to the development of “Ummah.”

INTRODUCTION

Migrant workers and international afairs: a short view

In the globalization context, all types of issues are indirectly and vastly has entertained around the world. Furthermore, globalization also became more popular and one of crucial factor behind the wider attention of many issues related to human developments.

Keohane and Nye (2001) believe that “complex interdepen-dence” occurred due to international relations become more complex and not emphasize on state-to-state relations per se. People-to-people relations as well as inter-organizations also should taking into account as international relations phenomena. Hence, the existence of the relationships was real and not easy to control. his is because the emergence of so called multiple channels (Keohane and Nye, 2001:21) in the globalization era which totally afected to transformation of human relations. Everybody could build relationship and contact with their partners worldwide beyond the state borders. Abubakar Eby Hara (2009) opine that transnational relations emerge due to the role of non-state actors such as mass media, NGOs supported by internet access facilities become more dominant and critical in international afairs.

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hus, “mobility is a privilege that is unevenly distributed among human beings” (Pécoud and de Guchteneire 2006). Migration control is a complex and costly endeavor including border patrols, issuing of visas and residence permits, prosecuting, detaining and removing undocumented migrants (Pécoud and de Guchteneire 2006).

Whereas developed countries have the resources necessary to enforce strict migration control the developing countries subject to the largest inlux of immigrants are for the most, neither well equipped to protect their borders, nor to accommodate refugees and migrants. he paradoxical development with a free low in capital but not in human beings and the uneven burden sharing of immigration raise several ethical, social and political questions. What impact do changing border-control regimes have on migrants? Can developed countries be ethically justiied in excluding migrants from underprivileged parts of the world? Do aluent nation states have any particular duties towards the global poor? hese questions were seen very critical including in the context of Indonesian migrants phenomena in Malaysia. In term of social political sciences perspective it was related to how the countries handle these issues, while diplomatically both countries also has attempted to manage the issues properly. Human rights issues also should put at the discussion due to human rights will be bridging between social political approach and migrant issues management.

THE ISSUES OF INDONESIAN IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN MALAYSIA

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workers to Malaya (Liow 2005: 45). he cross-border activity between the two countries slightly down when the emergence of Konfrontasi 1963-1966, though still smoothly maintain (BNP2TKI 2012). Hence, this scenario totally changes after the occurrence of bloody ethnic riots in 13 Mei 1969. Consequently, Malaysian government especially UMNO the ruling party felt that Malay supremacy was under threaten and seek to make a balance. UMNO observed that the existence of Indonesian migrant seen as a potential voters and very prospective to enhance Malay power. Under this circumstances the arrival of huge number of Indonesian migrant to Malaysia were totally encourage, appreciated, unoicial and “silently welcomed” (Liow 2005: 46).

Culture similarities such as language, ethnic and custom were signiicant factor behind the easy and rapid assimilation of Indonesian migrant with local community especially Malay ethnic. he May 13th_{, 1969 riot became}

a momentum to accomplish Indonesia-Malaysia relationship which jeopardized by Sukarno’s aggressive policy. Furthermore, the arrival of Indonesian migrant also supported by international agenda namely war against communism which became attention between the two countries concurrently. Along with the rest and slow down of communism attack, while the inlux of Indonesian migrant are still increase from time to time. his is because Malaysia was under good condition after the government launched New Economic Policy (NEP), while the demand towards Indonesia cheap workers signiicantly rose. However, large number of unemployment notably in Java Island is the main factor behind this scenario (Liow 2005: 47).

Ironically, in the mid of Malaysia rapid development and the rise of huge number of middle class income many Malaysian are tend to neglect the “dirty and rough” jobs. Automatically this vacancy totally utilized and fulilled by many Indonesian workers which recognized as hard workers and specialize in 3Dsectors namely (dirty, dangerous and diicult) (Muhammad Iqbal dan Ariin Zainal 2009). Former Malaysian minister of communications and multimedia Zainuddin Maidin also recognize that “many Malaysian are selective in job vacancies and unskillful compared to Indonesian. Without Indonesian workers we are in diicult situation” (Buletin KJRI 2007: 16). Accordingly, Malaysia is highly dependent towards Indonesian workers notably informal sectors.

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two types namely socially and economically. Socially, the arrival of many Indonesian in Malaysia could diminish huge number of unemployment especially in Java Island. Economically, Indonesian foreign workers make a contribution to the national economy through their remittance. he demand towards Indonesian workers could be traced since 1970s and 1980s. Between 1970s and 1980s Malaysia needs towards Indonesian workers approximately 38%-45% a year which posted in plantation sector. his number is gradually increase from time to time and reach 57% or 12,277 workers in 1991 (Silia Hanani 2009).

Observing above situations Malaysian government was taking into account seriously through some strategic actions. Government stake holders prepared for handling migrant workers such as immigration, army and civil volunteers or Ikatan Relawan Rakyat Malaysia (RELA). However, the results not signiicant while crime index involving Indonesian migrant are considerable increase. Indonesian migrants began to involve in some serious crime activity including riots and attacking police for example in Semenyih Selangor detention camp in 1998, Machap Umboo Melaka immigration detention in 2001 and riot in Pekan Nenas, Pontian, Johor detention. In the same year, Indonesian migrant also involve in a riot and attacking police in Nilai, Negeri Sembilan (Nor Azizan Idris 2005: 153). herefore, Malaysia hardly desire to re-examine Indonesian workers and launch “Hire Indonesians last” (Liow 2005: 149). Local elite especially Malay politicians also worry due to some of them were Christian and allegedly preaching their religion to the local community (Liow 2003: 49).

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Indonesian workers (Nasrullah Ali Fauzi, 2009: 483). At the same time, Malaysian government and media also do not hesitate to award Indonesian workers as “troublemaker” (Liow 2004).

Both countries have taken serious action around 1970s up to 2000s through consultations and meetings to handle Indonesian workers. However, only two meetings have been made by both parties throughout 1980s to 2000s. Firstly is so called Perjanjian Medan or Medan Agreement in 1984 which directly followed by mass huge deportation of Indonesian illegal workers through Program Pemutihan PATI (1989-1991) and Program Pengampunan PATI (1991-1992) to switch their status being a legal one (Nor Azizan Idris 2005: 154). On spite of that, Malaysian government seen unsatisied with Indonesian government, Malaysia also witness Indonesia is unserious and did not really taking into account toughly in handling PATI. Conversely, Indonesian accused Malaysia tend to exaggerate the PATI issue (Liow 2005: 149).

In August 2001 both governments were agree to overcome PATI problems after Megawati visit to Kuala Lumpur. In the next year, both parties oicially sign an agreement in Bali in August 2002 following massive deportation of Indonesian migrant by Malaysian government. his action implement by Malaysian government in order to conduct Operasi Nyah (Ops Nyah) to control PATI enrolment in the mid of 1997 Asian inancial crisis. Malaysian immigration estimates that up to July 2002 roughly 253,540 PATI successfully transferred to the home country where 82% were Indonesian (Liow 2005: 155). Nonetheless, these meetings were unsuccessfully to make both parties satisied (Liow 2004: 59). Hence, some NGOs like Suara Rakyat Malaysia (SUARAM) and Tenaganita hugely criticize and condemn the durable policy of Malaysian government which suspected as human rights abuses. he NGOs also accuse that series of riots that emerged in some areas were allegedly triggered by police provocation (Liow 2003). However, both countries sometimes use and manipulate these cases along with their political interests while the number of illegal workers still boost and produce many serious problems.

ASEAN COMMUNITY AND THE ILLEGAL MIGRANT IN MALAYSIA

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workers protection has had little progress. Compared to such regional organization as European Union (EU) and Mercosur (Mercado Común del Sur), ASEAN has slow progress and coherent policy to protect migrant workers of member countries. EU and Mercosur for instance have progressed well ahead in establishing a regional framework for the protection of migrant workers. hey have initiated some comprehensive regulation such as early as 1951 Paris Treaty, 1957 Treaty of Rome, Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 and the establishment of the Community Charter on the Social Rights of Workers in 1989. EU also commits to protect migrant workers further through initiating European Social Fund which include in the Treaty of European Union (TEU). Mercosur as Latin American regional cooperation encompasses Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Bolivia very concern to protect their migrant workers. hrough international forum especially ILO (International Labour Organization) the Mercosur members actively initiate and delivering the migrant workers issues. Indirectly, some critical issues addressing by Mercosur were integrated in the ILO conventions. As results, some crucial regulation such as the 1990 ILO Conventions on the Protection of Migrant Workers and their Families and Permanent Multilateral Commission with Decision 19/97 ratiied by the members (Santoso 2012: 2-3).

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In the context of Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ali Maksum & Mohd Haizzan Yahaya (2013), argued that relatively similar with such cases as asylum seekers and refugees in terms of their own travel documents which totally undocumented. However, a country has authority whether to oppose or welcome them and they could not enter a country without any single permission from the host country. We should recognize as mentioned before that the majority of Indonesian workers were illegal.

he Indonesian illegal migrant workers in Malaysia should take into account seriously by Indonesian and Malaysia governments. In line with ASEAN Community, both countries could establish some bilateral institutions in order to handle the issues. Rizal Sukma (2003) argued that through formal and informal institutions and practices could reduce, prevent, and manage conlicts within ASEAN. Further, he also stated that in order to become a Security Community, in the future ASEAN only needs to strengthen its capability to prevent and resolve conlicts and disorder. Moreover, the basis for a deep economic integration is already provided for in the plan to create an ASEAN Social and Political Economy Community. hus, again this is a great challenge as well as opportunity to the Indonesia and Malaysia to strength cooperation in order to serve and empowering potential workers. Retraining and educating the workers which majority were Muslim, signiicantly will contribute not only to the national economy but also positive development of Ummah in Indonesia and Malaysia as the most populous Muslim and important countries in the Southeast Asia.

CONCLUSION

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in order to achieve and empowering the potential capital of the Indonesian workers through some smart programs. Retraining and educating the migrant workers are the two important recommendations given to the both authorities. Hopefully, from the programs will produce productive workers and ready to contribute to the both national development. Furthermore, through the implementation of the constructive programs both countries indirectly empowering the Ummah in order to facing ASEAN Community 2015.

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ASEAN Community 2015: A New Human Resources Paradigm.

SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES

IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

FOREWORD

Dr. Arry Bainus, MA

Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Padjadjaran University

INTRODUCTION

Chapter

2

ASEAN Community 2015:

A New Human Resources Paradigm