Research.
BEHAVIORAL LITERACY OF HOUSEWIVES' FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Indar Khaerunnisa1)
Department of Accounting. Universitas Binaniaga Indonesia bundaabdadabsyar@gmail.com
corresponding author1
Received: November 7, 2021 Accepted: December 1, 2021 Published: December 31, 2021
To cite this article: Khaerunnisa, I.,(2021).Behavioral literacy of housewive’s financial management during the covid-19 pandemic. The Accounting Journal of BINANIAGA. 6 (2), 115-124. doi:10.33062/ajb.v6i2.471 Abstract. The purpose of this research was conducted to analyze the literacy behavior of housewives' financial management by analyzing the difference between the financial management behavior of housewives who have income and housewives who have no income in the city of Bogor, during the Covid-19 pandemic, where it proxied by the knowledge of these housewives about banking, insurance and pawnshops. In addition, this research also uses a quantitative approach, using a questionnaire as a tool to find data. Respondents used as many as 170 people. Consists of housewives who have income and housewives who have no income. Data analysis using Multiple Linear Regression. The results showed that there was a significant influence between the Covid- 19 pandemic condition and the behavior of housewives' financial management, either jointly or partially. Meanwhile, the financial management behavior of housewives who have income and housewives who do not have income is different in principle.
Keywords: Insurance, Pawnshops, Banking, Financial Management Behavior.
Introduction Background
The policy of staying at home to reduce the rate of new cases because of Covid- 19 for a long period of time has resulted in families, especially those who depend on daily wages, experiencing a decrease in income, but this is not only for daily workers but also for employees who usually receive monthly salaries. salary for doing work from home, or work from home. This is because of the consideration that the employee does not work from the office so that the transportation fee is deducted. The reduction in the amount of income earned by the company of course has a domino effect on the salaries given by the company to its employees, and the amount of reduction in income also has a significant amount. Of course, the effect of this reduction in income also has an impact on a family, where a housewife who is used to managing finances must immediately rearrange her family finances so that she can manage the funds she has properly, even though the amount is very much reduced.
A housewife has a position to manage finances for families who have their own sources of income or who only have income from the husband's side, these housewives must be able to manage family finances so that the economy of a family can continue to run, even though current income may be family not as much as before. In addition, if a housewife already has debts to pay, insurance and investments promise higher returns.
Housewives are often the most impressionable object of the market to be offered a variety of things that promise greater returns or the ease of owning something. Because
household. In addition, these women have a high curiosity about new things and often want to have something in accordance to ego, community and many other things. This can happen because the level of financial literacy of women in Indonesia is still low. The issue of financial literacy has become one of the policies of the government and financial institutions in Indonesia. There are concerns that housewives tend to lack understanding of financial concepts and do not have the knowledge to make decisions in terms of managing finances in the family. community and many other things. This can happen because the level of financial literacy of women in Indonesia is still low. The issue of financial literacy has become one of the policies of the government and financial institutions in Indonesia.
Sugiarto (2014) in his research once said that women have low financial understanding, where the level of financial understanding of women in Indonesia is at 18.84%, while men have a higher literacy rate, reaching 24.87%. This is because education about finance is still aimed at men, because men are considered the breadwinners and the biggest decision makers in the family, when in fact women also have a very important function in managing family finances. This is because a housewife must be able to manage all the finances she has, so that the family's finances are not disturbed even though the financial resources may be substandard or even declining.
Everyone, both men and women, must have knowledge about financial literacy because financial literacy is a very important need in living life so that everyone can avoid problems related to finance. Financial problems can arise because of the person's low knowledge of how to manage finances, not only because the person's income is low.
Especially during the covid-19 pandemic like now, everyone must be able to manage their finances to survive, where financial income uncertainty often hits.
Financial literacy is knowledge about how an individual can use the resources he already has to achieve prosperity. The benchmarks of welfare for each individual are different, but even though the welfare is different, it can be achieved if the person has knowledge of how to manage finances so that they can achieve healthy personal and family finances.
A housewife has enormous power and freedom to make decisions in managing family finances, but housewives generally don't learn how to manage finances, they manage family finances in accordance to experience with the principle of trial and error.
This apparently has not made them a reliable financial manager in today's life, especially during the covid-19 pandemic, a housewife must choose extra steps in managing finances so that existing finances can be used as well as possible without any financial shortages.
Formulation of the Problem
In this research, the researchers used the notion of financial literacy in accordance to the Buku Seri Literasi Keuangan (Financial Literacy Series Book) issued by the Financial Services Authority, but what was studied was only knowledge about family financial management during the COVID-19 pandemic, where apart from that there were other things that also influenced, namely banking, insurance and pawnshops. This is done because in accordance to previous research conducted by Anis Dwiastanti (2016) said that the results of a survey conducted by the Financial Services Authority stated that banking, insurance and pawnshops dominate the level of public finance.
Therefore, this research is expected to obtain information regarding the following matters:
1. How is the influence of housewives' financial literacy as proxied by Banking Knowledge, Insurance Knowledge and Pawnshop Knowledge on Family Financial Behavior in Bogor City which is carried out together?
2. How is the influence of housewives' financial literacy as proxied by Banking Knowledge, Insurance Knowledge and Pawnshop Knowledge on Family Financial Behavior in Bogor City which is carried out partially?
3. How is the financial management behavior of housewives who have high income compared to those who have no income?
LITERATURE REVIEW
Financial Literacy
According to Lusardi (2007) financial literacy can be interpreted as knowledge in the field of finance that has the goal of achieving prosperity. Meanwhile, according to Houston (2009) states that financial literacy can occur when someone has the skills and abilities that can make that person able to utilize the resources. They have to achieve the desired goals. Remund (2010) in Widayati's research (2012) states that there are four most common things in learning financial literacy, namely unemployment, savings, loans and investment. Financial literacy does not only involve knowledge and ability to overcome problems related to the financial sector but also to non-financial fields.
According to the Financial Services Authority, literacy can be interpreted as the ability to understand, so financial literacy is the ability to understand everything in managing the resources of funds owned so that they can be more developed and so that a person can live more prosperously in the future. The Financial Services Authority also stated that the important thing from financial literacy is to provide information in the financial sector to the Indonesian people so that they can manage finances intelligently, effectively and wisely.
Financial Literacy Series of the Financial Services Authority
The Financial Services Authority (2013) published the Financial Literacy Series book as a step to provide knowledge and education to the public regarding financial products that are expected to provide good benefits in the future. The financial literacy series consists of financial management, banking, insurance, pawnshops, financing, pension funds and capital markets.
Financial Behavior
There are several previous studies which show that financial literacy has a positive relationship with financial behavior. Hilgert, Hogart and Beverly (2003) added financial behavior and financial literacy to the questionnaire in the National Survey of Consumer Finances. They made a Financial Practice Index in accordance to behavior in four variables: cash flow management, credit management, savings and investment behavior, they then tried to compare the index number with the value of financial literacy and found that people with higher levels of financial literacy knowledge would also have higher levels of financial literacy. higher practical financial index numbers too. This also indicates that there is a positive relationship between financial behavior and financial literacy, although the direction of causality is not clear.
The causality may be different, which means that an increase in financial literacy leads to better or more effective financial behavior and financial decision making or vice versa. From the description above, the researcher can formulate the major hypothesis with "there is an influence of Housewife's Financial Literacy on family financial management behavior, during the covid-19 pandemic".
RESEARCH METHODS
This research uses quantitative methods with the aim of knowing how the level of influence, closeness of correlation and or associations between the variables used in this research by taking measurements first. The flow of thinking and discussion used by the researcher is deductive in which the researcher determines the variables then collects the necessary data and then conclusions are drawn, and it is hoped that the data and samples used can explain conclusions that were previously known in general. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires to housewives in the Bogor City area.
The sampling technique using the guidelines coined by Ferdinand (2002) in taking the sample size can be done in several ways including, for a sample of 100-200 Maximum Likelihood Estimation Technique, depending on the number of estimated parameters where the guideline is 5-10 times the number of parameters required.
estimated, then depending on the number of indicators used in all latent variables, and finally, if the sample is very large, the researcher can choose an estimation technique.
In accordance to the foregoing, this research took a sample by calculating 5-10 times the estimated number of parameters, then the researcher took the median value of 7 after which it was multiplied by the number of parameters used as many as 24, so that the total questionnaire to be distributed to housewives the ladder as many as 170 questionnaires, but rounded up to 185 questionnaires. This is done so that if in the test there are questionnaires that do not meet the requirements, researchers do not need to distribute new questionnaires again as repetitions.
RESEARCH RESULT 1. Banking Knowledge (X1)
From the results of questionnaires that have been distributed to respondents regarding matters related to banking knowledge, it is explained that 80% of respondents know well the types of banking institutions, 63.5% know the benefits of banking institutions in daily life, 73% know the risks of banking institutions, 82, 4%
stated that they are customers of banking institutions and already have an account at a bank, 66.8% have confidence in the benefits of the existence of banking and 44.2%
of respondents try to give recommendations to other parties about banking.
2. Insurance Knowledge (X2)
From the results of distributing questionnaires to respondents, it can be seen that respondents gave their responses to every statement related to insurance knowledge, it was explained that 90.5% knew well the type of insurance; 73.8% know the benefits of insurance institutions, 93.8% know or know the risks of insurance institutions, 75.4% have become customers of insurance institutions, 87.8% have confidence in the benefits of insurance existence, 83.5% provide recommendations to other parties about insurance.
3. Pawnshop Knowledge (X3)
From the results of respondents' responses to statement points related to their knowledge about pawnshops, it was explained that 74.8% knew well the pawnshop institution, 73.7% knew the benefits of pawnshops in daily life, 72.5%
knew or knew the risks of the pawnshop 71.6% consider pawnshops as one of the institutions for dealing with household finances, 52.3% have confidence in the benefits of the existence of pawnshops, 93.2% provide recommendations to other parties regarding pawnshop services.
4. Family Financial Behavior (Y)
From the results of respondents' responses to statement points related to Family Financial Behavior, an explanation was obtained that 82.3% of respondents prepared their routine household budgets, 73.5% recorded their household income and expenses, 74.2% monitored the records that had been made. made, 74.8%
made financial planning for the long term, 82.1% evaluated the budget made with its realization and 77.8% carried out self-control, especially for consumption expenditures made.
Discussion
1. Literacy of Housewife Financial Management Behavior During the Covid-19 Pandemic.
The results of this research are in accordance with research conducted by Financial Services Institutions (LJK) in 2013; which examines knowledge about the level of public financial literacy towards financial service institutions, for the first position is occupied by knowledge of the banking industry, followed by insurance, pawnshops, finance companies, pension funds and in the last position is securities companies and capital markets.
This research shows the influence of financial literacy of housewives, both those who have their own income or those who do not have their own income, on family financial behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bogor City. Respondents who became the object of this research also understood the functions and benefits of the existence of banking, insurance and pawnshop institutions, where the three financial institutions could support the financial processes carried out by these housewives.
Respondents put knowledge about banking financial institutions in the first position, this is because banking institutions are very supportive in conducting financial transactions, where banks offer various payment methods that are increasingly attractive and easy. Previously, banks only had debit and credit card facilities. With a debit card, banking customers can make transactions without using cash, they only need to bring a debit card to transact and swipe the debit card at the EDC machine to pay for the purchases that have been purchased. In addition, by using the debit card, customers can make routine monthly payment transactions such as electricity payments, water payments and other monthly routine bills at ATM machines. To complement the ease of use of transactions using debit cards, banks also provide their customers with a mobile banking application that can be accessed using the internet, by using mobile banking customers can make payments and transactions just like using a debit card. Payments using mobile banking are quite widespread during the COVID-19 pandemic, because these housewives quite often make online purchases in the marketplace and then make payments using mobile banking. In addition, the trend of using e-wallet is chosen by several merchant stores to make transactions easier, where these stores not only use EDC machines to make transactions, they also use e-wallet applications, such as OVO, DANA, GOpay, Kris and Link Aja. Consumers are only asked to scan the e-wallet barcode owned by the merchant store, then fill in the amount of payment then enter the password and the transaction is successful. To top up the e-wallet is also quite easy, you can transfer it directly from the main savings account without any additional administrative costs.
In addition to debit cards and e-wallet, banks also offer credit card ownership, where banking customers do not need cash available in a bank account, they can use the credit card for transactions by paying at the end of the month, these housewives use to buy monthly basic necessities, and pay for them when they get income at the end of the month. This causes credit cards to remain excellent for
expressed by the credit card holders almost gave the same opinion, namely the ease and convenience of using a credit card in shopping for daily basic needs, but they choose not to use a credit card for capital expenditures or luxury goods, because in their opinion if they use a credit card for luxury purchases, they have concerns about not being able to pay it back, because of the high interest rate. Therefore, they use a credit card to meet their daily needs for a month, such as formula milk, baby diapers, rice, sugar, oil and others, the payment of which can be made using a credit card, by choosing one month payment period. This is what they perceive as the convenience and advantage of shopping with a credit card. No need to carry a lot of cash, for security and convenience in transactions. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, as it is now, people began to reduce their consumption spending by using credit cards for fear of not being able to pay at the end of the month.
Furthermore, the knowledge of housewives about insurance institutions occupies the second position after knowledge of banking. As revealed by Rasyid (2012), which states that insurance needs to be owned because of increasing financial uncertainty at this time, but owned insurance is not intended to avoid unexpected events, because the main purpose of insurance is to guarantee compensation so that someone does not experience a loss. which is greater than without insurance.
In the next position after banking, the results of this research indicate that the average respondent understands and comprehends about insurance, and the majority of these housewives are already insurance customers, almost all of these housewives are members of BPJS insurance, because according to government regulations which state that every company must include employees in BPJS health insurance and BPJS employment. In addition, some of them also have education insurance, life insurance, pension insurance and so on. So that respondents' understanding of the existence of insurance valleys can be said to be good. With their understanding of insurance institutions, it requires respondents to be smarter in managing their finances, so that they can achieve prosperity in the future. But unfortunately, currently insurance financial institutions are not in a healthy condition, because of the emergence of insurance cases managed by state-owned insurance companies, where the company cannot return public funds that have been deposited, making people start to think again about insurance. Because they feel insecure, they are also worried about not being able to make claims as they should.
In the last position, the knowledge about pawnshop institutions as expressed by the respondents is quite good. However, in this research there were only a few who had become pawnshop customers, because some thought they had made a financial plan by recording their receipts and expenses, they only knew that pawnshops were an alternative to get fresh funds by mortgaging their valuables.
respondents experience funding difficulties, thus making pawnshops the last alternative. However, currently Pegadaian continues to innovate and transform its financial activities, such as the Gallery 24 where the public can buy and sell ANTAM certified gold and precious metals. In addition, Pegadaian also has a gold savings facility where customers can buy gold by saving and repaying it at the Pegadaian.
However, this information is not yet known by the wider community because there is still a lack of socialization.
Financial management behavior is defined by Nababan and Sadalian (2012:
5) as attitudes and procedures for a person to treat, manage, and use the financial resources available to him. Ardiani (2011: 120) explains in more detail about managing finances, which is a process that starts with planning, implementing it with great discipline, and evaluating or revising all the steps that have been taken if needed. Therefore, in managing finances an active role is needed from the financial service industry industry as one of the cogs in daily economic activities, including for financial activities in the household sphere, such as to obtain alternative financial
resources. This kind of activity has indirectly provided learning to the community to have good personal financial behavior so that they can manage finances intelligently so that they can improve welfare. Financial literacy occurs when individuals have a set of skills and abilities that enable them to utilize available resources to achieve goals. Individuals need basic financial knowledge and skills to manage financial resources effectively for their well-being. Individual needs and increasingly complex financial products require individuals to have adequate knowledge of financial literacy.
Financial literacy occurs when individuals have a set of skills and abilities that enable them to utilize available resources to achieve goals. Individuals need basic financial knowledge and skills to manage financial resources effectively for their well-being.
Individual needs and increasingly complex financial products require individuals to have adequate knowledge of financial literacy. Financial literacy occurs when individuals have a set of skills and abilities that enable them to utilize available resources to achieve goals. Individuals need basic financial knowledge and skills to manage financial resources effectively for their well-being. Individual needs and increasingly complex financial products require individuals to have adequate knowledge of financial literacy.
2. The difference between the Financial Management Behavior of Housewives who have income and Housewives who have no income.
The results of the research indicate that there are differences in financial management behavior between housewives who have income and housewives who do not have income. The average financial management behavior of housewives who have an income is higher than the average financial management behavior of housewives who have no income. From the results of the questionnaire distributed to respondents, it shows that the financial management behavior of housewives who have an income is more planned when compared to housewives who have no income, both for their future and for the future of their family members. This can be proven by the respondent's insurance ownership.
According to housewives who have their own income, they must be able to manage their finances well because they realize that there are risks in life that cannot be predicted, so they decide to take protection for things that are considered important. For example, by purchasing a health insurance policy, education insurance, pension insurance, life insurance, and even some of them have more than two insurances. This shows the respondents' awareness about planning and how they should manage their finances to achieve prosperity in the future. But this does not mean that housewives who have no income do not think about their future, they consider other things that are more important, because of the limited sources of funds they have, they cannot participate in the insurance programs offered to the public.
However, there are some housewives who do not have their own income, but they have insurance, usually the mother already has the insurance because it is given from the husband's place of work, the insurance is BPJS Health insurance because the husband is an employee, then automatically BPJS health insurance can be owned by this housewife and her children. Currently these housewives are worried because state-owned insurance companies cannot pay the claims submitted by their customers, and there are also private insurance companies that are very aggressively looking for new customers and giving sweet promises, that the benefits they will receive in the next few years will be very attractive. However, at the end of the period the customer is faced with the fact that the promise made previously does not match the reality that must be accepted by the customer, where the customer when completing the payment period, they are actually faced with new terms and conditions that were not previously informed, and in the end the customer The person cannot enjoy the benefits that were promised at the beginning of the purchase of the private insurance policy.
Financial planning carried out by housewives, both those who have their own income or those who do not have their own income, have almost the same pattern.
Every month these housewives make a financial budget to manage their finances so that it is enough for one month. In making these financial plans they will record all routine expenses per month where debts, bills and routine expenses are the first number to be fulfilled. Various ways are used by this housewife in compiling financial expenditures, ranging from taking notes in applications on smartphones, taking notes in small books, some using the envelope system. Those who use the smartphone method are housewives who like cashless transactions where they prefer to pay using debit cards, credit cards and e-wallet. Meanwhile, mothers who use the envelope method are mothers who like to transact with cash. All their money a month.
Withdraw all of them from the account and leave some as savings, which then the cash is put into several separate envelopes that have been named according to their purpose. The preparation of this financial plan is made in accordance to the income obtained, some are compiled on a weekly or monthly basis. With the pattern carried out by respondents, they show awareness of the importance of making financial planning so that they do not experience difficulties in the future. for credit, which is proxied by pawnshops, shows that only a few respondents use pawnshop services.
From the results of the research conducted, information was obtained, that respondents using pawnshop services will only be done if they feel trapped in need of funds that are sudden and short-term, then respondents will go to the pawnshop to help overcome the sudden need. For example, to pay for their children's school needs, where the insurance that is followed has not matured, while the costs that must be incurred are due. Usually, respondents will go to pawnshops or cooperatives to borrow funds. From the description above, it can be concluded that the average housewives in the city of Bogor have financial knowledge which can be shown by the Financial Literacy of Housewives which is proxied by knowledge of banking, insurance and pawnshops. Armed with the knowledge possessed can be used as a basis for shaping the Financial Behavior of the Family to achieve prosperity in the future.
Conclusions and Suggestions
From the results of research conducted with the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. Together, there is an influence between Housewife's Financial Literacy as proxied by Banking Knowledge, Insurance Knowledge and Pawnshop Knowledge on Family Financial Behavior in Bogor City. Where these housewives can already know what things can support them in managing family finances.
2. Partially, Knowledge of Banking, Knowledge of Insurance and Knowledge of Pawnshops have a significant influence on Family Financial Behavior in Bogor City, where knowledge of Banking shows the highest value compared to Knowledge of Insurance and Knowledge of Pawnshops. Because banking has various facilities and conveniences for housewives in conducting financial transactions. The condition of Indonesia's private insurance is currently in a bad condition, but BPJS Health and employment insurance still has the public's trust.
The pawnshop is still in the last position because there is still minimal information about the innovations made by the community pawnshop, so they only know that the pawnshop is only to pawn something.
3. The pattern of financial management behavior of housewives who have income and those who have no income have almost the same methods and methods.
However, when it comes to deciding on something of a financial nature such as participating in insurance that requires additional costs, they have a different pattern. This is because of the difference in funds owned by the two types of respondents.
Suggestions and Feedback
1. This research is very interesting and can be used as a reference in further research but with the theme of women, because the women who are the respondents are intelligent women who have a fairly high education. Although currently the respondents are divided into two groups, namely housewives who have their own income and housewives who do not have their own income. But basically, all housewives are smart and have adequate knowledge to manage family finances.
2. This research is limited to banking, insurance and pawnshops, while the Series Books issued by OJK cover Financial Management, Banking Knowledge, Insurance, Pawnshops, Financing, Pension Funds and Capital Markets. So, there are still many things that can be investigated further.
3. It is hoped that related parties, such as OJK, Banking, Insurance and Pawnshops, can take intensification steps to the public to provide more education about their products and services so that people have more choices to invest their funds in order to achieve prosperity in the future.
4. The results of this research can be used as additional knowledge and also become a stimulus for the public and readers to be more familiar with financial institutions operating in Indonesia.
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