EDITION AUGUST 2011
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)
in English and Education Department
By:
KHOIRUL MAJID
11310154
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN)
SALATIGA
ii
In the name of Allah, The Most Gracious and Most Mercifull.
Hereby the writer fully declares that this Graduating Paper is made by the
writer and it is not containing materials writen or has been published by other
people except the information from references and also the writer is capable of
accounting for this Graduating Paper if in future this is can be proved of containing other‟s ideas, or in fact, the writer imitates the others‟ graduating paper.
In addition, the writer really hopes that this declaration can be understood
for all human being.
Salatiga, December 19th2014
iii Mrs. Sari Famularsih, S.Pd.I.,M.A. The Lecturer of Education Faculty
State Institute for Islamic Studies of Salatiga
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR’S NOTE
Case: Khoirul Majid‟s graduating paper
Salatiga, December 19th2014
Dear
The Head of
State Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga
Assalamu’alaikumWr.Wb
After reading and correcting Khoirul Majid‟s graduating paper entitle
Syntactic Analysis of Verb Phrase found in the Text of Link Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011, I have decided and would like to propose that if it could be accepted by educational faculty, I hope it would be examined as soon as
possible.
iv
GRADUATING PAPER
v
“99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa”
vi
1. Allah SWT
2. Prophet Muhammad SAW
3. My Beloved Father, Mother (Rest In Peace), Brothers, and also my beloved sisters
4. My beloved aunt, uncle, and my big family
5. The students of TBI 2010, especially E Class 2010
vii
complete this research as one of the requirements for getting Educational Islamic
Studies (S.Pd.I) in English Department of Educational Faculty of State Institute
for Islamic Studies (STAIN) of Salatiga in 2014.
This research would not have been completed without supports, guidance,
advice, and help from individual‟s institution. Therefore, the writer would like to
express deep appreciation to:
1. Mr. Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Pd., the Head of State Institute for Islamic
Studies (STAIN) Salatiga.
2. Mr. Suwardi, M.Pd., the Head of Education Faculty of State Institute
forIslamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga.
3. Mrs. Rr. Dewi Wahyu Mustikasari,M.Pd., the Head of the English
Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga.
4. Mrs. Sari Famularsih, S.Pd.I., M.A., the consultant of this research. Thank
you for suggestion and recommendation for this research from beginning
until the end.
5. All lecturers of English department, the writer deeply thank you all for your
advice, knowledge, and kindness.
viii and always support and advise me.
9. My big family, beloved brothersMas Mubtadi and his wife (Mbak Siti), Mas
Ahmad Marzuki, and Mas Sahid Mustofa and his wife (Mbak Alfi), beloved
sisters Mbak Sri Hidayati and her husband (Mas Arwani), Mbak Nur Faizah,
Khasanatul Mu‟akhiroh and her husband (Eko), Mar‟atul Maghfiroh, and
also Puji Fajarwho always give me support. My beloved little fighter: Alifia,
Abiy, Adnan, A‟la, and Arkan who always make me smile.
10. To my aunt, Mursydatun Ni‟mah and her family (Mas Han, Hanif, Vatar,
Naufal) with whom struggle for my study, thank you.
11. My beloved friends M. Rifki Athaya, Nasriyya Izzah ,Iin Fitra K, Rofiqoh,
thank you for the time, pleasure and everything.
12. All of my friends TBI 2010, especially E, thank you for all the time.
13. All of you who I cannot mention one by one thank you for your support and
kindness.
Salatiga, December 19th2014
ix
EducationalFaculty, English Department, State Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN).Consultant: Sari Famularsih, S.Pd.I.,M.A.
Key words: Syntax, Verb Phrase, Constituent, Construction.
x
TITLE... i
DECLARATION ... ii
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES ... iii
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION ………..iv
MOTTO... v
DEDICATION... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... vii
ABSTRACT………....xi
TABLE OF CONTENT ... x
LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLE ... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Statements of The Problem ... 5
C. Objectives of Study ... 6
D. Limitation of the Study ... 6
E. Benefit of the Research ... 6
xi CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL REVIEW
A. Syntax ………11
1. The Definition of Syntax……….……….11
2. Syntactic Construction……….12
B. Syntactic Structure……….18
1. Category………...18
2. Constituent………...19
C. X-bar Theory………..20
D. Phrase Structure Rule……….21
E. Verb Phrase………23
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF THE STUDY A. Type of the Study………...32
B. Object of the Study………34
C. Data Source………35
D. Method of Collecting Data………36
E. Technique of Analysis Data………..36
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS A. The Analysis of Verb Phrase Constituent………..39
xii BIBLIOGRAPHY
xiii
Figure 2.1 The Example of Noun Phrase ... 15
Figure 2.2 The Example of Verb Phrase ... 15
Figure 2.3 The Example of Adjectival Phrase ... 16
Figure 2.4 The Example of Adverbial Phrase ... 17
Figure 2.5The Example of Prepositional Phrase ... 18
Figure 2.6The Example of Sentence Constituent ... 20
Figure 2.7The Scheme of X-Bar Theory... 21
Figure 2.8 The Schema of Phrase Structure Rule ... 22
Figure 2.9 The Sequence of Auxiliary Verb ... 27
Figure 2.10 Construction of Verb Phrase ... 28
Figure 2.11 The Example of Construction of Verb Phrase ... 29
Figure 2.12Construction of PP= Internal= Complement ... 30
Figure 2.13 Construction of PP= External= Adjunct ... 30
xiv
Figure 4.18The schema of V‟(V + PP (Complement) ... 58
Figure 4.19The schema of V‟ (V + PP (Complement) + PP (Complement)) ... 60
Figure 4.20The schema of V” (V‟ (V + PP (Complement)+ PP (Adjunct)) ... 60
Figure 4.21The schema of V” (V‟(V+PP(Complement)+PP(Adjunct)+ADVP) .. 61
Figure 4.22 The schema of V‟ (V + PP (Complement) + NP) ... 62
Figure 4.23The schema of V” (V‟(V+PP (Complement) + AP) ... 63
Figure 4.24The schema ofV‟ (V + PP(Complement) + CP) ... 64
Figure 4.25The schema of V” (V‟ (V) + AP (Adjunct) ... 65
Figure 4.26The schema of V” (V‟ (V) + ADVP ... 66
Figure 4.27The schema of V” (ASP+ V‟ (V + ADVP + PP) ... 67
Figure 4.28The schema of V (V + CP) ... 68
Figure 4.29The Schema of V” (ADVP + V‟ (V)) ... 69
Figure 4.30The schema of V”(ADVP + V‟(V + NP)) ... 70
Figure 4.31The schema of V” (ADVP + V‟(V + NP + AP)) ... 71
Figure4.32The schema of V” (ADVP + V‟(V + NP + PP(Complement)) ... 71
Figure4.33The schema of V” (ADVP + V‟(V + NP + PP(Adjunct)) ... 72
Figure4.34The schema of V‟ (V + S) ... 73
Table 4.1(VerbConstruction) ... 74
Table 4.2(Pre-modifier + VerbConstruction) ... 74
Table 4.3(Verb + Post-Modifier Construction) ... 75
1 A. Background of Study
Language is the important part of human life. They are not able to be
separated each other because each community is formed by the activity of
language. The people use language to gain information and convey several
kinds of messages (ideas, emotions, and desires) to the others. The language
has three functions in communication, they are cognitive, effective and
afective, depended on the message to be communicated. Fromkin and
Rodman (1988:4) stated when you know a language, you can speak and be
uderstood by others who know that language. This means you have the
capacity to produce sounds that signify certain meanings and to understand or
intrepet the sounds produced by others. According to Dinneen (1966:12),
there are two aspects of language: the first the expression side of language,
and the second the content.
Radford (1988:2) divides the aspect of language in four different
aspects. The first is Phonology; it is the study of sound and sound system.
The second is Morphology; it is the study how morphemes or grammatical
units smaller than the words are combined together into words. The third is
Semantic; it is the study of meaning of the words. Then the fourth is Syntax;
it is the study of how words are combined together to form sentences. Dealing
language is about grammar. Dinneen (1966:98) stated, grammar is the
technical knowledge of the language generally employed by poets and
writers. Grammar focused on the correct combinations of language units that
have meaning, and it is not simply a relation between two terms but a very
complex set of relation.
Analysis of the language is needed since the complexity of the
language meanings. Here grammar has the role major in analyzing the
language. According to Parera (2009:5) every language has a language units;
the smallest language unit is phonem, then morphem, over morphem is word,
over word is phrase, then clausa, above clausa is sentence, and the largest
language unit is discourse. Every language units is analyzed based on the
stucture, function, and meaning. That is why there are subparts of language
analysis; phonology, morphology, syntax, and discourse analysis. One of the
branch of language analysis is syntax.
Fromkin and Rodman (1988:163) describe syntax is the part of
grammar that concerns the structure of phrases and sentences. In line with the
statement, Valin (2001:1) stated that syntax deals with how sentences are
constructed, and users of human language employ a striking variety of
possible arrangements of the elements in sentences. Sentence is group of
words that expresses a statement, question, etc. Lehmann as cited in Srijono
(2001: 65) define sentence is a sequence of selected syntactic items combined
and intonation in any languages. Beside that O‟Grady in Srijono (2001: 65),
the sentence is the largest unit of syntactic analysis.
Every sentence is not simply a list of individual word, but can be seen
to be a systemic structure of words in well formed phrases, and these phrases
are in well formed position in clauses. In general, we can say that a clause can
be divided into the operational constituents of Subject, Predicate,
Complement and Adjunct. The constituents all of them could be phrases.
According to Radford (1988:167) phrase is classified into five, they are:
Noun Phrase (NP), Verb Phrase (VP), Prepositional Phrase (PP), Adverbial
Phrase (Adv P), and Adjectival Phrase (AP). The head of phrase can be
modified by any construction or words. It can be placed before or after the
head of phrase.
According to Miller (2002: 3) the head controls or manages the other
words in a phrase, it is the modifier. If the head is a noun, the phrase is called
a noun phrase; if the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase, and so on.
Modifier is a constituent that imparts information relating to the head of the
construction. The function of phrase in a sentence can be as a subject, object,
subject complement, object complement, etc.
To provide the means for analyzing sentences or any other syntactic
entities two terms are used: construction and constituent. According to
Srijono (2001: 65), a constituent is any words or construction (or morpheme)
A verb phrase refers to a phrase that composed of at least one verb and
the dependents of the verb, in which the verb functions as the headword of
the phrase. Therefore a verb phrase is similar to what is considered a
predicate in some contexts. E.g. Ignacious Left quickly.
V”
V Adv p
Adv
Left quickly
Figure 1.1 The example of Verb Phrase
Source: Radford, Andrew. 1988. Transformational Grammar (A first Course). Britain: Cambridge University Press.
From the example of Verb Phrase above, left has a function as the
head of verb, and quickly is Adverbial Phrase and has the function of modifier
of Verb Phrase. It is commonly occurred in verb phrase. Other example of
verb phrase, John has finished the work.
V”
V1 V‟
V2 NP
D N
has finished the work
Figure 1.2 The example of Verb Phrase
The two examples of verb phrase above show that verb phrase can be
extended by another phrases; adverbial phrase, noun phrase, adverbial phrase,
etc. It shows that verb phrase is one of the complex phrase that needed to be
learned deeply.
According to the explanation above, the writer interests to identify the
construction of verb phrases in the sentences. By understanding the verb
phrase, it is expected that the readers are easy to understand a discourse.
The purpose of this study is to identify the constituent and the
construction of verb phrase used in the text of Link Magazine the Fourth
Edition August 2011. Therefore, the writer tries to do the study dealing with
the problem and the study entitles “SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF VERB
PHRASE FOUND IN THE TEXT OF LINK MAGAZINE THE
FOURTH EDITION AUGUST 2011”.
B. Statements of The Problem
Based on the explanation in the background of the study, the writer
formulates the following problems:
1. What are the constituents of verb phrases mostly found in the text of Link
Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011?
2. What is the construction of verb phrase mostly found in the text of Link
C. Objectives of The Study
In accordance with the problem above, the objective of the study are:
1. To identify and to describe the constituents of verb phrases mostly found
in the text of Link Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011.
2. To identify the construction of verb phrase mostly found in the text of
Link Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011.
D. Limitation of the Study
The writer limits his study, in order to give clear description of
discussion in this study. This study concerned on analyzing the Verb Phrases
that occur in the text of “Link Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011”.
E. Benefits of the Study
The writer expects that the result of Verb Phrase analysis in the text of
“Link Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011” gives benefits for others
(students, lecturers, etc) and gives contribution for academic field and
practical field, as follows:
1. Theoretical Benefit
a. The result of this study is expected to give clear explanation about
constituent of Verb Phrase that found in the text of “Link Magazine the
Fourth Edition August 2011”.
b. This study is to develop the lecturers‟ insight by dealing with Verb
2. Practical Benefit
a. This study gives more information to the next writer who will conduct
with this research or the next writers who want to discuss with related
study.
b. This study gives more information to the readers about Verb Phrase and
will enrich the knowledge around the Verb Phrase.
F. Review of Previous Study
In this study, the writer takes the previous studies to determine
originality of this study:
The first study conducted by Siti Toyibatun graduated from State
Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN) of Salatiga (2011). She wrote
Contrastive Analysis between English and Indonesian Verb Phrase. This
study focused on analyzing the construction of verb phrases in an Indonesian
and English sentence. She used the descriptive qualitative research to find out
her study and she used it as a type of research.
The second study conducted by Zahrotul Wahidah graduated from
State institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN) of Salatiga (2011) entitled A
Syntactical Analysis of Noun Phrase in Sentence of Opinion Column at The
Jakarta Post Newspaper on Saturday, February 19, 2011 Edition. This study
focused on analyzing the construction of noun phrases in a sentence. She used
her study, there are seventy nine types of NP constructions that are stated on
The Opinion Column at the Jakarta Post.
The third is entitled A Syntactical Analysis of English Advertising on
TV Program, written by Romiyati graduated from State Institute for Islamic
Studies of Salatiga (2003). She analyzed the English sentences used in
English advertising on TV program based on syntactical perspective. She
used the descriptive qualitative research was a type of her research. The
research finding of her study, there are four basic sentences used in English
advertising based on linguistic form, they are declarative, imperative,
exclamatory, and phrase.
The present study is dealing with analysis of verb phrase on the text of
“Link Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011” analyzing more detail
about the constituents and constructions of Verb Phrase.
G. Clarification of Key Term
To avoid the mistakes in interpreting the title of this research, it is
regarded necessary to explain the terms relating to it.
1. Syntax
Fromkin, et al (2007: 125) stated, syntax is the part of grammar that
2. Analysis
Analysis is the process of separating or examining something into its
constituent elements: the procedure is often more accurately described as
one of synthesis rather than analysis. (http://oxforddictionaries.com)
3. Verb Phrase
Verb phrase (VP) is the category of phrase headed by the verb,
minimally a VP consists of single verb (Carnie, 2007:72).
H. Graduating Paper Organization
This study is written systematically in order to be easier to read and
understand. This research is divided into five chapters and each chapter has
several sub-chapters.
Chapter one is introduction. It consists of background of the study,
limitation of study, problem statement, objective of the study, review of
previous study, benefit of the study and graduating paper organization.
Chapter two covers theoretical framework. In this chapter would
discuss the notion of x-bar theory, constituent, kinds of phrase, such as: noun
phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, prepositional phrase, adverbial phrase,
and the last discuss about verb phrase and the word order of verb phrase.
Chapter three is research method. This chapter describes type of
research, object of research, data and data source, method of collecting data,
Chapter four covers data analysis. It concerns with data analysis of
research finding.
11 CHAPTER II THEORITICAL REVIEW
A.Syntax
In the study of syntax, there are some elements that will be gained such
as syntactic elements, it consists of phrases, clauses, and sentences. In the
syntax there is also the phrase structure rule. It consist of the categories. Here,
the writer gives some reviews of the definition of syntax before explaining
sentences is called syntax. According to Victoria, et al (2007:116) syntax is
the part of grammar that represents a speaker‟s knowledgeof sentences and
their structure. The study of syntax addresses the sturcture of sentences and
their structural and functional relationship to one other (the sentences and
the sentence structure).
Van Valin (2001:1) states that syntax deals with how sentences are
constructed, and users of human languages employe a striking variety of
possible arrangements of the element in sentences. Carnie (2007:20) defines
and meaning, where words are organized into phrases and sentences.One of
the most important of syntactic properties of language is the simple
sentences. It can be combined in various ways to form complex
sentences.Fromkin, et al (2007:116) define the important role of the syntax
is to describe the relationship between the meaning of a particular goup of
words and the arrangement of those words.
Based on the explanations about the syntax, in short the writer
explains that syntax is the part of the linguistic study which concern to the
rule of arrangement word into phrases and sentences. The function of
syntactic analysis is to analyse the sentence units, then analyse elements of
sentence structure, clause structure and phrase structure, and finally specify
the class of word.
2. Syntactic Construction
According to Miller (2002:23), a construction is the organisation of
smaller units into bigger units, words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.
a. Sentence
Regarding Allen (1972:3), a sentence is traditionally defined as a
goup of words which expresses a complete thought. A complete thought
necessarily expresses a thought more clearly. A sentence does not
consist simply of a string of words. Nelson (2002:13) explains that the
grammar deals with the rules for combining words into larger units. The
According to Fromkin and Rodman (1988:164), sentences are not
simply random strings of words and morpheme, but conform to specific
patterns determined by the syntactic rules of language. It means that
sentence is not simple form. For example: Mother washes the clothes
every day. This is a sentence which gopued from some words with a
certain pattern of arrangement, alteration, and inflection.
From the explanations about the sentence above, the writer
concludes that the largest unit of syntactic analysis is the sentence.
Sentence are formed by a group of words that not only has a simple
form but can be combined in various ways to form complex sentence.
b. Clause
Clause is a group of words which forms a part of sentence, and
contains a subject and predicate (Wren and Martin, 2000:3). Miller
(2002:60) divides the clause into independent (main) clause and
dependent (subordinate). The independent clause can be a sentence,
besides dependent clause can be a noun clause, adjective clause, and
adverb clause.
Miss Bates chattered on for hours. It is the example of
sentence.But it is not only known as sentence, it also instances of main
clauses. This clause comprises of the phrase Miss Bates refers to teacher,
Based on the explanation above, the writer briefly explains that the
arrangement of meaning words and has both „a subject and a verb‟ that
can form a sentence or part of sentence is commonly known as a clause.
c. Phrase
Wren and Martin (2000:2) states phrase is a group of words which
makes sense but not complete sense. In general, we can say that a clause
can be divided into the operational constituents of Subject, Predicate,
Complement and Adjunct. The constituents all of them could be phrases.
Morley (2000:53) explains phrases are formally classified according to the class of word which functions as the headword. So, for example, a nominal phrase has a nominal headword, a verbal phrase has a verbal headword, and so on. (By contrast with elements of clause structure, therefore, the formal classification of phrases is not undertaken in terms of their syntactic function). Traditionally five main classes of phrase are recognized: the nominal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial and prepositional, and together with these we here also include the genitive andsubordinator.
According to Radford (1988:167) phrase is classified into five,
they are: Noun Phrase (NP), Verb Phrase (VP), Prepositional Phrase
(PP), Adverbial Phrase (Adv P), and Adjectival Phrase (AP). The head
of phrase can be modified by any construction or words. It can be
placed before or after the head of phrase. The explanation of each point
is discussed further into detail explanation.
1. Noun Phrase
The noun phrase is phrase has a noun or pronoun as its
N”
D N‟
AP N
A peaceful result
Figure 2.1 The example of Noun Phrase
In the example of noun phrase above, result has a function as
the head noun. Ahas the function as the determiner, and peaceful as
the Adjectival Phrase functioned as pre nominal modifier.
2. Verb Phrase
Verb phrase has a verb headword, which is a main verb. It may
be preceded by an infinitiveparticle to and or one or more auxiliary
verbs. In the case of phrasal verbs, the main verb isfollowed by an
adverbial particle.E.g. He may [decide on the boat].
V”
V‟
V PP
decide on the boat
From the example of Verb Phrase above, decide has a function
as the head of verb, and on the boat is Prepositional Phrase and has
the function of modifier of Verb Phrase. It is commonly occurred in
Verb Phrase.
3. Adjectival Phrase
Adjectival phrases have an adjective headword. They may be
modified (premodified) by a preceding adverb and qualified
(postmodified) by a following adverb, prepositional phrase or
subordinate clause. E.g.John isn’t [that fond of Mary].
A”
D A‟
A PP
That fond of Mary
Figure 2.3 The example of Adjectival Phrase
The phrase that fond of Mary shows the example of the
Adjectival Phrase, where fondas the head of phrase. That as the
determiner and of Mary as Prepositional Phrase and has the function
4. Adverbial Phrase
Adverbial phrases have as their headword an adverb. This
headword adverb may also be premodified by an adverb and
qualified by a following adverb, prepositional phrase or subordinate
clause. E.g. She writes [very carefully].
ADV‟
Intensifier ADV
Very carefully
Figure 2.4 The example of Adverbial Phrase
The example of Adverbial Phrase above shows that very
quickly is shows how shewrites and carefully as the headword. Very
is the intensifier and has the function as the modifier of the
Adverbial Phrase. According to Nelson (2002:70), semantically,
most of the modifiers are intensifiers, they express the degree to
which the meaning of the adjective or adverb applies on an assumed
scale.The most common intensifier is very.
5. Prepositional Phrase
The prepositional phrase cosist of a preposition as the
of the phrase. This complement element is most typically realized by
a noun phrase.E.g. He was [so completely in the wrong].
P”
D P‟
ADV P‟
P NP
So completely in the wrong
Figure 2.5 The example of Prepositional Phrase
From the example of the phrase above “so completely in the
wrong” as the full Prepositional Phrase. In as the head of the phrase
and so, completely, the wrong have the function as the modifier of
Prepositional Phrase.
B.Syantactic Structure 1. Category
Radford (1997:50) explains a grammatical category is a class of
expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties. The
syntactic evidence for assigning words to categories essentially relates to
the fact that different categories of words have different distributions. Van
Valin (2001:7) explains that syntactic category is relatively little number of
most important lexical categories are noun (N), verb (V), prepositional (P),
adjective (A), and adverb (Adv).
In addition Van Valin (2001:7) argues that languages may also
contain non-lexical of functional categories or a number of minor
categories. They are determiner (D), auxiliary verb (Aux), conjunction
(Con), and degree words. The category determiner includes articles like a
and the and auxiliary verb includes modal (will, can, shall) and non- modal
(be, have). While category conjunction includes and, but and or, then
degree of words includes too, so, very and quite. Each constituent in the
sentences belong to a specific syntactic category.
2. Constituent
Constituent is the most important and basic notion in syntactic
theory. According to Carnie (2002:64) constituent is a group of words
which has functions together as a unit. The smallest constituent is a single
word. The constituent may consist of head, modifier and arrangement of
words. Although the term string is often used technically to refer to
sequences of words, sentences are not merely strings of words in an
acceptable order and making sense. They are structured into successive
components, consisting of single words or groups of word.
S
NP VP
D N V AP PP
ADVP A P NP
ADV D N
This boy seem incredibly stupid to that girl
Figure 2.6 The Example of Sentence Constituent
Source: Radford, Andrew. 1988. Transformational Grammar (A first Course). Britain: Cambridge University Press.
Each point in the tree diagrams is called node, and each node
represents a constituent. The sentence constituent above represented by the
symbol „S‟ consists of two constituents: a subject noun phrase (NP) [this
boy] and a predicate or verb phrase (VP) [seem incredibly stupid to that girl].The subject NP in turn contains a noun (N) boy and a determiner or
article (D) the. Similarly the VP contains a verb (V) seem, adjectival pharse
(AP) incredibly stupid and prepositonal phrase (PP) to that girl. AP and PP
as modifier of VP.
C.X- Bar Theory
Radford (1988:110) expalins the term X-bar theory is a graph consits of a
set of points or (nodes, to use the appropriate the technical terminology),
describes that X-bar theory is a theory of what and why of labeling of nodes in
phrase maker. X symbols as a category variable that representing world-level
category. X stands for any world level category like; verb (V), noun (N),
preposition (PP), adjective (A), adverb (Adv), etc. X-bar schema according to
Radford (1988:229):
X”
(Specifier) X‟
X (Complement)
Figure 2.7 The Schema of X-Bar Theory
Specifier and complement are not categorial terms, but rather represent
grammatical function or relation; hence they have similiar status to term such
as Subject and Object. Specifier and complement are optional constituents of a
Phrase.
D.Phrase Structure Rule
Phrase structure rules (PS-rules) are rules specify how sentence are
structured out of phrase, and phrases out of words (Radford, 1988:123).
Fromkin, et al (2007:128) state phrase structure rules specify the well-formed
structures of language precisely and concisely. They express regularities of the
language and make explicit a speaker‟s knowledge of the order of words and
construct (or generate) a phrase-marker or tree for a sentence.The following
Phrase by taking a Determiner immediately followed by a Noun. Rule (3) can
form Verb Phrase by taking a Verb immediately followed by an Adjectival
PhrasesandPrepositional Phrase, while rule (4) can form Adjectival Phrase by
taking an Adverbial Phrase immediately followed by an Adjective, and rule (5)
tells that an Adverbial Phrase can consist of an Adverbial itself. Rule (6)
E.Verb Phrase
1. The Notion of Verb Phrase
In linguistics, a verb phrase or VP is a syntactic unit composed of at
least one verb and the dependents of that verb – objects, complements and
other modifiers, but not including the subject. Carnie (2007:72) defines the
Verb Phrase is one of the category headed by the Verb;minimally a VP
consist of a single verb. Van Valin (2001:5) explains a verb phrase refers to
a phrase that composed of at least one verb and the dependents of the verb.
The verb has the function as the headword of the phrase. Verb Phrase
always contain a Verb, which may be followed by other constituents
(Fromkin and Rodman, 1988:170).
The VP has been extensively studied from these two perspectives:
there are many studies which reflect the syntactic approach, but there are
also others which reflect the morphologic approach (Rodriguez, 248).
Morover, Rodiguez explains that the syntactic modifications of VPs are
related to the syntactic categories of Subject, Object, Complements and
Adverbials, which are realised by phrases such as NPs, AdjPs,AdvPs, PPs
and, sometimes, even by tensed and non-tensed clauses. Radford
(1988:231) describes VP can be expended by the addition of appropiate
Specifiers into VP constituent.
apply to heads and complements (but also to phrases other than complements). Heads and complements are typically adjacent; where a head has two or more complements, adjuncts typically come before or after the sequence of head and complements (Miller, 2002:9).
2. The Structure of the Verb Phrase a. Subject
Morley (2000:92) states that the subject is inherently associated
with specification of anentity (or 'thing', as it is frequently referred to in
systemic literature), whether abstract or concrete, animate or inanimate.
Syntactically, it is typically associated with a nominal phrase orclause.
In view of its agreement with the verb, the subject therefore answers the
question 'Who/whatdoes/did the verbing?' or 'Who or what is/was the
complement?' or, in respect of a passive sentence, 'Who or what is/was
verbed?'
b. Predicator/ Verb
The Predicator is associated with the verbal phrase and realizes
the process, of which there are three main semantic types recognized in
systemic literature: Material (earlier called 'action'process) e.g. wash,
climb, cook, etc. Mental processes are processes of 'sensing', in that in
place of an actor they involve a senser and a phenomenon in processes
of perception (e.g. see, hear), affection(e.g. like, fear) and cognition
(e.g. think, know). Relational processes are processes of' being', of
which there are two types - identification and attribution.
Firstly they can denote actions, e.g. walk, draw, watch, work, feel (pulse), sound(horn), inasmuch as they involve someone doing something and may be identified by questionsof the type 'What is X doing / did X do?'. Secondly, they can record events, e.g. occur, collapse,melt, become, see, which involve something happening or a change of state and are identified by'What is happening / happened?'. Lastly, they can refer to states (a state of affairs, state of mind...), e.g. be, seem, like, feel (ill), sound (noisy), which relate to any point in time - past, present orfuture - and which are identified by 'What is / was / will be the state of the subject?'.
c. Modifiers
Miller (2002:1) defines that the discussion of syntax can not be
separated with the central idea, that is, the words are grouped into
phrases and that groupings typically bringtogether heads and their
modifiers.The head as conveying a central piece of information and the
modifiers as conveying extra information.
1) Complements
Berry (1975: 64) as citedin Morley (2000:99) presents
complements initially as the part of the sentence which answers
'Who or what?' after the verb. In this vein, too, it would be
described as being associated typically with the nominal phrase (or
clause). Indeed, Muir (1972: 54) in Morley (2000:99), describes that
the complement is that nominal phrase which is not the subject of
the clause. The scope of the complement is to refer to the
completive function which it fulfils after the verb. Complements
expand X into X-bar. Complement is an obligatory element, so it
Miller (2002:49) states that complements are modifiers which
typically occur next to the head (but not always) and which are
required or excluded by particular lexical items. For example, Sarah
devoured the cakes in the kitchen last night. Sarah and the cakes are
complements of devoured. Devoured requires a noun phrase to its
left and a noun phrase to its right – it means that Sarah devoured is
unacceptable.
2) Adjunct
Morley (2000:99) defines that the adjunct is most frequently
associated with adverbial and prepositional phrases, though
occasionally it may be realized by a nominal phrase. While
extensive complements have the potential of being the subject but
are not, adjuncts do not have this potential. Adjunct is both sisters
and daughter of X-bar and it expands X-bar into X –bar (Radford,
1988:177). Adjunct expands X‟ into X‟ and it is an optional element
which has more loosely related to its head.
Adjuncts are not necessarily next to the head; indeed, they are
typically at a distance from the verb. They are not obligatory.
Whereas complements „complete‟ the meaning of the verb, giving it
both syntactic and semantic completion, adjuncts merely provide
additional information that could be dispensed with (Miller,
2002:49). As the example; in the sentence Sarah devoured the cakes
this sentence is acceptable and complete without them – Sarah
devoured the cakes. Adverbs of time and location are always
adjuncts.
3) Auxiliary Verb
The typical structure of the verb phrase consists of a main
verb preceded optionally by a maximum of four auxiliary verbs.
The four belong to different subclasses of auxiliaries. Auxiliary
verb is the verbs that come before the main verb also called helping
verbs or simply auxiliaries (Nelson and Greenbaum, 2002:21). Here
again is the diagram representing the sequence:
auxiliary 1 auxiliary auxiliary 3 auxiliary 4 main verb
Figure 2.9 The Sequence of Auxiliary Verb
If we choose to use auxiliaries, they must appear in the
following sequence:
[1] modal auxiliary, such as can, may, will
[2] perfect auxiliary have
[3] progressive auxiliary be
These four uses of the auxiliaries specify the form of the verb
that follows:
[1] modal, followed by base form: may phone
[2] perfect have, followed by -ed participle: have phoned
[3] progressive be, followed by -ing participle: was phoning
[4] passive be, followed by -ed participle: was phoned
Gaps in the sequence are of course normal:
[1] + [3]: will be phoning (modal + progressive)
[2] + [4]: has been phoned (perfect + passive)
[2] + [3]: has been phoning (perfect + progressive)
[1] + [4]: can be phoned (modal + passive)
3. The Construction of Verb Phrase by Using X- Bar Theory
The tree diagram below will draw how Verb Phrase constructed by
X-Bar theory, and this is the common rule of three diagram based on
phrase-rule maker by Radford (1988:231):
V‟‟
Specifiers V‟
V (Complements)
Figure 2.10 Constructions Verb Phrase
Radford (1988:229) V-bar can be expended by the addition of
appropiate Specifiers which take to be the Aspectual Auxiliaries (ASP)
daughter of V-double bars. Complements are sisters of V and daughters of
V-bar. There is an example as follows: John may [be reading a book].
V‟‟
ASP V‟
V NP
Be reading a book Figure 2.11 The Example of Constructions Verb Phrase
The Verb Phrase of be reading a book is a full Verb Phrase, it
identified by be as the specifier (ASP) of the head reading. The complemnet
of this Verb Phrase is Noun Phrase, a book.
In the Verb Phrase the distinction of the Complements and Adjuncts
are important to be drawn. The distinction between Complement and
Adjunct is implicity drawn using rather different terminology. According to
Chomsky (1965:101-3) as cited in Radford (1988:231), he distinguish
between internal and external post-modifiers. Internal postmodifiers show a
strong degree of what he calls cohesion to their governing Verb. external
post-modifiers show less cohesion to the verb. He gives the clear
explanation in the example of sentences as follow:
a) He will work [at the Job]. (Internal)
In the exmaple above, the internal as indicating a Complement
internal to the V-bar containing the head V, and external as indicating an
Adjunct external to the V-bar containing the head V.
S
NP M V”
V‟
V PP
He will work at the job
Figure 2.12 Constructions of PP= Internal= Complement S
NP M V”
V‟
V‟ PP
V
He will work at the office
Figure 2.13 Constructions of PP= External= Adjunct
Based on the explanation above, the verbal Complements and
Adjunct are generated in two different Phrase Structure Rules. The rule as
follows:
V‟ V‟ (Adjunct Rule)
Thus, adjunct would be sisters and daughters of V-bar, and Complements
would be sisters of V, and daughters of V-bar. The formulas above can be
described that adjuncts expand into V-bar into V-double bar, and
complements expands V into V-bar.
4. Phrase Structure Rules of Verb Phrase
Testing the status of complement or adjunct can also be done by
testing from the phrase structure rule as follows:
a. V” Specifiers + V (Specifier Rule)
b. V‟ V‟ (Adjunct Rule)
c. V‟ V + PP (Complement Rule)
As a result, those rules specify that Specifiers, adjunct, and
complement differ from each other in the following ways:
a. Specifiers are sister of V‟ and daughter of V”
b. Adjunct are sisters and daughters of V‟
32 CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE STUDY
This research method of study was described into five points, they are type
of the study, object of the study, data source, method of data collecting, and
technique of data analysis. The explanation of each point is discussed further into
detail explanation.
A. Type of The Study
Analyzing of the Verb Phrase found in the text of “Link Magazine the
Fourth Edition August 2011” the writer used descriptive qualitative research
method. Bogdan and Taylor (1975:5) in Moleong (2002:3) state qualitative
research method is defined as a research procedure which produces
descriptive data in the form of words written or spoken of the person.
In line with the statement, Kirk and Miller (1986:9) as cited by
Moleong (2002:3) define that qualitative research method is specific tradition
in social science, which fundamentally relies on the observation of humans in
its own region and relate to the person in a language and terminologies.
The quantitative research method also used by the writer in analyzing
the data found. Kasiram (2010:172) defined, the quantitative research is a
process to find the knowledge that uses the data in the form of numbers as a
tool to analyze information about what we want to know. According to Fadjar
quantitative research method is able to support in using the qualitative
research method.Regarding Kasiram (2010:203), both of the qualitative and
quantitative method able to be used together but the design only use one of
the paradigm, while other only as complementary paradigm. In this research,
the writer used the qualitative and the quantitative research method together,
however the qualitative research as a kind of primary research.
Moreover Glaser and Straus as cited by Moleong (1993:22) explains
that in many ways, the two forms of the qualitative and quantitative data are
required, the quantitative data does not examine the qualitative data, but both
forms are used together, if they are compared, each can be used to construct a
theory.
In this study the writer used descriptive research approach. According
to Arikunto (2010:3) descriptive research is the study intended to investigate
the situation, condition, circumstances, events, and other activities, and the
result presented in the form of the research report. In other statement,
Arikunto (1995:310) explained that this research is not intended to test a
specific hypothesis but only describe as it is about a variable, phenomenon or
situation.
According to Isaac and Michael (1984:46) the steps of descriptive
research as follows:
1. Defining the objectives in clear and in specific terms. What are the facts
2. Designing the approach. How will the data be collected? How will the
subjects be selected to insure the populations to be described? What are
instruments or observation techniques are available or will need to be
developed? Will the data collection methods need to be field-tested and
will data gatherers need to be trained?
3. Collecting the data. To answer the problem statements the writer collected
the data from the data sources that will be analyzed. Surely the data is the
verb phrase of constituents are found in the texts of Link Magazine in the
Fourth Edition August 2011.
4. Reporting the result. The data was discussed and analayzed to answer the
problem statments. After that, the data was reported by clearly to show that
the study answered the problem statements.
B. Object of Study
The object of the study was the Verb Phrase constituent written in the
text of “Link Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011”. A number of the
texts that were analyzed by the writer were5 texts. Verb Phrase became the
important part in a sentence. Verb Phrases have one constituent even more
than one constituent. It became significant in a sentence. In syntactic
C. Data Source
Arikunto (2010:172) explains that data source is subject where the
data acquired. In the line with the statement, Moleong (1998) in Arikunto
(2010:22) states that data source should original, however if the original is
difficult to get, photocopy or imitation is not be a problem, as long as the
evidence can be acquired.
In order to analyze the Verb Phrase found in the text of “Link
Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011”, the writer used the data sources
both from primary and secondary data that described as follows:
1. Primary
Regarding Arikunto (2010:22) primary data source is data in the
verbal form or word that spoken, gesture or attitude done by the
trustworthy subject, in other word this is research subject related to
researched variable. In this research the primary data sourcetook fromthe
texts of the text book “Link Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011”.
2. Secondary
According to Arikunto (2010:22) the secondary data source is data
acquired from graphic (tables, note, SMS, book, etc.), photos, movies,
video recorder, things, etc. to enrich primary data. The writer usedseveral
references to support the data.He took from several books related to
analysis, syntax, phrase, constituent and construction to support the
D. Method of Collecting Data
In this study, the writer used documentation as the method of
collecting data. Arikunto (2010: 274) defines a documentation method is
finding data that related by using book, transcript, newspaper, magazine,
ancient inscription, notes of a meeting, agenda, etc.
The steps as follows:
1. Collecting the data sources, they were the texts in the Link Magazine the
Fourth Edition August 2011.
2. Reading and identifiying the texts in the Link Magazine the Fourth
Edition August 2011 contain the verb phrase constituent.
3. Taking some texts,
4. Analyzing and interpreting the data to answer the problem statements,
5. Drawing conclusions, the writer expalained in briefly and made summary
from the result of the study. It showed whether the study answer the
problem statements.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
The writerconducted the data and analysis using the following steps,
they were:
1. Identifiying the constituent of Verb Phrase.
The writer identified the constituent of Verb Phrase found in the texts of
Link Magazine.The writer used the function and its category in the
2. Describing the constituents of Verb Phrase.
The writer described the constituents of Verb Phrase used the X-bar theory
approach by Andrew Radford‟s book (1988) in representative of tree
diagrams, and then discussed the data based on tree-diagram forms.
3. Identifiying the dominant Verb Phrase constituent.
In identifying the dominant Verb Phrase constituent the writer looked for
the same construction categories of VerbPhrase based on tree structure of
Verb Phrase (Pre-modifier + Verb; Verb + Post-modifier ; Pre-Modifier +
Verb + Post-modifier). The writer also use the formula to count the
precentage of the data found. According to Arikunto (1996: 212), the
formula is:
P = Percentage
F = Frequency of unconformity N = Number/Amount
For more detailed information, the writer gives the explanation of
the formula above as bellow:
P = Percentage, is the final value of the total number of analysis that
has been carried out (The precentage of dominant constituent of
Verb Phrase). 𝑷= 𝑭
F = Frequency, is the total number of indicators that are sampled in
determining the conformity of the same construction categories of
Verb Phrase.
N = Number or amount, is the whole total data of Verb Phrase
39 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the writer presented the data and the analysis of the Verb
Phrase constituents and contructions that are found in the text of Link Magazine
the Fourth Edition August 2011. This chapter discovered the problem of
statements in the chapter I, they are; the constituents and the constructions of verb
phrase mostly found in the text of Link Magazine the Fourth Edition August 2011.
This analysis covered the constituent of Verb Phrase and the dominant
construction of Verb Phrase.
As the guidance of this research, the writer used the theory of Radford
(1988) namely X-Bar theory. The X-Bar theory was used to describe and to
analyze the data that was found and the X-Bar theory was representatived in the
tree-diagram. The writer found Verb Phrase construction from the simple form to
complex form and it contains more than one constituents.
A. The Analysis of Verb Phrase Constituent
This analysis concerns on the constituents which occur in verb phrase,
the writer used the tree diagram as the representative of the X-bar theory to
identify and to describe the constituent in the verb phrase. The description of
Data A: Verb (V)
Verb Phrase generally contain a Verb and phrasal verb, therefore it can
be stated that the status of came and agreed in data A no.1 above are verb
phrase, the word “came” and “agreed” are categorized into a small VP (V) or
Verb (V). From the schema above, the construction of verb phrase is V’→V.
Data B: Aspectual Auxiliaries (ASP) + V 1. The roles of teacher have changed. (Page 3)
2. He had killed Duane.(Page 12)
3. Leonardo da vinci or Thomas Edison had found more and more findings
at the age of twilight.(Page 2)
From the Data B no.1 above can be seen that the Verb bar (V‟) can be
expanded into Verb double bar (V”) constituent by the addition of appropriate
specifiers (which takes to be Aspectual Auxiliaries have/be). In the data
abovethe phrase “have changed” is verb phrase, “changed” as head and
“have” as modifier. The constituent “have” stands for pre-modifier because it
occurs before verb“changed”. Based on the schema above the construction of
VP isV” →(ASP) + V’.
phrase is categorized as V”. Constituent verb“killed” stands as the head verb,
and then constituent ASP “had” stands as specifier since it is located before
the head verb and the Verb bar (V‟) can be expanded into Verb double bar
(V”) constituent. The constituent NP “Duane” stands as post-modifier
because it is located after verb. The status of the head verb“killed” can be a
full VP, small VP or V. from the schema above, the construction of VP is
V”→ASP + V’(V + NP).
Ps Rules
V”→ (ASP) + V‟
In the data B no.3, “had found more and more findings at the age of
twilight”, the Verb bar (V‟) is expanded into Verb double bar (V”)
constituent by the addition of appropriate specifiers. The V' “found more and
more findings at the age of twilight” was expanded by the ASP “had” as
specifier. The V‟ constituent had the verb “found” as the head of verb phrase,
and modified by the NP constituent “more and more findings” and the PP “at
the age”and also PP “of twilight”. From that explanation, the construction of
verb phrase is V” (ASP + V’ (V + NP + PP + PP)). Below is the scheme of
1. We will search the way how to manage the information.(page 3)
2. We can save our forest.(page 10)
3. We will use the manager of knowledge (brain). (page 3)
4. Lu Ann called him.(page 11)
5. Jackson asked Lu Ann.(page 11)
Ps Rules:
V”→ (ASP) + V‟
6. He found Lu Ann who 10 years ago was suspected as a murderer.(page
12)
7. Riggs hit Jackson. (page 13)
8. Riggs bugged Lu Ann’s car.(page 13)
9. She entered her password.(page 13)
10.She found Lisa.(page 13)
11.Both of them also have differences. (page 11)
All of the data B was identified as verb phrase or V bar (V‟). Different
the data A and B, the verb phrase constituents identified as V” that was
expanded by the addition of spesifiers (ASP). The verb phrase constituents are
characterized by the head verb and modified by Noun Phrase (NP). The verb
“search, save, called, asked, found, hit, bugged, and entered” are described as
the head of verb phrase constituents (V‟). The noun phrase constituents “the
way how to manage the information, our forest, him, Lu Ann, Lu Ann who 10
years ago was suspected as a murderer, Jakson, Lu Ann’s Car, her password,
and Lisa”, are the modifier of verb phrase constituents (V‟).
The NP constituents are identified as the post modifier of V‟ because
they are located after the head verb. The function of that noun phrase is as
complement. It is the obligatory element and it gives completes meaning of
the head “verb”. The status of VP here is categorized as small verb phrase,
since it is not preceded by specifiers (ASP) which expands V‟ into V”.It can
be concluded that the construction of verb phrase is V’ (V + NP). Below is the
V‟
V NP
Search the way how to manage the information
Save Our forest
Called him
Asked Lu Ann
Figure 4.5The schema of V’ (V + NP)
Data D: V + NP + NP
1. I have opinions about the changes.(page 3)
2. Looking arround in the musical instrument museum gives me another experience.(page 14)
3. Forest as the lungs of world have a main function as a counterweight climate.(page 9)
The constituents of verb phrase are not only modified by one of noun
phrases, but it can be modified by two noun phrases. It can be seen in data D,
no. 1 and 2. The phrases “have opinions about the changes” and “gives me
another experience” are verb phrases, the verb “have and gives” stand as the
head of verb phrase. Each of verb phrases is modified by two noun phrases.
The verb “have” is modified by the noun phrases “opinions” and “about the
changes”. The verb “gives” is modified by the noun phrases“meand another
experience”. All of the noun phrases are post-modifiers of the verb phrase, Ps Rules
since they come after the head verb. It can be described that those verb phrase
are small VP, because there is no ASP which expands the V‟ into V”. The
construction of verb phrase is V‟ (V + NP + NP), the scheme is;
V‟
V NP NP
Have opinions about the changes
Gives me another experience
Figure 4.6The schema of V’ (V + NP + NP)
Data E: V + NP + NP + Conj + NP
1. He/she must have academic competency, personal competency, and
social competency. (page 3)
V‟
V NP NP Conj NP
Have academic competency personal competency and social competency
Figure 4.7 The schema of V’ (V + NP + NP + Conj + NP)
In the above scheme, the phrase “have academic competency, personal
competency, and social competency” is identified as Verb Phrase. The verb
“have” stands as the head of VP and it is modified by three constituents of Ps Rule
noun phrase “academic competency, personal competency, social
competency”. The modifiers of verb phrase are post modifier, where the noun
phrases are located after the head verb, and the construction of the verb phrase
is V’ (V + NP + NP + Conj + NP).
Data F: V + NP + NP + PP (Complement)
1. Jackson made an agreement about the money of lottery. (page 12)
2. Lu Ann must make a report about Riggs to Jackson.(page 13)
V‟
V NP NP PP
Made an agreement about the money of lottery
Figure 4.8 The schema of V’ (V + NP + NP + PP (Complement))
In the data F, “made an agreement about the money of lottery” and
“make a report about Riggs to Jackson” are verb phrase, the verb “made” and
“make” are the head of verb phrase. The verb “made” is modified by the noun
phrases “an agreement” and “about the money”, and it is also modified by the
prepositional phrase “of lottery”. Similar with the verb “made”, the verb
“makes” also has the modifiers noun phrase “a report and about Riggs” and
-modifiers, because they come after the head verb. The prepositional phrases
(PP) in the verb phrases, both of them, are the complement which expand the
V into V‟.So that, the constructions of verb phrase isV’ (V + NP + NP + PP
(Complement)).
Data G: V + NP + NP + NP + Conj + NP + PP (Complement) + PP (Adjunct)
1. The source of answers become a learning facilitator, a trainer, a collaborator, and a friend for students in the learning activity. (page 2)
V”
V’
V‟ PP
V NP NP NP Conj NP PP
Become
for students
in the learning activity
a learning facilitator a trainer a collaborator and a friend
Figure 4.9 The schema ofV” (V + NP + NP + NP + Conj+ NP + PP (Complement) + PP (Adjunct))
Ps Rule
V” (V‟ + PP)
The data H shows the verb phrase “become a learning facilitator, a
trainer, a collaborator, and a friend for students in the learning activity”. The
verb “become” as the head of verb phrase. It is modified by some noun
phrases and prepositional phrases (PP). The noun phrases are “a learning
facilitator”, “a trainer”, “a collaborator”, conjunction “and”, and “a friend”.
The prepositional phrases are “for students” and “in the learning activity”.
The two PP in this VP has the different function. The higher PP has
the function as adjunct. It can be seen from the schema V”→ V‟+PP, adjunct
is both daughter and sister of V‟ and PP “in the learning activity” takes the
rule of adjunct. The higher PP seems more optional and more loosely related
to the head verb, those evidences will be coming true if PP is changed by
other PP or omitted from VP and it will not make the VP to be ill-formed
because its status as optional constituent, such as “become a learning
facilitator, a trainer, a collaborator, and a friend for students”. The second is
lower PP which a function as an obligatory constituent, it is based on the
schema V‟→V+PP, the lower PP is sister of V and daughter of V‟ and it
belongs to complement, finally, the construction of the VP isV’ (V + NP +
NP + NP + Conj+ NP + PP (Complement) + PP (Adjunct)).
Data H: V + NP + ADVP (Adjunct)
1. He served Lu Ann very well.(page 12)
2. Jackson changed Lu Ann appearance totally. (page 12)
4. Charlie did it soon. (page 12)
5. He got the information easily. (page 12)
V”
V‟
V‟ ADVP
V NP
Served Lu Ann very well
Changed Lu Ann appearance totally
Passed it successfully
Did it soon
Figure 4.10The schema of V’’ (V’ (V + NP) + ADVP (Adjunct))
“Served Lu Ann very well”, “changed Lu Ann appearance totally”,
“passed it successfully”, “did it soon”, and “got the information easily” are
the verb phrase, the verb “served, changed, passed, did, and got” are the head
verb of verb phrases. The constituents noun phrase "Lu Ann, Lu Ann
appearance, it, and the information” and adverbial phrase (ADVP) “very
well, totally, successfully, soon, and easily” are the modifiers of the VPs
stand as post-modifier, because they are occur after head verb.
All of the ADVPs in the VPs above have the same function, which is
as the adjunct. It can be seen from the schema V‟→ V‟+ADVP, adjunct is Ps Rule
