2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Definition of Past Tense
Thompson (1986: 162) says that simple past tense is used for an action whose
time is not given but which occupied a period of time now interminated, or
occurred at a moment in a period of time now interminated.
Azar (1989: 24) describes that the simple past tense indicates that an activity
or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.
Types of Past Tense
There are two types of past simple verbs.
1). Regular past simple verbs are those that add either a -d or -ed to the present
tense form to create the past tense form.
The children skipped past the door.
We walked along the beach.
2). Irregular past simple verbs are those that don't add -d or -ed to the present
tense form to create the past tense form.
The children wrote to their grandmother.
Regular Past Tense Verbs
Regular verbs are so nice and predictable. It's easy to remember how to
create the past tense of these verbs because they follow a pattern. They add either
a -d or an -ed to the present tense form to make the past tense form.
Present Tense + -d or -ed Past Tense
Walk + -ed Walked
Pick + -ed Picked
Move + -d Moved
Push + -ed Pushed
Irregular Past Tense Verbs
Irregular verbs are just what they sound like. They are not regular. They
don't end in -d or an -ed in their past tense. In fact, they don't end in anything in
Present Tense + ? Past Tense
Drive + ? Drove
Eat + ? Ate
Have + ? Had
Begin + ? Began
Break + ? Broke
Steal + ? Stole
Cost + ? Cost
2.2 Form of Past Tense
A. Simple Past Tense
Form
I I/we/you/ they
H He/she/ it + Past Tense
Use
e.g.: ~ He was born in 1964.
~ She came here yesterday.
~ I saw good panorama last week.
To express past habitual activities.
e.g.: ~ Indah was worked hard when he was young.
~ We always played basket ball during our academic years.
B. Past Continuous Tense
Form
He/she/ it = was + present participle
I/we/ you/ they = were + present participle
Use
To express an activity in the past which interrupted by another
activity.
e.g.: ~ They were watching TV when somebody knocked at the door.
~ While I was bathing in the river I heard a fearful cry.
To express two activities in the past that happens in the same time.
e.g.: ~ Milza was reading a magazine while Zoelham was writing
letters.
C. Past Perfect Tense
Form
Subject + Had + Past Participle
Use
To express an activity in the past which completed before an another activity.
e.g.: ~ He had arrived at home before it rained.
~ Angie went home after she had bought some books.
~ I had copied my lesson before the exam began.
D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Form
Subject + Had + Been + Present Participle
Use
It is used to denote an action beginning in the past time and was still in progress at
certain time in the past also.
e.g.: ~ When Bobby came, Surya had been working for two hours.
~ Before he entered the exam, he had been studying hard for a
month.
~ The children had been playing in the garden the whole morning,
Kind of English Sentences in Past Tense
Affirmative Sentence
Subject + Verb II
Subject + Be 2 + Verb I-ing
Subject + had + Verb III
Subject + had + Been + Verb I-ing + Object
e.g.: ~ I spoke English.
~ I was speaking English.
~ I had spoken English.
~ I had been speaking English.
Negative Sentence
subject + did + not + Verb I
subject + Be 2 + not + Verb I-ing
subject + had + not +Verb III
subject + had + not + Been + Verb I-ing + Object
e.g.: ~ I did not speak Japanese.
~ I was not speaking Japanese.
~ I had not spoken Japanese.
Interrogative Sentence
Did + Subject + Verb I?
Be 2 + Subject + Verb I-ing?
Had + Subject + Verb III?
Had + Subject + been + Verb I-ing + Object?
e.g.: ~ Did I speak English?
~ Was I speaking English?
~ Had I spoken English?
~ Had I been speaking English?
Negative Interrogative Sentence
Did + not + Subject + Verb I?
Be 2 + not + Subject + Verb I-ing?
Had + not + Subject + Verb III?
Had + not + Subject + been + Verb I-ing + Object?
e.g.: ~ Didn’t I speak English?
~ Wasn’t I speaking English?
~ Hadn’t I spoken English?
~ Hadn’t I been speaking English?
Remember, The sentence often contains an adverb or adverb phrase of
time, such as yesterday, the other day, last night, last week, three days ago, a few
2.3 Definition of Fiil (لـعفلا(
Fiil is a word that shows the meaning of the work or events that occur in a
period or time (past, present and future). Almost like a sense of the verb in the
Indonesian language, but there are slight differences.
Example:
go to work Being / will work Has worked
ْْلــعْفا ْلــعــْفي ْلــعــف
Fiil sentence division:
1. by the time
a. Fiil Madhi
b. Fiil Mudhari
c. Fiil Amar
2. According to type the letters:
a. Fiil Saheeh
1) Fiil Salim
2) Fiil Mahmuz
3) Fiil Mudhoaf
b. Fiil Mutal
1) Fiil Mithal
2) Fiil Ajwaf
3) Fiil Naqish
5) Fiil Maqrun
3. According to the Attractions Sufferers:
a. Prevalent Fiil
b. Fiil Mutaadi
4. According to the form of Active /Passive:
a. Fiil Malum
b. Fiil Majhul
5. The composition according to letters:
a. Fiil Mujarrad
b. Fiil Mazid
2.4 Definition of Fiil Madhi
Fiil Madhi is a verb that indicates the occurrence of a job or event in the
past (past tense).
Marking of Fiil Madhi
The signs include a look at the original letter verb and generally contain
the sound "a", for example ْبـتـك (wrote), َأرــق (read).
2.5 Form of Fiil Madhi
Fiil Madhi has 14 forms in accordance with the number of dhamir (actor).
Dhamir serves as fa'il (actor). Taking the example of the word ْبـتـك (kataba), then
there are 14 forms as follows:
3 ْْمـْه ْْوـبتك They (much man)
Pattern of Fiil Madhi
1. Fiil Tsulatsi Madhi, the past tense verb that consists of three letters. The
patterns are:
2. Fiil Rubai Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of four letters. There are three patterns:
1 ْلــ عف ْم ــسْ,م ـعْ,ْل زــن
2 ْلـعـْفْأ ْلزــْنأْ,م ــْسأْ,لــسْرأ
3. Fiil Khumasi Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of five letters. There are
four patterns:
1 ْلــعـفْنا ْعـطقْناْ,قــ طْناْ,ب ـقْنا
2 ْلـــعتْفا ْبـنت ْجاْ,عــمت ْجاْ, رــتْقا
3 ْلـ عــفت ْ ــقتْ,رــ خأــتْ,مــ عت
4 ْلـع ــفت ْله ـــجتْ,لـه ـــستْ,فق ــست
4. Fiil Sudasi Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of six letters. The pattern is
only one:
Pattern Example
ْلـــعْفتْسا ْجْرــ ْختْساْ,رــــفْغتْساْ, وــ ْحتْسا
Examples of changes fiil Madhi, rubai, khumasi, and sudasi:
Sudasi Khumasi Ruba’i Dhomir
ْلـــعْفتْسا ْلـ عــفت ْلـــعتْفا ْلــعـفْنا ْلــْفْأ ْلــ عف
ْرــفْغتْسا ْ ــقت ْعــمت ْجا ْعـطقْنا ْلــسْرأ ْل زــن ْوه
ْْترــفْغتْسا ْْتم ــقت ْْتعــمت ْجا ْْتعـطقْنا ْْت ــسْرأ ْْتل زــن ْيه
ْتْرــفْغتْسا ْتْم ــقت ْتْعــمت ْجا ْتْعـطقْْنا ْتْ ــسْرأ ْتْل زــن ْتْنا
ْتْرــفْغتْسا ْتْم ــقت ْتْعــمت ْجا ْتْعـطقْنا ْتْ ــسْرأ ْتْل زــن ْتْنا
Note:
1. All of fiil Madhi inaccessible by ْْـــق which means really, examples:
Arabic English
ْتْرـــفـْغتــْساْْ ــق Indeed, I have asked for forgiveness
2. If in the future there ْ ـم in Fiil Madhi, it means no, for example:
Arabic English
