SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
WITH INDONESIAN PERSPECTIVE
Eur. Ing Dr J S Younger OBE PhD MS BSc (Hons) CEng FICE
Chairman: Glendale Partners & PT Nusantara Infrastructure Tbk. IndonesiaUK Charities Trust for East Bali Poverty Project
Honorary Research Fellow, Glasgow University
20th October 2011
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
WITH INDONESIAN PERSPECTIVE
Eur. Ing Dr J S Younger OBE PhD MS BSc (Hons) CEng FICE
Chairman: Glendale Partners & PT Nusantara Infrastructure Tbk. IndonesiaUK Charities Trust for East Bali Poverty Project
Honorary Research Fellow, Glasgow University
PROLOGUE
The Universal Scale & Sustainable Development
Tragedy of the Commons
Collapse of Civilisation
Today s
Issues
The tragedy of the commons
... Living wihin a finite world, encapsulated by the universal image of the earth seen from space ...
The Universal Scale & Sustainable Development
Tragedy of the Commons
Collapse of Civilisation
Today s
Issues
The tragedy of the commons
PROLOGUE
Tragedy (Greek)
an inevitable consequence of actions
The scene:
a)
Finite nature of the world
b)
Biological energetics of human survival
c)
Difficulties in defining optimum populations
d)
Complexities of quantifying standards of living
e)
Questioning the desirability of total individual freedoms
Imagine an unfenced pasture open to all
a common!
Tragedy (Greek)
an inevitable consequence of actions
The scene:
a)
Finite nature of the world
b)
Biological energetics of human survival
c)
Difficulties in defining optimum populations
d)
Complexities of quantifying standards of living
e)
Questioning the desirability of total individual freedoms
INTRODUCTION
MAIN ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED IN LECTURE
Water, Food and Energy
Impact of changes in Population and Demography
Sustainable Development and Sustainability and Jurisdictional
Responsibilities
Climate Change
Education for Sustainable Development
Vital issues of water and sanitation
Problems of rural and peri-urban poverty alleviation and
development
Cities as a force for good , a new concept
Designing for sustainability
MAIN ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED IN LECTURE
Water, Food and Energy
Impact of changes in Population and Demography
Sustainable Development and Sustainability and Jurisdictional
Responsibilities
Climate Change
Education for Sustainable Development
Vital issues of water and sanitation
Problems of rural and peri-urban poverty alleviation and
development
WATER, FOOD AND ENERGY
Water
Population
Food Energy
POPULATION: Current Situation
Current world population has reached 7bn, compared to 2.2bn in
the mid 20th Century.
Then less pressing interactions and fewer numbers of humankind
problems.
Explosion of life and livelihood opportunities brought about by
the discovery of the silicon chip.
Explosion of population due to advances in medicine that have
greatly lengthened lifespan (aided by silicon chip).
Current world population has reached 7bn, compared to 2.2bn in
the mid 20th Century.
Then less pressing interactions and fewer numbers of humankind
problems.
Explosion of life and livelihood opportunities brought about by
the discovery of the silicon chip.
POPULATION: Current Situation
(Cont d)
Indonesia s average life expectancy still remains under the level
of highly developed nations, although dramatic improvement has
been achieved
Social pressures faced by the next generations
demographic
shift towards older generation and levelling of population growth.
But OK for next 25 years
Population decline that will require changes to life patterns and
supporting infrastructure in the decades ahead (Next generation
problem).
Impact on Water, Food and Energy
Indonesia s average life expectancy still remains under the level
of highly developed nations, although dramatic improvement has
been achieved
Social pressures faced by the next generations
demographic
shift towards older generation and levelling of population growth.
But OK for next 25 years
Population decline that will require changes to life patterns and
supporting infrastructure in the decades ahead (Next generation
problem).
Figure 1. Life Expectancy in Indonesia
Source: WHO Health Report on Indonesia + Indonesian Health Department March 2008
Improved 50% from 1970 value of 47.2years
Still have many improvements to achieve in health standards compared to a developed nation
Ranks at 131 out of 178 surveyed nations
Note: In developed countries significant numbers will live to 100 years by mid-century)
POPULATION: Current Situation
(Cont d)
Life Expectation
Figure 1. Life Expectancy in Indonesia
Source: WHO Health Report on Indonesia + Indonesian Health Department March 2008
Improved 50% from 1970 value of 47.2years
Still have many improvements to achieve in health standards compared to a developed nation
Ranks at 131 out of 178 surveyed nations
Note: In developed countries significant numbers will live to 100 years by mid-century)
Improved 50% from 1970 value of 47.2years
Still has much improvements to achieve in health standards compared to a developed nation
Ranks at 131 out of 178 surveyed nations
Figure 2. Mortality Rate in Indonesia
Source: WHO Health Report on Indonesia + Indonesian Health Department March 2008
POPULATION: Urbanization
Population Growth with time
2008 : Urban / Rural ratio ~ 50/50
2030 : Urban / Rural ratio ~ 70/30
Region Population %
Sumatera 48,504,717 22%
Figure 3. Indonesia Population 1940 2045
POPULATION: Urbanization
(Cont.)
Declining growth peak demonstrates how population will peak
Rate is an overall figure which masks difference between urban and rural growth.
Urban growth is currently assessed at 4% and rural growth is assessed to be under 1.3% and is declining steadily.
Figure 4. Indonesia Average National Growth Rate 2000 2025P
Source: NCE, 2010
Declining growth peak demonstrates how population will peak
Rate is an overall figure which masks difference between urban and rural growth.
POPULATION: Urbanization
(Cont.)
Significant changes to expanding urban environment which needs
immediate attention.
A key feature of urbanization is impact on water demand profile
specifically in Java and Sumatra where population density is high.
Population density of Java exceeds 982 persons/km
2, while the
total for the country is only 118 persons/km
2and is much less in
remote areas.
Differing solutions for densely populated areas compared with
those with sparse populations.
Significant changes to expanding urban environment which needs
immediate attention.
A key feature of urbanization is impact on water demand profile
specifically in Java and Sumatra where population density is high.
Population density of Java exceeds 982 persons/km
2, while the
total for the country is only 118 persons/km
2and is much less in
remote areas.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Definition:
The development and utilization of natural resources for economic growth with the exploitation of those resources held compatible with sensible conservation of the environment such that future generations are not impoverished .
(Younger 2007)
Current process Desired process Control Process
Figure 5. Development Controlled by Central Government
Current process Desired process
Figure 6. Sustainability with Emphasis at Community Level
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Jurisdictional Structures and Responsibilities
Table 1. Levels of Jurisdiction
No Level Responsibility Execution
1 Mega Global UN, IPCG. WTO. etc
2 Macro National Cental Gov t Cabinet, Legislature, Planning & Line Ministries
3 Meso 1 Provincial Provincial Governor, Local Legislature, Provincial Gov t Office
Provincial Governor, Local Legislature, Provincial Gov t Office
4 Meso 2 District / City Regent, Mayor and Legislature 5 Micro 1 Village / Community Village Representative
6 Micro 2 Personal Personal/Family
Four interacting areas concerning the governing of a society: social, economic, environmental and political (SEEP).
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Jurisdictional Structures and Responsibilities
Table 2. Sustainable
Development at Meso Level
Leadership and Bureaucracy Budget Allocation
Operations & maintenance New development
Table 3. Sustainable
Development at Micro Level
Usually starting from low base (poverty)
Engaging and empowering Requiring holistic solutions Structuring and Scheduling Development
Health: Access (if required); learning/teaching (education) approach
Improving & Forming Family / Community structures self enterprise Community growth. Usually starting from low base (poverty)
Engaging and empowering Requiring holistic solutions Structuring and Scheduling Development
Health: Access (if required); learning/teaching (education) approach
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Jurisdictional Structures and Responsibilities
Table 4. Importance of SEEP Issues
No Level Social (1) Economic Environmental Political Comment
1 Mega b/c a a a Umbrella
2 Macro b a (2) b (3) a Top-Down
3 Meso a/b a/b a/b a/b Condition
3 Meso a/b a/b a/b a/b Condition
4 Micro a b/c a a Bottom-Up
Note:
(1) Includes religion Issues
(2) Measured as macro-economic indicator e.g. GDP
(3) As usually perceived, climate change could raise important issues in some jurisdictions
a. Essential b. Important
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change has dominated many global discussions over the past decade and will continue to influence these
Climate change impacts could have major influences over the environment throughout this century and possibly greatly affect the social and economic situations of several countries perceived as vulnerable.
Is climate now in a period of unprecedented change as a result of major expansion of human activities in the past half century? Debate/historical perspective
Will noted increase in greenhouse gases especially CO2 have a permanent impact over the planetary environment as experienced today?
Changes are gradual and historically have been frequently revised.
Climate change has dominated many global discussions over the past decade and will continue to influence these
Climate change impacts could have major influences over the environment throughout this century and possibly greatly affect the social and economic situations of several countries perceived as vulnerable.
Is climate now in a period of unprecedented change as a result of major expansion of human activities in the past half century? Debate/historical perspective
Will noted increase in greenhouse gases especially CO2 have a permanent impact over the planetary environment as experienced today?
CLIMATE CHANGE
(Cont d)
Climate change issue has raised salutary points which would fit well into responsible sustainable development:
Expansion in the use of renewable energy solutions.
Reforestation, proper husbanding of forest preserves and application of REDD Scheme.
Reducing energy usage of cities and towns, the real hotspots of the world.
It is important to understand that climate is always changing But major changes take place over longer time periods than has been taken into account for any particular structure or multi faceted development .
Planning is usually or should be looking ahead for given periods of 50-100 years, with robust safety factors built in to meet extraordinary events.
Climate change issue has raised salutary points which would fit well into responsible sustainable development:
Expansion in the use of renewable energy solutions.
Reforestation, proper husbanding of forest preserves and application of REDD Scheme.
Reducing energy usage of cities and towns, the real hotspots of the world.
It is important to understand that climate is always changing But major changes take place over longer time periods than has been taken into account for any particular structure or multi faceted development .
EDUCATION
Using Schon s assessment (1987), sustainable development falls into the category of the messy problem of the swampland compared for example with the structural analysis of a building which is narrowly focused and very much on the high ground.
Professionals have a major part to play in developing and maintaining sustainable projects and university education should emphasise this in the curriculum for the 21st century graduate.
Key issues in a changing environment concern:
Population and demography issues,
The social environmental impact of urbanization, The deployment of resources,
Mitigating pollution; re-use solutions/biomass energy,
Addressing possible and time dependent climate issues, and
Question of immediate to long term requirements for water and energy, and food demand.
Using Schon s assessment (1987), sustainable development falls into the category of the messy problem of the swampland compared for example with the structural analysis of a building which is narrowly focused and very much on the high ground.
Professionals have a major part to play in developing and maintaining sustainable projects and university education should emphasise this in the curriculum for the 21st century graduate.
Key issues in a changing environment concern:
Population and demography issues,
The social environmental impact of urbanization, The deployment of resources,
Mitigating pollution; re-use solutions/biomass energy,
Addressing possible and time dependent climate issues, and
EDUCATION
(Cont d)
Example:
New focus on Civil Engineering education
A new focus: Much wider education needed by civil engineers of today As recognised by the Institution of Civil Engineers
Many UK key universities now have established and built up sub departments dealing with issues contained in Sustainable Development and Sustainability
Tony Ridley: A 21st century is not the one I was educated to be in the 20th Century attention drawn by Schon (1987)
Jowitt (2006) also referred to this and said that: In the varied topography of professional practice, there is a high, hard ground overlooking a swamp. On the high ground, manageable problems lend themselves to solution through the application of research based theory and technique. In the swampy lowland, messy, confusing problems defy technical solution. The irony of this situation is that the problems of the high ground tend to be relatively unimportant to individuals or society at large, however great their technical interest may be, while in the swamp lie the problems of greatest human concern .
Example:
New focus on Civil Engineering education
A new focus: Much wider education needed by civil engineers of today As recognised by the Institution of Civil Engineers
Many UK key universities now have established and built up sub departments dealing with issues contained in Sustainable Development and Sustainability
Tony Ridley: A 21st century is not the one I was educated to be in the 20th Century attention drawn by Schon (1987)
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water and Sanitation in General
Many nations of the world face a daunting challenge in delivering clean water to their populations - Arguably, the availability of clean water is the most serious global crisis of the 21st century (Chairman, Nestle).
Over 1 billion people (approx. 17% of the world population) remain without clean water.
More than 1.6 million die every year as result of water-borne diseases. Approx. 2.6 billion people (about 40% of the world population) do not have access to a basic (clean) and safe form of sanitation (WHO 2005). Water and sanitation related diseases account for 10% of global ill health
involving over US$7 billion in healthcare costs (probably a low figure). Many nations of the world face a daunting challenge in delivering clean water to their populations - Arguably, the availability of clean water is the most serious global crisis of the 21st century (Chairman, Nestle).
Over 1 billion people (approx. 17% of the world population) remain without clean water.
More than 1.6 million die every year as result of water-borne diseases. Approx. 2.6 billion people (about 40% of the world population) do not have access to a basic (clean) and safe form of sanitation (WHO 2005). Water and sanitation related diseases account for 10% of global ill health
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE
(Cont d)
One of Indonesia s MDGs set out in 2000 is to halve the number of people without access to clean water and sanitation by 2015. New sanitation almost did not make the list of priorities set out in the MDGs due to the low esteem held by sanitation activities.
In 1999, Indonesia devolved responsibility for provision of water services to the regions, even though certain functions regarding political cross boundary jurisdictional issues or technical matters are still referred to central government.
Approaches towards use of water are well within the scope of sustainable development. Depending on function, planning or implementation and size of responsibility, provision of water would be handled at either the meso or micro community level.
One of Indonesia s MDGs set out in 2000 is to halve the number of people without access to clean water and sanitation by 2015. New sanitation almost did not make the list of priorities set out in the MDGs due to the low esteem held by sanitation activities.
In 1999, Indonesia devolved responsibility for provision of water services to the regions, even though certain functions regarding political cross boundary jurisdictional issues or technical matters are still referred to central government.
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water
Indonesia (Cont d)
Indonesia, like most developing countries, realises that it will not achieve its MDG goals; however, positive steps are being taken in a number of regencies where there is awareness of the MDG targets.
These include issues on gender, women empowerment and other plausible aims as well as targets for provision of clean water and sanitation.
Healthier people contribute to the betterment of communities there is absolutely no reason why most people in the world (Indonesia in particular) cannot have access to clean water and sanitation.
Not a question of money, rather, it is a question of empowering people who are going to be directly benefitted from actions taken bottom-up sustainable development.
Indonesia, like most developing countries, realises that it will not achieve its MDG goals; however, positive steps are being taken in a number of regencies where there is awareness of the MDG targets.
These include issues on gender, women empowerment and other plausible aims as well as targets for provision of clean water and sanitation.
Healthier people contribute to the betterment of communities there is absolutely no reason why most people in the world (Indonesia in particular) cannot have access to clean water and sanitation.
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE
(Cont d)
Indonesia is well blessed with water with availability of some 3,085 billion m3/year (not always evenly distributed) Only about 0.55% of overall water resources has been developed.
Some 89% of the water harnessed has been used for rice irrigation and support for other crops emphasising dependence on agriculture sector balance used for domestic, municipal and industrial (DMI) purposes.
In Java, usage ratio is changing due to paddy land being converted to real estate and industrial developments at rate of approx. 37,000 ha/annum. (Java produces 60% of rice crop)
Significant damage to the majority (75%) of Indonesia s 131 water basins (International Standards: 14,000m3 / person / year safe level, 5,000m3/person/year critical level; and 1,000 m3/person/year very serious condition) e.g.:
Ciliwung Cisadane water balance only amounts to 504m3/person/year Jratun Seluna water balance amounts to 880m3/person/year
Bengawan Solo water balance only amounts to 1,810m3/person/year
Indonesia is well blessed with water with availability of some 3,085 billion m3/year (not always evenly distributed) Only about 0.55% of overall water resources has been developed.
Some 89% of the water harnessed has been used for rice irrigation and support for other crops emphasising dependence on agriculture sector balance used for domestic, municipal and industrial (DMI) purposes.
In Java, usage ratio is changing due to paddy land being converted to real estate and industrial developments at rate of approx. 37,000 ha/annum. (Java produces 60% of rice crop)
Significant damage to the majority (75%) of Indonesia s 131 water basins (International Standards: 14,000m3 / person / year safe level, 5,000m3/person/year critical level; and 1,000 m3/person/year very serious condition) e.g.:
Ciliwung Cisadane water balance only amounts to 504m3/person/year Jratun Seluna water balance amounts to 880m3/person/year
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water
Indonesia (Cont d)
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water - Indonesia (Cont d)
Lengthy periods without rain now cause problems for these and other smaller river catchments, particularly in drier areas such as East Java.
The most important river basin, the Citarum, is one of the most polluted in the world.
Government has been trying to push ahead plans to construct a series of water storage reservoir in the Greater Bandung Upper Citarum area, in addition to the already existing reservoirs.
Combination of more storage with stabilization of deforested areas will be necessary to prevent rapid siltation of the reservoirs from erosion.
Upstream deforestation is prime reason for wet season downstream flooding uncontrolled stripping of forest areas for building on slopes in the Puncak area.
Uncontrolled groundwater abstraction in Jakarta has increased flooding in the past 20 years Resultant subsidence of more than 2m in some places.
Lengthy periods without rain now cause problems for these and other smaller river catchments, particularly in drier areas such as East Java.
The most important river basin, the Citarum, is one of the most polluted in the world.
Government has been trying to push ahead plans to construct a series of water storage reservoir in the Greater Bandung Upper Citarum area, in addition to the already existing reservoirs.
Combination of more storage with stabilization of deforested areas will be necessary to prevent rapid siltation of the reservoirs from erosion.
Upstream deforestation is prime reason for wet season downstream flooding uncontrolled stripping of forest areas for building on slopes in the Puncak area.
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water - Indonesia (Cont d)
Once soils have been subject to consolidation, there is no reversing the subsidence that has taken place (Younger et al, 1990)
High proportion of natural disasters related to flooding significantly from deforestation.
Landslides commonly triggered by uncontrolled runoff; 58% of recorded disasters can be related to water.
Regional government should have disaster emergency systems in place to undertake responses to occurence of localised flooding or landslide disasters (ADB 1990; Younger 2009).
UN estimates in 2004 (considered optimistic to some)
Overall population access to water 74%; distribution in urban areas 89%, distribution in rural areas 64%
Overall population access to sanitation facilities 59%, distribution in urban areas 74%, distribution in rural areas 52%
Once soils have been subject to consolidation, there is no reversing the subsidence that has taken place (Younger et al, 1990)
High proportion of natural disasters related to flooding significantly from deforestation.
Landslides commonly triggered by uncontrolled runoff; 58% of recorded disasters can be related to water.
Regional government should have disaster emergency systems in place to undertake responses to occurence of localised flooding or landslide disasters (ADB 1990; Younger 2009).
UN estimates in 2004 (considered optimistic to some)
Overall population access to water 74%; distribution in urban areas 89%, distribution in rural areas 64%
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Water
Indonesia (Cont d)
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation
There has been and are ongoing a number of initiatives in the sanitation sector over the past decade, however progress in the rural or peri-urban area has been slow.
Lack of sanitation and treatment of waste and wastewater provides a foundation for disease and sickness without containment is also a recipe for epidemic spread to other areas.
Ignoring these issues seriously undermines local government plans for development to cope with rapid urbanization taking place at the country s main city centres.
Rural poverty levels remain particularly high with lack of sanitation being a major contributory factor long way yet to achieve MDGs across the world, particularly sanitation MDG (To meet this goal, 95,000 toilets must be installed every day, one toilet per second, every day for the next 5 years; George, 2009). While sanitation message is gradually getting through to people at the bottom end of society, this has not really got through to the legislators, who usually live in conditions unaffected by poor sanitation.
There has been and are ongoing a number of initiatives in the sanitation sector over the past decade, however progress in the rural or peri-urban area has been slow.
Lack of sanitation and treatment of waste and wastewater provides a foundation for disease and sickness without containment is also a recipe for epidemic spread to other areas.
Ignoring these issues seriously undermines local government plans for development to cope with rapid urbanization taking place at the country s main city centres.
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation (Cont d)
Sanitation development has different emphasis between government jurisdictions Reflecting different needs and priorities and stages of development, and varying degrees of understanding of how to improve the issues being faced in dealing with sanitation and solid waste.
[image:30.792.58.777.50.546.2]From review of local government, jurisdictions are often aware of the aims of the MDGs. Some are satisfyingly strong on all the aims and the importance of cleaning up the environment for their inhabitants, but others are less so.
Table 5 shows different arrangements for combined water supply and sanitation for various levels of development in poverty alleviation programmes options set out and variations of these are being put under several local government initiatives.
Key to successful operations is the direct involvement of the communities concerned, sustainable development from the bottom up.
Sanitation development has different emphasis between government jurisdictions Reflecting different needs and priorities and stages of development, and varying degrees of understanding of how to improve the issues being faced in dealing with sanitation and solid waste.
From review of local government, jurisdictions are often aware of the aims of the MDGs. Some are satisfyingly strong on all the aims and the importance of cleaning up the environment for their inhabitants, but others are less so.
Table 5 shows different arrangements for combined water supply and sanitation for various levels of development in poverty alleviation programmes options set out and variations of these are being put under several local government initiatives.
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation (Cont d)
Type of Water Supply Sanitation Options Notes
Public standpipes Community managed sanitation blocks
Assumed that individual household sanitation facilities are available Standpipe
cooperatives
Community managed sanitation
blocks on site systems or condominial sewerage
Choice depends on space availability and costs
Community managed sanitation
blocks on site systems or condominial sewerage
Yard-tap cooperatives On site systems or condominial sewerage
Choice depends on space availability and costs
In-house multiple tap cooperatives
[image:31.792.0.787.49.562.2]Condominial sewerage In low density non-poor areas on-site septic tank systems may be used
WATER
THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE:
Sanitation (Cont d)
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case
Private funded East Bali Poverty Project (started 1999) has completely
transformed the lives of 17,000-people community living in 19
villages/hamlets to the north of Mt. Agung in Desa Ban of Karangasem regency. 7,000ha mountainous area.
Early undertakings concerned providing much better access and bringing in clean water eliminating many hours of walking required by villagers for its collection.
Water: catching rain water in 400 liter cubangs (water tanks built by the communities) with carbon filter arrangement. With help of Thames Water, then tapped water from springs emanating from Mt. Agung and Mt. Abang. Today, 75% of the people in the Desa have immediate reasonable access to clean water, while work is proceeding to extend coverage to the remaining areas.
Key to overall success has been empowerment of the communities and emphasising ownerships to various developments. Many lessons can be learned and applied to other undeveloped rural areas in this bottom-up approach to sustainable development.
Private funded East Bali Poverty Project (started 1999) has completely
transformed the lives of 17,000-people community living in 19
villages/hamlets to the north of Mt. Agung in Desa Ban of Karangasem regency. 7,000ha mountainous area.
Early undertakings concerned providing much better access and bringing in clean water eliminating many hours of walking required by villagers for its collection.
Water: catching rain water in 400 liter cubangs (water tanks built by the communities) with carbon filter arrangement. With help of Thames Water, then tapped water from springs emanating from Mt. Agung and Mt. Abang. Today, 75% of the people in the Desa have immediate reasonable access to clean water, while work is proceeding to extend coverage to the remaining areas.
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case (Cont d)
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case (Cont d)
Figure 13. Aerial photograph of terrain for communities at higher elevations (above)
Figure 14. Conditions of People at the Beginning (right)
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
A Rural Case (Cont d)
[image:36.792.14.775.56.557.2]Figure 16. Stages of Cubang Construction for Typical Hamlet Family of 5 People
ALLEVIATING POVERTY: A Rural Case
(Cont d)
ALLEVIATING POVERTY: A Rural Case
(Cont d)
KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
(1998
2003+)
Carried on from mid 1990 s government initiative
Integrated approach to small community development, including roads (and water, schools, etc)
Empowerment of villages Highly successful
Carried on from mid 1990 s government initiative
Integrated approach to small community development, including roads (and water, schools, etc)
KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
[image:40.792.6.782.54.557.2](1998
2003+)
Figure 19. Short road and bridge in Sumedang, West Java
KECAMATAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
[image:41.792.8.781.55.555.2](1998
2003+)
Peri urban problems have become a major issue worldwide with large population growth and rapid urbanization affecting areas of Jakarta, for example, usually (not exclusively) along river banks.
While there will be significant and steady increase in middle-class numbers, there will also be an expansion in the numbers at the lower income level.
When catering for property demand at the higher end of the social scale, there will be a substantial requirement to accomodate a growing number of people at the bottom end of the social scale.
Provision of low lost housing is a serious responsibility for the city government and a politically sensitive issue for the central government. City of Jakarta has drawn up plans for low cost housing with mid rise structures included in the mix.
During the 20th century, the developed world had a massive rebuild programme to overcome the depredations of WWII and earlier waste issues from the industrial period with many socio-environmental mistakes and distinctly variable construction standards in the haste for rapid construction
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
The Peri-Urban Challenge
Peri urban problems have become a major issue worldwide with large population growth and rapid urbanization affecting areas of Jakarta, for example, usually (not exclusively) along river banks.
While there will be significant and steady increase in middle-class numbers, there will also be an expansion in the numbers at the lower income level.
When catering for property demand at the higher end of the social scale, there will be a substantial requirement to accomodate a growing number of people at the bottom end of the social scale.
Provision of low lost housing is a serious responsibility for the city government and a politically sensitive issue for the central government. City of Jakarta has drawn up plans for low cost housing with mid rise structures included in the mix.
The overriding lesson that later 20th century planners and developers had to learn was the need to involve the community in the resolution of new works, not just in provision of basic hard infrastructure.
For succesful development at the lower income level and to encourage communities to not only look after their areas of responsibility in soft and hard infrastructure, the social infrastructure has to be properly defined in a holistic manner.
Properly carried out, this can provide the foundation for a community to better itself and take pride in so doing.
In principle the problems and solutions do not vary in substance from those for rural community development; in either case the emphasis is on bottom up development, with empathetic care and assistance provided by mid-level government.
When planning and developing a peri-urban or lower income development, it is important that plans and execution take a fully integrated approach with the communities being a wholesome part of the decision making processes.
ALLEVIATING POVERTY:
The Peri-Urban Challenge (Cont d)
The overriding lesson that later 20th century planners and developers had to learn was the need to involve the community in the resolution of new works, not just in provision of basic hard infrastructure.
For succesful development at the lower income level and to encourage communities to not only look after their areas of responsibility in soft and hard infrastructure, the social infrastructure has to be properly defined in a holistic manner.
Properly carried out, this can provide the foundation for a community to better itself and take pride in so doing.
In principle the problems and solutions do not vary in substance from those for rural community development; in either case the emphasis is on bottom up development, with empathetic care and assistance provided by mid-level government.
The concept of the City as a force for Good or CFG, is comparatively new and has evolved from an attempt to encapsulate something of the benignity of sustainability. The essential challenge of CFG is therefore:
How can a city s water infrastructure be re-engineered to restore the natural capital and ecosystem services of the nature that occupied the land before the city?
How can urban infrastructure be re-engineered to enable the city to act as a force for good, deliberately to compensate for the often negative impacts of the rest of man s iterventions in nature, such as, for example, the non-urban structures of dams and diversions for agricultural irrigation?
The critical importance of water is highlighted how a city handles its water infrastructure is key to its sustainable future.
BAPPENAS have thought of implementing a permanent solution to the steadily sinking north of the city through the construction of a long protective sea wall and the locking in of fresh water as a basis of water supply for north city developments
CITIES AS A FORCE FOR GOOD
The concept of the City as a force for Good or CFG, is comparatively new and has evolved from an attempt to encapsulate something of the benignity of sustainability. The essential challenge of CFG is therefore:
How can a city s water infrastructure be re-engineered to restore the natural capital and ecosystem services of the nature that occupied the land before the city?
How can urban infrastructure be re-engineered to enable the city to act as a force for good, deliberately to compensate for the often negative impacts of the rest of man s iterventions in nature, such as, for example, the non-urban structures of dams and diversions for agricultural irrigation?
The critical importance of water is highlighted how a city handles its water infrastructure is key to its sustainable future.
The captured fresh water can be treated and provide the basis of water supply for housing and commercial developments that already exist and which are or could be planned for the north area of the city.
The BedZED project in London, was designed to take on board a fulsome sustainable development approach to a new residential community.
Much was learned both good and unsatisfactory from the Project, and it serves as a basis for further future energy efficient developments. The key features and recommendations put forward have been:
Most of the problems in the project related to contractual and commercial issues and the administration structure adopted.
Vital to understand the water supply-demand balance of the development. Need to develop a nationally accepted green water quality standard applicable to non-potable water systems.
(Singapore view of waste water)
CITIES AS A FORCE FOR GOOD
(Cont d)
The captured fresh water can be treated and provide the basis of water supply for housing and commercial developments that already exist and which are or could be planned for the north area of the city.
The BedZED project in London, was designed to take on board a fulsome sustainable development approach to a new residential community.
Much was learned both good and unsatisfactory from the Project, and it serves as a basis for further future energy efficient developments. The key features and recommendations put forward have been:
Most of the problems in the project related to contractual and commercial issues and the administration structure adopted.
Vital to understand the water supply-demand balance of the development. Need to develop a nationally accepted green water quality standard applicable to non-potable water systems.
The other key areas for sustainable cities concern energy demand and how to make very much more efficient use of energy; and transportation. Both the water and power considerations can be integrated into a master plan that should follow the new Green Building Code, with energy use balance, and application of comparatively new concepts to deal with solid waste for use as fertilizer (Hydroponic vegetables).
With regards to sanitation, the thinking for treatment in the future is moving away from main line major treatment works.
In summary, all this is still only largely not much beyond the concept stage and considerable work is required to take these ideas to fruition But it is time to start thinking more strategically while incorporating solutions to the many environmental problems that currently exist and building them into a long term condition of sustainability.
CITIES AS A FORCE FOR GOOD
(Cont d)
The other key areas for sustainable cities concern energy demand and how to make very much more efficient use of energy; and transportation. Both the water and power considerations can be integrated into a master plan that should follow the new Green Building Code, with energy use balance, and application of comparatively new concepts to deal with solid waste for use as fertilizer (Hydroponic vegetables).
With regards to sanitation, the thinking for treatment in the future is moving away from main line major treatment works.
The discussion has primarily concentrated on sustainable development, the issues and the importance of engaging society in solutions.
The type of professionals needed to play an influential part in hard and soft infrastructure development and in the sustaining of it would need a completely different form of education from that considered appropriate a half century ago.
There is interesting work going on across the world wherein engineers and architects are now designing today s structures with efficiency in use of energy and water as the underpinning principles in the design.
This work will attract a different approach with neutral energy balance as the underwriting principle.
This new specialist professional is in contrast to the sustainable development generalist dealing with the messy problems referred to above, and equally needs a different training to that served in the 20th century.
DESIGNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The discussion has primarily concentrated on sustainable development, the issues and the importance of engaging society in solutions.
The type of professionals needed to play an influential part in hard and soft infrastructure development and in the sustaining of it would need a completely different form of education from that considered appropriate a half century ago.
There is interesting work going on across the world wherein engineers and architects are now designing today s structures with efficiency in use of energy and water as the underpinning principles in the design.
This work will attract a different approach with neutral energy balance as the underwriting principle.
Sustainable development and sustainability have only become fashionable ideas over the past 20 years.
A combination of huge population expansion over the past 60 years in parallel with advances in medicine has put large pressures on resources, and led to many arguments as to the sustainability of the way we live. In the past decade there has been increasing interest and practical demonstration on how the manner in which we live can be much more efficiently undertaken. Solutions usually need to integrate several technologies, along with social factors, and there remains much to do in this process and its management.
Population expansion has led to greater numbers of the world population in poverty, a problem that mankind has never seemed able to resolve.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Sustainable development and sustainability have only become fashionable ideas over the past 20 years.
A combination of huge population expansion over the past 60 years in parallel with advances in medicine has put large pressures on resources, and led to many arguments as to the sustainability of the way we live. In the past decade there has been increasing interest and practical demonstration on how the manner in which we live can be much more efficiently undertaken. Solutions usually need to integrate several technologies, along with social factors, and there remains much to do in this process and its management.
The argument is presented that alleviating poverty and working towards sustainable development at the poorest end of society requires the energy and enthusiasm of these communities and results can be quite spectacular.
Water resources, their use, and rapid urbanization are live problems of today and all fit into the need to find sustainable solutions for human living in the years ahead.
Protection of water resources is fundamental to optimising food production.
The pressure will be particularly felt over the next half century, although delay in taking action at this juncture to address problems will cause an unnecessary stress on use of resources and greater costs.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The argument is presented that alleviating poverty and working towards sustainable development at the poorest end of society requires the energy and enthusiasm of these communities and results can be quite spectacular.
Water resources, their use, and rapid urbanization are live problems of today and all fit into the need to find sustainable solutions for human living in the years ahead.
Protection of water resources is fundamental to optimising food production.
The expertise to manage sustainable development that we need in the years ahead requires a different approach to advanced education and training than adopted for most of the 20th century.
The huge ability of computers to tackle very complex problems now offers the opportunity to provide a solid foundation to the solution of complex problems in sustainable development and sustainability.
Practical judgements and decisions must remain, however, with engineering technocrats and a significant number of counterpart disciplines, well-educated for dealing with 21st century problems.
World Delta Summit (Jakarta, 21-24 November 2011)
CONCLUDING REMARKS (Cont d)
The expertise to manage sustainable development that we need in the years ahead requires a different approach to advanced education and training than adopted for most of the 20th century.
The huge ability of computers to tackle very complex problems now offers the opportunity to provide a solid foundation to the solution of complex problems in sustainable development and sustainability.
Practical judgements and decisions must remain, however, with engineering technocrats and a significant number of counterpart disciplines, well-educated for dealing with 21st century problems.
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