POLITIK
Daftar Isi
Kata pengantar……….. 2
Pengaruh Masyarakat terhadap Transportasi modern (Indonesia Translate)………. 3
Pengaruh Masyarakat terhadap Transportasi modern (Inggris Translate)………. 14
Teori yang berhubungan dengan handbook……….. 24
Daftar Pustaka………... 41
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan yang Maha Esa atas segala karunia dan hidayahnya, sehingga saya dapat mengumpulkan buku ini tepat pada waktunya. Saya juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Dosen pembimbing mata kuliah psikologi sosial. Teori yang saya gunakan dalam menyelesaikan buku ini adalah Social Conflict, Harmony and Integration dari John
PENGARUH MASYARAKAT TERHADAP TRANSPORTASI MODERN
A. PENGERTIAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN ALAT TRANSPORTASI
Perkembangan transportasi sekarang membawa dampak kehidupan yang lebih baik. Tenaga manusia berpindah menjadi tenaga mesain sehingga
mempermudah masyarakat untuk melakukan aktifitas walaupun tempat tersebut jauh. Karena sudah merupakan kebutuhan kita untuk berpergian kemanapun, tanpa adanya transportasi kita tidak bisa mencapai tujuan dengan mudahnya. Sekarang berkembang pula
tersebut, jarak jauh dapat ditempuh dalam waktu yang singkat. Dimana saja, sekarang dengan adanya
handphone kita bisa melakukan pemesanan transportasi untuk mencapai tujuan yang dituju tanpa susah-susah untuk kita mendatangi tempat penjualan tiket untuk perjalan transportasi
B. FUNGSI DAN MANFAAT TRANSPORTASI
Menurut Utamo, transportasi memiliki fungsi dan manfaat yang terklasifikasi menjadi beberapa bagian penting. Transportasi memiliki fungsi yang terbagi menjadi dua yaitu melancarkan arus barang dan manusia dan menunjang perkembangan pembangunan (the promoting sector).
1. Manfaat Ekonomi
Kegiatan ekonomi bertujuan memenuhi kebutuhan manusia dengan menciptakan manfaat. Transportasi adalah salah satu jenis kegiatan yang menyangkut peningkatan kebutuhan manusia dengan mengubah letak geografis barang dan orang sehingga akan menimbulkan adanya transaksi.
2. Manfaat Sosial
Transportasi menyediakan berbagai kemudahan, diantaranya
a) pelayanan untuk perorangan atau kelompok,
b) pertukaran atau penyampaian informasi,
c) Perjalanan untuk bersantai,
e) Memencarkan penduduk / transmigrasi penduduk.
3. Manfaat Politis
Transportasi menciptakan persatuan, pelayanan lebih luas, keamanan
negara, mengatasi bencana, dll.
4. Manfaat Kewilayahan
Memenuhi kebutuhan penduduk di kota, desa, atau pedalaman.
C. DAMPAK PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI TRANSPORTASI
sebagai penggerak mesin, yakni minyak bumi. Asap-asap kendaraan mengakibatkan polusi udara di perkotaan, namun alat transportasi juga memiliki dampak positif akan kenyamanan dalam bertransportasi.
Dampak positif teknologi transportasi :
1. Bagi masyarakat dipedesaan, transportasi sangat diperlukan dalam menyalurkan hasil pertanian, perkebunan, dan peternakan ke perkotaan. Sehingga mempermudah hubungan perekonomian masyarakat desa dengan masyarakat diperkotaan.
2. Mempersingkat waktu perjalanan/ tidak
memerlukan waktu banyak dalam menempuh perjalanan.
gas karbon dioksida yang bisa dimanfaatkan dalam proses fotosintesis pada tumbuhan.
Dampak negatif :
1. Minyak bumi semakin langka seiring
perkembangan dan pemakaian alat transportasi terus-menerus.
2. Alam menjadi tidak estetis (indah) , seperti asap kendaraan bermotor yang bercampur dengan debu akan membentuk oksidasi nitrogen yang menyebabkan awan menjadi kecoklatan. Adanya minyak dari kapal yang tumpah dapat menyebabkan kerusakan keindahan laut dan biota didalamnya.
dihasilkan kendaraan menimbulkan pencemaran udara yang dapat menyebabkan ketulian.
4. Berkurangnya area pertanian dikarenakan peningkatan pembangunan fasilitas transportasi, misalnya : terminal, bandara, bahkan jalan raya.
5. Tingginya kadar polusi udara, menyebabkan kesehatan masyarakat menurun diakibatkan penyakit saluran pernafasan.
D. UPAYA MENGATASI DAMPAK
PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI TRANSPORTASI
cadangan minyak bumi dunia sementara kebutuhan bahan bakar harus tersedia.
Penerapan Prinsip ekoefisiensi dalam memenuhi kebutuhan bahan bakar antara lain:
1. Penggunaan sumber energi alternatif yang dapat diperbaharui, seperti tenaga angin, air, biomassa, dan bahan bakar organik.
Untuk mengatasi kelangkaan minyak bumi ada beberapa hal harus kita lakukan. Diantaranya:
a. Mengonversi dari penggunaan minyak tanah ke gas
Persediaan minyak tanah yang merupakan produk turunan dari minyak bumi semakin lama semakin menipis. Untuk memperbarui minyak tanah
membutuhkan waktu bejuta-juta tahun. Masyarakat Indonesia saat ini masih menggunakan minyak tanah sebagai bahan bakar kompor untuk memasak. Sementara itu, cadangan gas masih banyak dialam. Sehingga dimungkinkan untuk berpindah menggunakan gas.
b. Menghemat pemakaian listrik
Semakin banyak pemakaian listrik kita maka semakin banyak pula minyak bumi yang harus dikeluarkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik masyarakat. Dengan
melakukan penghematan listrik, maka kita telah membantu mengurangi pemakaian minyak bumi.
c. Mencari sumber energi alternatif baru
Saat ini sudah banyak energi alternatif pengganti minyak bumi. Dengan terus mencari dan mengembangkan energi alternatif maka pemakaian minyak bumi akan semakin berkurang. Hal ini tentu menguntungkan karena energi alternatif dapat diperbaharui dan minyak bumi tidak dapat diperbaharui.
d. Menggunakan BBM secara bijak
meningkat. Inilah yang mengakibatkan terjadinya kelangkaan BBM. Sistem 3 in 1 yang berlaku di kota besar merupakan salah satu cara efektif untuk mengatasi kelangkaan sekaligus kemacetan.
e. Mengubah pola pikir masyarakat
Tak bisa dipungkiri kebanyakan masyarakat Indonesia masih banyak yang menonjolkan gengsi dan masyarakat konsumsi. Sehingga dalam suatu keluarga ada yang punya kendaraan pribadi untuk masing-masing anggota keluarga. Hal ini akan membuat pemakaian kendaraan akan semakin meningkat yang mengakibatkan kebutuhan terhadap minyak bumi seperti solar meningkat,
THE INFLUENCE
OF THE SOCIETY AGAINST MODERN TRANSPOR TATION
A. THE UNDERSTANDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEANS OF TRANSPORT
The development of transport now carries the impact of a better
life. Human powerswitch power mesain be so ease the community
transportation. With these means of transport, the distances can be reached in a short
time. Anywhere, now with the mobile we can book transport to achieve the
intended purpose without difficulty-hard for us to come to the place of the ticket sales for touring transport B. FUNCTIONS AND BENEFITS OF TRANSPORT According to Utamo, the transportation functions and the benefits which are classified into several important parts. Transport has a function that is divided into two namely launched a freight and
passenger flows and support the development of the construction (the sector promoting).
1. Economic benefits
Economic activities aimed at fulfilling human needs by creating the benefits. Transport is one of the types of activities related to the improvement of human needs by changing the geographical location of goods
and people so that it will give rise to the existence of the transaction.
2. Social benefits
Transportation provides many conveniences, including a) service for individuals or groups,
b) Exchange or delivery information, c) Travel for leisure,
d) Shorten the distance,
3. Political Benefits
Transport creates unity, more extensive service, security countries, overcome the disaster, etc.
4. The benefits of Territorial
Meet the needs of the population in the town, village, or the outback.
C. THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY
The development of the means of transport has positive and negative impacts to human life and the natural environment. Transport technology require fuel as drivin gmachines, namely petroleum. Smoke-smoke of
Positive impact of transportation technology: 1. For the community of dipedesaan, transport is
indispensable in channeling the agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry to the urban areas. So simplify the relationship economy village community with the community diperkotaan.
2. Shorten the travel time/don't take much in travel. 3. karbonmonoksida Gas of a motor vehicle when reacting with oxygen aerial will produce carbon dioxide gas which can be utilized in the process of
photosynthesis in plants. Negative impact:
1. Oil is increasingly rare as the development and the use of continuous transport.
form the oxidation of nitrogen that causes the cloud to brownish. The presence of the oil spilled from the ship can cause damage the beauty of the sea and biota within.
3. Air pollution and sound pollution affecting human psychology. Blare produced vehicles cause air pollution that can cause deafness.
4. The decline in the agricultural area due to the increase in the construction of transportation facilities, such as the terminal, the airport, even the highway.
D. THE EFFORT OF OVERCOMING THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY
Various human activities require energy, such as coal, petroleum, water, sunlight, wind etc. The
current problem is the depletion of the world's petroleum reserves while the need of fuel must be available.
The application of the principle of ekoefisiensi in meeting the needs of fuel, among others:
which aim to anticipate the petroleum reserves are depleting.
In order to overcome the scarcity of oil, there are some things we have to do. Among them:
a. Convert from using kerosene to gas Supplies of kerosene which is a derivative
of petroleum product the longer the depleting. To update the kerosene takes a bejuta-million years. Indonesia's current community still using kerosene as a
fuel stove for cooking. In the meantime, gas reserves are still a lot of hiking. So it is possible to switch to use gas. b. Save power consumption
community. Electricity saving by doing it, then we have helped reduce the use of petroleum.
c. the search for new alternative energy sources It's been a lot of alternative energy substitute for petroleum. By continuing to seek
and develop alternative energy then the use of petroleum will be reduced. It is certainly beneficial because renewable alternative energy and
petroleum could not be updated. d. Using FUEL wisely
Every year users vehicles has increased. This has resulted in increased FUEL usage. This is what led to a scarcity of fuel. 3 in 1 system prevailing in major cities is one of the effective ways to cope
with scarcity while jamming.
Most of the community is
TEORI
Social Conflict, Harmony, and Integration
JOHN F. DOVIDIO, SAMUEL L. GAERTNER, VICTORIA M. ESSES, AND MARILYNN B.
BREWER
SOCIAL CONFLICT AND INTEGRATION
Humans are fundamentally social animals. Not only is group living of obvious contemporary importance (see Spears, Oakes, Ellemers, & Haslam, 1997), but also it represents the fundamental survival strategy that has likely characterized the human species from the
intergroup integration. This chapter examines
INDIVIDUALAND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
Perspectives on social conflict, harmony, and integration have reflected a variety of disciplinary orientations. For instance, psychological theories of intergroup attitudes have commonly emphasized the role of the individual, in terms of personality and attitude, in social biases and discrimination (see Duckitt, 1992; Jones, 1997). Traditional
psychological theories, such as the work on the authoritarian personality (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950), have
socialization and social cognition) to the expression of subtle, and often unconscious, biases (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1998; S. Gaertner & Dovidio, 1986; Kovel, 1970; Sears, 1988; Sears & Henry 2000). In addition, the role of social norms and standards is emphasized in recent reconceptualizations of older measures, such as authoritarianism. Right-wing
authoritarianism (Altemeyer, 1996, 1998) has been found to be associated with negative attitudes toward a number of groups, particularly those socially stigmatized by society (e.g.,Altemeyer, 1996; Esses, Haddock, & Zanna, 1993).
Recent approaches to intergroup relations within psychology have also considered the role of
TEORI
Evolution: A Generative Source for Conceptualizing.
PERSONOLOGY’S RELATIONSHIP
TO OTHER SCIENCES
guide our own discipline’s explorations. Much of personology, no less psychology as a whole, remains adrift, divorced from broader spheres of scientific knowledge; it is isolated from firmly grounded if not universal principles, leading us to continue building the patchwork quilt of concepts and data domains that characterize our field. Preoccupied with but a small part of the larger puzzle of nature or fearful of accusations of reductionism, we may fail to draw on the rich
possibilities to be found in parallel realms of scientific pursuit. With few exceptions, cohering concepts that would connect our subject domain to those of its sister sciences in nature have not been adequately developed.
seekers closely to relevant observations and laws
developed in other scientific fields is needed. The goal— albeit a rather ambitious one—is to refashion our
patchwork quilt of concepts into a well-tailored and aesthetically pleasing tapestry that interweaves the diverse forms in which nature expresses itself (E. O. Wilson, 1998).
Personological features may often be dissonant and may be partitioned conceptually for pragmatic or scientific purposes, but they are segments of an inseparable physicochemical, biopsychosocial entity.
conceptual interfacing, convergent dialogues, and mutual enlightenment.
portrayalsorbythecompellingpowerofitslogicoritsdata.Th eir arguments not only coordinate with but also are anchored to observations derived specifically from principles of modern physical and biological evolution. It is these underpinnings of knowledge on which the personological model presented in this chapter has been grounded and from which a deeper and clearer
understanding may be obtained concerning the nature of both normal and pathological personality functioning.
On the Place of Theory in Personology
reproductive strategy. Whatever one’s appraisal of these conjectures, the model that follows may best be
approached in the spirit in which it was formulated—an effort to provide a context for explicating the domains of personological science in the hope that it can lead to a clearer understanding of our subject. All sciences have organizing principles that not only create order but also provide the basis for generating hypotheses and
stimulating new knowledge. A contextual theory not only summarizes and incorporates extant knowledge, but is heuristic—that is, it has “systematic import,” as Hempel (1965) has phrased it, in that it may originate and develop new observations and new methods.
However, and ostensibly toward the end of pragmatic sobriety, those of an antitheory bias have sought to persuade the profession of the failings of premature formalization, warning that one cannot arrive at the desired future by lifting science by its own bootstraps. To them, there is no way to traverse the road other sciences have traveled without paying the dues of an arduous program of empirical research. Formalized axiomatics, they say, must await the accumulation of so-called hard evidence that is simply not yet in.
No one argues against the view that theories that float, so to speak, on their own, unconcerned with the empirical domain, should be seen as the fatuous achievements they are and the travesty they make of the virtues of a truly coherent conceptual system. Formal theory should not be pushed far beyond the data, and its derivations should be linked at all points to established observations. However, a theoretical framework can be a compelling instrument for coordinating and giving consonance to complex and diverse observations—if its concepts are linked to relevant facts in the empirical world. By probing beneath surface impressions to inner structures and processes, previously isolated facts and difficult-to-fathom data may yield new relationships and expose clearer
However, this progression does not advance by brute empiricism alone, by merely piling up more descriptive and more experimental data. What is elaborated and refined in theory is understanding, an ability to see relations more plainly, to conceptualize categories and dimensions more accurately, and to create greater overall coherence in a subject—to integrate its elements in a more logical, consistent, and intelligible fashion.
observations are not readily available and in which innovative insights are few and far between. In such subject domains, scientists not only are quite
comfortable, but also turn readily to deductive theory as a means of helping them explicate and coordinate knowledge. It is paradoxical but true and unfortunate that personologists learn their subject quite well merely by observing the ordinary events of life. As a
consequence of this ease, personologists appear to shy from and hesitate placing trust in the obscure and complicating, yet often fertile and systematizing powers inherent in formal theory, especially when a theory is new or different from those learned in their student days.
ion that goes beyond superficial appearances to the order underlying them” (Bowers, 1977). For example, pre-Darwinian taxonomists such as Linnaeus limited themselves to apparent similarities and differences among animals as a means of constructing their categories. Darwin was not seduced by
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi
http://zonageograp.blogspot.com/2011/11/pengertian-transportasi.html
Noor Muhammad Nino Harel adalah nama dari penulis buku ini. Penulis lahir dari orang tua
Musaharel dan Sri Wahyuni anak pertama dari kedua bersaudara. Penulis dilahirkan di kota Surabaya,17 APRIL 1997. Penulis menempuh pendidikan mulai dari TK Yamastho Surabaya melanjutkan ke SDN
