• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Sifat Dan Mutu Arang Aktif Dari Tempurung Biji Mete (Anacardium Occidentale L.)

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Membagikan "Sifat Dan Mutu Arang Aktif Dari Tempurung Biji Mete (Anacardium Occidentale L.)"

Copied!
11
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

1R$830,/,3,

6,)$7'$10878$5$1*$.7,)'$5,7(038581*%,-,0(7(

"OBDBSEJVNPDDJEFOUBMF

/

1SPQFSUJFTBOE2VBMJUZPGUIF"DUJWBUFE$IBSDPBM.BEFGSPN$BTIFXOVU4IFMM

$QDFDUGLXPRFFLGHQWDOH

-

'HZL$OLPDK %DODL3HQHOLWLDQGDQ3HQJHPEDQJDQ/LQJNXQJDQ+LGXSGDQ.HKXWDQDQ%DQMDUEDUX -O$KPDG<DQL.P/DQGDVDQ8OLQ %DQMDUEDUX.DOLPDQWDQ6HODWDQ 7HOS)D[ (PDLOGHZLBDOLPDK#\DKRRFRP 'LWHULPD$SULO'LUHYLVL'HVHPEHU'LVHWXMXL$SULO "#453"$5

&XUUHQWO\FDVKHZQXW$QDFDUGLXPRFFLGHQWDOH/VKHOOLVDEXQGDQWO\DYDLODEOHDVZDVWHIURPFKDVHZQXW SURFHVVLQJLQGXVWULHV7KHRUHWLFDOO\FDVKHZQXWVKHOOLVSRWHQWLDOO\XVHGIRUDFWLYDWHGFKDUFRDO7KLVSDSHUVWXGLHVWKH SURSHUWLHVDQGTXDOLW\RI DFWLYDWHGFKDUFRDOPDGHIURPFDVKHZQXWVKHOO7KHVWXG\DOVRHYDOXDWHVSURFHVVLQJFRQGLWLRQLQ SURGXFLQJRSWLPXPTXDOLW\RI DFWLYDWHGFKDUFRDO,QLWLDOO\FDVKHZQXWVKHOOVZHUHFROOHFWHGDQGFDUERQL]HGLQƒ&IRU KRXUV7KHQWKHFKDUFRDOZDVDFWLYDWHGLQWHPSHUDWXUHVRI ƒ&ƒ&DQGƒ&IRUDQGPLQXWHV7KH GDWDZHUHWKHQDQDO\]HGXVLQJDQDO\VLVRI YDULDQFHDQG7XNH\WHVWIRUIXUWKHUVLJQLILFDQFHWHVW5HVXOWVVKRZWKDWFKDVHZQXW VKHOOFRXOGSRWHQWLDOO\EHXVHGIRUFRPPHUFLDODFWLYDWHGFKDUFRDO7KHRSWLPXPTXDOLW\RI VKHOOVDFWLYDWHGFKDUFRDOZDV REWDLQHGE\DFWLYDWLQJWKHFKDUFRDOLQƒ&IRUPLQXWHVWKDWSURGXFHGFKDUFRDOZLWKSURSHUWLHVRI PRLVWXUH FRQWHQWYRODWLOHFRQWHQWIL[HGFDUERQFRQWHQWDQGPJJRI PHWK\OHQHEOXHDGVRUSWLYHFDSDFLW\ $OPRVWDOOFKDUFRDOVSURSHUWLHVPHWWKHTXDOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWVWDWHGLQWKH,QGRQHVLDQ1DWLRQDO6WDQGDU61, H[FHSWWKRVHRI WKUHHSURSHUWLHVDVKFRQWHQWEHQ]HQHDGVRUSWLYHFDSDFLW\DQGDGVRUSWLYH FDSDFLW\RI LRGLXPPJJ .H\ZRUGV&DVKHQXWVKHOODFWLYDWHGFKDUFRDOSURSHUWLHVDQGTXDOLW\,QGRQHVLDQ1DWLRQDO6WDQGDUG $%675$.

6DDWLQLWHPSXUXQJELMLMDPEXPHWH$QDFDUGLXPRFFLGHQWDOH/EDQ\DNWHUVHGLDVHEDJDLOLPEDKGDUL LQGXVWUL SHQJRODKDQ MDPEX PHWH 6HFDUD WHRUL WHPSXUXQJ MDPEX PHWH EHUSRWHQVL GLNHPEDQJNDQ XQWXNDUDQJDNWLI7XOLVDQLQLPHPSHODMDULVLIDWGDQPXWXDUDQJDNWLI GDULWHPSXUXQJELMLMDPEXPHWH GDQ PHQJHYDOXDVL NRQGLVL SHPEXDWDQ DUDQJ DNWLI XQWXN PHQJKDVLONDQ PXWX DUDQJ DNWLI \DQJ RSWLPXP3DGDDZDOQ\DWHPSXUXQJELMLMDPEXPHWHGLNXPSXONDQGDQGLDUDQJNDQSDGDVXKXƒ& VHODPD MDP .HPXGLDQ DUDQJ WHPSXUXQJ ELML MDPEX PHWH GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& ƒ& GDQƒ&VHODPDGDQPHQLW'DWDNHPXGLDQGLDQDOLVDPHQJJXQDNDQDQDOLVLVVLGLNUDJDP

GDQXML7XNH\XQWXNXMLSHUEHGDDQODQMXWDQ +DVLOSHQHOLWLDQPHQXQMXNNDQWHPSXUXQJMDPEXPHWH EHUSRWHQVL XQWXN GLEXDW DUDQJ DNWLI NRPHUVLDO .XDOLWDV RSWLPXP DUDQJ DNWLI GDUL WHPSXUXQJ MDPEX PHWH GDSDW GLKDVLONDQ GDUL SURVHV DNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& VHODPD PHQLW \DQJ GDSDW PHPSURGXNVL DUDQJ DNWLI GHQJDQ NDGDU DLU NDGDU ]DW WHUEDQJ NDGDU NDUERQ WHULNDW GDQNDSDVLWDVGD\DMHUDSWHUKDGDSPHWLOHQELUXPJJ+DPSLUVHPXDVLIDWDUDQJDNWLI

WHUKDGDS

PHPHQXKLSHUV\DUDWDQPXWXGD\DMHUDS PHWLOHQELUX\DQJWHODKGLWHWDSNDQGDODP6WDQGDU

'2,KWWSGRLRUJMSKK

(2)

, 3(1'$+8/8$1

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“ WRQ ,PSRU DUDQJ DNWLI LQL GLODNXNDQ VHODLQ NDUHQD MXPODK SURGXNVL GL GDODP QHJHUL WLGDN PHPHQXKL NHEXWXKDQ DUDQJ DNWLI GRPHVWLN MXJD NDUHQD EHEHUDSD LQGXVWUL WHUVHEXW PHPHUOXNDQ DUDQJ DNWLI GHQJDQVSHVLILNDVLWHUWHQWX\DQJWLGDNGDSDW GLSHQXKL ROHK DUDQJ DNWLI ORNDO 0RQLND 6XPDU\RQR 6XSUDSWR 5DKD\X 0DUJRQR

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

3HQHOLWLDQ GLODNVDQDNDQ SDGD %XODQ )HEUXDUL VDPSDL $JXVWXV GL /DERUDWRULXP (QHUJL %LRPDVVD .D\X 8QLYHUVLWDV *DGMDK 0DGD GDQ /DERUDWRULXP.LPLD$QDOLWLN8QLYHUVLWDV1HJHUL <RJ\DNDUWD %%DKDQGDQ$ODW %DKDQEDNX\DQJGLJXQDNDQGDODPSHQHOLWLDQ LQLDGDODKWHPSXUXQJELMLPHWH\DQJGLDPELOGDUL 'HVD .DUDQJPRMR :RQRVDUL *XQXQJ .LGXO <RJ\DNDUWD%DKDQNLPLD\DQJGLJXQDNDQDQWDUD ODLQ EHQ]HQD & + LRGLXP , GDQ QDWULXP

WKLRVXOIDW 1D 6 2 1 3HUDODWDQ \DQJ

GLJXQDNDQDQWDUDODLQUHWRUWOLVWULNNDSDVLWDVNJ IXUQDFHPHUN8FKLGD-DSDQJULQGHUGHQJDQGD\D VDULQJPHVKD\DNDQPHUN86$67$1'$5' 7(67,1*6,(9(XNXUDQGDQPHVK RYHQ PHUN 0HPPHUW WLPEDQJDQ DQDOLWLN PHUN 2+$86*7GHQJDQNHWHOLWLDQJUDP PXOWLVKDNHU006(\HOD-DSDQVSHNWURIRWRPHWHUWLSH 899,6 'RXEOH %HDPFDZDQ SRUVHOLQ GHVLNDWRU GDQSHUDODWDQJHODV

&3URVHGXU.HUMD

3HPEXDWDQDUDQJGDQDUDQJDNWLI

6HEHOXP GLODNXNDQ SHQJDUDQJDQ WHPSXUXQJ ELML PHWH GLNHULQJNDQ WHUOHELK GDKXOX GL EDZDK 1DVLRQDO,QGRQHVLD61,NHFXDOLWLJDVLIDWDUDQJ\DLWXNDGDUDEXGD\DMHUDS WHUKDGDSEHQ]HQDGDQGD\DMHUDSWHUKDGDSLRGLXPPJJ

(3)

VLQDU PDWDKDUL KLQJJD PHQFDSDL NRQGLVL NHULQJ

DQJLQ 7HPSXUXQJ ELML PHWH \DQJ WHODK GLXNXU NDGDU DLUQ\D NHPXGLDQ GLPDVXNNDQ NH GDODP UHWRUW OLVWULN GDQ GLSDQDVNDQ SDGD VXKX &ƒ VHODPDMDPKLQJJDPHQMDGLDUDQJ$UDQJ\DQJ GLKDVLONDQ GLELDUNDQ GXOX VHODPD MDP GDQ VHODQMXWQ\D GLKDOXVNDQ KLQJJD ORORV D\DNDQ PHVK

3URVHVDNWLYDVLGLODNXNDQGHQJDQPHPDQDVNDQ DUDQJ GDODPIXUQDFH SDGD VXKX GDQ ƒ&GHQJDQYDULDVLZDNWXDNWLYDVLVHODPD GDQPHQLW$OXUSURVHVSHPEXDWDQDUDQJ DNWLI VHFDUDOHQJNDSGLVDMLNDQSDGD*DPEDU 3HQJXMLDQNXDOLWDVDUDQJDNWLI

$UDQJ DNWLI \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ GLXML NXDOLWDVQ\D EHUGDVDUNDQ6WDQGDU1DVLRQDO,QGRQHVLD61, \DQJPHOLSXWLSHQHWDSDQUHQGHPHQ NDGDU DLU DEX ]DW WHUEDQJ NDUERQ WHULNDW GD\D MHUDSWHUKDGDSEHQ]HQDLRGLXPGDQPHWLOHQELUX PHQJJXQDNDQDODWVSHNWURIRWRPHWHU899LVLEOHWLSH 'RXEOH%HDPGHQJDQSDQMDQJJHORPEDQJQP

'5DQFDQJDQ3HUFREDDQGDQ$QDOLVLV'DWD 3HQHOLWLDQLQLPHQJJXQDNDQPRGHOUDQFDQJDQ

DFDN OHQJNDS &RPSOHWHO\ 5DQGRPL]HG 'HVLJQ VHFDUD IDNWRULDO GHQJDQ IDNWRU SHUODNXDQ )DNWRU SHUWDPD DGDODK VXKX DNWLYDVL \DQJ WHUGLUL DWDV WDUDI \DLWX GDQ ƒ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

.DUERQLVDVLƒ&MDP&DUERQLVDWLRQ ƒ&KRXUV

MDPSHQGLQJLQDQKRXUVFRROLQJ MDPSHQGLQJLQDQKRXUVFRROLQJ $QDOLVLV$QDO\VLV 5HQGHPHQ <LHOG .DGDUDLUDEX]DWWHUEDQJGDQNDUERQWHULNDW PRLVWXUH DVKYRODWLOHDQGIL[HGFDUERQFRQWHQWV 'D\DMHUDSWHUKDGDSLRGLXPEHQ]HQDGDQ PHWLOHQELUX DGVRUSWLYHFDSDFLW\RI LRGLQH EHQ]HQHDQG PHWK\OHQHEOXH 3HPEXDWDQ$UDQJVHUEXN &KDUFRDOSRZGHU $NWLYDVLWKHUPDOƒ&ƒ&GDQ ƒ&VHODPDGDQ PHQLW7KHUPDODFWLYDWLRQLQƒ& ƒ&DQGƒ&IRUDQG PLQXWHV $UDQJ$NWLI $FWLYDWHGFKDUFRDO *DPEDU'LDJUDPDOXUSURVHVSHPEXDWDQDUDQJDNWLI 'JHVSF"DUJWBUFEDIBSDPBMNBOVGBDUVSJOHEJBHSBN

(4)

7DEHO6LIDWDUDQJDNWLI WHPSXUXQJELMLPHWHGDQSHQLODLDQPXWXQ\D 5BCMF1SPQFSUJFTBOERVBMJUZWBMVBUJPOPG$BTIFXOVUTIFMMBDUJWBUFEDIBSDPBM 3HUODNXDQ 7UHDWPHQWV 5HQGHPHQ <LHOG .DGDU&RQWHQW 'D\DVHUDS$GVRUSWLYHFDSDFLW\ $LU 0RLVWXUH $EX $VK =DW WHUEDQJ 9RODWLOH .DUERQ WHULNDW )L[HG FDUERQ %HQ]HQD %HQ]HQH ,RGLXP PJJ 0HWLOHQ ELUX 0HWK\OHQH EOXHPJJ $% $% $% $% $% $% $% $% $% $% 61, 0D[ 0D[ 0D[ 0LQ 0LQ 0LQ 0LQ ,,,+$6,/'$13(0%$+$6$1

'DWD KDVLO DQDOLVLV VLIDW DUDQJ DNWLI GDQ SHQLODLDQ PXWXQ\D GLEDQGLQJNDQ QLODL PXWX EHUGDVDUNDQ6WDQGDU1DVLRQDO,QGRQHVLD61, GLVDMLNDQ SDGD 7DEHO 5LQJNDVDQ DQDOLVLV VLGLN UDJDP NXDOLWDV DUDQJ DNWLI WHPSXUXQJELMLPHWHGLVDMLNDQSDGD7DEHO+DVLO XML 7XNH\ VLIDW DUDQJ DNWLI WHPSXUXQJ ELML PHWH XQWXNPHQJHWDKXLSHQJDUXKWLDSWDUDI SHUODNXDQ GLVDMLNDQSDGD7DEHO $5HQGHPHQ$UDQJ$NWLI 3DGD7DEHOGLNHWDKXLEDKZDUHQGHPHQDUDQJ DNWLI WHPSXUXQJELMLPHWH\DQJGLKDVLONDQEHUNLVDU DQWDUD²GHQJDQUDWD²UDWD 5HQGHPHQ WHUWLQJJL GLKDVLONDQ ROHK DUDQJ WHPSXUXQJ ELML PHWH \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKXƒ&VHODPDPHQLW$%VHGDQJNDQ UHQGHPHQ WHUHQGDK GLKDVLONDQ SDGD DUDQJ\DQJGLDNWLYDVLSDGDVXKXƒ&VHODPD PHQLW$%

%HUGDVDUNDQKDVLOVLGLNUDJDP7DEHOIDNWRU VXKXDNWLYDVLZDNWXDNWLYDVLGDQLQWHUDNVLDQWDUD VXKX DNWLYDVL GDQ ZDNWX DNWLYDVL EHUSHQJDUXK VDQJDWQ\DWDWHUKDGDSUHQGHPHQ\DQJGLKDVLONDQ +DVLOXML7XNH\SDGD7DEHOPHQXQMXNNDQEDKZD UHQGHPHQ FHQGHU XQJ PHQXU XQ VHLULQJ EHUWDPEDKQ\D ZDNWX DNWLYDVL +DO LQL EHUNDLWDQ GHQJDQUHDNVLRNVLGDVLDQWDUDDUDQJGHQJDQSDQDV GDODP IXUQDFH \DQJ VHPDNLQ EHVDU VHKLQJJD VHQ\DZD VHSHUWL WDU GLVWLODW GDQ DVDP RUJDQLN ODLQQ\D EDQ\DN \DQJ NHOXDU 6HODLQ LWX VHPDNLQ WLQJJL VXKX DNWLYDVL PDND NHFHSDWDQ UHDNVL GDQ MXPODK EDKDQ SHQ\XVXQ NDUERQ \DQJ EHUHDNVL GHQJDQ JDV SHQJRNVLGD VHPDNLQ EHVDU .HFHQGHUXQJDQ LQL VHVXDL GHQJDQ WHRUL NLQHWLN GLPDQD MLND VXKX UHDNVL QDLN PDND NHFHSDWDQ UHDNVLDQWDUDNDUERQGDQXDSDLUDNDQPHQLQJNDW +XGD\D +DUWR\R5HQGHPHQDUDQJDNWLI GDUL KDVLO SHQHOLWLDQ LQL KDPSLU VDPD GHQJDQ UHQGHPHQDUDQJDNWLI WHPSXUXQJNHPLUL² \DQJGLDNWLYDVLGHQJDQXDSDLUVHODPD PHQLWSDGDVXKXƒ&/HPSDQJ 7LNXSDGDQJ 1DPXQUHQGHPHQWHUVHEXWOHELKUHQGDK

.HWHUDQJDQ5HPDUNV

$% NRQWUROFRQWURO$ 6XKXDNWLYDVLƒ&$FWLYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHƒ&$ 6XKXDNWLYDVLƒ&$FWLYDWHG WHPSHUDWXUHƒ&$ 6XKXDNWLYDVLƒ&$FWLYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHƒ&

% :DNWXDNWLYDVLVHODPDPHQLW$FWLYDWHGWLPHPLQXWHV % :DNWXDNWLYDVLVHODPDPHQLW$FWLYDWHGWLPHPLQXWHV % :DNWXDNWLYDVLVHODPDPHQLW$FWLYDWHGWLPHPLQXWHV

(5)

7DEHO$QDOLVLVVLGLNUDJDPNXDOLWDVDUDQJDNWLI WHPSXUXQJELMLPHWH 5BCMF"OBMZTJTPGWBSJBODFPORVBMJUZPGDBTIFXOVUTIFMMBDUJWBUFEDIBSDPBM 9DULDEHO 9DULDEOHV 6XPEHUNHUDJDPDQ 6RXUFHRI YDULDQFH 'HUDMDWEHEDV 'HJUHHRI IUHHGRP -XPODKNXDGUDW 6XPRI VTXDUHV .XDGUDWWHQJDK 0HDQVTXDUH )) 5HQGHPHQ<LHOG $ % $ï% *DODW(UURU 7RWDO7RWDO .DGDUDLU0RLVWXUH FRQWHQW $ % $ï% *DODW(UURU 7RWDO7RWDO .DGDUDEX $VKFRQWHQW $ % $ï% *DODW(UURU 7RWDO7RWDO .DGDU]DWWHUEDQJ 9RODWLOHFRQWHQW $ % $ï% *DODW(UURU 7RWDO7RWDO .DGDUNDUERQ WHULNDW)L[HG FDUERQFRQWHQW $ QV % $ï% QV *DODW(UURU 7RWDO7RWDO 'D\D MHUDSWHUKDGDS EHQ]HQD%HQ]HQH DGVRUSWLYHFDSDFLW\ $ % $ï% *DODW(UURU 7RWDO7RWDO 'D\DMHUDS WHUKDGDSLRGLXP ,RGLXPDGVRUSWLYH FDSDFLW\PJJ $ % $ï% *DODW(UURU 7RWDO7RWDO 'D\DMHUDS WHUKDGDSPHWLOHQ ELUX0HWK\OHQH EOXHDGVRUSWLYH FDSDFLW\PJJ $ % $ï% *DODW(UURU 7RWDO7RWDO .HWHUDQJDQ5HPDUNV %HUEHGDQ\DWD6LJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQW

(6)

ELODGLEDQGLQJNDQGHQJDQUHQGHPHQDUDQJDNWLI WHPSXUXQJNHODSDVDZLW\DQJEHUNLVDUDQWDUD² +HQGUD

%.DGDU$LU$UDQJ$NWLI

3HQHWDSDQ NDGDU DLU LQL EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHQJHWDKXL VLIDW KLJURVNRSLV DUDQJ DNWLI .DGDU DLU DUDQJ DNWLI GDUL WHPSXUXQJ ELML PHWH \DQJ GLKDVLONDQSDGDSHQHOLWLDQLQLEHUNLVDUDQWDUD ²3DGD7DEHOGLNHWDKXLEDKZDNDGDUDLU WHUWLQJJL GLSHUROHK GDUL SHUODNXDQ DUDQJ \DQJ

GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& VHODPD PHQLW $% .DGDU DLU WHUHQGDK GLSHUROHK GDUL SHUODNXDQ DUDQJ \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ&VHODPDPHQLW$%1LODLNDGDUDLU GDUL EHUEDJDL SHUODNXDQ LQL WHODK PHPHQXKL VWDQGDU NXDOLWDV DUDQJ DNWLI EHUGDVDU 61, \DLWXPDNVLPDOXQWXNDUDQJDNWLI EHQWXNVHUEXN6HFDUDNHVHOXUXKDQNDGDUDLUDUDQJ DNWLI \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ SDGD SHQHOLWLDQ LQL UHODWLI NHFLO+DOLQLPHQXQMXNNDQEDKZDNDQGXQJDQDLU WHULNDWSDGDEDKDQEDNX\DQJGLNDUERQLVDVLOHELK GDKXOXNHOXDUVHEHOXPGLDNWLYDVL

7DEHO+DVLOXML7XNH\VLIDWDUDQJDNWLI WHPSXUXQJELMLPHWH

5BCMF5VLFZhTUFTUSFTVMUPOQSPQFSUJFTPGDBTIFXOVUTIFMMBDUJWBUFEDIBSDPBM

1R 6LIDW²3URSHUWLHVVLIDW 6XKXDNWLYDVL $FWLYDWHG WHPSHUDWXUH :DNWX$NWLYDVL $FWLYDWHGWLPHPHQLWPLQXWHV 5HQGHPHQ<LHOG ž& D DE DF ž& DE E EF ž& DF EF F .DGDUDLU 0RLVWXUHFRQWHQW ž& D DE DF ž& DE E DEF ž& DF EF F .DGDUDEX$VKFRQWHQW ž& D DE DE ž& DE E E ž& DE E E .DGDU]DW WHUEDQJ 9RODWLOH FRQWHQW ž& D DE DE ž& DE E E ž& DE E E .DGDUNDUERQ WHULNDW )L[HGFDUERQ FRQWHQW ž& DE D D ž& DE D D ž& DE D D 'D\D MHUDSWHUKDGDS EHQ]HQD %HQ]HQH DGVRUSWLYHFDSDFLW\ ž& D DE DF ž& DE E EF ž& DF EF F 'D\DMHUDS WHUKDGDSLRGLXP ,RGLXPDGVRUSWLYH FDSDFLW\PJJ ž& D DE DF ž& DE E EF ž& DF EF F 'D\DMHUDS WHUKDGDSPHWLOHQ ELUX0HWK\OHQHEOXH FDSDFLW\PJJ ž& D D DE ž& D D DE ž& DE DE E

.HWHUDQJDQ5HPDUNV$QJND\DQJGLLNXWLKXUXI \DQJVDPDPHQXQMXNNDQWLGDNDGDQ\DSHUEHGDDQ\DQJQ\DWD1RVLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHRQQXPEHUVIROORZHGZLWKWKHVDPHOHWWHUV

(7)

+DVLO DQDOLVLV VLGLN UDJDP SDGD 7DEHO

PHQXQMXNNDQEDKZDIDNWRUVXKXDNWLYDVLZDNWX DNWLYDVL GDQ LQWHUDNVL DQWDUD NHGXD IDNWRU EHUSHQJDUXK VDQJDW Q\DWD WHUKDGDS NDGDU DLU DUDQJ DNWLI 3DGD SHQHOLWLDQ LQL WHUGDSDW NHFHQGHUXQJDQEDKZDPDNLQWLQJJLVXKXDNWLYDVL NDGDU DLU \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ VHPDNLQ NHFLO 1LODL NDGDU DLU DUDQJ DNWLI LQL OHELK WLQJJL ELOD GLEDQGLQJNDQ GHQJDQ NDGDU DLU DUDQJ DNWLI WHPSXUXQJ NHPLUL \DQJ EHUNLVDU DQWDUD ² /HPSDQJ6\DILL 3DUL0HQXUXW 3DUL+HQGUD 3DVDULEXNDGDUDLU\DQJ UHQGDKGLVHEDENDQSHUPXNDDQDUDQJDNWLI OHELK VHGLNLW PHQJDQGXQJ JXJXV IXQJVL \DQJ EHUVLIDW SRODU VHKLQJJD LQWHUDNVL DQWDUD XDS DLU \DQJ EHUVLIDWSRODUMXJDVHGLNLW

&.DGDU$EX$UDQJ$NWLI

3HQHQWXDQ NDGDU DEX EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHQJHWDKXLNDQGXQJDQORJDPRNVLGDGDODPDUDQJ DNWLI 3DGD SHQHOLWLDQ LQL NDGDU DEX DUDQJ DNWLI \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ EHUNLVDU DQWDUD ² 3DGD7DEHOGLNHWDKXLEDKZDNDGDUDEXWHUWLQJJL GLSHUROHK GDUL SHUODNXDQ DUDQJ \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGDVXKXƒ&VHODPDPHQLW$%.DGDU DEXWHUHQGDKGLSHUROHKGDULSHUODNXDQDUDQJ\DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& VHODPD PHQLW $%1LODLNDGDUDEXGDULEHUEDJDLSHUODNXDQ LQL WLGDN VHPXDQ\D PHPHQXKL VWDQGDU NXDOLWDV DUDQJ DNWLI EHUGDVDU 61, NDUHQD DGD NDGDU DEX DUDQJ DNWLI \DQJ PHOHELKL \DLWX EHUNLVDU DQWDUD ² 61,

+DVLO DQDOLVLV VLGLN UDJDP SDGD 7DEHO PHQXQMXNNDQEDKZDIDNWRUVXKXDNWLYDVLZDNWX DNWLYDVL GDQ LQWHUDNVL DQWDUD NHGXD IDNWRU EHUSHQJDUXK VDQJDW Q\DWD WHUKDGDS NDGDU DEX DUDQJ DNWLI +DVLO XML 7XNH\ SDGD 7DEHO PHQXQMXNNDQEDKZDDNWLYDVLPHQJJXQDNDQVXKX ƒ&EHUSHQJDUXKVDQJDWQ\DWDWHUKDGDSNDGDU DEXDUDQJDNWLI VHGDQJNDQDUDQJWHPSXUXQJELML PHWH \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& GDQ ƒ& PHQJKDVLONDQ NDGDU DEX \DQJ WLGDN EHUEHGD Q\DWD :DNWX DNWLYDVL VHODPD PHQLW MXJDPHPEHULNDQSHQJDUXK\DQJVDQJDWEHUEHGD Q\DWD WHUKDGDS NDGDU DEX VHGDQJNDQ ZDNWX DNWLYDVL VHODPD PHQLW GDQ PHQLW PHQJKDVLONDQNDGDUDEX\DQJWLGDNEHUEHGDQ\DWD 3DGDSHQHOLWLDQLQLWHUGDSDWNHFHQGHUXQJDQEDKZD PDNLQWLQJJLVXKXGDQPDNLQODPDZDNWXDNWLYDVL

NDGDU DEX \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ VHPDNLQ WLQJJL 1LODL NDGDU DEX LQL OHELK UHQGDK ELOD GLEDQGLQJNDQ GHQJDQNDGDUDEXDUDQJDNWLI WHPSXUXQJNHPLUL VXQDQ \DQJ EHUNLVDU DQWDUD ² +HQGUD *XVWL .RPDUD\DWL 1DPXQ QLODLQ\D OHELK WLQJJL ELOD GLEDQGLQJNDQ GHQJDQ NDGDU DEX DUDQJ DNWLI GDUL OLPEDK ND\X PDKRQL \DQJEHUNLVDUDQWDUD²3XMLDUWL 6XWDSD 7LQJJLQ\D NDGDU DEX NHPXQJNLQDQ GLVHEDENDQ DGDQ\D NRQWDN GHQJDQ XGDUD SDGD ZDNWX DNWLYDVL VHKLQJ JD WHUMDGL SURVHV SHPEDNDUDQOHELKODQMXWGLPDQDDUDQJDNWLI \DQJ WHUEHQWXN EHUXEDK PHQMDGL DEX 0HQXUXW 3DUL GDODP /HPSDQJ 6\DILL 3DUL NDGDUDEX\DQJEHVDUGDSDWPHQJXUDQJLGD\DVHUDS DUDQJDNWLI EDLNWHUKDGDSODUXWDQPDXSXQJDV+DO LQLGLNDUHQDNDQNDQGXQJDQPLQHUDO\DQJWHUGDSDW GDODPDEXVHSHUWLNDOLXPNDOVLXPQDWULXPGDQ PDJQHVLXPDNDQPHQ\HEDUGDODPNLVLNLVLDUDQJ DNWLI VHKLQJJDNLQHUMDDUDQJDNWLI EHUNXUDQJ

'.DGDU=DW7HUEDQJ$UDQJ$NWLI

3HQHQWXDQNDGDU]DWWHUEDQJEHUWXMXDQXQWXN

PHQJHWDKXL NDQGXQJDQ VHQ\DZD \DQJ EHOXP PHQJXDSSDGDVDDWNDUERQLVDVLGDQDNWLYDVL\DQJ WHUNDQGXQJGDODPDUDQJDNWLI SDGDVXKXƒ& 3DGD SHQHOLWLDQ LQL NDGDU ]DW WHUEDQJ GDUL DUDQJ DNWLI WHPSXUXQJELMLPHWH\DQJGLKDVLONDQEHUNLVDU DQWDUD ² 3DGD 7DEHO GLNHWDKXL EDKZDNDGDU]DWWHUWLQJJLGLKDVLONDQROHK DUDQJ\DQJGLDNWLYDVLSDGDVXKXƒ&VHODPD PHQLW $% VHGDQJNDQ NDGDU ]DW WHUEDQJ WHUHQGDK GLKDVLONDQ ROHK DUDQJ \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& VHODPD PHQLW $% 1LODL NDGDU ]DW WHUEDQJ GDUL EHUEDJDL SHUODNXDQLQLWHODKPHPHQXKL61,$UDQJ$NWLI 7HNQLVNDUHQDNDGDUQ\DNXUDQJGDUL61,

+DVLO DQDOLVLV VLGLN UDJDP SDGD 7DEHO PHQXQMXNNDQEDKZDIDNWRUVXKXDNWLYDVLZDNWX DNWLYDVL GDQ LQWHUDNVL DQWDUD NHGXD IDNWRU EHUSHQJDUXK VDQJDW Q\DWD WHUKDGDS NDGDU ]DW WHUEDQJDUDQJDNWLI+DVLOXML7XNH\SDGD7DEHO PHQXQMXNNDQEDKZDDNWLYDVLPHQJJXQDNDQVXKX ƒ&EHUSHQJDUXKVDQJDWQ\DWDWHUKDGDSNDGDU ]DW WHUEDQJ DUDQJ DNWLI VHGDQJNDQ DUDQJ WHPSXUXQJ ELML PHWH \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& GDQ ƒ& PHQJKDVLONDQ NDGDU ]DW WHUEDQJ\DQJWLGDNEHUEHGDQ\DWD:DNWXDNWLYDVL VHODPDPHQLWMXJDPHPEHULNDQSHQJDUXK\DQJ

(8)

VDQJDWEHUEHGDQ\DWDWHUKDGDSNDGDU]DWWHUEDQJ VHGDQJNDQZDNWXDNWLYDVLVHODPDPHQLWGDQ PHQLWPHQJKDVLONDQNDGDU]DWWHUEDQJ\DQJWLGDN EHUEHGD Q\DWD .DGDU ]DW WHUEDQJ DUDQJ DNWLI WHPSXUXQJ ELML PHWH \DQJ GLSHUROHK SDGD SHQHOLWLDQLQLKDPSLUVDPDGHQJDQQLODLNDGDU]DW WHUEDQJDUDQJDNWLI WHPSXUXQJNHPLULVXQDQ\DQJ EHUNLVDUDQWDUD²+HQGUD*XVWL .RPDUD\DWL.DGDU]DWWHUEDQJ\DQJNHFLO PHQXQMXNNDQDGDQ\DUHDNVLDQWDUDDWRPNDUERQ GHQJDQXDSDLUPHPEHQWXNVHQ\DZDQRQNDUERQ \DQJPXGDKPHQJXDSVHSHUWL&2&2 GDQ+ SDGDZDNWXSURVHVDNWLYDVL3DUL7RKLU0DKIXGLQ )HUU\D (.DGDU.DUERQ7HULNDW$UDQJ$NWLI

3HQHQWXDQ NDGDU NDUERQ WHULNDW DUDQJ DNWLI EHUWXMXDQXQWXNPHQJHWDKXLNDQGXQJDQNDUERQ VHWHODKSURVHVNDUERQLVDVL.DGDUNDUERQWHULNDW DUDQJ DNWLI GDUL WHPSXUXQJ ELML PHWH EHUNLVDU DQWDUD ² 3DGD 7DEHO GLNHWDKXL EDKZD NDGDU NDUERQ WHULNDW WHUWLQJJL GLKDVLONDQ ROHK DUDQJ \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ&VHODPDPHQLW$%VHGDQJNDQNDGDU NDUERQWHULNDWWHUHQGDKGLKDVLONDQDUDQJ \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& VHODPD PHQLW $% 1LODL NDGDU NDUERQ WHULNDW GDUL EHUEDJDL SHUODNXDQ LQL WHODK PHPHQXKL 61, $UDQJ $NWLI 7HNQLV NDUHQD NDGDUQ\D OHELK GDUL 61,

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² /HPSDQJ6\DILL 3DUL1DPXQ QLODL NDGDU NDUERQ WHULNDW \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ GDUL

SHQHOLWLDQ LQL OHELK WLQJJL ELOD GLEDQGLQJNDQ GHQJDQ NDGDU NDUERQ WHULNDW WHPSXUXQJ NHPLUL VXQDQ \DQJ EHUNLVDU DQWDUD ² +HQGUD *XVWL .RPDUD\DWL 7LQJJL UHQGDKQ\D NDGDU NDUERQ WHULNDW \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ VHODLQ GLSHQJDUXKL ROHK WLQJJL UHQGDKQ\D NDGDU DEX GDQ ]DW WHUEDQJ MXJD GLSHQJDUXKL ROHK NDQGXQJDQ VHOXORVD GDQ OLJQLQ \DQJ GDSDW GLNRQYHUVLPHQMDGLDWRPNDUERQ3DULGDODP +HQGUD6HPDNLQWLQJJLQLODLNDGDUNDUERQ WHULNDW VXDWX DUDQJ DNWLI WLQJNDW NHPXUQLDQ NDUERQ SXQ DNDQ VHPDNLQ WLQJ JL ELOD GLEDQGLQJNDQ GHQJDQ DUDQJQ\D +DO LQL GLNDUHQDNDQ VHQ\DZD QRQNDUERQ WHODK EDQ\DN KLODQJSDGDVDDWSURVHVDNWLYDVL+HQGUD*XVWL .RPDUD\DWL

)'D\D-HUDS$UDQJ$NWLI WHUKDGDS%HQ]HQD 3HQHQWXDQ GD\D MHUDS EHQ]HQD DUDQJ DNWLI

EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHQJHWDKXL NHPDPSXDQ DUDQJ DNWLI GDODP PHQMHUDS JDV 'D\D MHUDS EHQ]HQD DUDQJDNWLI WHPSXUXQJELMLPHWH\DQJGLSHORUHK GDULSHQHOLWLDQLQL EHUNLVDUDQWDUD ² 3DGD7DEHOGLNHWDKXLEDKZDGD\DMHUDSWHUWLQJJL GLKDVLONDQROHKDUDQJ\DQJGLDNWLYDVLSDGD VXKXƒ&VHODPDPHQLW$%VHGDQJNDQ GD\DMHUDSWHUHQGDKGLKDVLONDQROHKDUDQJ \DQJGLDNWLYDVLSDGDVXKXƒ&VHODPDPHQLW $% 6HPXD QLODL GD\D MHUDS EHQ]HQD DUDQJ DNWLI \DQJ GLSHUROHK GDODP SHQHOLWLDQ LQL WLGDN PHPHQXKL VWDQGDU NXDOLWDV DUDQJ DNWLI EHUGDVDUNDQ 61, $UDQJ $NWLI 7HNQLV NDUHQD QLODLQ\DNXUDQJGDUL61,+DO LQL PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD DUDQJ DNWLI KDVLO SHQHOLWLDQLQLWLGDNHIHNWLI ELODGLJXQDNDQVHEDJDL EDKDQSHQMHUDSJDV

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

(9)

+HQGUD 5HQGDKQ\D GD\D MHUDS LQL MXJD

PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD SHUPXNDDQ DUDQJ DNWLI PDVLKGLWXWXSLROHKVHQ\DZD\DQJEHUVLIDWSRODU VHSHUWL IHQRO DOGHKLG GDQ NDUERNVLODW GDUL KDVLO NDUERQLVDVL \DQJ WLGDN VHPSXUQD 3XMLDUWL 6XWDSD

*'D\D-HUDS$UDQJ$NWLI WHUKDGDS,RGLXP 3HQHWDSDQ GD\D MHUDS DUDQJ DNWLI WHUKDGDS

LRGLXPEHUWXMXDQXQWXNPHQJHWDKXLNHPDPSXDQ DUDQJ DNWLI GDODP PHQMHUDS ODUXWDQ EHUZDUQD GHQJDQXNXUDQPROHNXONXUDQJGDULcDWDX QP'D\DMHUDS\DQJGLSHUROHKGDULSHQHOLWLDQLQL EHUNLVDUDQWDUD²PJJ3DGD7DEHO GLNHWDKXLEDKZDGD\DMHUDSDUDQJDNWLI WHUKDGDS LRGLXP WHUWLQJJL PJJ GLSHUROHK GDUL DUDQJ\DQJGLDNWLYDVLSDGDVXKXƒ&VHODPD PHQLW $% VHGDQJNDQ GD\D MHUDS WHUHQGDK PJJGLSHUROHKGDULDUDQJ\DQJGLDNWLYDVL SDGDVXKXƒ&VHODPDPHQLW$%6HPXD QLODLGD\DMHUDSDUDQJDNWLI WHUKDGDSLRGLXP\DQJ GLKDVLONDQ GDUL SHQHOLWLDQ LQL WLGDN PHPHQXKL VWDQGDUNXDOLWDVDUDQJDNWLI EHUGDVDUNDQ61, NDUHQDQLODLQ\DNXUDQJGDULPJJ 61,+DOLQLPHQXQMXNNDQEDKZD DUDQJ DNWLI KDVLO SHQHOLWLDQ LQL WLGDN HIHNWLI ELOD GLJXQDNDQVHEDJDLSHQMHUDSZDUQD

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²PJJ +HQGUD *XVWL .RPDUD\DWL0HQXUXW3DUL GDODP6XMDUZRVXKXDNWLYDVL\DQJVHPDNLQ PHQLQJNDW DNDQ PHQJNRQYHUVL NDUERQ GDQ PHPEDQWXSHPEHQWXNDQSRULPLNURGDODPDUDQJ VHFDUD EHUNHVLQDPEXQJDQ \DQJ GLLNXWL GHQJDQ PHQLQJNDWQ\D GD\D DGVRUSVLQ\D .HPXGLDQ VHWHODKLWXGLQGLQJSRULNDUERQPXODLUXVDNDWDX HURVL VHKLQJJD OXDV SHUPXNDDQ SRUL PHQXUXQ NHPEDOL GDQ GLLNXWL GHQJDQ PHQXUXQQ\D GD\D DGVRUSVL

+'D\D-HUDS$UDQJ$NWLI WHUKDGDS0HWLOHQ %LUX

3HQHWDSDQ GD\D MHUDS DUDQJ DNWLI WHUKDGDS

PHWLOHQ ELUX EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHQJHWDKXL NHPDPSXDQDUDQJDNWLI XQWXNPHQ\HUDSODUXWDQ EHUZDUQDGHQJDQXNXUDQPROHNXOcDWDX QP'D\DMHUDSDUDQJDNWLI WHUKDGDSPHWLOHQELUX \DQJGLSHUROHKSDGDSHQHOLWLDQLQLEHUNLVDUDQWDUD ² PJJ 3DGD 7DEHO GLNHWDKXL EDKZD GD\D MHUDS DUDQJ DNWLI WHUKDGDS PHWLOHQ ELUXWHUWLQJJLPJJGLSHUROHKGDULDUDQJ \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& VHODPD PHQLW $% VHGDQJNDQ GD\D MHUDS WHUHQGDK PJJ GLSHUROHK GDUL DUDQJ \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& VHODPD PHQLW $% 6HPXD QLODL GD\D VHUDS DUDQJ DNWLI WHUKDGDS PHWLOHQ ELUX LQL PHPHQXKL VWDQGDU NXDOLWDV DUDQJ DNWLI EHUGDVDUNDQ 61, NDUHQD QLODLQ\D OHELK GDUL PJJ +DO LQL PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD DUDQJ DNWLI KDVLO SHQHOLWLDQ LQL HIHNWLI ELOD GLJXQDNDQ VHEDJDL SHQMHUDS ZDUQD GHQJDQ XNXUDQ PROHNXO c DWDX QP 3HUQ\DWDDQ LQL VHVXDL GHQJDQ KDVLO SHQHOLWLDQ .XPDU 5DPDOLQJDP 6LWKLVKNXPDU GDQ 6XEUDPDQLDP 3RQQXVDP\ \DQJ PHQ\LPSXONDQ EDKZD DUDQJ DNWLI WHPSXUXQJ ELML PHWH GDSDW GLMDGLNDQ VHEDJDL DGVRUEHQ \DQJ PXUDK GDODP PHQJKLODQJNDQ PHWLOHQELUX\DQJODUXWGDODPDLUOLPEDK

+DVLO DQDOLVLV VLGLN UDJDP SDGD 7DEHO PHQXQMXNNDQEDKZDIDNWRUVXKXDNWLYDVLZDNWX DNWLYDVL GDQ LQWHUDNVL DQWDUD NHGXD IDNWRU EHUSHQJDUXK VDQJDW Q\DWD WHUKDGDS GD\D MHUDS DUDQJ DNWLI WHUKDGDS PHWLOHQ ELUX 6HODQMXWQ\D KDVLOXML7XNH\SDGD7DEHOPHQXQMXNNDQEDKZD DNWLYDVLPHQJJXQDNDQVXKXƒ&EHUSHQJDUXK VDQJDW Q\DWD WHUKDGDS GD\D MHUDS DUDQJ DNWLI WHUKDGDS PHWLOHQ ELUX VHGDQJNDQ DUDQJ WHPSXUXQJ ELML PHWH \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX GDQ ƒ& PHQJKDVLONDQ GD\D MHUDS \DQJ WLGDN EHUEHGD Q\DWD :DNWX DNWLYDVL VHODPD PHQLW MXJD PHPEHULNDQ SHQJDUXK \DQJ VDQJDW EHUEHGD Q\DWD WHUKDGDS GD\D MHUDS DUDQJ DNWLI WHUKDGDS PHWLOHQ ELUX VHGDQJNDQ ZDNWX DNWLYDVL VHODPDPHQLWGDQPHQLWPHQJKDVLONDQGD\D MHUDS\DQJWLGDNEHUEHGDQ\DWD

, 3HPLOLKDQ$UDQJ$NWLI 7HUEDLN

$UDQJDNWLI WHUEDLNGLDPELOEHUGDVDUNDQQLODL

(10)

3DGDSHQHOLWLDQLQLDUDQJDNWLI WHUEDLNGLSHUROHK GDUL DUDQJ \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ& VHODPD PHQLW $% $UDQJ DNWLI WHUVHEXW GLSLOLKEHUGDVDUNDQQLODLWHUEDLN SDGDGD\DMHUDS DUDQJDNWLI WHUKDGDSPHWLOHQELUX6HODLQLWXDUDQJ DNWLI WHUVHEXW MXJD PHPLOLNL NDUDNWHULVWLN \DQJ VHVXDL GHQJDQ VWDQGDU NXDOLWDV 61, NKXVXVQ\D NDGDU DLU NDGDU ]DW WHUEDQJ NDGDUNDUERQWHULNDWGDQGD\DMHUDSDUDQJDNWLI WHUKDGDSPHWLOHQELUX

,9.(6,038/$1

7HPSXUXQJELMLPHWHGDSDWGLJXQDNDQVHEDJDL

EDKDQ DUDQJ DNWLI GHQJDQ NDGDU DLU NDGDU ]DW WHUEDQJ NDGDU NDUERQ WHULNDW GDQ GD\D MHUDS DUDQJ DNWLI WHUKDGDS PHWLOHQ ELUX PHPHQXKL 6WDQGDU1DVLRQDO,QGRQHVLD61, 0XWX DUDQJ DNWLI WHUEDLN GLSHURUHK GDUL DUDQJ \DQJ GLDNWLYDVL SDGD VXKX ƒ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

'$)7$53867$.$

$VDQR11LVKLPXUD-1LVQLPL\D.+DWD7 ,PDPXUD < ,VKLKDUD 6 7RPLWD % )RUPDOGHK\GHUHGXFWLRQLQLQGRRU HQYLURQPHQWV E\ ZRRG FKDUFRDOV%XOOHWLQ

RI :RRG5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH.\RWR8QLYHUVLW\ ² $XVWLQ*76KUHYHVFKHPLFDOSURFHVVLQGXVWU\ WK HG 1HZ <RUN 0F*UDZ+LOO %RRN &RPSDQ\ 'LUHNWRUDW-HQGHUDO3HUNHEXQDQ6WDWLVWLN SHUNHEXQDQLQGRQHVLD-DPEXPHWH² -DNDUWD.HPHQWHULDQ3HUWDQLDQ 'RV 6DQWRV 0 / 'H 0DJDOKDHV * & 8WLOLVDWLRQRI FDVKHZQXWVKHOOOLTXLG IURP $QDFDUGLXP RFFLGHQWDOH DV VWDUWLQJ PDWHULDOIRURUJDQLFV\QWKHVLVDQRYHOURXWH WRODVLRGLSORGLQIURPFDUGROV-RXUQDORI WKH %UD]LOLDQ &KHPLFDO 6RFLHW\

GRLV +HQGUD ' 3HPEXDWDQ DUDQJ DNWLI GDUL

WHPSXUXQJ NHODSD VDZLW GDQ VHUEXN JHUJDMLDQ FDPSXUDQ-XUQDO 3HQHOLWLDQ +DVLO

+XWDQ

+HQGUD ' 3HPEXDWDQ DUDQJ DNWLI GDUL OLPEDK SHPEDODNDQ ND\X SXVSD GHQJDQ WHNQRORJL SURGXNVL VNDOD VHPLSLORW-XUQDO

3HQHOLWLDQ+DVLO+XWDQ

+HQGUD'*XVWL(3 .RPDUD\DWL6 3HPDQIDDWDQ OLPEDK WHPSXUXQJ NHPLUL VXQDQ $OHXULWHV WULVSHUPD VHEDJDL EDKDQ EDNX SDGD SHPEXDWDQ DUDQJ DNWLI-XUQDO 3HQHOLWLDQ +DVLO +XWDQ GRLMSKK +XGD\D 1 +DUWR\R 3HPEXDWDQ DUDQJDNWLI GDULWHPSXUXQJELML²ELMLDQDVDO WDQDPDQ KXWDQ GDQ SHUNHEXQDQ -XUQDO 3HQHOLWLDQ+DVLO+XWDQ² .XPDU365DPDOLQJDP6 6DWKLVNXPDU. 5HPRYDORI PHWK\OHQHEOXG\HIURP DTXHRXV VROXWLRQ E\ DFWLYDWHG FDUERQ SUHSDUHG IURP FDVKHZ QXW VKHOO DV D QHZ ORZFRVWDGVRUEHQW.RUHDQ-RUQDORI &KHPLFDO

(QJLQHHULQJ

/HPSDQJ06\DILL: 3DUL*6LIDW PXWXDUDQJDNWLI WHPSXUXQJNHPLUL-XUQDO

3HQHOLWLDQ+DVLO+XWDQ²

/HPSDQJ0 7LNXSDGDQJ+$SOLNDVL DUDQJDNWLI WHPSXUXQJNHPLULVHEDJDLNRP SRQHQPHGLDWXPEXKVHPDLPHOLQD-XUQDO

(11)

0RQLND,6XPDU\RQR6XSUDSWR65DKD\X$

GDQ0DUJRQR%2SWLPDVLSURVHV GDQXMLFREDSHPDQIDDWDQNDUERQDNWLI EDWX EDUD/DSRUDQ $NKLU 3XVDW 3HQHOLWLDQ GDQ 3HQJHPEDQJDQ 7HNQRORJL 0LQHUDO GDQ %DWX%DUD%DQGXQJ

1DIWDOL & :DPHD $3 3UDUDQFDQJDQ SDEULN NDUERQ DNWLI JUDGH LQGXVWUL GDUL WHPSXUXQJ NHODSD>6NULSVL6DUMDQD@)DNXOWDV 7HNQLN 8QLYHUVLWDV *DGMDK 0DGD <RJ\DNDUWD

3DUL*7RKLU'0DKSXGLQ )HUU\-D $UDQJ DNWLI VHUEXN JHUJDML ND\X XQWXN SHPXUQLDQ PLQ\DN JRUHQJ EHNDV -XUQDO

3HQHOLWLDQ+DVLO+XWDQ

3DUL * 6DQWRVR $ +HQGUD ' E 3HPEXDWDQ GDQ SHPDQIDDWDQ DUDQJ DNWLI VHEDJDLUHGXNWRUHPLVLIRUPDOGHKLGDND\X ODSLV-XUQDO 3HQHOLWLDQ +DVLO +XWDQ

3DUL * +HQGUD ' 3DVDULEX 5 $ 3HQLQJNDWDQ PXWX DUDQJ DNWLI NXOLW PDQJLXP -XUQDO 3HQHOLWLDQ +DVLO +XWDQ

²

3DWHO51%DQGK\RSDGK\D\6 *DQHVK$ ([WUDFWLRQRI FDVKHZ$QDFDUGLXP RFFLGHQWDOHQXWVKHOOOLTXLGXVLQJVXSHUFULWLFDO FDUERQ GLR[LGH%LRUHVRXUFH 7HFKQRORJ\ GRLMELRUWHFK

3XMLDUWL5 6XWDSD-30XWXDUDQJDNWLI GDUL OLPEDK ND\X PDKRQL 6ZLHWHQLD

PDFURSK\OOD.LQJ VHEDJDL EDKDQ SHQMHUQLK DLU-XUQDO,OPXGDQ7HNQRORJL.D\X7URSLV

5DJXSDWK\ 6 5DJKX . 3UDEX 3 6\QWKHVLV DQG FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI 7L2

ORDGHG FDVKHZ QXW VKHOO DFWLYDWHG FDUERQ DQGSKRWRFDWDO\WLFDFWLYLW\RQ%*DQG0% G\HVXQGHUVXQOLJKWUDGLDWLRQ6SHFWURFKLPLFD $FWD 3DUW $ 0ROHFXODU DQG %LRPROHFXODU

6SHFWURVFRS\ GRL

MVDD

5DWQDZDWL +DUWDQWR63HQJDUXKVXKX SLUROLVLVFDQJNDQJVDZLWWHUKDGDSNXDQWLWDV GDQ NXDOLWDV DVDS FDLU -XUQDO 6DLQV 0DWHUL

,QGRQHVLD²

6WDQGDU1DVLRQDO,QGRQHVLD61,$UDQJ

DNWLI WHNQLV 61, 'HZDQ

6WDQGDUGLVDVL,QGRQHVLD

6XEUDPDQLDP 5 3RQQXVDP\ 6. 1RYHO DGVRUEHQW IURP DJULFXOWXUDO ZDVWH FDVKHZQXWVKHOOIRUPHWK\OHQHEOXHG\H UHPRYDO 2SWLPD]LRQ E\ UHVSRQVH VXUIDFH PHWKRGRORJ\:DWHU 5HVRXUFHV DQG

,QGXVWUL GRLMZUL <XOLDQD07UDQ7KL1< +VX-X< (IIHFW RI H[WUDFWLRQ PHWKRGV RQ FKDUDFWHULVWLF DQG FRPSRVLWLRQ RI ,QGRQHVLDQ FDVKHZ QXW VKHOO OLTXLG ,QGXVWULDO &URS DQG 3URGXFWV

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Berdasarkan hasil uj i organoleptik sebagai kriteria penerimaan konsumen terhadap produk jam jambu mete selama penyimpanan 12 minggu, kombinasi terbaik untuk pengemasan jam

Berdasarkan pengamatan dari 82 tanaman jambu mete terdapat variasi yang tinggi pada karakter warna tangkai bunga, warna mahkota bunga, bentuk buah semu, warna buah

Asam anakardat dapat diisolasi sebagai komponen kimia lain dari cairan kulit biji jambu mete (CKBM) sebagai akibat dekarboksilasi pada tahap ekstraksi

Lalu dielusi dengan eluen n-heksan : etil asetat (7:3) untuk arah pertama, dan n- heksan : etil asetat (8:2) untuk proses elusi yang kedua, selain itu juga

Lalu dielusi dengan eluen n-heksan : etil asetat (7:3) untuk arah pertama, dan n- heksan : etil asetat (8:2) untuk proses elusi yang kedua, selain itu juga

EKSTRAKSI MINYAK KULIT BIJI METE DARI LIMBAH KULIT BIJI JAMBU METE (Anacardium occidentale) DENGAN ALAT ULTRASONIC.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum ekstraksi MKBM menggunakan gelombang ultrasonik diperoleh pada komposisi perbandingan bubuk jahe terhadap

Mesin pengupas biji mete pneumatik ini dirancang untuk meningkatkan produktivitas pengupasan biji mete, yang sebelumnya hanya dapat menghasilkan 4 kg per jam dengan metode