Submitted to the Board of as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga

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DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF DISCOURSE DEIXIS

USED IN POLITICS COLUMN ON JAKARTA POST

IN APRIL 2017

A GRADUATING PAPER

Submitted to the Board of as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in English Education Department of

Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga

Written by:

DONA MUHAMMAD SYUKUR

NIM: 113 12 057

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

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MOTTO

“Bersyukur dan Ikhlas”

&

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DEDICATION

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirobbil „alamin, in the name of Allah, the Most Gracious the Most Merciful because of Allah, the researcher could finish this graduating paper

as one of the requirement for Sarjana Pendidikan in English education department

of teacher training and education faculty of state institute for Islamic studies

Salatiga.

This attainment would be achieve without support, guidance, advice, help

and encouragements from individual and institution, and the researcher somehow

realize that an appropriate moment for me to deepest graduate for:

1. Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi as the Rector of State Institute for Islamic Studies

(IAIN Salatiga).

2. Suwardi, M.Pd as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty.

3. Noor Malihah, Ph.D as the Head of English Education Department.

4. Faizal Risdianto, S.S, M.Hum as my counselor who has educated,

supported, directed, motivated and given the researcher advices,

suggestions, and recommendations for this research from beginning until

the end.

5. My beloved Ibu Nurul Jumilah, my beloved Bapak Sulasi Fajaru, you are

my reason to keep straight forward. My beloved sister Rahayu Ningsih and

twin brother Doni Muhammad Fauzi, thank you for supporting me as

always.

6. My beloved uncle Sulasi Purnomo, my lovely grandfather Sulasi thanks

for all of your lesson in life.

7. My beloved cousin, Mas Arif, Royan, Faisol, Farhan, Zahiq and Salwa.

8. Kastolani, Ph.D, Mufiq, M.Phil, Syaemuri Albab and Sulaeman G.

Songge, thank you for supporting and motivating me as your junior in

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ABSTRACT

Syukur, Dona Muhammad. 2017. Descriptive Analysis of Discourse Deixis Used in Politics Column on Jakarta Post in April 2017.

Counselor: Faizal Risdianto, S.S., M.Hum.

Keywords: analysis, discourse deixis, and Jakarta post.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Types of Person Deixis ... 15

Table 4.1: The articles and its titles... 28

Table 4.2: Discourse Deixis and the Coding ... 29

Table 4.3: Frequency of Occurence of Discourse Deixis Types ... 60

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher discuss about background of the study,

problem statement, the purpose of the study, the limitation of the study, the

benefit of the study, definition of key terms, previous study and research paper

organisation.

A. Background of the Study

In the global era, Language is a tool or system of symbols designed for the

purpose of communication and interaction with each other (Lyons, 2002:16). In

addition, People use language to transmit and express their ideas, emotions or

desire either in oral or written forms. Language is a system of sounds and words

to express one‘s personal reactions, emotions and thoughts as well as to share

information in daily social life. Language is meaningful, when the meaning is

conveyed though language, people use language to interact and establish relations,

to influence their behavior and expressions of the word. Therefore, the language

that we used ought to be meaningful to prevent misunderstanding or

misinterpretation between sender and receiver. Furthermore, language is included

as one of components of information.

Nowadays, the citizens can consume information not only through printed

media, but they can get any information from online media. The definition of

online media is a general term for a form of media-based telecommunications and

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various means of communication for example: Television,

Radio, Newspaper and various types of media. The term "online" usually means

being connected to the Internet. This connection can be through phone lines, using

dial-up or DSL modem, cable channels via a cable modem, or via a wireless

connection. The types of online media such as: TV-Online, Radio-Online,

Website and etc (Anders Henten 2008:60).

From the object of research, the writer interested in one category of

Website called News. News is simple, flexible and easier to accessed.

E-News can be defined as online newspaper because they provide any news

information presented in online. E-News is a new way to deliver the news through

media (http://anitapsari.blogspot.co.id/2012/11/electronik-news.html). One of

them is Jakarta Post. Jakarta Post is a company that provides politics column in

English. Todays the news of politics are being favourited by the citizens. Yunarto

Wijaya from Charta Politica claimed that the devotee of politics news are

increased because of Pilkada DKI Jakarta and Ahok case. The relation between

media and politics are interprenetative and influenced each other. Their relation

are not always cooperative, but they may have a contradictory or different views.

The most importantly, the position of media who sees politics as a source of a

news while on the other hand they see politics as a process that must be criticized.

We have focused on this fact, do media are able to independent or even become

one of propaganda tools.

Media as a part of developing democracy has a duty to deliver information

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information but they have to participate in democracy process by having

alignment to the rightness. Media must giving a role and responsive on

democratic reality issues on a nation. Chomsky (1988:5) stated that the media has

a main role to influence the mindset of the citizens with their scopes. Their

position is influencing the policies of the government. Theoretically they must

stand up independently without any interests of many sides. Their movement is

not allowed for personal or group interest.

However, Herman and Chomsky (1988:5) beyond manufacturing consent

stated that with the aim to maintain politics position and economic reason, media

tends to accomodate dominant perspective in society without logical or special

depth study. Shortly the media is in the position of being influenced, not

influencing the policies of the government. One of manifestation is when the

media tends to make a move toward politics agenda from political elite both

executive, legislative or another political elite in society. Shortly, Rsaid the media

is being controlled by political elite.

Politics news can be said as a headlines because its relevancy and

implications toward society at large. Accordance with that, media news basically

has a political dimension because they belong to politics institution. Cook

(1998:96) explained that there are three good reasons to declare media as a part of

political institution, there are: (1) The history and its dynamics, (2) The similarity

of its process and product, (3) The work of media is similar and relevance with the

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Hamad (2004:24) on Salvatore Simamrtama; Media dan Politik stated that

the strength of media located on three things such as: the function of language,

framing and agenda setting. At least those three things worked by media to

construct political reality. In fact, the influence of media is when they are succeed

to construct a new mindset inside society and lead them to follow or believe some

issues that produced by them. Indeed, the achievement of media in constructing

new mindset can not be separated from the quality of discourse analysis of a

society construction.

Discourse is a mode of organizing knowledge, ideas, or experience that is

rooted in language and its concrete contexts. Henry Guntur Tarigan (1987:27)

claimed discourse is known as a complete unit of languages, higher than clauses

and sentences, has good cohesion and coherence and can be delivered verbally or

written. Another perspective of discourse is stated by Michel Foucault on Eriyanto

(2001:65), he stated that discourse is not only a unit of language or text

proposition. Discourse is a something that produces the other (thought, concept or

effect). Discourse can be detected because they are systematically idea, opinion,

concept and a view of life that is formed in a certain context that affects a certain

way of thinking and acting. Foucault also differentiate between reality and

discourse. Reality is understood as a set of structure that are shaped by discourse.

This reality according to Foucault can not be defined if we do not have access

with the establishment of discoursive structure. We perceive and how we interpret

object and phenomenon in meaning system are depend on discoursive structure.

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because discoursive is a result and a structure of reality. Discourse is identified by

field boundary from the objects, the definition from the most trusted perspective.

Discourse increases our field perspective, issuing something different in a certain

condition that has been determined. In politics news, sometimes the news only

illustrate one issue from one perspective or shortly, media deliver partial news..

For example, A media deliver information about due of KPK‘s (Corruption

Eradication Commision) questionnaire. They only described the perspective from

the DPR (House of Representatives), they do not illustrate the perspective from

the opposition. It caused refraction or biased. If we have not comprehend

discourse correctly, we would easier follow the news and believe the truth by the

partial information from those media without trying to study about that news.

Based on the problematic, one of Pragmatics study able to reviewing

discourse on politics news. The writer chose deixis. Deixis is one of the most

basic things in technical term of utterances (Yule, 1996). The word ―deixis‖ is

borrowed from the Greek word for pointing or indicating. Additionally Levinson

(1983: 55) advanced, deixis directly concerns with the relationship language and

context which is reflected in structures of language their selves. Deixis is a

technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterance. When we ask

to someone, come here!‖ We are using a context in the utterance, such as who is

speaking to whom, what relation they have, what content relate to, the time or

place of speaking, the gesture of the speaker and what status the interaction

participants have. In the sentence I miss you, the word I and you are deictic words

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bag, table and chair, which still have permanent reference even though different

speakers, places, and situations express them. When someone says the word

house, people will be able to imagine its physical performance even if he is not in

the place of that house.

Deictic expressions have their most basic uses in face to face spoken

interaction where utterances are easily understood by the people present, but they

may need a translation for someone not right there. Their interpretation depends

on the context, the speaker, and the hearer. Deixis is traditionally subdivided into

a number of categories those are person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis,

social deixis and discourse deixis.

Discourse Deixis is a reference to certain parts of the discourse that have

been given or being developed. Levinson (1987:85) said that this type of deixis

concerns the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of

the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself).

Discourse deixis relates deictic terms not to some extralinguistic phenomenon, or

to a linguistic antecedent (as in anaphora), but to linguistic entities of various

kinds, in the co-text of the utterance. The difference between this and anaphora is

that whereas the anaphor will often refer to a fairly straightforward antecedent, the

discourse deictic will refer to an element of the text in a meta-textual way,

including references to the utteranceitself. It can produce reflexive paradoxes such

as "This sentence, which I am now uttering, is false". Discourse takes place in

time, and in the case of written texts, on a spatial plane; and so it is natural to use

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within the text itself. The deictic terms used are the demonstrative this and that.

This can be used to refer to a forthcoming portion of the discourse and that to a

preceding portion.

Mostly, people analyze discourse using discourse analysis, but the writer

tried to make something different by analyzing discourse on the politics news

using discourse deixis. From those facts, the writer interested to analyze this

politics news to steeping the discourse context of political news on the Jakarta

post with title ―DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF DISCOURSE DEIXIS ON THE

POLITICS COLUMN ON THE JAKARTA POST ON APRIL 2017‖.

B. Problem Statement

Based on the background of the study, the problem of the study can be

formulated is the following:

1. What are the types of discourse deixis used on the politics column on the

Jakarta post on April 2017?

2. What types of discourse deixis are frequently used on the Jakarta Post on

April 2017?

C. The Purpose of the Study

1. To find the types of discourse deixis used on Politics news on the

Jakarta Post on April 2017.

2. To find the types of discourse deixis that frequently used on the Politics

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D. Limitation of the Study

The research entitled ―Descriptive Analysis of Discourse Deixis Used in

Politics Column on Jakarta Post in April 2017‖ is a part of Pragmatic field, so the

writer intend to limit the research area, they are:

A.The types of discourse deixis used in the politics column of Jakarta Post

on April 2017.

B.The types of discourse deixis that frequently used in the politics column

of Jakarta Post on April 2017.

E. The Benefit of the Study

The benefit of the study are:

A.Theoretical Benefit

a. The result of the research will give some information and

contribution that can be used by the other researchers who are

interested in analyzing Politics news using discourse deixis.

b. This research is beneficial for further research to develop deixis

study especially in discourse deixis topic.

B.Practical Benefit

a. The result of the research will improve the writer‘s or researcher and

readers of the research knowledge of critical discourse analysis

comprehends deep.

b. This research is able to disenchant and encourage the citizens to

study more about discourse analysis in every forms of news. This is

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of a text. Hopefully, this research becomes as a literature for public

that comprehend discourse deixis and its type. Furthermore it can be

made as a method to analyze text.

F. Definition of Key Terms.

Based on the title of the study, definition of Key Term is necessary to

clearance the writer's purpose.

A.Analysis

Analysis is study of something by examining its part or statement of

the result of the study (compiled by Martin H. Manser: 1991). Based on

Meriam-Webster Dictionary, analysis is a careful study of something to

learn about its parts, what they do, and how they are related to each other. It

is an explanation of the nature and meaning of something .

(https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/analysis).

B.Deixis

Deixis concerns the ways in which language encode or

grammaticalize feature of the context of utterance or speech event, and

thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterance depends

on the analysis of that context of utterance (Levinson, 1983:65). It means

reference whose meaning are not constant. Deixis refers to the

phenomenon where in understanding the meaning of certain words and

phrase in an utterance require contextual information.

C. Discourse Deixis

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certain parts of the discourse that have been given or being developed.

G. Previous Study

There are some literary works that conduct almost the same topic that will

be researched by the writer. First is a graduating paper from University of

Yogyakarta written by Rully Pratama, 2016. The title is ―Bentuk dan Fungsi

Deixis dalam Film Comme Un Chef Karya Daniel Cuhen‖. This study is made to

analyze the deixis used dan its form in the film ―Comme Un Chef‖ by Daniel

Cuhen. The research problems of this study are the analyzing to be focused on

three kinds of deixis used in film ―Comme Un Chef‖ and the contexts of that.

The secondary is taken from graduating paper from UNDIP Semarang by

Ike Endah Rachmawati, 2011. It has entitled The Use of Person Deixis in Relation

to Politeness Function (A case study among the students of English Department

Program class 2007, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University Semarang).

This essay explains about person deixis that is used by university students of

English Department Program 2007 in Faculty of Humanities of Diponegoro

University Semarang. The purposes of this study are describing the

communication strategy among the university students regarding the use of person

deixis, and describing the social factors behind the use of certain person deixis by

English students. This study is shown that the relationship between person deixis

and politeness in the real communication in faculty of humanities, Diponegoro

University Semarang.

The third is taken from graduating paper from STAIN Salatiga by Dwi

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Jane Austen. This graduating paper focused on analyzing 4 kinds of deixis, person

deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis and discourse Deixis.

The fourth graduating paper is taken from UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

by Debi Ratnawati, 2014. The title is A Deixis Analysis of Song Lyrics Taylor

Swift‘s ―Red‖ Album. This research focused to analysis song lyric of Taylor

Swift. The aim of this study is describing the types of deixis that used on a song

lyrics.

The differences between my research paper and some previous research

above are my research study is focused on discourse deixis. Analyzing discourse

deixis on Politics news on the Jakarta Post on April 2017, while the research

paper from Ike Indah Rachmati and Dwi Setyawati focused on person deixis and

another four types of deixis. In addition, the writer uses one of online media as a

scope of study while Rully Pratama and Debi Ratnawati used another media as a

scope of study. The writer interested to make a specific study about discourse

deixis because the writer found many obstacles when the writer tried to seek some

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H. Research Paper Organisation

This research is composed into systematically five chapters and able to

clarify as follows. Chapter I, introduction which is dealing with the Background

of the Study, Problem Statement, the Purpose of the Study, The Limitation of the

Study, The Benefit of the Study, Definiton of Key Term, Previous Study and

Research Paper Organisation; Chapter II, Theoretical Framework contains review

of Deixis, Discourse Deixis and Jakarta Post; Chapter III consists of Research

Types, Object of the Research, Data Source, Technique of Collecting Data and

Technique of Analysing data.; Chapter IV presents Data Findings and Discussion;

and Chapter V or the last chapter is Closure, it contains of conclusions and

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In this chapter, the researcher divides this chapter into three main parts,

they are review of deixis, discourse deixis and jakarta post.

A. Deixis

Levinson (1983:54) states that essentially deixis concerns the ways in

which language encode or grammaticalize feature of the context of utterance or

speech event, and thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterance

depends on the analysis of that context of utterance. In addition, dexis is a

technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterance.

It means ‗pointing‘ via language (Yule 1996: 9). Based on definition above, we

can know that deixis is a way to refer something in current time, place, and

context of speaker and listener via utterance, for example:

Jack was born in Jakarta. He lived there for ten years.

1. The word he and there is deixis

2. He refers to Jack, there refers to Jakarta.

When you notice strange object and ask, ‗what‘s that?‘ you are using deitic

expression (that). Deitic expression sometimes called indexical. According to

Grundy Peater (2000:23), indexical means the role of context in helping to

determine reference. The functions are to indicate people via person deixis, spatial

deixis, and temporal deixis. In the Levinson theory, we should add discourse (or

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Levinson theory social deixis is discussed more detailed.

a. Types of Deixis

Every linguist has his/her own view and opinion about types of deixis.

There are several types of deixis as follows; person deixis, time deixis, place

deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. In this research, the discussion is

focused only on five parts of deixis based on Stephen C. Levinson theory

(1983:65), namely person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and

social deixis.

1. Person deixis

Person deixis concerns the encoding of the role of participants in the

speech event in which the utterance in the question delivered. Person deixis is

related directly in the grammatical categories of person. The speaker of

spokesman can be different from the source of an utterance and the recipient

is different from the targets and the hearer of the bystanders is different from

the addressee or targets. The category first person is the grammaticalization

of the speaker‘s reference to himself, second person he encoding of the

speaker‘s reference to one or more addressees, and third person the encoding

of reference to personal and entities which are neither speakers nor addresses

of the utterance in question (Levinson 1983:62). Yule( 1996:10) states as

follows. Person deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part division,

exemplified by pronouns for first person (‗I‘), second person (‗you‘), and

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Table 1.1 (types person deixis)

English Singular P

(Cruse, 2000: 320 & the researcher‘s data, 2000) For example:

- She watched a television

- Could you open the door, please!

- I‘ve lost the pen

- They played cricket on Sunday

2. Place Deixis

spatial or space deixis, is also associated with the adverbs here and there and

some uses of prepositions such as in or on (e.g. in the room, on the roof).

There are though some pure place deictic words, notably in English the

adverbs here and there and demonstratives pronoun this and that. The

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that they seem to be the basic ways of referring object, such as:

- By describing or naming them on the one hand

- By locating them on the other hand

Location can be specified relative to other objects or fixed reference points as

in:

- The campus is one hundred meters from the market

- That school is too near for me but not for her

The adverb here and there are often thought of a simple contrast on a

proximal distal dimension, stretching away from the speaker location as in:

- Give that here and take this there

3. Time Deixis

Historically in English and other language, spatial preposition, such as

in and on in the previous example, developed temporal meanings over time, a

reflection of general trend for notions of time. Thus, prepositions such as in,

on, at and by in the phrases in the morning, on time, at noon, and by the

evening can now be markers of temporal, or time (Mayer 2009:187).

According to Mayer temporal deixis is marked linguistically by both temporal

adverbials (e.g. yesterday, tomorrow, in the morning) and tense markers

(present and past) on verbs. Levinson Like all aspects of deixis, time deixis

makes ultimate reference to participant role. Time deixis concerns the

encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time at which the

utterance was spoken or written message inscribed. The basic for the system

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prominent styles of day and night, lunar months, seasons and year. They can

be used calendrical to locate event in absolute time or at least to some art

of each natural cycle designate as the beginning of that cycle. For

example:

- Tomorrow is my birthday.

- I am very busy now.

4. Discourse deixis

Discourse deixis concerns with the use of expression within some

utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains the utterance.

The deictic word used here are the demonstratives this and that. This can be

used to refer to a portion of the discourse and that to a previous portion.

Demonstrative article divided into four types there are this, that, these and

those (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2007: 202-203). According Levinson

(1983: 85) ―Discourse or text deixis concerns the use of expressions within

some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that the

utterance (including the utterance itself), for example:

a. This is a great poetry.

―This‖ refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse.

b. That was an amazing month.

―That‖ refers to a prior portion of the discourse.

Discourse deixis deals with ―the encoding of reference to portions of

the unfolding discourse in which the utterance (which includes the text

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somehow, is often compared to anaphora. However, discourse deixis and

anaphora is different since discourse deixis is located in a pronoun which

refers to a linguistic expression or part of discourse itself, while anaphora is

located in a pronoun which refers to the same entity as a prior linguistics

expression refers to (Levinson, 1983: 86).

Let‘s have a look at the following example:

a. X: That‘s a rhinoceros

Y: Spell it for me

b. John‘s a sweetheart; he‘s so considerate

The example (a) above is an example of discourse deixis. There, the

word ‗it‘ is not functioned to refer or replace the entity, i.e. a rhinoceros, but

it is used to mention the rhinoceros itself. It is different from the concept of

anaphora in (b) where ‗he‘ is functioned to refer the referent ‗John‘.

Reference to parts of a discourse which can be interpreted by knowing where

the current coding or receiving point is it. The demonstrative adjectives this

and that are employed in definite noun phrase. As we have known, the

English demonstrative this and that, used as deictic.

It can be understood as instructing or inviting the hearer to direct his

attention to a part region of the environment in order to find out the individual

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5. Social deixis

Social Deixis Social deixis concerns the social information that is

encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and

familiarity. Levinson (1983: 63) says that social deixis concerns the encoding

of social distinctions that are relative to participant-roles, particularly aspects

of the social relationship holding between speaker and addressee (s) or

speaker and some referent. Besides that, social deixis is reference to the social

characteristics of, or distinctions between, the participants or referents in a

speech event. The example as follow: The distinction, found in many

Indo-European languages, between familiar and polite. Social deixis is a

deictic expression used to distinct social status. Social deixis separated in to

two kinds relational and absolute social deixis. Relational social deixis is a

deictic reference to some social characteristic of referent apart from any

relative ranking of referents or deictic reference to a social relationship

between the speaker and addressee. For example: my husband, teacher,

cousin, mother, etc. Absolute social deixis is a deictic reference usually

expressed in certain forms of address which will include no comparison of the

ranking of the speaker and addressee. For examples: your highness, Mr.

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b. Jakarta Post

The Jakarta Post was the brainchild of Information Minister Ali Murtopo

and politician Jusuf Wanandi. Murtopo and Wanandi were disappointed at the

perceived bias against Indonesia in foreign news sources. At the time, there were

two English-language dailies, The Indonesia Times and The Indonesian Observer.

However, due to negative public perception regarding the existing papers they

decided to create a new one. In order to ensure credibility, the two agreed to

convince a group of competing newspapers (the Golkar-backed Suara Karya, the

Catholic-owned Kompas, the Protestant-owned Sinar Harapan, and the weekly

Tempo) to back the nascent paper. It was hoped to become a quality

English-language paper, similar to The Straits Times in Singapore, the Bangkok Post in

Thailand, and the New Straits Times in Malaysia.

After founding PT Bina Media Tenggara to back the paper, Wanandi spent

several months contacting influential figures at the targeted newspapers. To

receive their cooperation, Kompas requested a 25 percent share in the new

newspaper, for which it would handle the daily business operations, such as

printing, circulation, and advertising. Tempo offered to assist with management in

return for a 15 percent share, while Sabam Siagian of Sinar Harapan was hired as

the first chief editor, for which Sinar Harapan received stock. The establishment

of the paper was further aided by incoming Information Minister Harmoko, who

received 5 percent interest for his role in acquiring a license. In total, the start-up

cost Rp. 500 million (US$700,000 at the time). Muhammad Chudori, a co-founder

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Further details, including the matter of Sinar Harapan's share of stock and

the publisher, were decided at a meeting at Wanandi's office in March 1983. The

next month, on 25 April, the first edition — totalling eight pages — was

published. The first newsroom of the new paper were located in Kompas's former

laundry room, a one story warehouse; the first employees had to do the layout by

hand, using pica poles as straight edges. During the first few months, the writers

translated and recycled previously published stories from Indonesian media,

which were later picked up by foreign wire services. Original reporting was rare

as the editors at first did not want to deal with the censorship of Suharto's New

Order government.

During the early years of publication, The Jakarta Post had difficulty

attracting advertisers, to the point that some editions ran without ads. However,

circulation increased dramatically, from 8,657 in 1983 to 17,480 in 1988.

Although it was originally hoped that the paper would begin to turn a profit within

the first three years, the recession in the early 1980s led to the start-up funds being

depleted. Eventually, in 1985 the paper took out an interest-free loan and received

Rp. 700 million from its owners. After advertising increased, The Jakarta Post

was able to turn a profit by 1988 and was considered "one of the most credible

newspapers" in Indonesia.

Susanto Pudjomartono, former chief editor of Tempo, became The Jakarta

Post's second chief editor on 1 August 1991, after Siagian was chosen to be

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began publishing more original work and doing less translation; reporters were

also asked to take a more active role in the day-to-day operations of the paper.

The paper also became more vocal regarding politics, taking a pro-democracy

stance like Tempo. It soon converted its offices into a new, two-story building

built using the Kompas pension fund and expanded to 12 pages.

In 1994, The Jakarta Post signed a distribution agreement with the British

news service Reuters and the American Dialog Information Services, allowing its

stories to be more easily promoted overseas. By the mid-1990s, it had established

a workshop to assist its new, foreign-born staff in learning the local culture. By

December 1998, The Jakarta Post had a circulation of 41,049, and was one of the

few English-language dailies in Indonesia after the 1997 Asian financial crisis; six

other English-language dailies had failed. That year it also became a founding

member of the Asia News Network.

To date, The Jakarta Post has had five editors-in-chief: Sabam Pandapotan

Siagian (1983-1991), Susanto Pudjomartono (1991-2001), Raymond Toruan

(2001-2004), Endy Bayuni (2004-2010), Meidyatama Suryodiningrat (2010-2016)

and Endy Bayuni (2016-present).The Jakarta Post is a daily English language

newspaper in Indonesia. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the

head office is in the nation's capital, Jakarta.

The Jakarta Post was started as a collaboration between four Indonesian

media under the urging of Information Minister Ali Murtopoand politician Jusuf

Wanandi. After the first issue was printed on 25 April 1983, it spent several years

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editors in 1991, it began to take a more vocal pro-democracy point of view. The

paper was one of the few Indonesian English-language dailies to survive the 1997

Asian financial crisis and currently has a circulation of about 40,000.

The Jakarta Post also features an online edition and a weekend magazine

supplement called J+. The newspaper is targeted at foreigners and educated

Indonesians, although the middle-class Indonesian readership has increased.

Noted for being a training ground for local and international reporters, The Jakarta

Post has won several awards and been described as being "Indonesia's leading

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter the writer describes research approach, object of the study,

source of data, method of collecting data, and method of data analysis.

A. Research Types

The types of researchused in this research is qualitative by seeking and

observing the materials then continue to the writer‘s own analysis in order to

obtain the require data. The cores of qualitative research method are in studying of

individuals and small groups, systematic observation of behaviour, and analysis of

documentary data (Leedy and Ormrod, 2012:7). It has many advantages, they use

subjective information and participation observation to describe the context or

natural setting of variables under context. It seeks a wide understanding of entire

situation.

B. Object of the Research

The object of the research is discourse deixis which is found in Politics

Columns on the Jakarta Post on April 2017.

C. Source of Data

1. Primary

In this research, the writer gets the materials from data that are

collected from Politics Column on Jakarta Post on April 2017.

2. Secondary

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25 research.

D. Technique of Collecting Data

The data which is used in this research is derived from discourse deixis

analysis of the politics column and the writer‘s interpretation of the utterances on

politics column on Jakarta Post on April 2017. While the procedures of collecting

data involves several steps. Firstly, the researcher would lead and collect the data.

Second, the researcher would classify the data into the statements or utterances

that contain discourse deixis. Then, the researcher identify and analyze those data.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

1. Descriptive Analysis

Descriptive analysis is a technique of analysis that are describing or

analysing the result of a research through the search of fact by using

appropriate interpretation (Sugiyono, 2008:21). This technique provides

data in form of graphics, table, percentage, mean, modus and etc.

2. Content Analysis

Content analysis is defined by Payne on (Samiaji Sarosa 2012:70)

as a method to find written or visual purpose by allocate systematically

content to detailed categories that have been determined previously and

then calculate and interprete the result.

Content analysis is started with the researcher arranges code to

make a group of frase and words. The code is applied to the text. After

the entire text are classified as a code, a variety tool of statistics is able to

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quantitative method used to analyse qualitative data (Myers 2012:70).

The steps of analyzing the data as follow:

a. The researcher reading the select data.

b. The researcher identifying the research data that contains discourse

deixis.

c. The researcher categorises the types of deixis that have been found

on the research data.

d. The researcher analyses the meaning of each discourse deixis

expression of the utterances.

e. The researcher calculates the types of deixis that are frequently used

in politics column on Jakarta Post

f. Present the data in the percentage form by using a simple statistical

analysis.

Statistic al analysis:

Where:

1. P is the symbol of percentage

2. Fg is the frequency of the occurance of each discourse deixis

3. Tf is total of frequency of discourse deixis

g. The researcher makes the conclusion. Fg

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CHAPTER IV

DATA FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Chapter IV presents the research findings and discussion. In this section,

the research findings are going to be presented systematically based on the

research questions. The findings include types of discourse deixis and frequency

of discourse deixis which are found on Jakarta Post in April 2017. The discussion

will be explained after presenting the data based on the Levinson theory

(1983:85).

A. Data Findings

This sub-heading presents the findings, related to the articles, the types of

discourse deixis which are found in Politics Column on Jakarta Post on April

2017.

1. Articles of Politics Column on Jakarta Post in April 2017

Based on Politics news on Jakarta Post in April 2017, the researcher

found 19 Articles. In the 19 articles, the researcher only found two types of

discourse deixis; that are the word that and this. There are 16 Articles

contained discourse deixis except 3 articles. The researcher decided to

coding them into table in order to make easier to understand the data from

the articles. The resear cher categorised 19 article sequencely in

alphabetical. Thus, number 1 - 19 is categorised into A – S. The code for

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28 coding them.

The title of nineteen news that has been found on Jakarta Post in April 2017:

Table 4.1.1 The articles and its titles

No. Code of Articles The Title

1. A ―Jakarta Praised for Peaceful Voting Day‖

2. B ―Megawati says, surveys do not determine elections‖

3. C ―Anies Beats Ahok in Runoff Vote: Quick

Counts‖

4. D ―Suropati Polling Stations Feature Betawi Songs, food‖

5. E ―Did Anies just deliver a victory speech an hour after polling booths closed?‖

6. F ―Numerous polling stations opened late, NGO says‖

7. G ―Winning pair should prioritize welfare equity: Habibie‖

8. H ―Don‘t let politics divide us, Jokowi says‖

9. I ―PDI-P optimistic Ahok and Djarot will win 52% of vote‖

10. J ―Ahok, family pray together before voting‖ 11. K ―If election is just and fair, there will be no

problem: Rizieq‖

12. L ―Don‘t be afraid to vote, Ahok says‖

13. M ―Individuals implicated in corruption to vote at KPK headquarters‖

14. N ―AJI Jakarta warns journalists to maintain independence‖

15. O ―Golkar chairman calls members to start campaigning for Jokowi‘s 2019 presidential‖ 16. P ―Banser takes down banners promoting Islamic

country in Central Java‖

17. Q ―Jokowi, allies call for national unity amid pressure‖

18. R ―DPD speakership election violates law, experts say‖

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Table 4.1.2 “Discourse Deixis used and the coding”

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2. Types of Discourse Deixis Found in Politics Column on Jakarta Post

on April 2017

According to Levinson (1983:85) ―Discourse or text deixis concerns

the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of the

discourse that contains that the utterance (including the utterance itself) In

this study, the researcher found 32 discourse deixis. The researcher only

found two types of discourse deixis in 19 articles on Jakarta Post in April

2017. The are this and that. However, in the presentation, the researcher

exemplifies one case among the variations that are found in the data. The

two types of discourse deixis include this and that. The researcher tried to

present the excerpt of the whole articles which are found by the researcher

as follows:

a. Article A

This article A entitled ―Jakarta Praised for Peaceful Voting Day‖. A

great agenda had been hold by the whole entire citizens in Jakarta.

Citizens of Jakarta is expected to choose a new governor. In this election,

there were two pair candidate, the first is Ahok Djarot, and the second is

Anies Sandiaga.

In this article, some of citizens is expected that the election would

be runoff peacefully. Haryadi, a member of Home Affairs Ministry

election pointed out that Jakarta gubernatorial election had stirred

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everything was under control on voting day.

This election was marred with political tension exacerbated by

racial and religious issues. The race peaked on Wednesday with the

runoff election, which saw two main candidates from different religious

backgrounds go head-to-head for the top post: incumbent Basuki ―Ahok‖

Tjahaja Purnama, who is Christian and of Chinese descent; and Muslim

scholar Anies Baswedan.

In my data corpus, the researcher found one types of discourse

deixis:

[A2.1] ―Speaking to journalists immediately after polls closed on

Wednesday, a member of the Home Affairs Ministry‘s election monitoring team, Haryadi, pointed out that the Jakarta gubernatorial election had stirred nation-wide tension with heated issues related to religious sentiments.‖

The word ―that‖ in this utterance refers to previous utterance that

means vote counting process on Jakarta Gubernatorial election. This is

categorised as discourse deictic expression because it refers to preceeding

portion of discourse. Haryadi is the speaker at the moment. He gave an

opinon based on vote counting process condition on Jakarta

Gubernatorial election.

[A2.2] ―Voters‘ enthusiasm was high. In many stations, we observed that — by 10 o‘clock in the morning — 70 percent of total registered voters had cast their votes,‖ he said.

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by Kholil Pasaribu. The word ―that‖ expresses discourse deictic

expression because it refers to Kholil Pasaribu‘s previous statement that

means about counting process of Jakarta‘s Gubernatorial election.

b. Article B

This article B is entitled ―Megawati says, surveys do not determine

elections.‖ This article discussed about a view from the chairman of PDI

Perjuangan about the Gubernatorial election in Jakarta. Surveys

commissioned by several pollsters is claimed that Anies Sandiaga surpass

Ahok Djarot in voting of Gubernatorial election in Jakarta. Megawati

said, Megawati insisted surveys did not determine a candidate‘s

performance. ―I think a survey is only a reference. It cannot determine

the result of an election. Megawati said Jakarta should be a role model

for other provinces on how democracy should work. She would continue

to monitor all stages of the election until fully complete. ―Let‘s see the

results. I will wait them. Of course because I support Ahok, I want him to

lead Jakarta again,‖ said Megawati. However, quick counts appear to

show that Anies-Sandiaga won the election.

In article B, the researcher found the word ―that‖ and ―this‖:

[B1.1] ―It is Jakarta‘s voters who will decide the result of this

election, she went on.‖

The word ―this‖ is expressing as discourse deictic expression

because it refers to the forthcoming portion of discourse, in this case the

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[B2.3] ―Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) chairwoman Megawati Soekarnoputri has drawn attention to surveys commissioned by several pollsters, which she claimed had always placed the electability of incumbent candidate pair Basuki ―Ahok‖ Tjahaja Purnama and Djarot Saiful Hidayat below that of their rivals, Anies Baswedan and Sandiaga Uno in the runoff Jakarta gubernatorial election.

In the data [B2.3] the researcher found the word ―that‖. The word

―that‖ means surveys commisioned by several pollsters. The surveys put

Anies and Sandiaga were the strongest candidate of Jakarta Gubernatorial

election.

[B2.4]―The PDI-P led a coalition, which included the Golkar Party, the Hanura Party and the NasDem Party, that backed the Ahok-Djarot ticket. Meanwhile, Anies-Sandiaga was supported by a coalition led by Gerindra Party patron Prabowo Subianto

The researcher found the word ―that‖ in data [B2.4]. The word

―that‖ means PDIP‘s coalition on Jakarta Gubernatorial election. There

are four coalition party who back up Ahok and Djarot in Gubernatorial

election in Jakarta. There were Golkar, PPP, Hanura and PDI Perjuangan.

[B2.5] ―Megawati said Jakarta should be a role model for other

provinces on how democracy should work. She would continue to monitor all stages of the election until fully complete. However, quick counts appear to show that

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In data [B2.5] the researcher found the word ―that‖. This word

means quick qount in that utterance. The result of quick count by several

pollsters in Jakarta is Anies and Sandiaga defeat Ahok Djarot.

c. Article C

This article C is entitled ―Anies Beats Ahok in Runoff Vote: Quick

Counts.‖ This article discussed about Anies who beats Ahok Runoff vote.

Lembaga Survei Indonesia (LSI), claimed that Anies Sandiaga got 56%

of voting and Ahok Djarok 44% in Gubernatorial election in Jakarta.

Anies Sandiaga won in quick count result.

Gerindra Party chairman Prabowo Subianto was brimming with

confidence on Wednesday afternoon after several quick-count results

indicated that Anies Baswedan would emerge victorious in the Jakarta

gubernatorial race. Prabowo has many reasons to cheer Anies‘ victory.

The Jakarta election is seen as a prelude to the 2019 presidential election,

where President Joko ―Jokowi‖ Widodo will likely face off against

Prabowo, whom he defeated in 2014.

In next occation, After voting in Gambir, Central Jakarta, President

Jokowi, whose Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) backs

Ahok, called on Jakartans to unite and cast aside their differences after

voting day. ―Don't let differences in politics divide us because we are all

brothers,‖ he said.

There were a piece of supportive moments from Anies to Ahok.

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Jakarta. Now its time to reconcile and built Jakarta together.

In the article C, the researcher found discourse deixis such as:

[C1.2] ―Alhamdulillah thank God this victory is the result of our fight. This is a blessing from God,‖ the coordinator of Anies‘ volunteers, M. Chozin Amirullah, said in a statement.‖

The example of ―this‖ in code [C1.2]. M. Chozin Amirullah is the

speaker at that moment. The word ―this‖ in data refers to the victory of

Anies and Sandiaga in Gubernatorial election in Jakarta.

d. Article D

This article D is entitled ―Suropati Polling Stations Feature Betawi

Songs, food.‖ The Gubernatorial election in Jakarta implicated a various

politics condition in Jakarta which involved disintegriy of citizens in

Jakarta. Beside of that condition, there were an interesting moment that

entertained us in Suropati Polling Stations in Menteng Central Jakarta. In

two place of that election, the citizens is entertained by a musical group

performing traditional Betawi songs, as well as street vendors selling

traditional Betawi food.

There is no discourse deictic expression in article D.

e. Article E

The Article E is entitled ―Did Anies just deliver a victory speech an

hour after polling booths closed?‖ In this section,. Anies Sandiaga made

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stations closed. Anies said to Jakarta post that he did really appreciate

Ahok who participate in democratic election in Jakarta. In other hand

Sandiaga said that he was ready to reconcile with Ahok.

Meanwhile, Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) chairman, Sohibul

Iman, said that based on an internal poll he was convinced Anies would

win the election."Several survey results have suggested the good news.

But we need to wait for the final outcome," he continued.

As of 3 p.m, a quick count conducted by Kompas shows that Anies

(57 percent) is leading over Ahok (43 percent). However, only 70 percent

of the total votes were counted.

The researcher found deictic expression in article E such as:

[E1.3] "Now we start a new chapter and we should work together to improve this city," he said.

The researcher found the word ―this‖ on the example number

[E1.3]. The utterance is said by Anies Baswedan who were the winner of

the Jakarta gubernatorial election. The word ―this‖ refers to the city or

Jakarta that will be improved by Anies Baswedan and Sandiaga in next

period.

[E2.6] ―Anies expressed his appreciation for his rival, Basuki "Ahok" Tjahaja Purnama, for participating in the democratic election, saying that while they were competitors in the race, they are actually working together in the democratic process.‖

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―that‖ means appreciation from Anies to Ahok who participate in the

democratic election in Jakarta. The speaker is Anies Baswedan.

f. Article F

The article F written by editor in Jakarta post which is entitled

―Numerous polling stations opened late, NGO says.‖ Dozens of polling

stations (TPS) in the capital were late to open for the Jakarta

gubernatorial runoff election on Wednesday April 19 2017. "From 159

polling stations, 136 opened on time, while 23 opened later than 7 a.m.,"

JPPR national coordinator Masykurudin Hafidz said in a statement, as

quoted by kompas.com.

Polling stations that opened late included TPS 29 in Ciganjur

subdistrict (Jagakarsa, South Jakarta), TPS 04 in West Cilandak

subdistrict (Cilandak, South Jakarta), TPS 12 in South Manggarai

subdistrict (Tebet, South Jakarta), TPS 13 in Batu Ampar subdistrict

(Kramat Jati, East Jakarta), and TPS 46 in Cibubur subdistrict (Ciracas,

East Jakarta).

"Interestingly, at TPS 12 in South Manggarai, the delay was due to

the missing KPPS guideline book that meant the KPPS head was unable

to read the vows," Hafidz said, adding that the KPPS finally borrowed a

book from another polling station.

The Jakarta General Elections Commission (KPU Jakarta) said the

final voter list (DPT) for the second round of the gubernatorial election

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found discourse deixis ―that‖ in the article F such as:

[F2.7] ―Polling stations that opened late included TPS 29 in Ciganjur subdistrict (Jagakarsa, South Jakarta), TPS 04 in West Cilandak subdistrict (Cilandak, South Jakarta), TPS 12 in South Manggarai subdistrict (Tebet, South Jakarta), TPS 13 in Batu Ampar subdistrict (Kramat Jati, East Jakarta), and TPS 46 in Cibubur subdistrict (Ciracas, East Jakarta).‖

The researcher found discourse deixis ―that‖ in data [F2.7]. The

word ―that‖ refers to the report from JPPR which is said that polling

stations opened late. In this event, JPPR is the speaker.

g. Article G

The article G is entitled ―Winning pair should prioritize welfare

equity: Habibie.‖ A former president of Indonesia, Habibi give a

statement about political tension in Jakarta. Habibie, has said that the

candidate pair that wins the Jakarta gubernatorial election should

prioritize policies that promote welfare for the people. Habibie expressed

appreciation for Jakartans who were getting critical about political issues

and agendas.

"We have to work harder so that everyone can get a chance. We

have to fight for every single person in this country and Jakarta should

become the example [that promote welfare equity]," Habibie said.He said

he hopes that tensions involving race and religion would also stop

spreading and triggering conflicts in society.

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sectarian tension that has been simmering since campaigning started last

year.

According to pollsters, the race between incumbent ticket Basuki

Tjahaja Purnama and Djarot Syaiful Hidayat and rivals Anies Baswedan

and Sandiaga Uno is very tight because the stakes of the election in the

capital are so high.

The researcher found discourse deixis in article G such as:

[G1.4] We have to fight for every single person in this country and Jakarta should become the example [that promote welfare equity]," Habibie said.

In data [G1.4] the researcher found discourse deixis ―that‖. The

word ―that‖ refers to promote welfare by Habibie and categorised as

types of discourse deixis.

[G2.8] ―People all over the world are watching. In many places,

people expect peace, but it's unlikely that peace exists everywhere. We expect [today's election] will be an example for those who are committed to provide welfare," Habibie said as quoted by kompas.com on Wednesday.‖

word ―that‖ refers to situation after Gubernatorial election in Jakarta and

categorised as types of discourse deixis.

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44 society.‖

word ―that‖ refers to what Habibi‘s wish that tension would also stop

spreading after election.

h. Article H

The article H is entitled ―Don‘t let politics divide us, Jokowi says.‖

The tension of Political tension in Gubernatorial tension in Jakarta is

concerned in Sara issues. After casting his vote, Jokowi said he was

optimistic the election would run smoothly. "I am sure this election will

produce the best leader for Jakarta. Whatever the result and whoever is

elected it needs to be accepted by all," Jokowi told reporters.

The President arrived at the polling station at 10.40 a.m., along with

dozens of other Jakartans, to elect the Jakarta governor for the next five

years. The President said Jakartans must unite and cast aside their

differences after voting day. "Don't let differences in politics divide us

because we are all brothers,‖ he said. Jokowi and Iriana returned directly

to the State Palace after casting their ballots.

[H1.5] ―After casting his vote, Jokowi said he was optimistic the

election would run smoothly. "I am sure this election will produce the best leader for Jakarta. Whatever the result and whoever is elected it needs to be accepted by all," Jokowi told reporters.

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politic analysts argumentation that means the result of Jakarta

Gubernatorial Election. The winner is Anies Baswedan and Sandiaga

Uno

i. Article I

The title of this article is ―PDI-P optimistic Ahok and Djarot will

win 52% of vote.‖ PDI Perjuangan who backep Ahok Djarot is

optimisted that they would get 52 % of vote. ―We are optimistic that at

least our target of 52 percent of votes can be achieved,‖ said PDI-P

secretary-general Hasto Kristiyanto as quoted by tribunnews.com. He

was speaking at the residence of PDI-P chairwoman Megawati

Soekarnoputri in Kebagusan, South Jakarta, on Wednesday.

Commenting on several surveys that had placed candidate pair

Anies Baswedan and Sandiaga Uno in the lead, Hasto said some of

pollsters were being used as campaign tools. He said internal surveys

conducted by the PDI-P had shown support for Ahok and Djarot was

continuously increasing while the electability of their contender was on a

downward trend. That was why all parties supporting the Ahok-Djarot

ticket were optimistic the 52.4 percent vote target could be achieved, he

added.

Hasto hoped the Jakarta runoff election could run safely and

orderly and all residents could convey their aspirations

independently.―Together with other parties and volunteers, we have

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leadership of Pak Basuki and Pak Djarot.‖

[I2.10] ―Commenting on several surveys that had placed candidate pair Anies Baswedan and Sandiaga Uno in the lead, Hasto said some of pollsters were being used as campaign tools.‖

In data [I2.10] the researcher found the word ―that‖ as part of

discourse deixis. The word ―that‖ refers to several surveys that placed

Anies Sandiaga in the lead of the Gubernatorial election.

j. Article J

The article J is entitled ―Ahok, family pray together before voting.‖

The article H is explained something interest while voting was going on

process in Gubernatorial election of Jakarta. Jakarta Governor Basuki

―Ahok‖ Tjahaja Purnama said that before voting on Wednesday, he and

his family prayed together in the hope of getting the best election result.

"We pray for the best for our service," Ahok said while walking to

polling station number 54 in the Pantai Mutiara complex, Pluit, North

Jakarta, on Wednesday.

Ahok's eldest son, Nicholas Sean, who voted together with his

father and mother, Veronica Tan, said that he hoped that if his father was

elected, he could continue to serve the residents.

After voting, Ahok said that he would monitor the election in some

polling stations before meeting with his campaign team at the Pullman

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would keep working until the end of his tenure in October. If he won, he

would work to finish his programs, Ahok said.

The researcher found some discourse deictic expression such as:

[J2.11] ―After voting, Ahok said that he would monitor the election in some polling stations before meeting with his campaign team at the Pullman Hotel in Central Jakarta.

The researcher found the word ―that‖ which is categorised as one

type of discourse deixis. The word ―that‖ in data [J2.12] means voting

result of Gubernatorial election in Jakarta. Anies Sandiaga is the winner

of the voting.

k. Article K

The article K is entitled ―If election is just and fair, there will be no

problem: Rizieq.‖ Rizieq, the chairman of Front Pembela Islam (FPI)

Indonesia stated that there is no problem if election of Gubernatorial in

Jakarta is fair. As the leader of FPI, a hard-line group with a track record

of religious-related violence, Rizieq has long been voicing his opposition

to Jakarta Governor Basuki ―Ahok‖ Tjahaja Purnama, lately accusing

him of blasphemy.

After voting, Rizieq said that he hoped the election would be held

fairly and transparently so that the results did not lead to problems. If the

election is just and fair, God willing, the outcome will not cause

problems,‖ he said as quoted by kompas.com. But if it is not held in a fair