REPRESENTATIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS USED BY BARRACK
OBAMA IN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION DEBATE 2008-2012 PERIOD
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Sarjana Degree
of the English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By: Mega Sagita Nanda Putri Reg Number: A03212050
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2.1.2.2.5 Declaratives………...………..10
2.1.2.3 Perlocutionary Act………...……...…….….11
2.1.3 Representative Acts...11
2.1.4 The Functions of Representative Illocutionary Acts...12
2.1.4.1 Announcing………..…...………..……….……..13
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings : Kinds and Functions of Representative Illocutionary Acts………21
4.1.1 Informing...23
4.1.1.1 Informing to assert……...24
4.1.1.2 Informing to report...26
4.1.1.3 Informing to instruct...29
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4.1.4.2 Suggesting to assert………..………38
4.1.5 Disagreeing………..……40
4.1.5.1 Disagreeing to announce………..…41
4.1.6 Confirming………...43
4.1.6.1 Confirming to assert……….43
4.2 Discussion...44
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ...48
5.2 Suggestion...49
ABSTRACT
Putri, Mega, S.N. 2016. Representative Illocutionary Acts used by Barrack
Obama in Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 Period. English
Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M. Pd Keywords: Speech acts, Illocutionary Act, Representative, Barrack Obama.
In this research, the researcher discusses the use of Representative Illocutionary Acts, which is uttered by Barrack Obama in Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 period. Furthermore, the focus of this research is to find what types of representative illocutionary acts and what functions of representative illocutionary acts are used by Barrack Obama.
The researcher uses descriptive qualitative methods to collect and analyze the data. The researcher collects the data from the script of Barrack Obama’s conversation. Moreover, to analyze the data, the researcher uses representative illocutionary act theory of John Searle and Leech.
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INTISARI
Putri, Mega.S.N. 2016. Representative Illocutionary Acts used by Barrack Obama
in Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 Period. Jurusan Sastra Inggris,
Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Dosen Pembimbing: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah. M. Pd.
Kata Kunci: Tindak tutur, tindak ilokusi, representatif, Barrack Obama.
Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti membahas tentang penggunan ilokusi representatif yang digunakan oleh Barrack Obama, pada debat pemilihan calon presiden tahun 2008 sampai 2012. Fokus permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan jenis ilokusi representatif dan fungsi dari ilokusi representatif yang digunakan oleh Barrack Obama.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisa data. Peneliti mengumpulkan data dari naskah percakapan yang digunakan oleh Barrack Obama. Selain itu, untuk mengumpulkan data, peneliti menggunakan teori ilokusi representatif dari John Searle dan Leech.
ABSTRACT
Putri, Mega, S.N. 2016. Representative Illocutionary Acts used by Barrack
Obama in Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 Period. English
Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M. Pd Keywords: Speech acts, Illocutionary Act, Representative, Barrack Obama.
In this research, the researcher discusses the use of Representative Illocutionary Acts, which is uttered by Barrack Obama in Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 period. Furthermore, the focus of this research is to find what types of representative illocutionary acts and what functions of representative illocutionary acts are used by Barrack Obama.
The researcher uses descriptive qualitative methods to collect and analyze the data. The researcher collects the data from the script of Barrack Obama’s conversation. Moreover, to analyze the data, the researcher uses representative illocutionary act theory of John Searle and Leech.
xiv
INTISARI
Putri, Mega, S.N. 2016. Representative Illocutionary Acts used by Barrack
Obama in Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 Period. Jurusan Sastra
Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Dosen Pembimbing: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah. M. Pd. Kata Kunci: Tindak tutur, tindak ilokusi, representatif, Barrack Obama.
Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti membahas tentang penggunan ilokusi representatif yang digunakan oleh Barrack Obama, pada debat pemilihan calon presiden tahun 2008 sampai 2012. Fokus permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan jenis ilokusi representatif dan fungsi dari ilokusi representatif yang digunakan oleh Barrack Obama.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisa data. Peneliti mengumpulkan data dari naskah percakapan yang digunakan oleh Barrack Obama. Selain itu, untuk mengumpulkan data, peneliti menggunakan teori ilokusi representatif dari John Searle dan Leech.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher gives a brief explanation about her study. There are six parts in this chapter : background of the study, research problem, research objectives, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and the last one is the definition of key terms.
1.1Background of the study
Language is part of communication and has important meaning in the world of politics, especially in debates politic, such as it was did by the candidates of President in presidential election debates. Thus, language becomes an important rule to express the opinion, ideology and maintain power.
This research describes the study of representative utterances which is used by Barrack Obama in his political debate. The specific aims of this research is to describe not only the kinds of representative acts which is used by Barrack Obama in the political debate, but also the functions of representative utterances are used by Barrack Obama. In addition, Barrack Obama is used representative utterances to deliver some true statements. In this case, the president must be having an experience or knowledge about the condition of his/her country. Thus, he indirectly provoke his people to believe his words to vote him. Moreover, in this study, the researcher takes source of data in the script from2008 until 2012 period to analysis this study.
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from the debate, candidates will not only express their opinions, viewpoints, arguments, but also convince to the public to vote him.
According Buck and Vanlear (in Francisca and Silitonga, 2012:2), there are two types of communication. Those are verbal communication and nonverbal
communication. Verbal communication is the way of communicating messages by
using words as the elements. However, nonverbal communication is the way of communicating messages by using gesture, body movements, eye contact, facial expression, or general appearances as the elements. Furthermore, political debate is a speech that using verbal communication, which is by means of using words as elements, because the listeners can understand what the speaker mean.
Representative is an important aspect in daily communication, especially political debate speech, which is their candidates deliver their speech to convey information to the listener, so that they can show their capacity and capability being a leader and the listener can easily choose the leader candidate.
The researcher prefers to choose analyzing speech debate of Barrack Obama in Presidential Election Debate, because Barrack Obama is the first president of African American and he can hold the office from 2008 until 2012 period. One of the reasons the researcher analyze the speeches is because she is greatly interested in political area especially on political speech.
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have a good communication. If one of them cannot send or receive the message, the communication does not work well. In this case is related with this research that is the study of meaning, which is communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by listener.
In communication, language has an important role because it explains what the speaker intended. In a case of saying a word, sometimes someone uses a word not only to say things but also to do things with an action, and it is called speech acts. Austin (1962:108) said that speech act is the action performed in saying something, so that people needs to not only understand what speaker said, but also what the speaker wants the listener to understand and do something. Therefore, according to Van Djik (1998:42), speech acts are the basic units of human communication. The words speech acts are derived from two words ‘speech’ and ‘act’. ‘Speech’ is the utterance that occurs and ‘act’ means action. Thus, that is the
reason why people have to interpret the meaning of communication or language through speech acts (Kumalasari, 2011:3).
There are some researchers which were closely related to this research. The first research was written by Rachmadiah (2014), under the title “A Study of Illocutionary Acts Used by Vladimir and Estagon in Waiting for Godot”. In her
thesis, she described about five types of illocutionary act based on Searle and the function of Illocutionary act. She found 29 data in her thesis, and the data were taken from some conversation between Valdimir and Estragon in Waiting For Godot. For this study almost representative that arise. In Rachmadiah’s research,
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The second is a study entitled “Illocutionary Acts in Stand-Up Comedy”, which was conducted by Putri and Murni (2012). They studied about the types of illocutionary acts, the most dominant type, and the implication of the dominant type. Besides that, they used quantitative and qualitative method, and the finding of their research is the representative aspect was the most dominant illocutionary acts type. Then, they explained that the comics who dominantly conveyed their belief that some proposition is true and they also indirectly provoke the audience to believe their words.
The other study is “Representative and Directive Act used by main characters
in The Bayton Outlaw’s Movie”, which was conducted by Andriyansah (2015).
His study are focused the kinds of illocutionary act that are representatives and directives illocutionary acts. He used theory based on George Yule. The findings of his research showed that the characters used representative for informing news, stating curiosity, and making relaxed. Then, the purposes of directives are for asking, commanding people, begging and convincing someone. However, in this study has similar topic to find out representative illocutionary acts and the function or the purpose of illocutionary acts.
The last study is “An analysis on representative acts in film “Harry Potter and the philoshoper’s stoneby J.K Rowling” which was conducted by Nikmah (2015).
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Based on previous literature review, the researcher wants to analyze debate speeches because she is eager to find out the representative illocutionary acts which is occurred in debate speech. Moreover, the researcher hopes that this research makes the readers are more understand about representative utterances.
1.2. Research Problems
Based on the background of the study above, the researcher formulates the questions:
1. What are representative illocutionary acts performed by Barrack Obama in Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 period?
2. What are the functions of representative illocutionary acts performed by Barrack Obama in Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 period?
1.3Research Objectives
Based on the problem research above, the objectives of the study aim to: 1. To describe representative illocutionary acts used by Barrack Obama in
Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 period.
2. To reveal the functions of representative illocutionary act performed by Barrack Obama in Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 period.
1.4Significance of the Study
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investigate the representative illocutionary acts. However, practically, the result of this study is to give contribution in linguistic fields, expecially pragmatic study.
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the study
The scope of the research is pragmatics, which is concerning on language used and focusing on interaction utterance between speaker and hearer. Second, this research mainly focuses on the representatitve illocutionary acts used by Barrack Obama’s utterance delivered in the years of 2008-2012 in Presidential Election
Debate of United Stated. There are five debate speeches; on October 5, 2008, on October 18, 2008, on October 21, 2008, on October 3, 2012, and October 16, 201. Besides that, the kinds of representative illocutionary acts are analyzed by using Searle’s classification and the functions of representative illocutionary acts are analyzed by using Leech’s theory.
However, the limitation of this research, the researcher does not include the tone and body gesture of Barrack Obama. Thus, the limit of this research is merely of the text of Obama.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
In this explanation, the writer gives definition related to support the title and also to avoid misunderstanding and the best way for the reader knows this study.
a) Speech act is the basic unit of language.
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c) Representatives commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of the expressed proposition.
d) Barrack Obama is a President of the United State and he is the first African American to hold the office and to win of presidential debate in election 2008 until 2012 period.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher presents the related literature about pragmatic, speech acts theory, the types of speech act, the definition of representative illocutionary acts, the functions of representative illocutionary acts and review of related the study.
2.1 Theoritical Framework 2.1.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a field of linguistics studying communication. It is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, addresse, the context of utterance and the function of utterance. Yule (1996:3) said that pragmatics is the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker or writer and interpreted by a listener or reader. It means that this study try to explains that communication needs a further analysis on what people mean by their utterances of words or phrases in those utterances.
2.1.2 Speech Acts
According to Austin (1962:108), speech act is the action performed in saying something. Austin (in Susanto, 2014:9), work was systematized and further developed by J. R. Searle, an American philosopher, who stated that claims that all linguistic communication involves linguistic acts. Besides that, he stated that speech act is a basic unit of a communication, it means that there are a series of a analytic connection between the notion of speech acts, what the speaker means,
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what the sentence uttered means, what the speaker intends, and what the hearer understands. (Searle, 1969 as cited in Schiffrin, 1995:90).
Austin mentioned that speech act theory can be analyzed on three levels. These are: Locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.
2.1.2.1 Locutionary act
Locutionary act is the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterances. According Paltridge (2006:55), locution is refers to the literal meaning of the actual words. So, locution is what was said. This is the level which is connected with the production of utterance such as grammar, phonetic and phonology. According Austin (in Sakdiyah 2014:3), locutionary act is the act of meaning conventionally. Based on Austin analyzes the locutionary act into three parts. The
phonetic act is the act of uttering certain noises, the phatic act is the act of
uttering certain vocables or words, and the rhetic act is the act of using those vocables with a more or less definite sense and reference.
2.1.2.2 Illocutionary act
Illocutionary act is the act of what speaker is doing uttering the words. According Peccei (in Francisca and Silitonga, 2012:3), there are some uttering words what the speaker doing utterance, such as commanding, offering, promising, threatening, and thangking other. Thus, illocutionary act is what was mean by the speaker.
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Illocutionary acts divided into five categories: representatives, directives,
expressives, commisives and declaratives.
2.1.2.2.1 Representatives or assertives
It is the speakers do to the truth of the expressed proposition, such as: suggesting, claiming, and reporting. In this case, assertive or can be called representative acts it commits the speaker to the truth of expressed proposition (the sun rises in the east). Types of representative acts are informing, denying, stating, asserting, predicting, announcing, conjecturing, and disagreeing.
2.1.2.2.2 Directives
It is intended to produce some effect throug action by the hearer. The acts can be requesting, questioning, commanding, pledging, inviting, and daring.
2.1.2.2.3 Commisives
It is speaker do to some future action, such as promising, offering, refusing. This point is concerned with altering the world to match the words, but this time the point is to commit the speaker her/himself to acting and it necessarily involves intention.
2.1.2.2.4 Expressives
It is the speaker feels. It can be shown in the acts of thanking, apologizing, welcoming,congratulating, deploring, condolence, greeting, and complaining. 2.1.2.2.5 Declaratives
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2.1.2.3 Perlocutionary act
Perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance on the hearer through the uttering of linguistic expression. According to Paltridge (2006:55), perlocutionary is the effect of the utterance has on the thoughts or actions of the other person. So, perlocution act is what happened as a result. Austin in Levinson (1983: 236) said that perlocutionary act is the bringing about of effects on the audience by means, of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance.
2.1.3 Representative acts
Representative is one of the kinds of illocutionary act. It is an important aspect in daily communication, especially political debate speech, which is their candidates deliver their speech to convey information to the listener, so that they can show their capacity and capability being a leader and the listener can easily choose the leader candidate.
Accoding Searle (in Tarigan, 1979:49), representatives commits the speaker to the truth of expressed proposition. The verb of representatives are informing, suggesting, agreeing, disagreeing, denying, and confirming. The detailed is below:
a) Inform is used by the speaker to inform something.
- Example: I’m sick today.
Here, the speaker tells the information that she getting sick to the hearer. b) Suggest is used by the speaker to give solution.
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From this example below, the speaker gives suggest, advise that the hearer must be go to the hospital to check the condition of the hearer.
c) Agree is used by the speaker that have the same direction.
- Example: I agree with you.
The speaker tells that she consents with the argument of the hearer. d) Disagree is used by the speaker that have not the same direction.
- Example: I don’t agree with your argument.
From this example, the speaker tells that she disagree about the opinion of the hearer.
e) Deny is used by the speaker to refuse something.
- Example: No, I never do that.
Here, the speaker’s disprove what the hearer’s say.
f) Confirm is used by the speaker to clarify the direction.
- Example: I never said like that, here what I said.
From this example, the speaker’s clarify of her argument that she never
says that.
2.1.4 The functions of representative illocutionary acts
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Collaborative illocutionary functions is categories of representatives acts. The
aim is to ignore the social purposes, such as asserting, reporting, annoncing, and instructing.
2.1.4.1 Announcing is used by the speaker to give information by announcing statement to the hearer.
2.1.4.2 Reporting is used by the speaker to give information by adding number to approve the data.
2.1.4.3 Instructing is used by the speaker to give information by giving instruction as a solution to what will do.
2.1.4.4 Asserting is used by the speaker to state the statement with clear information.
2.2 Review of Previous Studies
There are some review the previous that related in this study. The first previous studied is Andriansyah (2015), he analyzed representative acts that used by main characters in “The Baytown Outlaw’s movie. The aim of this study is to
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The second previous studied has done by Muskananfola (2009), she analyzed illocutionary acts in Victory Speech and Inagural of Barrack Obama. She formed two research question to describe Obama’s utterances and his action in Victory
Speech and Inagural Speech, are a). What are the classifications of illocutionary acts occuring among the utterances in the “Victory Speech” and “Inagural Speech” of Obama, b) What is the frequency occured of each classification of
illocutionary acts found in those speeches. She used descriptive qualitative mothod on Illocutionary Acts of speeches delivered by Barrack Obama. The result of her study is Barrack Obama mostly used representative acts in Inagural Speech than in Victory Speech. Obama transmit his message the audience to assert the fact.
The last previous studied done by Rianto (2006), she analyzed of illocutionary acts in the political speech. Rianto focused on the application of the illocutionary acts in the speech text. He formed two research to research question are: a) What types of illocutionary acts are found in the speech “I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King, Jr. b). What type of illocutionary acts that the highest number of occurence in the speech “I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King, Jr. She used
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter contains research design, data, data source, instrument, techniques of data collection, and data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This present research is focused on the representative illocutionary acts used by Barrack Obama in Presidential Election Debate 2008 until 2012 period. In addition, the purpose of this study is to identify the kinds of representative illocutionary acts in debate speeches, and the functions of representative illocutionary acts used by Barrack Obama.
This present research, the researcher used the qualitative research. Qualitative approach is a way to collect the data from analyzing and description. Wahyuni (2012:76) said that qualitative is an inductive approach and its goal is to gain a deeper understanding of a person’s or group’s experience. Moreover, the
researcher choosed this approaches because in the data analysis, the researcher doesn’t put any numeric data.
3.2 Data Collection
3.2.1 Data and Data Sources
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researcher downloaded the script of Barrack Obama debate’s fifth times. The first transcript is 33 pages. The second transcript is 31 pages. The third transcript is 32 pages. The fourth transcript is 32 pages. The fifth transcript is 38 pages. Thus, the total of the transcripts is 163 pages. Moreover, the data source of this study are taken through internet with an assumption that internet is less trustworthy than other sources.
3.2.2 Instruments
The main instrument of this research is the researcher herself. Polit and Hungler (2004) said that the concept of researcher as instrument was frequently used to describe the researcher’s significant role in collects and analysis data.
Thus, the researcher is the main instrument because the writer collected the data, analyzed the data, interpreted the data, and drawn a conclusion of the research. The researcher is the main instrument though watched the video of Barrack Obama’s debate, downloaded the scripts, then the researcher collected the data, focused on Barrack Obama’s utterance, identified the kinds of representative illocutionary acts and the functions of representative illocutionary acts, which was Barrack Obama’s utter.
3.2.3 Techniques of data collection
The data collection technique is a technique used to collect the data. There are
several techniques to collect data:
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2. After finding the video, the researcher downloaded the script of the Barrack Obama’s utterance.
3. The researcher watched the video while read the script and take some notes to construct the analysis based on the data obtained.
4. Then, the researcher selected the data and identified both the kinds and the functions of representative illocutionary acts of Barrack Obama conversation on the script Barrack Obama in the sixth section: Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 period
3.3 Data Analysis
The researcher used some step to analyze the data, as these following steps: 1. Identifying
The researcher identified the data, which are collected from conversations Barrack Obama: Presidential Election Debate 2008-2012 period from the first debate until the final debate. She identified the utterances that containing the kinds of representative illocutionary acts used by Searle’s theory. The process to
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representative, the researcher gives code to make easier analyze the data. The researcher used Leech’s theory and she gives code the data to underlie based on rules:
Codes for Function of Representative:
Announcing is coded AN
Asserting is coded AS Instructing is coded IS Reporting is coded RP
2. Classifying
After analyzing an utterance containing kinds of representative illocutionary acts and the functions of representative illocutionary acts, the researcher classified every utterances produced used by Barrack Obama by marked code.
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3. Determining and calculating
After analyzing and classifying the data, the researcher make a table to determine the total and calculate the percentage for kinds and functions of representative illocutionary acts which produced by Barrack Obama in debate. Moreover, the ways of the researcher counts the total number each kinds and functions (n) times a hundred percent (100%) and divided the total number of all
of the total data (N). The formula: P = n
�× %. It will be illustrated in table 1 below:
NO Kinds of
Representative Functions Data Total Frequency
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Notes: Data
4. Interpret the data
After analyzing the data, the researcher analyzed the data of kinds representatives acts based on speech acts classification by Searle’s theory, and
analyzed the data of functions representatives acts based on Leech’s theory. 5. Drawing conclusion
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter be composed of two sections are findings and discussion. The first section is the finding of this research which divided into two parts. Meanwhile, the second section is discussion. In this section the researcher discusses the finding in detail.
4.1 Findings: Kinds and Functions of Representative Illocutionary Acts The finding in this research is divided into two parts according to the statement of the problem. The first part is kinds of representative illocutionary acts used by Barrack Obama’s utterance in “Presidential Election Debate” 2008
until 2012 Period which used Searle’s theory. The second part is the functions of representative illocutionary acts used by Barrack Obama’s utterance in “Presidential Election Debate” 2008 until 2012 Period which used Leech’s
theory.
Based on the data analysis, the researcher found 143 data containing kinds and functions of representative illocutionary acts used by Barrack Obama’s utterance. The diagram below shows the data of kinds and functions of representative illocutionary acts which are divided into six kinds based on Searle’s theory and the functions of representative illocutionary acts are divided into four functions based on Leech’s theory. It presents in total number of each
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uFigure 1: Kinds and Functions of Representatives Illocutionary Acts
The diagram above shows that informing to assert type is commonly used by Barrack Obama’s utterance in “Presidential Election Debate” 2008 until 2012
Period. Diagram above shows that in Presidential Election Debate, Barrack Obama uses kinds of representative act, they are, informing, suggesting, agreeing, disagreing, denying, and confirming. The informing type has three function, they are, reporting, instructing, and asserting. The suggesting type has two function, they are, instructing and aserting. The agreeing type has two function, they are, announcing and asserting. The disagreeing type have one function is announcing. The denying type have one function is asserting. The last is confirming type have one function is asserting.
The first kinds and the functions of representative illocutionary acts that Barrack Obama’s utterances are informing to assert. It is the highest number which consists of 46 data out of 143 data or 32.16% of all data. It shows that in
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Presidential Election Debate, Barrack Obama used more informing to assert something than other kind and function of representative illocutionary acts. The second number is informing to report type, which consists of 43 data out of 143 data or 30.06% of all data. The third number is denying to assert type, which consists of 17 data out of 143 data or 11.88% of all data. The fourth number is agreeing to anounce type, which consists of 13 data out of 143 data or 9.06% of all data. The fifth number is agreeing to assert type, which occur 9 data out of 143 data or 6.92% of all data. The sixth number is disagreeing to announce type, which occur 7 data out of 143 data or 5% of all data. The seventh number is suggesting to instruct type, which occur 4 data out of 143 data or 2.79% of all data. The eight number is suggesting to assert type, which occur 3 data out of 143 data or 2.09% of all data. The ninth number is confirming to assert type, which occur 2 data out of 143 data or 1.39% of all data. The tenth number is informing to instruct type, which occur 1 data or 0.69% of all data.
The kinds and the functions of representative illocutionary acts are explained in detail.
4.1.1 Informing
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4.1.1.1 Informing to assert
Informing to assert occurs when a speaker gives information and insist on having speaker’s opinions in strong and definite way. “It is important” is the
example of the kinds and functions representative acts. It occur 46 datum out of 143 data or 32.16% of the total percentage. The detailed data is in Appendix 2. Here the researcher takes three data to be presented.
Fragment 1 (Datum 1/1-18)
Lehrer : Good evening from the Ford Center for the Performing Arts at the University of Mississippi in Oxford. I'm Jim Lehrer of the [...]
Obama :Well thank you [..] commission and the University of Mississippi, Ole Miss, for hosting us tonight. I can't think of a more important time for us to talk about the future of the country. You know, we are at a defining moment in period. In this dialoge, Obama informs an important thing in their country. Obama talks about the future of United States and the worst financial crisis in United State. Here, Obama informs to anyone, especially to the United State citizens. The utterance “I can't think of a more important time for us to talk about the future
of the country” is used by Obama to inform an important things to United State citizen’s future. The function of this data is asserting. From his utterances “a more
important time” shows that Barrack Obama inform assertively. Here, the speaker
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In this data, Obama tells the problem, such as economy which is the worst financial crisis, and about Wall Street.
Another informing to assert is found in datum 3. Fragment 2 (Datum 3/5-1)
Obama : Well, first of all, it's important for the American public to understand that the $750 billion rescue package, if it's structured properly and, as president, I will make sure it's structured properly, means that ultimately taxpayers get their money back. And that's important to understand. [..] campaign is to propose a net spending cut. I haven't made a promise about.
This is the Obama’s utterance in Presidential Election Debate, in the first section, 2012 period. In Obama’s utterances, he explains the financial situation in
the American. “it's important for the American public to understand” is used Obama’s utterances to inform assertively with word “It's important”. “It's
important” shows that the speaker insist that United States must understand what
happened problem in United Stated.
Another informing to assert is found in datum 1. Fragment 3 (Datum 1/3-5)
Obama : I think, that we've got to ask ourselves is, yes, we've got to solve this problem short term. And we are going to have to intervene; there's no doubt about that. But we're also going to have to look at, how is it that we shredded so many regulations? We did not set up a 21st-century regulatory framework to deal with these problems. And that in part has to do with an economic philosophy that says that regulation is always bad.
The data above is utterances of Obama in Presidential Election Debate in the first section, 2008 period. The researcher found that the data includes in informing
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no doubt about that,” which is indicated that he firmly to inform and convince the audience that the problem at that time must be solved as soon as possible.
4.1.1.2 Informing to report
Informing to report is function of representative acts when a speaker informs something that contains number or adding account to prove it. “Just a report” and “currently spending $10billion a month” are the examples of kinds and functions
of representative utterances. The kinds and functions become the second highest number with 43 data out of 143 data or 30.06% of the percentage. The detailed data can be found in Appendix 2. Here the researcher takes four data to be presented.
Fragment 4 (Datum 1/9-23)
Obama : Just a report just came out that the average deductible went up 30 percent on American families. They are getting crushed, and many of them are going bankrupt as a consequence of health care. I'm meeting folks all over the country.
This is utterance of Barrack Obama in Presidential Election Debate in the first section, 2008 period. The kind of representative in this data is about informing. “The average deductible went up 30 percent on American families” is used by
the speaker to inform the average of American families deductible which is getting crushed and bankrupt of health care. Obama also informs by adding percentage on American families. The function of representative utterances is to report something. “Just a report” is used by the speaker to inform something about American family’s condition.
billion of it going to people like CEOs on Wall Street. He wants to give average Fortune 500 CEO an additional $700,000 in tax cuts.
This is Obama’s utterances in his debate in Presidential Election Debate in the second section, 2008 period. In this datum, shows that the speaker informs about what Senator McCain want do to cut the tax. “Now, in contrast, Senator McCain
wants to give” is Obama’s utterances to tell something. Here, Obama adding
accounts to inform something. Obama use informing to report something to prove his opinion. “Senator McCain wants to give a $300 billion tax cut, $200 billion of it to the largest corporations, He wants to give average Fortune 500 CEO an
additional $700,000 in tax cuts.” This is Obama’s utterances that has function to
report in facts. From $300 billion, $200 billion and $700,000. Another informing to report is found in datum 3.
Fragment 6 (Datum 3/20-6)
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This is Obama’s utterances in Presidential Election Debate in the third section,
2008 period. The kind of representative in this data is informing. In this datum, the speaker informs about Detroit’s problem which is the highest priorities. “And,
you know, Detroit had dragged its feet too long in terms of getting that done” is the speaker utterances to tell about Detroit. Detroit is river around 31 miles or 50 kilometers. If Detroit had dragged feet too long, transportations will reach 30 percent of total energy. Here, the speaker is calculate the average which is if Detroit getting done. “It's going to be one of my highest priorities, because
transportation accounts for about 30 percent of our total energy consumption.”
is Obama’s utterances to inform with report of total energy consumption.
Another informing to report is found in datum 2. Fragment 7 (Datum 2/2-1)
Question : With the economy on the downturn and retired and older citizens and workers losing their incomes, what's the fastest, most positive solution to bail these people out of the economic ruin?
Obama : Well, Alan, thank you very much for the question [..] And, in fact, we just found out that AIG (NYSE:AIG), a company that got a bailout, just a week after they got help went on a $400,000 junket.
This dialogue between Obama and the questioner in Presidential Election Debate in the second section, 2008 period. The kind of representative in this data is informing. In this data, Obama uses informing to answer the question from the audience Here, the speaker does not give a solution, whereas Alan asks about solution to bail out of the conomic ruin.
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his utterance “And, in fact”. “And, in fact” shows that the speaker informs a fact
about company got a bailout just a week. It is not answer the question of Allan that asked about what's the fastest, most positive solution to bail these people out of the economic ruin with the economy on the downturn. “Just a week after they
got help went on a $400,000 junket.” is used by Obama’s utterances to report function of representative acts. It occur 1 datum out of 143 data or 0.69% of the total percentage. This kinds and functions occur in datum 1/28-4.
Fragment 8 (Datum 1/28-4)
Obama
:
I think it about when it comes to Russia. Number one iswe have to have foresight and anticipate some of these problems. So back in April, I warned the administration that you had Russian peacekeepers in Georgian territory. That made no sense whats oever. And what we needed to do was replace them with international peacekeepers and a special envoy to resolve the crisis before it boiled over. That wasn't done. But had it been done, it's possible we could have avoided the issue. The second point I want to make is the issue of energy. Russia is in part resurgent and Putin is feeling powerful because of petro-dollars, as
Senator McCain mentioned […] we've talked about, Iran, Venezuela.
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period. Obama gives information about all of in Russian. From his utterances “when it comes to Russia”, Russia is in part resurgent”. In Obama’s utterances
also informs about issue of energy in Rusia. The function of this datum is instructing. The utterances “Number one is we have to have foresight and
anticipate some of these problems”, is used by Barrack Obama to give instruction with give step what will do. In his utterances tell about Russian that have problem in administration and energy.
4.1.2 Agreeing
This is the second highest number kinds of representative illocutionary acts used by the speaker utterances to say something. These utterances used by the speaker’s approve with opinion from the hearer. Every utterance has meaning or
function to agree something. The agreeing has two functions, they are announcing, and asserting.
4.1.2.1Agreeing to announce
Agreeing to announce occurs when a speaker approves some opinion with mean announce to the hearer. “I agree” is the kinds and functions of representative utterances. It occur 13 datum out of 143 data or 9.06% of the total percentage. The detailed data is in Appendix 2. Here the researcher takes two data to be presented.
Fragment 9 (Datum 1/11-3)
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Doesn't work any better through the private insurers. They just skim off $15 billion.
This kind of representative acts is agreeing. This is the speaker’s utterances in
Presidential Election Debate in the first section, 2008 period. The speaker utters “But John is right we have to make cuts” shows that the speaker agrees
something about what John says. John says that the point is United States need to examine every agency goverment is to eliminate ethanol subsidies. Here, Obama answer to announce that every year subsidies waste $15 bilion to private insurers under the Medicare care.
Another agreeing to announce is found in datum 2.
Fragment 10 (Datum 2/20-25)
Obama : Now, Senator McCain and I do agree, this is the greatest nation on earth. We are a force of good in the world. But there has never been a nation in the history of the world that saw its economy decline and maintained its military superiority. And the strains that have been placed on our alliances around the world and the respect that's been diminished over the last eight years has constrained us being able to act on something like the genocide in Darfur, because we don't have the resources or the allies to do everything that we should be doing.
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4.1.2.2 Agreeing to assert
Agreeing to assert type occurs when a speaker approves some opinion with mean affirms to the hearer in strong.“I think is absolutely right.” is the kinds and functions of representative acts. It occur 9 datum out of 143 data or 6.92% of the total percentage. The detailed data is in Apendix 2. Here the researcher takes three data to be presented.
Fragment 11 (Datum 1/5-28)
Obama : Well, Senator McCain is absolutely right that the earmarks process has been abused, which is why I suspended any requests for my home state, whether it was for senior centers or what have you, until we cleaned it up. And he's also right that oftentimes lobbyists and special interests are the ones that are introducing these kinds of requests, although that wasn't the case with me.
In this datum, Obama’s utterances show that he agrees with McCain’s opinion. McCain’s opinion is the process has been abused. He agrees to assert by uttering “Well, Senator McCain is absolutely right”. Absolutely right is the function of
representative speeches which the speaker stated uniquivocally that he agrees with other opinion. According Obama, McCain’s opinion is right that the process has
been abused. This is Obama’s utterances in Presidential Election Debate in the first section, 2008 period.
Another agreeing to assert is found in datum 1. Fragment 12 (Datum 1/4 -3)
Lehrer : Do you have something directly to say, Senator Obama, to Senator McCain about what he just said?
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This is the dialogue between the moderator and Barrack Obama in Presidential Election Debate in the first section, 2008 period. The moderator asks the speaker to respond McCain’s say. The speaker answers with utter an utterances “Well, I
think Senator McCain's absolutely right. The speaker’s utterances shows that he
agrees with McCain’s opinion. McCain opinion is warned point out of corporate greed and excess, and CEO pay, and train wreck coming. The speaker’s states that
McCain’s opinion is right, with an utterances “McCain's absolutely right”.
Another agreeing to assert is found in datum 2.
Fragment 13 (Datum 2/15-16)
Obama : Senator McCain and I actually agree on something. He said a while back that the big problem with energy is that for 30 years, politicians in Washington haven't done anything. What Senator McCain doesn't mention is he's been there 26 of them. And during that time, he voted 23 times against alternative fuels, 23 times. So it's easy to talk about this stuff during a campaign, but it's important for us to understand that it requires a sustained effort from the next president.
In this datum, Obama’s utterances shows that he agree with McCain’s
argument. Agreeing is kind of representative acts. This kind has function to insist something. Obama’s utterances “I actually agree on something” shows that the speaker insists that he actually agrees with McCain’s said. What McCain’s say
about big problem with energy. Obama explained about energy for 30 years, and he agree with McCain’s say. This is Obama’s utterances in Presidential Election
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4.1.3 Denying
This is the third highest number kinds of representative illocutionary acts are used by the speaker utterances to say something. These utterances used by the speaker’s state to refuse and admit the truth from the hearer. Every utterance,
certainly has meaning or function to denying something. The denying have one function is asserting.
4.1.3.1 Denying to assert
Denying to assert occurs when a speaker refuse some opinion by affirming the hearer in strong and definite way.“That’s absoulutely not true” is the kind and function of representative acts. It occur 17 datum out of 143 data or 11.88% of the total percentage. The detailed data is in Appendix 2. Here the researcher takes three data to be presented.
Fragment 14 (Datum 2/25-4)
Brokaw :Senator Obama, time for a discussion. I'm going to begin with you. Are you saying to Mr. Clark and to the other members of the American television audience that the American economy is going to get much worse before it gets better and they ought to be prepared for that?
Obama : No, I am confident about the American economy. But we are going to have to have some leadership from Washington that not only sets out much better regulations for the financial system.
This is the dialogue between Barrack Obama and the moderator in Presidential Election Debate in the section two, 2008 period. In the dialogue, the moderator asks about what Obama’s says to Mr.Clark and the other member that the
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is speaker’s utterances to deny something. “Confident” used by the speaker to
assert something.
Another denying to assert is found in datum 3.
Fragment 15 (Datum 3/15-9)
Mccain :Well, again, while you were on the board of the Woods Foundation, you and Mr. Ayers together, you sent $230,000 to ACORN. So and you launched your political campaign in Mr. Ayers' living room.
Obama :That's absolutely not true.
In the dialogue, McCain asks to Obama about the facts that Obama gives money to Mr.Ayers to launched political ccampaign. Here, Obama deny that he is not sent money to Mr.Ayers to win the campaign. Obama utter the word “That's
absolutely not true” shows that he insist McCain’s say. “That's absolutely” uses Obama’s utterance to assert something. This is the conversation between McCain
and Obama in Presidential Election Debate in the third section, 2008 period. Another denying to assert is found in datum 1.
Fragment 16 (Datum 1/8-24)
Obama : John, you want to give oil companies another $4 billion. Mccain : You've got to look at our record. You've got to look at our
records. That's the important thing. Who fought against wasteful and earmark spending? Who has been the person who has tried to keep spending under control? [..] He has voted in the United States Senate to increase taxes on people who make as low as $42,000 a year.
Obama : That's not true, John. That's not true.
Mccain : And that's just a fact. Again, you can look it up.
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This is the conversation between McCain and Barrack Obama. McCain asks Obama to look back the record about what Obama’s ever said. McCain says that Obama can’t believe about the best thing for America is to have tax system that is
fundamentally fair. Nevertheless, Obama announce about company profits is undeniable oil companies in tax breaks and deny McCain’s argument by uttering “That's not true, John. That's not true.” Here, Obama disprove about McCain’s
say. Besides that, his utterances contain asserting of denying, because it can be detected trough the repetition of his utterances, “That's not true, John. That's not true”.
4.1.4 Suggesting
This is the fourth highest number kinds of representative illocutionary acts used by the speaker utterances to say something. These utterances are used by the speaker to suggest, give solution, a plan and idea about what should do things to the hearer. In every utterance, it certainly has meaning or function to suggest. The suggesting has two functions, they are, instructing and asserting.
4.1.4.1 Suggesting to instruct
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Fragment 17 (Datum 3/2-1)
Obama : But what we haven't yet seen is a rescue package for the middleclass, because the fundamentals of the economy were
weak even before this latest crisis. So I've proposed four
specific things that I think can help. Number one, let's focus on jobs. I want to end the tax breaks for companies that are shipping jobs overseas and provide a tax credit I've proposed four specific things that I think can help” is used by the speaker to give solution of rescue package for the middleclass. The speaker gives four specific things solution. “Number one”, Number two”, is function of instructing
from representative speeches. In this datum, the speaker gives solution with give command to what will do. The speaker gives command with four solutions to rescue package for the middle class that have economic crisis. Number one is focus on jobs. Number two is help families to tax cut.
Another suggesting to instruct is found in datum 2.
Fragment 18 (Datum 2/1-30)
Question : With the economy on the downturn and retired and older citizens and workers losing their incomes, what's the fastest, most positive solution to bail these people out of the economic ruin?
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sure that they're not getting bonuses or golden parachutes as a consequence of this package.
This is the dialogue of Barrack Obama with the questioners in Presidential Election Debate in the second section, 2008 period. Alan as questioner is worried about the economic crisis in United Stated, and he asks about positive solution to bail people out of economic ruin.
In this datum, the speaker gives solution to solve economic crisis problem. “We've got to make sure that works properly” is used by the speaker to answers
the question of Alan. Here, the speaker uses word “have got to make sure” means that the speaker gives solution to convince that United State citizens sure to investor, and works properly. The speaker uses suggesting to instruct something. “Now, step one” is the speaker’s utterance to solve the problem with suggest. It is
means not just only to suggest, but gives command also.
4.1.4.2 Suggesting to assert
Suggesting to assert occurs when a speaker give suggest through declaring that’s made emphatically. Besides that, suggesting of asserting is identically with
repetition of the speaker’s utterances, such as the researcher found Obama’s
utterances “we have to move swiftly, and we have to move wisely.” It occurs 3
datum out of 143 data or 2.09% of the total percentage. Here the researcher takes three data to be presented.
Fragment 19 (Datum 1/1-22)
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swiftly, and we have to move wisely. And I've put forward a series of proposals that make sure that we protect taxpayers as we engage in this important rescue effort.
In this datum, the speaker uses suggesting of the kinds of representative acts. This is Obama’s utterances in Presidential Election Debate in the first section,
Another suggesting to assert is found in datum 1.
Fragment 20 (Datum 1/9-17)
Lehrer : All right. All right, speaking of things that both of you want, [...] in terms of the priorities that you would bring as president of the United States, as a result of having to pay for the financial rescue plan?
Obama : Well, there are a range of things that are probably going to have to be delayed. [....] We have to do that now, because it will actually make our businesses and our families better off. The third thing we have to do is we've got to make sure that we're competing in education.
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to have to be delayed”. Here, the speaker gives explanation that there are some ways that probably have to be delayed. The speaker also gives suggest to assert by uttering “We have to do that now, because it will actually make our businesses and our families better off”. “We have to do that now”, is used by the speaker’s to cause that what will do is must to do now.
Another suggesting to assert is found in datum 1.
Fragment 21 (3/31-3)
Mccain : She supports vouchers also.
Obama : But here's the thing, is that even if Senator McCain were to say that vouchers were the way to go, I disagree with him on this, because the data doesn't show that it actually solves the problem. The centerpiece of Senator McCain's education policy is to increase the voucher program in D.C. by 2,000 slots. That leaves all of you who live in the other 50 states without an education reform policy from Senator McCain. So if we are going to be serious about this issue, we've got to have a president who is going to tackle it head-on, and that's what I intend to do as president.
The kind of representative in this data is suggesting. This dialogue is between Obama and McCain in Presidential Election Debate in the third section, 2008 period. “We've got to have have a president who is going to tackle it head-on”is used by the speaker to suggest to United Citizens that must have a president who is going to tackle it head-on about the problem in education policy. He also convinces that must be serious about that issue. “So if we are going to be serious
about this issue,” is used by the speaker to suggest something seriously.
4.1.5 Disagreeing
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speaker to disapprove something with opinion from the hearer. Every utterance, certainly has meaning or function to disagree something. The disagreeing have one function is announcing.
4.1.5.1 Disagreeing to announce
Disagreeing to announce occurs when a speaker disapproves some opinion with mean announce to the hearer.“I disagree”and “I do not agree” are the kinds and functions of representative acts. It occur 7 datum out of 143 data or 5% of the total percentage. The detailed data is in Appendix 2. Here the researcher takes two data to be presented.
Fragment 22 (Datum 1/4 -13)
Lehrer : Say it directly to him. Obama : I do not think that they are. Lehrer : Say it directly to him.
Obama: Well, John, 10 days ago, you said that the fundamentals of the economy are sound. And...
Mccain : Are you afraid I couldn't hear him? (LAUGHTER)
Lehrer : I'm just determined to get you all to talk to each other. I'm going to try.
Obama : The and I just fundamentally disagree. And unless we are holding ourselves accountable day in, day out, not just when there's a crisis for folks who have power and influence and can hire lobbyists, but for the nurse, the teacher, the police officer, who, frankly, at the end of each month, they've got a little financial crisis going on.
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Dwight David and Eishenhower. The letters is about congratulation the great member of the military, and another letter is about resignation from the United States Army for the failure of the landings at Normandy. And McCain’s opinion is
United States lost the accountability. The speaker’s utter “I just fundamentally disagree”shows that he dissagres with McCain’s opinion.
Another disagreeing to annonce is found in datum 3.
Fragment 23 (Datum 3/30-28)
Obama :I'll just make a quick comment about vouchers in D.C.Senator McCain is absolutely right that the D.C. school system is in terrible shape, and it has been for a very long time. And we've got a wonderful new superintendent there, who's working very hard with the young mayor there, to try to initiate --
McCain : Who supports vouchers –
Obama : -- who actually supports charters Mccain : She supports vouchers also.
Obama : But here's the thing, is that even if Senator McCain were to say that vouchers were the way to go, I disagree with him on this, because the data doesn't show that it actually solves the problem.
This is the conversation between Barrack Obama and McCain in Presidential Election Debate in the third section, 2008 period. Obama and McCain are talking about vouchers. Here, the speaker disagrees about McCain’s say. The speaker says with an utterances “I disagree with him on this”. This shows that the speaker
is not agree with McCain’s opinion. McCain says that the vouchers is the cause of
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4.1.6 Confirming
This is the sixth highest number kinds of representative illocutionary acts are used by the speaker utterances to say something. These utterances are used by the speaker to give approval to the hearer. In every utterance, it certainly has meaning or function to confirm something. The confirming have one function is asserting.
4.1.6.1 Confirming to assert
Confirming to announce occurs when a speaker show that something is true or false and the speaker give approval something assertively. “Here what I said” is
the kind and function of representative acts. It occur 2 datum out of 143 data or 1.39% of the total percentage. The kinds and function of representative acts occurs in datum 1/19-26, 1/29-10. Here the researcher takes the data to be presented.
Fragment 24 (Datum 1/29-10)
Obama : I just have to respond very quickly, just to correct -- just to correct the record.
Mccain : So I want to say that, with the Nunn-Lugar thing... Lehrer : Excuse me, Senator.
Obama : John?
Mccain : ... I supported Nunn-Lugar back in the early 1990s when a lot of my colleagues didn't. That was the key legislation at the time and put us on the road to eliminating this issue of nuclear waste and the nuclear fuel that has to be taken care of.
Obama : I just have to correct the record here. I have never said that I object to nuclear waste. What I've said is that we have to store it safely. And, Senator McCain, he says talks about Arizona.
Lehrer : All right.
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something with the utter “just to correct the record”. The speaker gives explanation by announcing. “I have never said” is Obama’s utterance to confirm
assertively that he never said it. It is shows that Obama never said that, and he confirms about that.
Another confirming to assert is found in datum 1. Fragment 25 (Datum 1/19-26)
Obama : Nobody talked about attacking Pakistan. Here's what I said. And if John wants to disagree with this, he can let me know, that, if the United States has Al Qaida, bin Laden, top-level lieutenants in our sights, and Pakistan is unable or unwilling to act, then we should take them out.
In this datum, Obama confirms about something. “Nobody talked about attacking Pakistan. Here's what I said.” is Obama’s utterance to show that
nobody talked about attacking Pakistan. “Here's what I said” is Obama’s utterance to confirm. This is Obama’s utterances in Presidential Election Debate in the first section, 2008 period.
4.2 Discussion
In Presidential Election Debate 2008 until 2012 period, Barrack Obama has uttered many representative speeches in his dialogue. The researcher analyzed these by focusing on two problems. The most dominant kinds and functions of representative acts on this debate is informing to assert type. The findings showed that the total of kinds and functions of representative acts that were found in Barrack Obama’s debate are informing to assert with the total of 46 data or
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utterances is informing to assert. Barrack Obama often used informing kinds and asserting functions of representative acts. Barrack Obama often used informing to assert type, because he intended to give an information about the facts of important things, which was happened in United States. The second is informing to report. In this case, Barrack Obama often uses informing something which was proven by the additional facts, such as giving account of number, percentage and calculation.
The result of the first research problem in this research has similarity with Putri and Murni’s research (2014). In their research, they found that the representative utterances are the most often used by ten performances of stand-up comedy in Indonesia. They research showed that there were many types of representatives utterances that can be categorized into representative speech act containing to inform, insinuate, and criticize. For the first research problem, we have similar result, because representatives utterances have the same function to inform a person to convey his belief that some proposition is true. There are some point to interest the writer to compare this research and their research. In Putri and Murni’s research, they analyzed performer utterances of Stand-up Comedy that
use Indonesia Language. Most of the comedian talks about his personal observation and experience, some other comedians convey criticism on politics, religion, and race. In other hand, this research analyzed of utterance Barrack Obama in debate that use English Language. Most of Obama’s utterances shows
