INDEKS KELESTARIAN
LINGKUNGAN
=
Environmental
Sustainability Index
KUALITAS AIR
It’s a simple fact - we can’t live without water.
People use it every day for drinking, washing and cooking, as well as for irrigating crops and generating electricity. Water is also
KUALITAS AIR
Kualitas air mencerminkan karakteristik kimia, fisika
dan biologis air.
It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the
requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose.
It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. The most common
standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water.
The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on water that is treated for human consumption, industrial use, or in
KUALITAS AIR AMBIENT
Environmental water quality, also called ambient water quality, relates to water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and oceans. Water
quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended
human uses.
Toxic substances and high populations of certain micro-organisms can present a health hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation , swimming , fishing, rafting , boating, and industrial uses. These conditions may also affect wildlife, which use the water for drinking or as a habitat. Modern
water quality laws generally specify protection of fisheries and recreational use and require, as a minimum, retention of current
Parameter kualitas lingkungan air tawar
Freshwater environmental quality parameters are the natural and man-made chemical, biological and
microbiological characteristics of rivers, lakes and ground-waters, the ways they are measured and the ways that they
change.
The values or concentrations attributed to such parameters can be used to describe the pollution status of an
environment, its biotic status or to predict the likelihood or otherwise of a particular organisms being present.
Monitoring of environmental quality parameters is a key activity in managing the environment, restoring polluted environments and anticipating the effects of man-made
KONSUMSI MANUSIA
Contaminants that may be in untreated water include microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria; inorganic contaminants such as salts and metals; organic chemical contaminants from industrial processes and petroleum use;
pesticides and herbicides; and radioactive contaminants. Water quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem,
as well as human uses such as sewage dispersion,
industrial pollution, use of water bodies as a heat sink, and overuse (which may lower the level of the water).
In urbanized areas throughout the world, water purification technology is used in municipal water systems to remove
contaminants from the source water (surface water or
PENGGUNAAN AIR:
DOMESTIK DAN INDUSTRI
Dissolved minerals may affect suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes.
The most familiar of these is probably the presence of ions of calcium and magnesium which interfere with the
cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers.
Hard water may be softened to remove these ions. The softening process often substitutes sodium cations.
Hard water may be preferable to soft water for human consumption, since health problems have been associated
with excess sodium and with calcium and magnesium deficiencies. Softening may sacrifice nutrition for cleaning
Water Quality Indicators
We will now
take a look
at the water
ALKALINITY
Alkalinity refers to the water’s
ability to neutralize acids.
Alkalinity is produced
by minerals such as
limestone.
Limestone bedrock areas often
have caves and sinkholes, known
as Karst.
Ammonia
Ammonia is produced by the decay of
organic matter and animal waste.
Ammonia is toxic to most aquatic life,
especially at high pH.
Bacteria readily convert ammonia to
nitrate.
Ammonia
Ammonia
is a form
of
nitrogen
and part
of the
Nitrogen
BACTERIA
Most bacteria are important in nutrient and other
organic cycles.
Excess nutrients cause
algal blooms.
As algae die and decay,
the high bacterial load
Certain types of bacteria indicate animal
and human waste pollution.
Escherichia coli
are coliform bacteria found in
the intestines of warm-blooded organisms.
Most strains are harmless but one
E.
coli
Oksigen Terlarut
Dissolved oxygen is a
product of
photosynthesis and
diffusion.
Most organisms need
at least 5 or 6 ppm of
oxygen in order to
survive.
Even cold water rarely contains more than 15
ppm. Summer is often a time of oxygen stress for
aquatic organisms.
Conductivity measures the water’s
ability to conduct an electrical current.
Pure water is a poor conductor.
The addition of dissolved solids,
especially salts, increases the
conductivity of water.
Electrical current is measured using a
conductivity meter.
Hardness refers to the concentration of
calcium and magnesium in water.
Hard water has high concentrations of these
elements. Soft water has low
concentrations.
Water hardness often originates from
limestone.
Nitrate is a primary plant nutrient.
Nitrate is water soluble and
moves easily from surface to
groundwater.
Excess nitrate causes algal blooms
that reduce water quality.
Under normal conditions, the nitrogen
cycle keeps the amount of available
nitrogen in balance with the demands.
However, excessive use of fertilizers and
nutrient rich sewage release have
created a surplus of nitrate.
The result is eutrophication from excess
algae and bacteria with reduced
These chemicals are very complex.
Effects on aquatic organisms –
Moderately to highly toxic to
mammals, molluscs, aquatic insects,
amphibians and fish.
pH
pH is the measure of the hydrogen ion (H+)
concentration.
The pH scale is zero to 14. Seven is neutral,
below seven is acidic, and above seven is basic
(or alkaline).
Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form a weak
acid called carbonic acid.
Phosphate
Phosphate’s concentrations in
clean water is generally low;
however, phosphorus is used
Phosphate
The primary sources of
phosphates to surface water are
detergents, fertilizers, and
Phosphate
High levels of phosphate can over
stimulate the growth of aquatic plants
and algae.
This in turn, will cause high DO
consumption and death to fish and
Salinity
Salinity refers to the salt
concentration in water, mostly
sodium chloride.
Salinity is historically
measured in parts per
Salinity
Saltwater can
cause
problems
when it
replaces fresh
groundwater
Sediment
Erosion
causes
loose soil to
enter the
Sediment
Suspended sediment blocks
sunlight to plants and reduces
dissolved oxygen.
As sediments settle, they can
smother bottom (benthic)
TEMPERATURE
Most aquatic organisms live within a
temperature range of +32º F (+0º C) to
90º F (32º C).
Temperature can be measured using
field thermometers but digital probes
are much more accurate.
Temperature affects the oxygen-carrying
capacity of water.
Rapid temperature change and temperature extremes can
stress aquatic organisms.
As the water warms, the
amount of dissolved
oxygen decreases.
14 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
TDS is the measure of the material
dissolved in water.
This measure is related to hardness,
salinity and conductivity.
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)
TSS is the measure of the sediment
suspended in the water.
TSS is related to turbidity.
TURBIDITY
Turbidity refers to
water clarity.
Sediments
suspended in the
water increase
Senyawa Kimia Toksik
Toxic chemicals usually come
from industry and energy
production.
The effects are often not known
until years after they have entered
Toxic chemicals include heavy
metals (lead, mercury),
organic compounds (DDT,
PCB), inorganic substances
INDIKATOR AIR MINUM
1. An electrical conductivity meter is used to measure total dissolved solids
2. The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category:
3. Alkalinity
4. WARNA AIR 5. pH
6. Taste and odor (geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), etc.)
7. Dissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium)
8. Microorganisms such as fecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia
9. Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.) 10. Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM),
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 11. Radon
INDIKATOR AIR
Indikator Fisika
1.Suhu Air = Water Temperature
2.Specifics Conductance or EC, Electrical Conductance, Conductivity
3.Total suspended solids (TSS) 4.Transparency or Turbidity 5.Total dissolved solids (TDS) 6.Bau air = Odor of Water
Indikator Kimia
1.pH
2.Total Hardness, Hard water, TH = Permanent Hardness + Temporary Hardness
3.Dissolved oxygen (DO) 4.Nitrat-N
5.Orthofosfat
6.Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
7.Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 8.Pestisida
9.Logam-logam berat.
Biological Indicators/ assessment
1.Ephemeroptera 2.Plecoptera
3.Trichoptera
4.Escherichia Coli or E.Coli or E.coli 5.Coliform
Biological monitoring metrics have been developed in many places, and one widely used measure is the presence and abundance of members of the insect orders
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT).
EPT indexes will naturally vary from region to region, but generally, within a region, the greater the number of taxa from these orders, the better the water quality. EPA and other organizations in the United States offer guidance on developing a monitoring
program and identifying members of these and other aquatic insect orders.
Individuals interested in monitoring water quality who cannot afford or manage lab scale analysis can also use biological indicators to get a general reading of water quality. One example is the IOWATER volunteer water monitoring program, which
includes a benthic macroinvertebrate indicator key.
WATER QUALITY INDEX
A water quality index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water quality
data into information that is understandable and useable by the public. This type of index is similar to the index developed for air quality that shows if it’s
a red or blue air quality day.
The use of an index to "grade" water quality is a controversial issue among water quality scientists. A single number cannot tell the whole story of water
quality; there are many other water quality parameters that are not included in the index. The index presented here is not specifically aimed at human health or aquatic life regulations. However, a water index based on some very
BAKU MUTU AIR & PELAPORANNYA
1.1. WHO Guideline
World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline for Drinking Water Standards.
2. ICMR Standards
ICMR Standards for Drinking Water.
3. International standards or ISI Satandards Water quality
KRITERIA KUALITAS AIR
Section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act requires us to develop criteria for water quality that accurately reflects the latest scientific knowledge.
These criteria are based solely on data and scientific judgments on pollutant concentrations and environmental or human health effects.
Section 304(a) also provides guidance to states and tribes in adopting water quality standards. Criteria are developed for the protection of
KEHIDUPAN AKUATIK
1.Aquatic Life criteria lists chemical concentration goals to protect surface water for aquatic life use.
2.Biological criteria are based on the numbers and kinds of organisms present and describe the biological condition of aquatic communities inhabiting surface waters.
3.Nutrients are substances used by living things that
KESEHATAN MANUSIA
1.Human Health includes technical information and
guidance on surface water, drinking water and microbials. 2.Microbial (Pathogen) criteria are used to protect the
public from exposure to harmful levels of pathogens in ground and surface waters, food sources, and finished drinking water.
INDEKS KUALITAS AIR DAN INDIKATORNYA
The integrity of an ecosystem is typically assessed through its ability to provide goods and services on a continuous basis. Together with the air we breathe, the provision of clean water is arguably the most fundamental service provided by ecosystems.
Yet, human activities have fundamentally altered inland water ecosystems and their catchments. As a consequence species dependant on inland waters are more likely to go extinct, and future extinction rates of freshwater animals could be up to 5
times higher than for terrestrial animals.
Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a water body. These characteristics determine
BAKU MUTU AIR MINUM GLOBAL
1. Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI)
all parameters regardless of WHO designation
2. Source Water Quality Index (SWQI) health and microbial criteria only
arsenic, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, manganese, mercury, nitrate, nitrite, faecal coliforms
3. Acceptability Water Quality Index (AWQI) acceptability criteria only
ammonia, chloride, iron, pH, sodium, sulphate, zinc
INDEKS KUALITAS AIR
In most of the cases, this index represents a numerical expression used in the assessment of the flowing water quality, through the framing of the values in five classes on the interval going from 1 to 100; a certain quality state, respectively a usage
domain correspond to each class (Adriano et al., 2006).
The raw values of each quality parameter must be compared with the standard threshold values that are taken into account for the computation of the index, in the view of the qualitative assessment. In all cases when the index must be determinate, the
computation formula is the following:
WQI – the Water Quality Index i – the quality parameter
qi – the registered value
wi – the rank of implication of the parameter in the computation formula
The values of the Water Quality Index that were thus obtained are distributed on a number of
Peranan WQI
1. WQI numerically summarizes the
information from multiple water
quality parameters into a single
value
2. The single value can be used to
compare data from several sites
Parameter untuk WQI
Parameter Units For a Q value of 90
DO % sat. % sat. >82% [>90% unless spawning, then >95%]
pH pH units 6.9 or 7.9 [6.5 to 8.5]
E. coli CFU/100 mL <4 CFU/100 mL [406 CFU/100 mL for grab sample]
Temp °C +2.5°C or -4°C [<17.8 deg. C]
Turbidity NTU 4.0 NTU’s
T Phos mg/L P 0.05 mg/L P [0.1 mg/L P, Tualatin TMDL]
NO3 mg/L N 0.5 mg/L N
Bagian-bagian dari WQI
1. Q-Value
- indication of water
quality relative to 100 of one
parameter
Q Value
•
The Q-Value is an
E.coli : Q-Graph & Q-Table
E. coli Q-Values
0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Interpretasi WQI
Kisaran WQI
Kualitas Air
90-100
Excellent
70-89
Good
50-69
Medium
25-49
Bad
Contoh Perhitungan WQI
Parameter Units Result Q-Value Weight
Factor Parameter Index
DO % Sat % 95 98 0.17 17.67
pH pH units 8 88 0.11 10.55
E. coli CFU/100 mL 1750 23 0.16 3.94
Temp deg C 0 100 0.11 11.00
Turbidity NTU 10 79 0.09 7.07
T Phos mg/L P 0.2 50 0.1 5.50
NO3 mg/L N 0.4 91 0.1 9.12
BOD mg/L 6 36 0.11 4.34
Total 1.00 69.2
WQI = 69.2
Penyesuaian untuk data yang
hilang
1. When a parameter is missing,
the sum of the weighting factors
that have data can be used to
adjust the WQI
2. Sum of the Parametric Index
Perhitungan dengan parameter yang
hilang
Parameter Units Result Q-Value Weight
Factor Parameter Index
DO % Sat % 95 98 0.17 17.67
pH pH units 8 88 0.11 10.55
E. coli CFU/100 mL 1750 23 0.16 3.94
Temp deg C 0 100 0.11 11.00
Turbidity NTU 10 79 0.09 7.07
T Phos mg/L P NM
NO3 mg/L N 0.4 91 0.1 9.12
BOD mg/L 6 36 0.11 4.34
Total 0.89 63.7
WQI = 71.6
