TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xii
LIST OF TABLES xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction .. ……… 1
1.2. Purpose of the Study ...……….. ………... 4
1.3. Research Questions …….……… ……… 4
1.4. Significance of the Study ….………. 6
1.5. Assumptions ……….. 7
1.6. Clarification of Terms ……… 8
1.7. Organizatiuon of the Study ……….. 10
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Introduction ……… 11
2.2. Translation Theories: Equivalence-based and Skopos ..…….….…. 12
2.2.1. Equivalence-based Theory …….………... 12
2.2.2. Skopos Theory ………..………. 21
2.3. Definitions of Translation ……… 23
2.4. Difficulties Encountered in Translating ………. 26
2.4.1. Influence of SL properties……… 26
2.4.2. Cultural Barriers ……….. 29
2.4.3. Linguistic Difficulties ……….. 30
2.4.4. Irrelevant Issues of Rhetorical Features……… 33
2.4.5. The Problem of Form and Content ………. 34
2.5. Skills Needed in Translation ……… 36
2.6. Methods of Translation ………. 45
2.7. The Process of Translation ………. 49
2.8. Implications of the Theories to the Strategies Employed ……….. 50
2.9. The Criteria for Translating ……….……….. 52
2.10. Solutions to the Problems of Translating ………. 56
2.10.1. Addition or Removal of Meaning ……… 56
2.10.2. Sources of Insufficiency ……… 57
2.10.3. Theories and Rules Violated ……… 58
2.10.4. Compromising and Compensating ……… 59
2.10.5. Cultural Context………... 61
2.11. Difficulty versus Mandatory ……….. 66
2.12. Summary ……… 67
4.9.3. The Translations of the Summary and Conclusions …………... 167
4.10. The Overall Picture of the Librarians’ Translating Abilities ……168
4.11. The Common Thread of the Translating Abilities ………... 168
4.12. Unexercised Skills ………... 169
4.13. Evidence of Insufficiency of Meaning ………. 170
4.14. Meanings Insufficiency ……… 172
4.15. Readership’s Expectation ………. 180
4.16. Tracks of Attempts to Translate Hard Written Expressions …… 189
4.17. The L1 Ideas Involved ………. 191
4.17.1. Unfamiliar Words ……… 191
4.17.2. The Second Language Intent ………... 192
4.18. Pragmatic Equivalence………... 194
4.19. Translation Methods Frequently Employed………. 190
4.20. The Total Frequency ………... 199
4.20.1. Being Compromising ………200
4.20.2. Being Flexible ……….. 200
4.20.3. Being Relatively Close to the Readership’s Expectations …... 201
4.21. Typical Insufficiency of Meaning ………... 201
CHAPTER V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
5.1. Summary ………. 203
5.2. Conclusions ………. 205
5.3. Limitations of the Study ……….. 207
5.4. Implications ………. 207
5.5. Recommendations for Further Research ……… 209
BIBLIOGRAPHY………212
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustration page
1. The equivalences ………..………... 17
2. A map of the concept of skopos theory ………. 21
3. The methods of translation ………... 46
4. The process of translation ………. 49
5. Translation strategies with a ‘top-down’ procedure ... 95
LIST OF TABLES
Table page
1. Five Difficulties of Achieving Equivalences ………... 31
2. Components of Translation Skills ………..……… 37
3. Context-based Meanings of the Word Present ………... 39
4. Sentences Using Non-Idiomatic Phrases ……… 40
5. Sentences with Rhetorical Structures……… 42
6. The Criteria of Translating Ability ………... 55
7. The Existing Skills ………... 147
8. The Skills Supposedly Acquired ………. 147
9. The Frequency of Supposedly Acquired Abilities During the Process of Translating ……… 169
10. Nine Components Supposedly Acquired with Their Degree of Frequency ……… 171
11. Insufficient Meanings Due to the Failure of Exercising Component 11 ………... 172
12. Insufficient Meanings Due to the Failure of Exercising Component 7 …..……… 173
13. Insufficient Meanings Due to the Failure of Exercising Component 9 ……..……. 174
14. Insufficient Meanings Due to the Failure of Exercising Component 6 …..………. 175
15. Insufficient Meanings Due to the Failure of Exercising Component 10 …..……... 176
16. Insufficient Meanings Due to the Failure of Exercising Component 7 …..………. 177
17. Insufficient Meanings Due to the Failure of Exercising Component 5 …..………. 178
18. Insufficient Meanings Due to the Failure of Exercising Component 5 …….……. 179 19. Insufficient Meanings Due to the Failure of Exercising Component 6 …..……… 180 20. Words or Phrases Wrongly-Transferred and Their Potential Insufficiency of
Meanings ………..…… 190 21. Frequency of the “P” Equivalence Achieved ……….. 195 22. Frequency of the Methods Employed ……….. 197 23. Typical Inability of Translating Leading to the Insufficiency of Meaning ………. 199 24. The Elements of Typicality ………. 201
