A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS
IN BLUE’S SONGS
THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiner in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Saijana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)
In the English and Educational Department
By:
SITI AMINAH NIM : 113 00 011
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE
DEPARTEMEN AGAMA
SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (STAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Telp.(0298) 323706,323433 Fax323433 Salatiga 50721 Website : www.stainsalatiga.ac.id E-mail: administrasi@stainsalatiga.ac.id
DEKLARASI
Bismillahirralimanirraltim
Dengan penuh kejujuran dan tanggung jawab, peneliti menyatakan bahwa
skripsi ini tidak berisi materi yang pernah ditulis oleh orang lain atau pernah
diterbitkan. Demikian juga skripsi ini tidak berisi satupun pikiran-pikiran orang lain,
kecuali informasi yang terdapat dalam referensi yang dijadikan bahan rujukan.
Apabila di kemudian hari ternyata terdapat materi atau pikiran-pikiran orang
lain di luar referensi yang peneliti cantumkan, maka peneliti sanggup
mempertanggungjawabkan kembali keaslian skripsi ini di hadapan sidang
munaqosyah skripsi.
Demikian deklarasi ini dibuat oleh peneliti untuk dapat dimaklumi.
Salatiga , 26 Juli 2004
Peneliti
SIT! AMINAH
Drs. Sa’adi, M.Ag
The Lecturer of Educational Faculty State Islamic Studies Institute o f Salatiga
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES Salatiga, July 21st, 2004
Case : Siti Aminah’s Thesis
Dear
The Head of State Islamic
Studies Institute of Salatiga
Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading and correcting Siti Aminah’s thesis entitled
“A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS IN BLUE’S
SONGS'.
I have decided and would like to propose that if it could be accepted by <
educational faculty, I hope it would be examined as soon as possible.
Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.
Consultant
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE
SALATIGA
Jl. Stadion 03 Phone (0298) 323706 Salatiga 50721
ST A TEM EN T OF C ER TIFIC A T IO N
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS
IN BLUE’S SONGS
SITIAMINAH NIM : 113 00 011
Has been brought to the board of examiners in July 31st, 2004/Djumadil Tsaniyah
13rd, 1425 H and hereby considered to completely fulfillment of the requirement
for the degree of Sarjana in the English and Educational Faculty.
July 31s1, 2004 M Salatiga,
Djumadil Tsaniyah 13 rd, 1425 H
M O TTO
y N o one is too oCd to [earn
^
Jl true companion is Coving aCC the time a n d is a 6rother in difficuCty>
The [nowCedge w ith ou t experience is n i[ the experience w ith ou tDEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to :
1. My highly valued parents, my mother Siti Musfiroh and my father H. Muh.
Yusuf.
2. My younger sister, Siti Ummi Masruroh and my younger brother M. Hasan
Nurshekha.
3. All my friends who have helped in finishing this thesis, Anis Primadani,
Hutari Aguspramuna, Faridatul Aliyah, Eva Kusuma Wardani and others.
ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis is “A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE USE PREPOSITIONS IN BLUE’S SONGS”. The problems had begun to interest the researcher since she found that lyric of Blue’s Songs was not easy to be understood, especially to the student who are still studying English. The problems that were studied in the thesis are : 1) How prepositions are used in Blue’s conveyed in Blue’s Songs using those prepositions.
The research is intended to be a descriptive study, and the writer uses documentation as the way to collect the data. Documentation, in this case is the text of Blue’s Songs cassette, the writer takes 10 (ten) songs from the second album which is published in 2002. The title of the songs are L: One Love, Riders, Don’t treat me like a fool, She told me, U-make me wanna, Ain’t got you, Sorry seems to be the hardest word, Get down, Privacy, Invitation. The goal is merely to describe the problems that had been stated before.
From the analysis, it can be conclude that there are 38 prepositions combination used in Blue’s Songs (14%) Blue’s Songs have many prepositions (38%) based on the data analysis. The achievements of this research are expected to give some contributions to further study of preposition 1) Academic Benefit : a) Theoretically, the student will add findings of teaching English structure.
So that other students research, will use it as one of literature reviews in their study to find out some other aspects of these song, b) This study can contribute in the science of linguistics, especially in giving description about the use of preposition in Blue’s Songs. 2) Social benefit a) For teacher, it is as a guidance and input for their English teaching process that by development new method about preposition, b) For learner, it can enrich the students knowledge in
understanding preposition mainly the preposition used in Blue’s Songs.
i
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T
Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.
Alhamdulillahirobbiralamin, firstly the writer said as praise and thanks to
Allah SWT with his blessing, finally this thesis can be completed.
However, this success would not be achieved without the support,
guidance, advice, help and encouragement from individuals and institutions.
Therefore, let her say thanks to :
1. Drs. Badwan, M.Ag as the head of State Islam Studies Institute of Salatiga.
2. Drs. Sa’adi, M.Ag, the head of the English Department, all at once as the
examiner of this thesis, thanks for your knowledge, suggestion, motivation
and attention.
3. Mrs. Woro Retnaningsih, M.Pd thanks for your great attention, knowledge,
motivation and guidance.
4. Mr. Hammam, S.Pd, thanks for your knowledge, advice, motivation and
attention.
5. Mr. Ruwandi, S.Pd, thanks for your great attention, motivation, guidance and
advice.
6. Mr. Hanung Triyoko, S.S, thanks for your knowledge, advice, motivation and
attention.
7. All lecturers of English in English Department, who have given the
8. The main staff of library who have given services dealing with reading and
borrowing reference books.
Finally, this thesis is expected to be able to provide useful information to
the readers.
Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.
Salatiga, July 21st, 2004
The writer
Siti Aminah
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE... i
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR N O TES... ii
PAGE OF CERTIFICATION ... iii
MOTTO... iv
DEDICATION ... v
ABSTRACT... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ... ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of Problem... I B. The Research Problem... 4
C. The Objective of the Problem... 4
D. The Limitation of the Problem... 4
E. Review of Related Literature ... 5
F. The Theoretical Framework... 6
G. The Benefit of The Problem... 6
H. Methodology of Research... 7
I. Thesis Organisation... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Review of Preposition ... 10
1. Definition of Preposition... 10
3. Meaning of Prepositions ... 15
4. The Positions of Prepositions ... 27
5. The Preposition Combination... 30
6. Special Prepositions ... 35
B. The Difference of Preposition and Adverb ... ... 38
1. Preposition... 38
2. Adverb... 38
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. The Sample of the Study... 42
B. Method of Collecting the D ata... 42
C. Technique of Analyzing the D ata... 43
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS A. Preposition Used in Blue’s Songs... 45
B. Data Analysis ... 56
C. The Messages Conveyed in Blue’s Songs ... 70
CHAPTER V CLOSURE A. Conclusion... 73
B. Suggestion... 75
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CURRICULUM VITAE
APPENDIX
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Problem
Everyone will quickly realize that now they live in the century of
information. In the process of getting information, English plays an important
role as a means of receiving and transfering information. For international
communication, English has become a principal language and people always
call it an international language. However, for better, English has become the
major international language for communication among peoples in different
countries, cultures, and language backgrounds. This means that for everyone
English is like a key to a world full of potential apportunities and experiences.
There apportunities include the possibility to attend international conferences
and to live, work and study overseas.
Language is one of the most important things for human beings, as a
means of communication. Many people can express their ideas through
language. As a means of communication, language is used to share ideas,
knowledge and feeling in written or spoken form, in formal or informal
situation. Human beings as social and individual persons, always
communicate with each other. In communication, they use language as the
medium.
The language itself can be devided into spoken and written one. In a
moving part of the body and other for expressing feeling and ideas. While in
written language, it is the representation of the spoken one, which is very
helpful for communication. David Cristal, states that the difference of
structure add the use between written and spoken language are inevitable,
because there are products of radically different kinds of communication
situation.1
Besides, language plays an important role in every aspect of human
life, such as: politics, economics, sciences, technology, education and art.
There is branch of art; namely song. Song is short poem or number of verses
set to music and intented to be sung.* 2 A lyric of song can contain the poem
because it chosen from special word, the example is “Kupu-kupu Kertas”
song by Ebiet G. Ade. They are setiap malam engkau tersenyum sudut
matamu memancarkan rasa keresahan yang terbenam. The songs have the
imaginative quality and specific characteristic of the language use such as:
denotation, connotation, and symbols. Beside it, to writes a song needs of < '
structure of sentence such as: tenses, conjuction, preposition and others.
Everyword in the song has the power to person through its rhytm, to get trick
and suggestion.
English songs are used to express human feelings. It is necessary for
listeners especially indonesion people to comprehend the content of the songs.
Now, there are many young people who like to collect English songs cassettes
'David Cristal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia o f language, Cambridge university press, Cambridge, 1987.
‘ As Hornby, O xford Advanced Learner's Dictionary o f Current English, Oxford University Press, New York, P.823
than the others. They are interested in improving English mastery through
English songs which are popular in this time.
Blue’s songs have many popular songs, such one love, don’t treat me
like a fool, she toll me, U make me wanna, sorry seems to be the hardest word
and the others. Preposition can be difficult to interpret for general reader
mainly in preposition used in Blue’s songs. For example:
Can flip 180 in a matter of days
Sometimes love works in mysterious ways
I refuse to give up, I refuse to give in
One love for the mother’s pride
One love for the times we cride
One love for the city streets
One love for the hip hop beats
Late at night out I’m still wide awake
After reading the text of a song the listeners do not know what topic
of the text is. They are unable to understand the sentences that they read or
listen to. In the song, there are many messages. The language used in literary
work has been specific language; used in orderly communication. The style in
the literary' language is to express maximum idea, music, and song parts of
this world of sound and art based on the organization of sounds in time. From
the phenomena above, the writer is interested in conducting the study of
preposition used in Blue’s songs. Here the writer carries out a research
entitled :
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS IN
BLUE’S SONGS
B. The Research Problem
1. How prepositions are used in Blue’s songs?
2. What are the significant meanings of preposition in blue’s songs?
3. What are the messages conveyed in blue’s songs lyrics by using
those prepositions?
C. The Objective of the research
1. To find out or to know the meanings used in blue’s songs using
prepositions.
2. To identify the use of prepositions in blue’s songs.
3. To reveal the message conveyed in blue’s songs by using those
prepositions.
<
D. The limitation of the problem
In English songs, there are many interesting problems that can be
analyzed and discussed. Since it is impossible to analyze all of them and
this thesis is limited to the following things:
1. The research will be limited by the writer on analyzing the preposition
used by Blue’s songs.
V
2. This research will be limited on the second album of Blue’s songs.
E. Review of related literature
In this thesis, the writer takes review of related literature from the
other thesis as comparison. The writer uses the other thesis, and the title is
“A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN
WESTLIFE’S SONGS”3 which have been researched by Ifonilla Yenianti
in 2003, the student of State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) of
Salatiga.
In this thesis, she analyzed about the figurative style. According to her,
the language style used in Weslife’s songs is figurative style based on
simile, metaphor, personification, and metonimy, hyperbole and
apostrophe.
The second review related to this research and the title is A
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF QOLLOQUIAL STYLE IN
ENGLISH SONGS”4. Which have been researched by Endriana Sri
Wahyuni in 2002-2003, the student of State Islamic Studies Institute
(STAIN) of Salatiga.
In this thesis, she analyzed about colloquial style. According to her,
the language style used in English songs is colloquial style which
discusses about nonstandard English which is now recognized as normal
and interesting variety of English.
y '
--- s
3 Ifonilla Yenianti. A Descriptive Study on Figurative Language Used in W estlife’s Songs, unpublished thesis,Salatiga, 2003.
4 Endriana Sri Wahyuni, A Descriptive Study on The Use o f Colloquial Style in English
F. The Theoretical Framework
According to Marcella Frank, the preposition is classified as a
part of speech in tradisional grammar.5 However, preposition as well
as conjuction is different from other part of speech in that:
1. Each is composed of small class of words that have no
formal characteristic endings.
2. Each signal syntactic structures functions as one of the other
parts of speech.
For those reasons modem linguists prefer to classify
prepositions as structure words rather than as parts of speech.
According to Betty Schrampfer Azar, an important element of
English sentences is the prepositional phrase.6 It consists of a
preposition (PREP) and its object (O). The object of a preposition is a
noun or pronoun
G. The Benefit of Problem<
After this thesis is completed, the writer hopes it has the benefits to:
1. Academic Benefit.
a. Theoretically, the student will add findings of teaching English
structure. So that other students research, will use it as one of literature
reviews in their study to find out some other aspects of these song.
5 Marcella Frank, Modern English A Practical Reference Guide, Prentice Hall. New Jersey. Page 163
" Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar, Prentice Hall Press. New Jersey. Page.A2
b. This study can contribute in the science of linguistics, especially in
giving description about the use of preposition in Blue’s Songs.
2. Sosial Benefit
a. For teacher, it is as a guidence and input for their English teaching
process that by development new method about preposition.
b. For learner, it can enrich the students knowledge in understanding
preposition mainly the preposition used in Blue’s Songs.
H. The Methodology of Reseach.
1 The Method Research
In this study, the writer uses descriptive method. The reason of
choosing this design is in accordance with Suharsimi Arikunto’s
opinion, stating that descriptive studies are designed to obtain
information concerning with the current status of phenomena.7 They
are directed toward determining the nature of situation as it exists of <
the time of the study.
There is no administration or control of a treatment as it is
found in an experimantal study. Therefore, this study attempts to
identify, classify and describe the preposition of Blue’s songs. It will
be obtained from the result of the research.
2. The Method of Collecting Data
There are many ways to collect the data, such as:
documentation, observation, test, interview and questionaire. In this
case, the writer uses documentation as the way to collect the data.
According to Arikunto, documentation is getting the data about cases
or variable as note, transcript, book, magazine, etc 8 Documentation in
this case is the text of Blue’s songs cassette.
3. The Method of Anal yzing Data
In analyzing the data, the writer uses descriptive analysis
technique to analyze the use of preposition in Blue’s songs.
I. Thesis Organisation.
This thesis is devided into 5 chapters:
Chapter I is the introduction which contains the backgruond of
problem, the research problem, the objective of the research, the limitation of
the problem, review of related literature, the theoretical framework, the
benefit of the study, the methodology of the research, and thesis organisation.
Chapter II, the review of related literature contains definition of
preposotion, kinds of preposition, meaning of preposition, the position of
preposition, the preposition combination, special preposition and the different
of preposition and adverb.
Chapter III is the research methodology which describes the research
applied, the sample of the study, the method of collecting data, and the
technique of analyzing data.
8 Ibid, page.321
Chapter IV is data analysis which contains the preposition used in
Blue’s Songs, data analysis, the massage conveyed in Blue’s Songs.
Chapter V closure contains the conclusion and suggestion for further
study.
A
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITARATURE
A. Theoretical review of preposition
1. Definition of preposition
Marcella Frank in Modern English says that the preposition is classified
as a part of speech in traditional grammar1. According to John Suryadi .H in
English Grammar , Preposition is a word that cannot change the form and
always lies in front of noun or pronoun to look for certain relation among
words in the sentences* 2. Wren and Martin say in High School English
Grammar that preposition is a word placed before a noun and a pronoun to
show in what relation the person or thing is denoted by it stand in regard to
something else.3
From definitions above, a preposition is a word placed before a noun
and a pronoun and cannot change the form. However, The preposition is very
important when we write something either in story, song or everything. There
are many prepositions that we know in English language like the common
prepositions below:
about before despite of to
above behind down off toward
'Marcella Frank, Modern English : A practical reference guide, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1972, p. 163
■‘John Suryadi H, S. Kuncoro, Manaf ABC English Grammar, Indah. Surabaya, 1986, P. 360
Wren and Martin, High School English grammar Composition, New Delhi, Chand & Compony Ltd, 1995, P.109
across below during on under
after beneath for out until
againt beside from our up
along besides in since upon
among between into though with
around beyond like throughout within
at by near till without'
In English language, we know about word meaning and it is usually
used in poem, song, or story (literature), so in this case, it is important to
discuss word meaning. There are two word meanings in English language as
said by Imam D.Jhauhari in Mastery on English Grammar, such as:
a. Literal/Lexical Meaning
It is a basic meaning
Example:
They carry out their bags to the car
b. Figurative/Contextual Meaning
It is unreal meaning or word meaning that has relationship in the
sentences. We can call it as the idiomatic meanings4 5.
Example:
He is very rich, but he never looks down the other person
4 betty schrampfer azar, Understanding and using English Grammar, Prentice hall regents. New jersey, 1989, p. A2
From definition above, the preposition is still used in word meaning and
placed in front of a noun.
2. Kinds of Prepositions
Preposition may be arranged in the following classes:
a. Simple Prepositions
The oldest and the most frequently used in English preposotions are
those which are formed in the simplest one. Many of them are
monosyllabic, such as at, but, down, for, in, of, off, on, over, since,
though, to, till, with. All of these are called prepositions. At, by, down,
for, in, of, on, over, through, under, up, and with are prepositions when
they govern nouns or pronouns, but they are adverbs when they are
merely verbs and donot show relatioship between words.6
b. Compound Prepositions
Compound prepositions which are generally formed by profixing a
preposition ( usually a:no be.by ) to a noun, an adjective or an adverb.
About, above, across, along, amidst, among , amongst, around, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside,
underneath, within, without.
c. Phrase Prepositions
They are groups of words used with the force of a single preposition.
According to in accordance with
6 Homer c. House and susan emolyn harman,. Descriptive English grammar, Englewood cliNJ:prentice hall, 1950, p. 174.
Agreeable in addition to
Along with in (on ) behalf of
Away from in cast of
Because of in comparison to
By dint of in complience with
By means of in favour of
By reason of in front of
By virtue of in order to
By way of in place of
Corformably to in regard to
For the sake of in stead of
Owing to with a view to
An account to with an eye to
With regard to with referent to
Examples.
He succeeded by dint o f preseverance and sheer hard work.
By virtue o f the power vested in me, I hereby order.
In consquence o/his illness he could not finish the work in time.
Owing to ill hearth, he retired from business.
With reference to your letter of date, we regret, we can not allow any
further rebate.7
According to John Suryadi.H in ABC English Grammar states that
the kinds of preposition devided into six kinds, such as:
a. Simple Prepositions
b. Double Prepositions
It is required unless simple preposition to convey it:
Into, onto, from under, from among, from off, from within, over
againts.
c. compound prepositions.
It is made from noun, adjective or adverb that connected with
“be” (by) or “a” (on).
d. Participial Preposition
Pending, during, not with standing, past.
Example:
It’s quarter past one.
e. Phrase Prepositions
Two or more words are arranged in simple structure and at the
end with simple prepositions.
f. Disguised Prepositions
It was appeared that “by” can be used in “be”; by + hind.be +
hind:behind and “on” in “a”; on + cross:a + cross:across and “a” can
be used to “on” in front of gerund.
Example:
He has gone a-hunting
3. Meaning of Prepositions
A highly detailed classification of all prepositions would be fruitless in
a text on grammar, since such a classification would have to include many
items that more properly belong in the lexicon of the language than in the
grammar of the language. The following list will therefore give only the more
common meanings that preposition can have many of these meanings
correspond to the advebial meanings. Some meanings however are common
only to prepositions.8
a. Physical Relationship
1. Time
a). One point of time
(1) . On, we use it with dates and days
Examples:
1 saw him on Saturday
I usually go out on Monday
I usually go out on Monday Evenings.
(2) . At, we use it with times
Examples:
I saw him at noon
Tom usually leaves work at five a’clock
1 saw him at five o’clock.
We can also use “at” in this expressions:
(3). In, we use it for longer periods o f time.
Examples:
I saw him in September.
They got married in 1968.
I saw him in the morning.
I saw him in the spring,
b) Extended Time
Starting at the one point and ending at another (duration), the
extended can be devided into more of parts, such as:
(1) Since, gives the beginning point if it is used with present
perfect tense the end point is now.
Example:
I have not seen him since Monday.
(2) by, it implies no later than, at any time up to this point.
Examples: <
1 posted the letter body, so they should receive it by
Monday.
Where’s Ann? She sould be here by now.9
We’d better hurry, we have to be at home by 5 o’clock.
(3) by the time, it is to identify something happens in the same
time.
9 Raymond Murphy, English Grammar in Use, Cambridge Univercity Press, Cambridge, 1985, p. 232
H I
Examples:
It’s now worth going shopping now. By the time, we
get to the shops, they will be shut.
I’m fliying to the United States this evening. So by the
time you receive this letter, i’ll probably in New
York.10
(4) from-to or until, till, a begining point with from generally
requires an end point is given, until is used In speech, till is
frequently heard. We use until to say how long a situation
continous.
Examples:
I was tired this Morning, so I stayed in bed until half
past ten.
I cannot see you untill five o’clock.
I can see you from ten o’clock to two o’clock.
(5) for, it gives quantity of time and accompanied by a number or
an adjective of indefinite quantity. We use for plus a period
of time to say how long something goes on: for six years, for
two hours. In informal use for may be omitted before a
number.
Examples:
I’ve lived in this house fo r six years.
c)
I can see you for one hour.
We watched Television for two hours last night.
(6) during, it gives a block of time, usually thought o f as
undevided, we use during + noun to say something happens,
(not how long)
Examples:
I fell a sleep during the film.
The ground is wet, it must have rained during the
night.
We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday.
(7) in or within
in gives a quantity of time before which something will
happen. In corresponds to during, but it is used to quantity
rather than with a single block of time. With a word like
decade that denotes an expanse of time, in or during may be
used, depending on wether the time is felt as quantity or as a
single block o f time.
Examples:
1 can see you in an hour from now.
The population has doubled in the last ten years.
Sequence of time.
Event that follows one another.
Ihaven’t seen him fo r some time.
(1) Before, The event precedes the time given in the before phrase
prior to is literary aquivalent of before.
Examples:
I will see you before Wednesday
I always get up before eight o’clock.11
(2) After, the event follows the time given in the after phrase
subsequent to is literary equivalent of after.
Examples:
I will see you after Wednesday.
I walked this street after nine o’clock.
2 Place or Position
a) the point itself
1) in or inside, it gives the idea of something enclosed such as; a
container, a drawer, a room, a building, the w'orld.
Examples:
Hang your coat in the closed.
Robert lives m a small vilage in the mountains.
There was no one inside the house.
2) on, indicates the surface of something, a floor, a wall, a
ceiling, a desk, a street.
Examples: 11
Put the dishes on the table.
Don’t sit on the floor.
On top o f \\ emphasizes the uppermost horizontal surface. It is
used with an object that have some height.
Example:
He is standing on top o f the desk
3) at, refers to a general vicinity, mere presence at a place is
indicated, at also used for addresses with street numbers.
Examples:
He is at school.
He lives at 200 park evenue.
Write your name at the top.
b) higher or lower than a point.
1) Higher.
(a) Over, it is felt to be generally higher than a point.
Examples:
The plane flew over the mountains.
The pigeon flew over my head.
(b) above, it is felt to be directly higher than a point.
Examples:
He lives on the floor above us.
The plane was above the clouds.
2) lower
(a) Under, it felt to be generally lower than a point.
Example:
A subway runs under the street.
(b) underneath, it expresses the idea of close under, especially
so as to be hidden.
Example.
He swept the dirt underneath the rug.
(c) beneath, it expresses the idea of directly under, with some
space between.
Example:
Beneath a tree, lay a dog fast a sleep.
(d) below, it is felt to be directly lower than a point.
Example:
He lives on the floor below us.
c) Neighboring the point
(1) near, by, it has the most general meanings of neighboring a
point. By is a synonim for near. Close to means very near.
Examples.
He lives near the university.
He lives near my house.12
(2) next to, express with nothing else between them.
Example:
The teacher is right next to the post office.
(3) alongside, adjoining persons or things considered as lined up
or side by side.
Example:
the tug pulled up alongside the tangker
(4) beside, No one side of a person or things that has two sides.
Examples:
He sat beside his wife during the party.
He stood beside the table.
(5) between, on each side of a person or thing that has two sides if
more than two persons or things are positioned around a point,
among is used.
Examples:
He sat between his two sons.
You can see our house between two mountains.
(6) Opposite, directly faching someone or something else.
Example:
The museum is just apposite the post office.
2) Direction
The kind of movement designted by each prepositions given
below:
a) To-form
Example:
He always walk to school from his house.
b) toward\ away from.
Examples:
the pilgrims headed toward mecca.
They moved away from their old neighborhood.
c) in (to)-out to.
Example:
he ran into the house quickly, after a few minutes he ran out o f
the house with an umbrella under his arm.
d) Up-down.
Example:
He climbed up ( or down ) the stairs.
e) Around.
Example:
The ship sailed around the island.
f) Through.
Example:
You can drive through that town in an hour.
g) Past.
Example:
w
h) as fa r as.
Example:
we’ll walk only as fa r as the old schoolhouse.
a. Other semantic relationships
Many of the prepositions listed below introduce phrases that are
adverbial clause equivalents.
Those prepositions that introduce only adverbial phrase are marked
adv; those that introduce only adjective phrase are marked adj; and those
that introduce either type of phrase are marked adv,adj.13
1) Cause and reason
Because o f for, fo r the sake o f an account of, of, from, through,
in sequence o f or owing o f
Examples:
He died o f cancer.
He has made a mistake through carelessly.
The rice stop failed because o f the want of rain.
2) concession
in spite of, despite, notwithstanding, regardless of, with, for, after.
Examples:
with all his weight he isn’t a strong man.
Hellen keller succeeded in life in spite o f her physical
handicaps.
n Marcella Frank. Op. Cit. P. 168
3) condition
in case of, in (the) event o f
Example:
in case o f rain, the picnic will be canceled.
4) Purpose
For, fo r the purpose of, at, on, upon, to.
Examples:
She went to the grocery store fo r milk.
He come to the United States fo r the purpose of setting up a
business office there.
5) Accompaniment
With, alongwith, together with.
Example:
He went together with his wife to do the shopping.
6) Addition
As well as.
Example:
John, as well as his wife mary, has often expresses a desire to
live in Europe
7) Comparison
He is living like a millionaire,
bold as a lion, he leaped into the fray.
8) Degree
According to.
Example:
From each according to his abilities, to each according to his
needs
9) instrument
with.
Example:
He cut the meat with a sharp knife.
10) means
with, by.
Examples.
you can get there by subway
he has worked his way up to the top by hardwork
11) manner
with.
Examples:
Example:
He always does his work with great care
12) material
o f out o f from.
Tables are usually made o f wood
Wine is made from grapes
13) Source
From.
Example:
He is sprung /raw a noble ancestry.
14) separation
from, with.
Examples:
two inmates escaped from prison last night
he is always reluctant to part with his money
15) possession
o f
Examples:
Example:
The house o f my uncle is very big
4. The positions of preposition
The common position of preposition is placed before a noun and a
pronoun (object). Beside in, nowdays English the use of preposition at the
end of a sentence is acceptable, for examples:
He dislike being talked about.
When the object of preposition is the relative pronoun that, the
preposition is always placed at the end; as;
Here is the book that you asked for.
This is the house that he came to.
The preposition is often placed at the end when the object is an
interrogative pronoun or relative pronoun understood an interrogative
pronoun; as;
What are you looking for?
Which of these chairs did you sit o h? 14
Sometimes the object placed first for the sake of emphasis; as;
This / insist on, he is known all the world over
According to Marcella Frank, a preposition usually initiates the
prepositional phrase. However, in certain informal usages, the object of
preposition may appear in initial position in the clause, and the final position.
Such prepositions in final position are quite acceptable in informal
usage, in spite of the old rule that a sentence should not end with a
preposition. That this rule is unrealistic can be further proved by the many
other constuctions that we have already given in which the preposition may
appropriately appear at the end of the sentence; for example;
a. Prepositional forms used adverbially with verbs
He wants to go in
14 Wren and Martin, High School Grammar Composition, New Delhi, S. Chand& Company, 1995
b. Prepositional forms completing two-part verbs
I must look this word up
c. Prepositional forms with passive verb
He was well though o f
d. Prepositional forms with verbals
this is not worth worrying about'5
In two constructions, however, it is possible in informal English to
move the preposition to the end of the sentence:
;■ 1 , '/ft ''f.'''’ '' \ f - i f ■■ - : \ ,
a. In questions beginning with a preposition + whom/which/what/
whose/where:
to whom were you talking? (formal)
who were you talking to? (informal)
in which drawer does he keep it? (formal)
which drawer does he keep it ini (informal)
It used to be thought ungrammatical to the end a sentence with a <
preposition, but it is now accepted as a colloquail form.
b. Similarly in relative clause, a preposition placed before whom/which can
be moved to the end of the clause. The relative pronoun is then often
omitted:
the people with whom I was travelling (formal)
the people I was travelling with (informal)
the company from which I hire my TV set (formal) 15
the company I hire my TV set from (informal)
c. In phrasal verbs, the preposition/adverb remains after it’s verb, so the
formal type of construction is not possible.
The children I was looking after, couldnot be rewriten with after+whom
which bridge did they blow up? Couldnot be rewriten with up+which.
5. The Preposition Combination
A preposition may combine with a verb to form a new vocabulary
item. The preposition can also combine with an adjective; for examples:
Afraid of greatful to
Agree with guilty to
Believe in hope for
Bored with innocent of
Care about jealous of
Crowded with known for
Dream of limited to
Disappointed in patient with
Exposed to polite to
Forget about relevant to
Forgive for rely on
Furthermore, the verb preposition combination goes by several
names-two-part verb, composite verb, phrasal verb. The prepositional form
used with the verb may be referred to as an adverb, a prepositional adverb or
by the more general term “particle”. Many verbs get strongly associated with
certain prepositions in one or two ways:
a. Verb and preposition keeping their basic meanings
Take the book in your hand and open it
b. As a compound have an idiomatic meaning (we cannot guess the meaning
from the two parts)
I didn’t take to him at first, (like)
c. Phrasal verb
The term phrasal verb refers to a verb and preposition which
together have a special meaning, for example, put+off means “postpone”.
Sometime phrasal verb consist of three parts, for example, put+up+with
means “tolerate”.16
Phrasal verbs are especially common in informal English.
Following is a list of common phrasal verbs and their usual meaning:
Bring : bring about - cause
1 wonder what trough about his strange behavior?
Bring on-result in
His long exposure in the rain brought on a bad cold
Bring up-raise a subject,rear
They brouhgt up their children to behalf well
Call : call off-cancel
16
The bail game was called o ff because of rain
Call on-visit
We’ll call on you tonight
Call up-call on the telephone
He calls up his wife from the office everyday
Call down- reprimand
He was called down by his bass for leziness
Com e: come up-arise
A serious problem has just come up
Come out-be publised
The new grammar book will come out in August
Come to-total
How much do these purchasses come tol
Do : do over-redo, do again, redecorate
We plan to do over out entire apartment
Do without-sacrifice, not need
No one can do without sleep
Get : get up-wake up
What time do you get up in the morning?
Get over-recover from
It took him a long time to get over his cold
Give : give up-surrender
The enemy give up after along bettle
Give out-distribute
Please give out this papers to all the students
Go : go over-review, rehearse
The actors went over their parts
Go with-harmonize
That hat goes with the color of her eyes
Hand : hand in - submit
Assignments should be handed in on time
Hand down - transmit
This ring has been handed down for generations
Hold : hold up - rob
Our gasolin stasion was held up last night
Hold down - suppress
When people are held down too long, they often rebel
Keep : keep on- continue
If he keeps on coming late to work he’ll be fired
Look : look after - take care of
While we’re gone, grandmother will look after the children
Look over - review
Before the test, he looked over his notes carefully
Look up - search for information
I must look up that word in the dictionary
I can’t make out what he really wants
Make up - become reconciled,invent
They had a quarrel, but they soon made up
Pass : pass out - faint, distribute
He passed out from the heat
Pass up - neglect to take advantage of
He passed up a good job because of poor health
Pick : pick on - annoy, tease
Stop picking on your little brother
Pick out - select
Please pick out a nice tie for me
P u t: put off- postpone
Don’t put o ff for tomorrow what you can do today
Put on - don (clothes).
She’ll put on her best dress for the dance tonight
Put out- extinguish
Put out your cigarette before you go into the elevator
Run : run across - meet or find by chance
On the subway I run across an aid acquaintance
Run down - say unkind things about
If she keeps on running down her friends, she won’t have any left
Run over - hit by a car
The child was run over by a truck
Take : take after - resemble
She takes after her mother in everything she does.
Take over - assume control
In time of war the government may take over all means of
transportation.
Take up - consider,discuss
We are taking up prepositions this week
Turn : turn down - reject
Their bid was turned down because it was too high
Turn off - stop some kind of power
Please turn o ff the light
Turn on - start somekind of power
Please turn on the light
Turn out - happen
The fortune teller’s prediction turned out right
Turn up - appear
He always turns up when we least expect him.
6. Special Prepositions
a. Than - This word is usually a conjunction, but it is sometimes used as a
preposition; as:
I cannot accept less than fifty rupees for this article
he walked to the end o f the street
b. but - As a rule but is a conjunction, when used as a preposition, but
means “except” with the exception of.
what can he do but die?
All our ambitions death defeats, but one
c. A - I n the following sentences the a is a weakened form of the preposition
on:
He wages are sixty paise a day
Sugar is twenty five paise a seer
The following prepositions require special notice;
a. In is used with names of countries and large towns ; at is more often used
when speking of small towns and villages, as;
He is in America. They live in Delhi
He lives at Andheri in Salsette
b. In and At are used in speaking of things at rest ; to and into are used in
speaking of thing in motion ; as,
He is in bed. He is at the top of the class
He run to school. He jumped into the river.
c. On is often used in speaking of things at rest, and upon the things in
motion ; as,
He sat on a chair. The cat sprang upon the table
d. till is used of time and to is used of place ; as,
he slept till eight o’clock 1
1' wren and Martin op. Cit. P 115
Besides being fined, he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment
Be careful not to use beside for besides
B. The Different of Preposition and Adverb
1. Preposition.
a. Preposition usually come before the word they control. The indicate
various relationships between verbs or phrases, the most usual being those
of time, space and mental or emotional attitude. They can also come after
18
the word they govern, notable in questions and in relative clauses.
b. Preposition is closely tied to (pro) noun it controls
He looked at the boys
He spoke to them
He spoke about his travels
He looked out o f the windows r .
<
c. Preposition at the end of a phrase of a verb with preposition has the final
stress on the verb :
Give it to the man you spoke to
Who does he take afterl
2. Adverb
a. Adverb combine with verbs even more often than prepositions to form
idiomatic compounds. Most of them have the same form as their
corresponding prepositions, but the following words are adverbial only
and never used as prepositions:
Away, back, out; backward, downward, forward, upward.19
Adverb are most commonly found as a part of compound verbs.
Some o f these compound can be followed by a preposition to
make a further combination: go in for ( practice for pleasure); come out
with (say suddenly) ; get down to (apply oneself) ; put up with (
suffer,bear);etc.
b. an adverb is closely tied to its verb. An adverb always follows a pronoun
object. It usually follows the object even when this is a noun, unless the
noun phrase object is a long one, which would leave the verb too far from
its particle.
look the word up in the index
he couldn’t get his talk across
c. adverb at the end of a phrase a verb with adverb particle has a final stress
on the adverb.
which word are you going to look up ?
this is the book he brought back, and here’s the one
he wants to take out.
Sometimes, several words are used in the sentences as adverbs and
sometimes as preposition. A word is a preposition when govern a noun
Ibid, p.293
and a pronoun; it is an adverb when it is does not20. Look at the following
word list:
Adverb Preposition
Go and run about Don’t loiter about the street
I could not come before I came the day before yesterday
Has he come in ? is he in his room ?
The wheel came off The driver jumped off the car
Let us move on The book lies on the table
His father arrived soon after After a month he returned
Take this parcel over to the post- office he rules a vast empire
I have not seen him since I have not slept since yesterday
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The researcher uses descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive is serving
to describe or analogy characterizing something and it deals with the meaning of
thing and one view of meaning is associative.1 Qualitative research always have
the descriptive quality, means the data analyzed and the data analysis result have
the form of phenomenon descriptive, not nominals form or coefficient about
relation ship among variable.1 2
The process of doing qualitative research presents a challenge because
procedure of organizing images are well-defined and rely on process of inference,
insight, logic, and luck and eventually, with creativity and hard work, the results
emerge as coherent whole.
Qualitative research would deal with elements that are patterned or
distributed systematically but unevenly across space, time or other elements.
Related to this research, the writer uses descriptive method in which this
method is to describe what actually happens in certain conditions and situations
when conducting the research. The writer takes a certain procedures and would
explain in three parts, they are : (A) The sample of the study, (B) The method of
collecting data and (C) The technique of analyzing data.
1 Maanen, J.M. and Dabs J.M , Varieties o f Qualitative Research, London Sage Publication, 1982, page 31
2 Aminuddin. Pengembangan Penelitian Kualitative dalam Bidang Bahasa dan Sastra,
42
A. The Sample of the Study
The data sample of this research were ten English songs which have
prepositions. In this case, the writer took the data from the text. In this
research, the songs are as follows :
1. One Love
2. Riders
3. Don’t Treat Me Like A Fool
4. She Told Me
5. U Make Me A Wanna
6. Ain’t Got You
7. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word
8. Get Down
9. Privacy
10. Invitation
B. Method of Collecting the Data
In this study the writer applies documentation as the way to collect the
data. The techniques of taking the data were as follows. First, the writer
selected the songs from all albums by blue. Second, the writer selected the
songs from second album. Third, the writer real all the lyrics of the songs.
Then, the fourth, the writer selected the prepositions belonging to blue’s
43
C. Technique of Analyzing the Data
In analyzing the data, the writer applies descriptive method. In
analyzing the data the procedures are as follow :
1. Listening to the blue’s album
2. Reading and learning all sentences from the text of the songs
3. Identifying the kinds of prepositions
4. Analyzing the sentences which had preposition or in terms of their
structural aspect.
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
In this research, the writer presents the data taken from the sample. The
data were very important for the writer to show the object being researched. In this
research, the writer uses a qualitative analysis. Qualitative research is a research of
which the data in the forms of written or oral word are descriptively analyzed.1
After reading, Identifying the prepositions, the writer is going to present
the kind of prepositions, the preposition combination, the meaning of prepositions
and the message conveyed in the blue’s songs.
In this research, the data are taken from English song by blue’s song
especially the second album, such as :
1. One Love
2. Riders
3. Don’t Treat Me Like A Fool
4. She Told Me
5. U Make Me A Wanna
6. Ain’t Got You
7. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word
8. Get Down
9. Privacy
10. Invitation
1 Lexy Moleong, Metodology Penelitian K ualitatif, Depdikbud, Jakarta, 1983, page 3
45
A. Preposition Used in Blue’s Songs
In the chapter II (Review of Related Literature), it has been explained
about the preposition. Here the writer wants to identification about:
1. Identification of kinds of prepositions
2. Identification of preposition combination
1. Identification of kinds of preposition
Expression ONE LOVE
Kinds of Preposition
Can flip 180 in a matter of days Simple preposition
Sometimes love works in mysterious ways Simple preposition
One day you wake up gone without a trace Compound preposition
I refuse to give up Simple preposition
I refuse to give in Simple preposition
One love fo r the mother's pride Simple preposition
One love fo r the times we cried Simple preposition
One love fo r the city street Simple preposition
One love fo r the hip hop beats Simple preposition
Late at night out I'm still wide a wake Simple preposition
RIDERS
When you walked into my life Double preposition
We were in a club that night Simple preposition
46
I never been with anybody so right Simple preposition
This is fo r my riders who like to get on down Simple preposition
This is fo r my girls cause you know I get on down Simple preposition
This is fo r my people can you holla back Simple preposition
Tell me where the party at Simple preposition
Come back it up Simple preposition
I been around the block before Compound preposition
DON'T TREAT ME LIKE A FOOL
Wakin’ up to the truth Simple preposition
Couldn't see fo r love no Simple preposition
Tried my best to ignore it Simple preposition
It's been hard enough fo r me Simple preposition
You took advantage o f my trusting heart Simple preposition
Tried my best to for give you Simple preposition
Did my best to forget Simple preposition
I'm done with the tears Simple preposition
I know I'll be reaching out to touch you Simple preposition
in the night
Holding on to the memories Simple preposition
Cos you're not here to hold me tight Simple preposition
When all the lying you're doing is in someone Simple preposition
47
SHE TOLD ME
She had a mind ofher own Simple preposition
She was my sister’s best friend so now you know Simple preposition
where it's at
She's always been around Compound preposition
Right in front o fme Phrase preposition
How could I be too blind tosee ? Simple preposition
Me and he, we talked abouteverything Compound preposition
It was one ofthose times way back inthe day Simple preposition
She was a my door witha smile acrossher face Simple preposition
/compound preposition
She's gone out/<?r a while Simple preposition
She said that's cool withme that the reason Simple preposition
I came by
U MAKE ME WANNA
Tostart it off1 know you know me Simple preposition
To come tothink ofit, it was only last week Simple preposition
That I has a dream aboutus, oh Compound preposition
Totell the truth you know I've been hurting all Simple preposition
along
You make me wanna call you inthe middle ofthe Simple preposition
night
48
You're the first and last thing on my mind Simple preposition
Baby I'm tired o f being friends Simple preposition
Don't leave me in doubt Simple preposition
Sit you down on the couch Simple preposition
Gonna touch you like you're never know before Compound preposition
AIN'T GOT YOU Simple preposition
Fast money on a roll Simple preposition
It's not like that at all Simple preposition
You don't have to believe me Simple preposition
Now you know that I'm about Compound preposition
On top o f the world Phrase preposition
SORY SEEMS TO BE THE HARDEST WORD
What have 1 got to do to make you love me Simple preposition
What have 1 got to do to make you care Simple preposition
And I wake to find that you're not there ? Simple preposition
What have I got to do to make you want me Simple preposition
What have I got to do to be heart Simple preposition
Oh it seems to me Simple preposition
GET DOWN
I'm not the kind o f guy you can take for granted Simple preposition
It's not the way I am to tell you what I'm feeling Simple preposition
Think again, before you get the wrong impression Compound and simple
49
If you wanna get down withme, let the love come Simple preposition
naturally
Say you wanna get down with me Simple preposition
It can be just like beforeyou just got to try it Compound preposition
You've heart it all beforebut this time Compound preposition
I can change girl
I got so much togive I want a change toprove it Simple preposition
PRIVACY
Everytime I see you withthat guy Simple preposition
But the don't so let's not trip on him tonight Simple preposition
I don't really need the time tothink aboutit Simple and compound
preposition
All I know is that you're here forme and that's it Simple preposition
Ina minute you ganna be, right here instead of Simple, phrase
there withhim preposition
Baby come on and dance withme Simple preposition
Come up close tome, I see Simple preposition
I think it's time for us, to leave Simple preposition
And what it is you're tryin' todeny Simple preposition
Cuz when 1 look at you, I see it inyour eyes Simple preposition
I wouldn't go with him if 1 were you Simple preposition
And I don't wanna play withyour emotions Simple preposition
50
INVITATION
Ohh right, finished work on a Saturday Simple preposition
In a moon and I wanna play Simple preposition
I say in fo r my click around my way Double preposition
Hit the joint where the play is at Simple preposition
Is chill out with my crew Double preposition
You gotto shuffle a little and groove with me Simple preposition
It's a blue invitation, just come with me Simple preposition
Shortly if you wanna dance and groove with me Simple preposition
Nice girls by the side o f me Simple preposition
Sol step to check they vibe Simple preposition
I can see it in her eyes Simple preposition
She likes to but on this disquise Simple preposition
2. Identification of preposition combination
a. The data (01) entitles “One Love”
1) Lyric : one day you wake up gone without a
trace
Preposition combination : wake up
Meaning : rouse from inactivity, stir him to activity
2) Lyric : I refuse to give up
Preposition combination : give up
51
3) Lyric : I refuse to give in
Preposition combination : give in
Meaning : surrender, stop trying
b. The data (02) entitles “Riders”
1) Lyric : this is for my riders who like to get on
down
Preposition combination : get on
Meaning : become older
2) Lyric : this is for my girls cause you know I get
on down
Preposition combination : get on
Meaning : become older
3) Lyric : come back it up
Preposition combination : come up
Meaning : return to the memory
4) Lyric : my player days are gone for sure
Preposition combination : gone for
Meaning : be sold for
c. The data (03) entitles “don’t treat me like a fool”
1) Lyric : it's been hard wakin’ up
Preposition combination : wakin’ up (waking up)
52
2) Lyric : wakin’ up to the truth
Preposition combination : wakin’ up (waking up)
Meaning : rouse from inactivity
3) Lyric : it’s coming round again
Preposition combination : coming round
Meaning : be here again
4) Lyric : I know I'll be reaching out to touch you
in the night
Preposition combination : reaching out
Meaning : stretch out the hand for and take
something
5) Lyric : holding on to the memories
Preposition combination : holding on
Meaning : keep ones grip on
d. The data (04) entitles “She Told Me”
1) Lyric : she was always hangin’ out
Preposition combination : hangm’ out (hanging out)
Meaning : live
2) Lyric : she gone out for a while
Preposition combination : gone out
Meaning : leave someone
3) Lyric : she said “that’s cool with me the reason 1
53
Preposition combination : come by
Meaning : obtain by effort
e. The data (05) entitles “U Make Me Wanna”
1) Lyric : to start it off I know you know me
Preposition combination : start off
Meaning : begin to move
2) Lyric : pour some don perigon and hit the lights
out
*
Preposition combination : lights out
Meaning : to be turned out
f. The data (6) entitles “Ain’t got you”
1) Lyric : if I’m not what you’re looking for
Preposition combination : looking for
Meaning : search for
2) Lyric : got a shelf full of books - so ?
Preposition combination : full of
Meaning : completely filled
3) Lyric : got a room full of clothes - so ?
Preposition combination : full of
Meaning : completely filled
4) Lyric : go a box full of shoes - on ?
Preposition combination : full of
54
5) Lyric : and the street that I come from
Preposition combination : come from
Meaning : have as a birthplace, place of origin
6) Lyric : and baby no frettin’ I just suggest we get
it on
Preposition combination : get on
Meaning : become older
7) Lyric : get by every night I pray too
Preposition combination : get by
Meaning : survive
g. The Data (08) Entitles “Get Down”
1) Lyric : check this out
Preposition combination : check out
Meaning : get something, check
2) Lyric : I’m not the kind of guy you can take for
granted
Preposition combination : take for
Meaning : find out
3) Lyric : if you wanna get down with me, let the
love come naturally
Preposition combination : get down
