Physiological Characters of Soybean Cultivars with Application of Nitrogen Sources Under Dry Land Conditions

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 122_{(2018) 011001} _{doi :10.1088/1755-1315/122/1/011001}

Conference Information

Dates : November 7 - 8, 2017

Organizer : Faculty of Agriculture

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Venue : Arya Duta Hotel Medan

Jalan Kapten Maulana Lubis No. 8 Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia Phone: +62 61 4572999

Web: http://www.aryaduta.com

Official Language : English

Secretariat : Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Sumatera Utara

Jl. Dr. A. Sofyan No. 3 Kampus USU Medan Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Email : aefs@usu.ac.id

aefsfpusu2017@gmail.com

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Conference Committee

Chairman :Dr. Ir. Tavi Supriana, M.Si

Co-chair :Ir. Revandy Damanik, M.Sc, Ph.D

Dr. Lisnawita, SP, M.Si

Secretary :Riswanti Sigalingging, STP, M.Si, Ph.D Honorary Board :Prof. Dr. Runtung, SH, MHum

Prof. Ing. Vladimir Jurcha, CSc Prof. Dr. Ing. Frantisek Kumhala Dr. Ir. Hasanuddin, MS

Drs. Mahyuddin K M Nasution, M.I.T, Ph.D Scientific Committee (Reviewer):Prof. Carolee T. Bull, Ph.D (USA)

Dr. Ian T. Riley (Australia)

Prof. Dr. Erman Munir, M.Sc (Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Abdul Razak Alimon (Malaysia) Prof. Dr. Purwiyatno Hariyadi (Indonesia) Ing. Abraham Kabutey, Ph.D (Czech Republic) Prof. Dr. David B. Weaver (USA)

Dr. Rich Llewelyn (USA)

Prof. Dr. Ir. Cece Sumantri, M.Agr Sc (Indonesia) Prof. Edison Purba, Ph.D (Indonesia)

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1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Darma Bakti, MS 2. Dr. Eriyusni, M.Sc

3. Dr. Ir. Yaya Hasanah, M.Si 4. Dr. Ir. Elisa Julianti, M.Si 5. Dr. Ir. Ma’ruf Tafsin, M.Si 6. Dr. Khairunnisa, SP, MP 7. Irda Safni, SP, MCP, Ph.D 8. Ir. Diana Chalil, M.Si, Ph.D 9. Era Yusraini, S.TP, M.Si

10. Ir. Hotnida Sinaga, M.Phil, Ph.D 11. Rulianda Wibowo, SP, M.Sc, Ph.D 12. Lukman Adlin Harahap, STP, M.Si 13. Delima Lailan S. Nasution, S.TP, M.Sc 14. Nazif Ichwan, S.TP, M.Si

15. Achmad Sadeli , S.Pt, M.Sc 16. Fuad Hasan, S.Pt, M.Si 17. Tati Vidiana, S.Pt, M.S 18. Indra Elizar

19. Arung Buana 20. Antasari Malau 21. Kenzi

22. Hermanyanto Laia 23. Nisrina Hayati 24. Bobby Manullang 25. Stefani Limanto 26. Yerika

27. Sonia

28. Nina Unzila Angkat 29. Sylvia Bianca Sihombing

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

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To cite this article: Y Hasanahet al2018IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.122012055

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Physiological characters of soybean cultivars with application of

nitrogen sources under dry land conditions

Y Hasanah1*, T C Nisa1, Hapsoh2 and H Hanum1

1

Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Prof. A. Sofyan No. 3 Kampus USU, Padang Bulan Medan 20155, Indonesia

2

Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia. *E-mail: yaya@usu.ac.id

Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of nutrient N management on physiological characteristics of three different soybean cultivars under dry land conditions. The study was conducted under dry lands of Desa Sambirejo (Langkat Regency) in the dry season. The study was conducted with a Randomize Block Design with two factors and three replication. The research was used a randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was soybean cultivars (Anjasmoro, Wilis, Sinabung). The second factor was N source, with Urea (50 kg/ha), Bradyrhizobium sp., farmyard manure (10 ton/ha), a combination of Bradyrhizobium sp. + farmyard manure (5 ton/ha) and a control with no N. The parameter observed in this study was the content of root N, shoot Nitrogen, shoot Phosphor, shoot Potassium and total of chlorophyll content. The results suggest that Anjasmoro and Sinabung cultivars had higher physiological characteristics (root N, shoot P and shoot K) compared to Wilis. Nitrogen source of Urea gave a higher physiological characteristics (content of root N, shoot Phosphor and shoot Potassium) compared to different treatment of N source in this study. The interaction between Anjasmoro cultivar and Urea gave the highest of content of shoot Phosphor and shoot Potassium, otherwise the interaction between Sinabung cultivar and Bradyrhizobium sp. gave the highest of content of shoot Nitrogen.

1. Introduction

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril], as an important source of vegetable and oil for human and animal consumption [1]. As one of the most important legumes species, soybean contains about 40% highly nutritious protein with all essential amino acids, rich in magnesium, phospholipids, vitamins and minerals [2-3] and also contains secondary metabolites such as isoflavones [4], saponins, phyticacid, oligosaccharides [4] and phytoestrogens [5] which are beneficial to health. In addition to its nutritional values, soybean is also used as important nitrogen (N2)-fixing crop throughout the world for the restoration and maintenance of soil fertility in a sustainable way and consequently the improvement of crop yields [6-7]

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productivity, increasing the intensity of soybean cultivation and expansion of planting soybean area to marginal land (sub optimal) such as dry land. Dry land has many problems such as drought stress during dry season, soil pH less suitable for soybean cultivation (pH 5.0), low macro nutrient N, P, K content. Based on these problems, dry land management for increasing soybean production can be done with two main approaches namely choosing adaptive soybean varieties of dry land and improving soil fertility through the management of nitrogen [9]

Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for plants, the basic components of protein formation, nucleic acids, amino acids and protoplasm, required in the synthesis of chlorophyll, the formation and growth of vegetative parts of plants (leaves, stems, and roots). Application of N nutrient under dry land conditions will influence on physiological characteristics of soybean varieties. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of nutrient N management on physiological characteristics of three different soybean cultivars under dry land conditions.

2. Materials and methods

Research was conducted in Sambirejo Village, Binjei District, Langkat, Sumatra Utara (Indonesia), a dry land area, June to September 2012. Location determination refers to soybean production center in North Sumatera and according to Agroecological Zone map, FSZ North Sumatra. The soil texture of the experimental site was a sandy clay loam which had 11% coarse sand, 38% fine sand, 29% silt and 22% clay. Nitrogen content was low (0.14%), organic matter was 1.02%, with a pH of 5.0 [8]

2.1. Experimental design and crop management

The research conducted by using a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is soybean cultivars are Anjasmoro (V1), Wilis (V2) and Sinabung (V3). As the second factor is the source of N consisted of without N application (N0) ; Urea 50 kg/ha (N1) ; Bradyrhizobium

sp. (N2) ; manure of 10 tons/ha (N3) and combination Bradyrhizobium sp. + manure 5 tons/ha (N4). The land used consists of 45 plot with the size of plot 2 m x 2 m. Among the plots are limited by drainage channels. Liming with dolomite 500 kg/ha was done during the second tillage by spread evenly 2 weeks before planting. Application of P and K fertilizer when planting is done at each time planting with the same dose (recommended dose of P and K fertilizer for soybean crop is 150 kg TSP/ha and 75 kg KCl/ha, respectivelly).

Three seeds per planting hole were planted at the study. Thinning is done 1 week after planting by cutting plants that grow poorly and leaving 1 plant per planting hole. Isolate Bradyrhizobium sp. is inoculated according to treatment. Isolate is mixed with soybean seeds, done in the morning just before planting in the shade. Soybean seeds that have been mixed isolates Bradyrhizobium sp.

Application of Urea and farmyard manure according to treatment done at planting time. Urea fertilizer is given half the dose at the time of planting and half the remaining dose at 30 HST. Application of cow manure is done by mixing cow manure with planting media evenly.

Harvesting is done when soybean have shown the criteria of harvest that the pod has brownish color and the stems and leaves have dried up.

2.2. Analysis of shoot N, P, K content and total chlorophyll

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2.3. Statistical analysis

Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparison of means. Means were separated

using Duncan’s Mutiple Range Test at the 0.05 probability level.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. N shoot content

Based on Table 1 it can be seen that the cultivars of Anjasmoro and Sinabung have significantly higher N content of shoot than Wilis. Source N Bradyrhizobium sp. has significantly higher N content of shoot (3.78%) than with other treatments, whereas the treatment of without N and combinations of

Bradyrhizobium sp. + farmyard manure (5 tons / ha) has the lowest N shoot content. In the three varieties, the treatment of Bradyrhizobium sp. increased the N shoot content of Anjasmoro and also Sinabung varieties compared with other treatments.

3.2. N root content

The cultivars of Anjasmoro and Sinabung have N content of roots significantly higher than Wilis. Sources of N Urea has significantly higher N root content (1.29%) than Bradyrhizobium sp. + farmyard manure (5 tons/ha) and without N application, but not significantly difference from Bradyrhizobium sp. and farmyard manure. The interaction between the varieties of Sinabung and Urea has a significantly higher N root content than other treatments, whereas the interaction of Wilis treatment and without N administration and the interaction of Wilis and farmyard manure treatment has the lowest N root content (Table 1)

3.3. P shoot content

Anjasmoro and Sinabung cultivars have significantly higher P content than Wilis. Sources of N Urea have significantly higher P shoot content than other treatments. The interaction between Anjasmoro variety and Urea has the highest P content (0.39%), while the interaction between Anjasmoro variety and farmyard manure (10 tons/ha) and interaction between Wilis and combination of Bradyrhizobium sp. + farmyard manure (5 tons/ha) have the lowest P shoot content (Table 1).

3.4. K shoot content

The cultivars of Anjasmoro and Sinabung have significantly higher K shoot content than Wilis. Sources of N Urea and Bradyrhizobium sp. have significantly higher K shoot content than other N treatments. The interaction between Anjasmoro variety and Urea has the highest K shoot content, whereas Bradyrhizobium

sp. + farmyard manure (5 ton / ha) or manure on Wilis varieties give the lowest K content (Table 1)

3.5. N uptake of shoot

N uptake of shoot in Anjasmoro cultivar tend to be higher than Wilis and Sinabung. Source N

Bradyrhizobium sp. has significantly higher N uptake of shoot compared with other N source treatments, whereas treatment without N application has the lowest of N uptake of shoot. The interaction between the Anjasmoro variety and Bradyrhizobium sp. tend to be the highest N uptake of shoot (Table 1)

3.6. Total of Chlorophyll

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Table 1. Physiological characters of three soybean cultivars with application of Nitrogen sources under

dry Land conditions on June to September growing season.

Treatment Content of (%)

Shoot N Root N Shoot P Shoot K

N uptake of shoot (g/plant)

Total of chlorophyll (mg/g ww)a Cultivar (V)

V1 = Anjasmoro 3.40a 1.17a 0.31b 2.06a 16.87 4.93

V2 = Wilis 3.19b 0.98b 0.34a 1.53b 13.14 5.03

V3 = Sinabung 3.40a 1.28a 0.35a 1.86a 14.05 5.06

N source (N)

N0 = Without N application 3.09c 1.05b 0.32b 1.76b 11.40c 4.87

N1 = Urea 3.46b 1.29a 0.38a 2.00a 13.58b 5.07

N2 = Bradyrhizobium sp. 3.78a 1.14ab 0.34ab 1.88a 19.44a 5.26

N3 = Farmyard manure 3.33b 1.16ab 0.31b 1.72b 14.97b 4.98

N4 = Bradyrhizobium sp.

+ farmyard manure 2.98c 1.10b 0.32b 1.73b 14.05b 4.85

Interaction V x N

V1 N0 3.07fg 1.00def 0.32c 2.08bcd 11.01 5.15

V1 N1 3.66bc 1.18bcd 0.39a 2.49a 15.16 4.70

V1 N2 3.97a 1.18bcd 0.33c 2.22bc 22.66 5.58

V1 N3 3.41cde 1.35b 0.26d 2.01cde 15.61 5.31

V1 N4 2.87gh 1.16cd 0.38ab 1.48ij 19.92 4.93

V2 N0 3.29ef 0.86f 0.31c 1.58ghij 11.23 5.02

V2 N1 2.87gh 0.94ef 0.38ab 1.76efg 11.44 4.84

V2 N2 3.43cde 1.10de 0.34bc 1.51hij 20.26 5.26

V2 N3 3.00g 0.90f 0.35abc 1.43j 10.66 4.54

V2 N4 3.35de 1.12cd 0.25d 1.39j 12.11 5.48

V3 N0 2.91gh 1.29bc 0.33c 1.62ghij 11.97 4.44

V3 N1 3.85ab 1.74a 0.36abc 1.74fgh 14.13 5.68

V3 N2 3.94a 1.13cd 0.35abc 1.90def 15.40 4.94

V3 N3 3.59bcd 1.02def 0.32c 1.71fghi 18.65 5.09

V3 N4 2.71h 1.02def 0.34bc 2.33ab 10.10 5.16

Note : Different letters at the same of group treatment and colomn represent significant differences at Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (p < 0.05).

a) ww = wet weight

3. Discussion

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The high content of P and K canopy due to the urea treatment on the Anjasmoro cultivar showed that the Anjasmoro cultivar is more responsive to Urea fertilization compared to Wilis and Sinabung. Plant response to nutrient availability is highly dependent on nutrient uptake mechanisms by plants. Absorption of Urea containing 45% N results in increased availability of N so that vegetative growth is well and the ability of plant to absorb P increases. As a result, the ability of plants in the formation of seeds is also increased because P is very instrumental in the formation of primordia flowers, plant reproductive organs and as a key substrate in energy metabolism [10]

The high content of K due to Urea treatment on Anjasmoro cultivar is suspected to be related to the synergy between N and K nutrients. The increase in N uptake due to Urea fertilization results in increased K content, because K functions as an activator of enzymes in the process of plant metabolism and translocation of photosynthetic carbohydrates [11] so that the metabolic processes of plants is well done.

The role of Bradyrhizobium sp. in fixing N is seen from the increasing trend of total chlorophyll by the treatment of Bradyrhizzobium sp. in this study. Total chlorophyll of leaf is important to see the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to the fulfillment of plant nitrogen needs. As it is known that nitrogen is one of the constituents of the porphyrin ring in chlorophyll (Salisbury and Ross, 1995). The fact that nitrogen is one of the constituents of chlorophyll, while chlorophyll itself is the engine for the process of photosynthesis, making N also a factor affecting the rate of photosynthesis. If nitrogen supply is limited, chlorophyll may not form and will eventually decrease the rate of photosynthesis (Yoshiki et al., 2013).

4. Conclusions

Anjasmoro and Sinabung cultivars had a higher physiological characteristics (root N, shoot P and shoot K) compared to Wilis cultivar. Nitrogen source of Urea gave a higher physiological characteristics (content of root N, shoot Phosphor and shoot Potassium) compared to different treatment of N source in this study. The interaction between Anjasmoro cultivar and Urea gave the highest of content of shoot Phosphor and shoot Potassium, otherwise the interaction between Sinabung cultivar and Bradyrhizobium sp. gave the highest of content of shoot Nitrogen.

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Acknowledgments