PPT UEU Teori Perilaku Organisasi Pertemuan 2b

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Personality and Values Pertemuan 2

Muhammad Arief

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What is Personality?

Personality

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others; measurable traits a person exhibits.

Personality Traits

Enduring characteristics that describe an

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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality Types

• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)

• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)

• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)

• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Score is a combination of

all four (e.g., ENTJ)

Personality Types

• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I) • Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)

• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F) • Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Score is a combination of

all four (e.g., ENTJ)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

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Meyers-Briggs, Continued

A Meyers-Briggs score

– Can be a valuable too for self-awareness and career guidance

BUT

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The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions

Extroversion

Sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Agreeableness

Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness

Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Openness to Experience

Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive

Emotional Stability

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Measuring Personality

Personality is Measured By

 Self-report surveys

 Observer-rating surveys

 Projective measures

– Rorschach Inkblot Test – Thematic Apperception

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Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB

 Core Self-evaluation

– Self-esteem

– Locus of Control

 Machiavellianism

 Narcissism

 Self-monitoring

 Risk taking

 Type A vs. Type B personality

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Core Self-Evaluation: Two Main Components

•Self Esteem

Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.

•Locus of Control

The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.

•Internals (Internal locus of control)

Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them.

•Externals (External locus of control)

Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by

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Machiavellianism

Conditions Favoring High Machs

• Direct interaction with others

• Minimal rules and regulations

• Emotions distract for others

Conditions Favoring High Machs • _{Direct interaction with others} • Minimal rules and regulations

• Emotions distract for others

Machiavellianism (Mach)

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Narcissism

A Narcissistic Person

•Has grandiose sense of self-importance •Requires excessive admiration

•Has a sense of entitlement •Is arrogant

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Self-Monitoring

A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.

High Self-Monitors

• Receive better performance ratings

• Likely to emerge as leaders

• Show less commitment to their organizations

High Self-Monitors

• Receive better performance ratings

• Likely to emerge as leaders

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Risk-Taking

 High Risk-taking Managers

– Make quicker decisions

– Use less information to make decisions

– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations

 Low Risk-taking Managers

– Are slower to make decisions

– Require more information before making decisions

– Exist in larger organizations with stable environments  Risk Propensity

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Personality Types

Type A’s

1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;

2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place; 3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;

4. cannot cope with leisure time;

5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.

Type B’s

1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience;

2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments;

3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost;

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Personality Types

Proactive Personality

Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs.

Creates positive change in the environment,

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Which of the following is not a typical personality trait considered to be

organizationally relevant?

Locus of control

Self-monitoring

Self-enhancing

Self esteem

Machiavellianism

Chapter Check-Up: Personality

Discuss with your neighbor how each of the three traits above would influence a college instructor’s behavior, and where you think your

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Chapter Check-Up: Personality

Alison arrives to class and realizes that she’s Alison arrives to class and realizes that she’s

forgotten her homework to turn in. She says “Oh

man, it’s just not my lucky day today.” Alison

has ______________.

Alison has a high external locus of control. Alison believes that things outside of her control determine what happens.

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Julia is known for being a go-getter. She never leaves a task

incomplete, and is involved in a number of activities. Moreover, she’s at the top of her class. She’s so busy that sometimes, she forgets to stop and eat lunch. Julia can be easily

characterized as someone that has/is a Type ____ Personality.

Chapter Check-Up: Personality

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Julia is also likely to not be very

• Happy?

• Fun?

• Creative?

• Stressed?

Chapter Check-Up: Personality

In general, Type A’s are rarely creative because they generally don’t allocate the necessary time

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 Definition: Mode of conduct or end state is personally or socially preferable (i.e., what is right & good)

– Terminal Values

• Desirable End States

– Instrumental Values

• The ways/means for achieving one’s terminal values

 Value System: A hierarchy based on a ranking of an

individual’s values in terms of their intensity.

Note: Values Vary by Cohort

Values

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Importance of Values

 Provide understanding of the attitudes,

motivation, and behaviors of individuals and cultures.

 Influence our perception of the world around us.

 Represent interpretations of “right” and “wrong.”

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Types of Values –- Rokeach Value Survey

Terminal Values

Desirable end-states of

existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.

Instrumental Values

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Values in the

Rokeach Survey Values in

the Rokeach

Survey

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Values in the

Rokeach Survey (cont’d) Values in

the Rokeach

Survey (cont’d)

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Mean Value Rankings of Executives, Union Members, and Activists

Source: Based on W. C. Frederick and J. Weber, “The Values of Corporate Managers and Their Critics: An Empirical Description and Normative Implications,” in W. C. Frederick and L. E. Preston (eds.)

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Values, Loyalty, and Ethical Behavior

Ethical Climate in

the Organization

Ethical Climate in

the Organization

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 Power Distance

 Individualism vs. Collectivism

 Masculinity vs. Femininity

 Uncertainty Avoidance

 Long-term and Short-term orientation

Values across Cultures: Hofstede’s

Framework

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Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures

Power Distance

The extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Low distance: relatively equal power

between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealth

High distance: extremely unequal power distribution between those with

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Hofstede’s Framework (cont’d)

Collectivism

A tight social framework in which people expect

others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

Individualism

The degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than a member of groups.

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Hofstede’s Framework (cont’d)

Masculinity

The extent to which the society values work roles of achievement, power, and control, and where assertiveness and

materialism are also valued.

Femininity

The extent to which there is little

differentiation

between roles for men and women.

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Hofstede’s Framework (cont’d)

Uncertainty Avoidance

The extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.

•High Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not like

ambiguous situations & tries to avoid them.

•Low Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not mind

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Hofstede’s Framework (cont’d)

Long-term Orientation A national culture

attribute that

emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.

Short-term Orientation A national culture attribute that emphasizes the

present and the here and now.

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Achieving Person-Job Fit

Personality Types • Realistic • Investigative • Social • Conventional • Enterprising • Artistic Personality Types • Realistic • Investigative • Social • Conventional • Enterprising • Artistic Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland)

Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational

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Holland’s Typology of

Personality and

Congruent Occupations

Holland’s Typology of

Personality and

Congruent Occupations

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Relationships

among

Occupational

Personality

Types

Relationships

among

Occupational

Personality

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Organizational Culture Profile (OCP)

 Useful for determining person-organization fit

 Survey that forces choices/rankings of one’s personal values

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In Country J most of the top management team meets

employees at the local bar for a beer on Fridays, and there are no reserved parking spaces. Everyone is on a first

name basis with each other. Country J, according to

Hofstede’s Framework, is probably low on what dimension?

Chapter Check-Up: Values

• _Collectivism_Collectivism

• _{Long Term Orientation}_{Long Term Orientation} • _{Uncertainty Avoidance}_{Uncertainty Avoidance} • _{Power Distance}_{Power Distance}