THESIS ENGLISH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES USING PREPOSITIONS BY, WITH, AND WITHOUT AND THEIR TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCES IN INDONESIAN

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THESIS

ENGLISH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES USING PREPOSITIONS

“BY”, “WITH”, AND “WITHOUT” AND THEIR TRANSLATION

EQUIVALENCES IN INDONESIAN

I WAYAN SUARDHANA

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2015

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THESIS

ENGLISH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES USING PREPOSITIONS

“BY”, “WITH”, AND “WITHOUT” AND THEIR TRANSLATION

EQUIVALENCES IN INDONESIAN

I WAYAN SUARDHANA

NIM 0790161017

MASTER PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

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ENGLISH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES USING PREPOSITIONS

“BY”, “WITH”, AND “WITHOUT” AND THEIR TRANSLATION

EQUIVALENCES IN INDONESIAN

Thesis is as a fulfillment to obtain a Master Degree in Translation Studies Postgraduate Program Udayana University

I WAYAN SUARDHANA NIM 0790161017

MASTER PROGRAM

LINGUISTIC PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2015

ii

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APPROVAL SHEET This thesis was approved

on August, 18th 2015 by

First Supervisor Second Supervisor

Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum Dr. I Made Rajeg, M.Hum NIP 19590109 198403 2 001 NIP 19581019 198603 1 001

Acknowledged by

Head of Master Program In Linguistic Department Postgraduate Program Udayana University,

Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University,

Prof. Dr. Drs. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A NIP 19521225 197903 1 004

Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp. S (K) NIP 19590215 198510 2 001

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This thesis has been examined by the Board of Examiners on August, 18th 2015

The examiner committee of thesis based on Decree of Rector of Udayana University No: 2571/UN14.4/HK/2015 dated August, 18th 2015

Board of Examiners:

Chairman : Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum Members : 1. Dr. I Made Rajeg, M.Hum

2. Dr. Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, M.A 3. Dr. I Nyoman Sedeng, M. Hum 4. Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M. Hum

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SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT

Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini:

Nama : I Wayan Suardhana NIM : 0790161017

Program Studi : Magister (S2) Linguistik

Konsentrasi : Penerjemahan, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Udayana

Judul Thesis : English Prepositional Phrases Using Prepositions “By”, “With”, and “Without” and Their Translation Equivalences in Indonesian

dengan ini menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah Thesis ini bebas dari plagiat.

Apabila dikemudian hari terbukti terdapat plagiat dalam karya ilmiah ini, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi semua peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia No. 17 tahun 2010 dan peraturan perundang - undangan yang berlaku.

Denpasar, Agustus 2015

I Wayan Suardhana

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis is in regard to the analysis of English Prepositional Phrases Using Prepositions “By”, “With”, and “Without” and their translation equivalences in Indonesian. The purpose of this study is basically to give more understanding in the application of some theories that are the procedures, principles, and shift of translation in the translation process. It is conducted on the basis of library research. But I was born in the darkest ignorance and my spiritual master opened my eyes with the torch of knowledge. So I offer my respectful obeisances unto him. In writing this thesis, through him as well, I received causeless mercies from the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Sri Krishna, for which I firstly dedicate my sincere obeisances, worship, and thankful prayers of praise unto Him so that this thesis as a requirement to obtain a Master Degree in Applied Linguistics could be finally completed although not in due course. Besides that, I also received some encouragements from English lecturers at the English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University. My best appreciation is given to them. In this oppoturnity, the expression of my best gratitude also goes to the following:

1. The Rector of Udayana University for giving me the opportunity to attend postgraduate studies at Udayana University

2. The Director and the Assistant Director with all staff of postgraduate program, Udayana University, for giving me an opportunity to improve my language skill

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3. The Head and Secretary with all staff of Master Program in Linguistics, Udayana University, for their assistance during the studying process 4. Dr..Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum as my first supervisor and Dr.I Made

Rajeg, M.Hum as my second supervisor for their patience in guiding and assisting me to check and revise the manuscript

5. Dr. Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, M.A, Dr. I Nyoman Sedeng, M. Hum and Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M. Hum as members of examining board for their research academic suggestions.

In line with all the above, I also privately wish to share and address my grateful appreciation to my beloved families; great parent, loyal wife, patient children, and the other ones that cannot be mentioned here one by one, for their encouragements, moral supports, and strong spirits.

Last but not least, I deeply expect that this thesis will be helpful and useful reference for the ones who want to do a deeper study in translation and in particular for the English-Indonesian translators. Being awfully aware that this thesis is quite far from being perfect due to my lack of competence in completing this thesis, therefore, the constructive criticism and suggestion are very much appreciated.

Denpasar, August 2015

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viii ABSTRACT

The study entitled English Prepositional Phrases Using Prepositions “By”, “With”, and Without” and Their Translation Equivalences in Indonesian is about the process of translating the prepositional phrase of the source language (English) into the target language (Indonesian). This study is aimed at answering three questions elaborated in section of problems of study; the first is what types of lexical and syntactical forms of the English prepositional phrases “by”, “with”, and “without” are found in Indonesian, the second one is what types of procedures, principles, and shifts of translation do occur in the process of translating the English prepositional phrases “by”, “with”, and “without” in Indonesian, and the third one is what is the closest equivalence of the English prepositional phrases “by”, “with”, and “without” in Indonesian.

In this study, the mothod applied was the descriptive-qualitative as the explanation was related to social matter which was in obtaining the data conducted through library research by the techniques of observation and notes-taking. The data in this study was acquired from texts of the Vedic scripture “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is” by A.C Bhaktivedanta Svami Prabhupada and its translation in Indonesian “Bhagavad-Gita Menurut Aslinya”. From the texts, there was obtained many kinds of data related to the prepositional phrases “by”, “with”, and “without” which then were analyzed. The process of analysis was done according to theory developed by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000) that is about seven procedures of translation, by Nida (1975) on loss, gain and skewing of information, and by Catford (2000) in shifting. The analysis was on the occurrence of shift in the process of translating the English prepositional phrases “by”, “with”, and “without” into Indonesian, the strategies used in the translation of the prepositional phrases and also the occurrence of the loss, gain of information in translating the prepositional phrase “by”, “with”, and “without”. Besides, it was also on the finding of lexical and syntactical forms and the closest equivalence of the English prepositional phrases with prepositions “by”, “with”, and “without” in Indonesian.

Eventually, the data which have been analyzed reveals that in the first finding, English and Indonesian had their own lexical and syntactical forms and they also had some similarities and more differences, in the second one, the procedure applied by the translator were literal translation or word per word translation, borrowing, transposition, and modulation. Furthermore, loss and gain of information also occured in some data, and the level and category shift both occured specifically on the structure, class, unit, and intra-system shift. In the last finding of the prepositional phrase, preposition “by” had the closest equivalent of “oleh”, “with” “dengan” and “without” “tanpa”

Keywords: prepositional phrase, lexical, syntactical, shift, procedures, equivalence

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ix ABSTRAK

Studi yang berjudul “English Prepositional Phrases Using Prepositions “By”,“With”, and “Without” and Their Translation Equivalences in Indonesian adalah mengenai proses penerjemahan frasa preposisi dari bahasa sumber (Bahasa Inggris) ke bahasa target (Bahasa Indonesia). Studi ini bertujuan menjawab tiga pertanyaan yang dipaparkan di bagian masalah; yang pertama, apa tipe bentuk leksikal dan sintaktikal frasa preposisi bahasa Inggris “by”, “with”, dan “without” dalam bahasa Indonesia, kedua, apa jenis prosedur, prinsip, dan shift terjemahan yang terjadi dalam proses penerjemahan frasa preposisi bahasa Inggris “by”, “with”, dan “without” ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, dan ketiga, apa kesepadanan terdekat frasa preposisi bahasa Inggris dengan preposisi “by”, “with”, dan “without” ke dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Dalam studi ini digunakan metode deskriptif-kualitatif karena dalam penjelasanannya berhubungan dengan masalah sosial yang, di dalam pengumpulan data, dilakukan melalui penelitian perpustakaan dengan teknik observasi dan catat. Data dalam studi ini didapatkan dari teks Kitab Suci Veda “Bhagavad-Gita As It Is” oleh A.C Bhaktivedanta Svami Prabhupada dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia “Bhagavad-Gita menurut Aslinya”. Dari sumber data didapat berbagai jenis data yang berhubungan dengan frasa preposisi “by”, “with”, dan “without”. Proses analisis dilakukan berdasarkan teori yang dikembangkan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet (2000) mengenai tujuh prosedur penerjemahan, oleh Nida (1975) tentang pengurangan, penambahan, dan skewing

informasi , dan oleh Catford (2000) tentang terjemahan shift. Analisisnya terletak pada terjadinya shift dalam proses terjemahan frasa preposisi bahasa Inggris “by”, “with”, dan “without” dalam bahasa Indonesia, strategi yang digunakan dalam penerjemahan dan terjadinya pengurangan, penambahan informasi dalam penerjemahan. Selain itu, ini juga tertuju pada penemuan bentuk leksikal dan sintaktikal serta kesepadanan terdekat dari frasa preposisi bahasa Inggris dengan preposisi “by”, “with”, dan “without” dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Pada akhirnya, data yang telah dianalisis menunjukkan bahwa di dalam temuan pertama bahasa Inggris dan Indonesia memiliki bentuk leksikal dan sintaktikal tersendiri dan juga memiliki beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan lebih banyak, yang kedua, prosedur yang digunakan dalam terjemahan frasa preposisi bahasa Inggris dengan preposisi “by”, “with”, dan “without” dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah terjemahan langsung atau per-kata, peminjaman, tranposisi, dan modulasi. Disamping itu, pengurangan dan penambahan informasi juga terjadi dalam proses penerjemahan beberapa data, dan shift level dan kategori keduanya terjadi secara spesifik pada tataran struktur, kelas, unit, dan shift intra-system. Pada temuan terakhir dalam frasa preposisi, preposisi “by” mempunyai kesepadanan terdekat “oleh”, “with” “dengan”, dan “without” “tanpa”.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT Page

INSIDE FRONT COVER... i

TITLE PREREQUISITE ... ii

APPROVAL SHEET ... iii

BOARD OF EXAMINER... iv

DECLARATION LETTER NON PLAGIARISM ... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vi

ABSTRACT ... viii

ABSTRAK ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

LIST OF FIGURES ... xii

ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS ... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ... 6

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 6

1.4 Scope of study ... 7

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPT AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ... 9 2.1 Literature Review ... 9 2.2 Concepts ... 13 2.2.1 Translation ... 13 2.2.2 Translation Equivalence ... 16 2.2.3 Preposition ... 18 2.2.4 Prepositional Phrase ... 21 2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 22 2.3.1 Procedures of Translation ... 22 2.3.2 Translation Principles ... 25 2.3.3 Translation Shifts ... 28

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 33

3.1 Data Source ... 33

3.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 34

3.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 34

3.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analyzed Data ... 35

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CHAPTER IVANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

WITH PREPOSITIONS “BY”, “WITH”, AND “WITHOUT” AND

THEIR TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCES IN INDONESIAN ... 42

4.1 Prepositional Phrase Using Preposisiton BY ... 42

4.2 Prepositional Phrase Using Preposisiton WITH ... 69

4.3 Prepositional Phrase Using Preposisiton WITHOUT ... 103

4.4 The Closest Equivalent of Preposisitonal Phrases with Prepositions BY, WITH, and WITHOUT in Indonesian ... 118

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 122

5.1 Conclusions ... 122

5.2 Suggestions ... 126

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 127

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES

1. Diagram of Translation Process ... 15 2. Diagram of Research Model ... 38 3. Diagram of Equivalence Analysis ... 41

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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

A : Adjunct Adj : Adjective

Adj.P : Adjectival Phrase Adv : Adverb

Adv.P : Adverb Phrase Art : Article

App.P : Appossition Phrase BG : Bhagavad-gita C : Complement CL : Clause Conj : Conjunction D : Determiner E.g : Example N : Noun Neg : Negation NP : Noun Phrase P : Preposition

Poss.Adj : Possesive Adjective Poss.Pro : Possesive Pronoun PP : Prepositional Phrase

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xiv Pred : Predicate

Pro : Pronoun

Rel.Pro : Relative Pronoun S : Subject

SL : Source Language SLT : Source Language Text TL : Target Language TLT : Target Language Text V : Verb

VP : Verb Phrase : Related To : The process of ( ) : Extra Information

/ : Other meaning of Definition “ : Quotation Mark