A STUDY ON MAURICE’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
AS A HOMOSEXUAL IN E.M. FORSTER’S
MAURICE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Regina Rita Sri Maryati
Student Number: 061214088
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
i
A STUDY ON MAURICE’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
AS A HOMOSEXUAL IN E.M. FORSTER’S
MAURICE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Regina Rita Sri Maryati
Student Number: 061214088
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
iv
DEDICATION PAGE
If life gives us rocks, do not sit back and
blame life for that.
At every turn of our life, it gives us choices
which we fail to recognize
So when life gives you rocks,
It’s still your choices whether to build a
wall or to build a bridge.
(pravsworld.com)
Bersyukurlah selalu atas hidupmu dan tetaplah rendah hati…
I dedicate this thesis to:
*
My beloved parents*
My lovely sister and brother*
My big family, Trah Gemawang and Trah Karangmojo*
All my great friendsv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, August 2nd, 2012
The writer
Regina Rita Sri Maryati
vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Regina Rita Sri Maryati
Nomor Mahasiswa : 061214088
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
A STUDY ON MAURICE’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT AS A HOMOSEXUAL IN E.M. FORSTER’S MAURICE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 2 Agustus 2012 Yang menyatakan,
vii
ABSTRACT
Maryati, Regina Rita Sri. 2012. A Study on Maurice’s Character Development as
a Homosexual in E.M. Forster’s Maurice. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study analysed E.M. Forster’s novel, Maurice. It is an interesting novel because it tells about homosexuality. This study was concerned with Maurice Hall as the main character of the novel. He was described as a homosexual person. He lived with his mother and his two sisters. Maurice had no close friend since he was a child. When he continued his study in Sunnington, a male boarding college, he met Clive. They established a same-sex love. After two years they broke up because Clive decided to marry a girl. At first, Maurice felt so frustrated but then he finally found another gay, Alec. They promised to love each other and to be always together.
There were three problems discussed in this study related to the main character: (1) How is Maurice’s character depicted in the Maurice? (2) What are the psychosocial and sociopsychological factors that make Maurice homosexual person? (3) How does the character of Maurice develop?
This study employed a library study method. There were two kinds of data sources employed in this study: primary and secondary sources. The primary data source was the novel Maurice itself which became the object of the study. The secondary data sources were books on literature, psychology, and internet sources that were related to the study. This study used theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of homosexuality, and theory of character development. In addition, this study applied the psychological approach because this study dealt with the character development of the main character in this novel.
Based on the analysis of the main character, it was concluded that Maurice was a good looking, lonely, faithful, caring, jealous, and sensitive man. Maurice’s homosexuality was caused by family pattern. It was also influenced by no father at his home and peers. Maurice was categorized as a secret homosexual. It was because he tried to conceal his homosexuality from his family and friends. Further, the analysis showed that Maurice’s character development was caused by the changes of the significant people. Those people were Clive Durham and Alec Scudder who were Maurice’s boyfriends.
This study also provided suggestions for future researchers related to other possible studies on Maurice. Future study may analyse the character development of Clive and Alec who are also homosexuals. They may also analyse the conflicts happen among homosexuals and how to solve the conflicts. In addition, this study also proposed a lesson plan for teaching Prose using this novel as the learning material.
viii ABSTRAK
Maryati, Regina Rita Sri. 2012. A Study on Maurice’s Character Development as a Homosexual in E.M. Forster’s Maurice. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini menganalisis novel E.M. Forster yang berjudul Maurice. Novel ini menarik karena menceritakan tentang homoseksualitas. Studi ini mengenai Maurice Hall sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel. Dia digambarkan sebagai seorang homoseksual. Dia tinggal bersama ibu dan dua adik perempuannya. Maurice tidak memiliki teman dekat sejak dia kecil. Ketika dia melanjutkan studinya di Sunnington yaitu sebuah sekolah asrama khusus putra, dia bertemu dengan Clive. Mereka menjalin hubungan asmara sejenis. Setelah dua tahun bersama, mereka putus dan berpisah karena Clive memilih untuk menikahi seorang gadis. Awalnya Maurice sangat frustasi namun ia kemudian menemukan seorang gay bernama Alec. Mereka berjanji untuk saling mencintai dan selalu bersama.
Ada tiga masalah yang dibahas dalam studi ini yang berkaitan dengan tokoh utama: (1) Bagaimana karakter Maurice digambarkan di dalam Maurice? (2) Faktor-faktor psychosocial dan sociopsychological apa yang membuat Maurice menjadi seorang homoseksual? (3) Bagaimana karakter Maurice berkembang?
Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Ada dua sumber data yang digunakan dalam studi ini: sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utamanya adalah novel Maurice. Sumber keduanya adalah buku-buku sastra, buku-buku psikologi dan beberapa situs internet yang berhubungan dengan studi ini. Studi ini menggunakan teori tokoh, teori penokohan, teori homoseksualitas, dan teori perkembangan karakter. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena berkaitan dengan perkembangan karakter tokoh utama. Berdasarkan analisis, Maurice merupakan seorang pria tampan, kesepian, beriman, peduli, pencemburu, dan sensitif. Homoseksualitasnya disebabkan oleh pola keluarga. Hal ini juga dipengaruhi ketiadaan sosok ayah di rumahnya dan pengaruh kelompok. Maurice dikategorikan sebagai seorang secret homosexual karena Maurice berusaha untuk menyembunyikan homoseksualitasnya dari keluarga dan teman-temannya. Selanjutnya, analisis menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan karakter Maurice disebabkan oleh perubahan pada signifikan orang. Orang-orang tersebut adalah Clive Durham dan Alec Scudder yang merupakan para kekasih Maurice.
Studi ini juga memberikan beberapa saran bagi para peneliti berikutnya mengenai kemungkinan studi lainnya terhadap Maurice. Studi selanjutnya dapat menganalisis tentang perkembangan karakter pada Clive dan Alec yang juga merupakan homoseksual. Mereka juga dapat menganalisis konflik-konflik yang terjadi diantara para homoseksual dan bagaimana mengatasi konflik tersebut. Sebagai tambahan, studi ini juga menawarkan sebuah rencana pembelajaran untuk pengajaran Prose dengan menggunakan novel sebagai materi pembelajarannya.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Lord Jesus
Christ for the blessing, love and strength He has given to me during the
completion of my thesis. I believe that this achievement is nothing without Him. I
also thank Mother Mary who always helps me and sends my prayers to Her son.
My gratitude also goes to Agustinus Hardi Prasetyo, S. Pd., M. A. as my advisor. I thank him for guiding me in the process of completing this thesis from
the beginning until the end, spending his time to read and give beneficial feedback
for my thesis, and for always giving me encouragement to finish this thesis. I also
thank Henny Herawati, S. Pd., M. Hum. and Drs. Barli Bram, M. Ed., Ph. D. for
giving me the valuable suggestions for my thesis.
I am also indebted to Caecilia Tutyandari, S. Pd., M. Pd. as the chairperson
of English Language Education Study Program, who is never tired to motivate her
students to get the best of their study and to give us opportunity to finish the
study. To all PBI lecturers, I really thank them for being so humble and
enthusiastic to share their knowledge and motivation during my study. I also
would like to express my appreciation for PBI staff, Mbak Daniekand Mbak Tari for their assistance in providing information during my study.
My wholehearted thanks go to my beloved parents Bapak Albertus
Sumaryono and my mother, Ibu Veronika Sri Supartini for their unlimited love,
prayer, support, and encouragement in every step I took since the beginning of my
x
also grateful to my siblings dek Maria Guido Mega Yoganingtyas and dek
Gregorius Galih Bagus Saputra as one of the reasons to reach my dreams. I thank
them for always cheering me up and giving me the beautiful love and affection in
good and bad times.
My gratitude extends to my beloved friends, Benidicta Meivita Sari
Muktiningrum and Brigitta Neti Iswantari who always help, support and motivate
me, especially in worst times. They show me many positive lessons of life and
remind me to be always grateful of my life. I also thank to Bolangers Club, Vika,
Christin, Tata, Satrio, Guntur, Yoga, Adi, and Andre 05 as my great friends who
show me the awesome places through our wonderful travelling. Many thanks are
also addressed to my friends, Pipik, Anin, and Anne for the unforgettable
friendship we have.
My special appreciation goes to my big family. To my grandma “Mae”
who takes care of me patiently during my life in Yogya. To my aunt, “Mbak
Ipung” who is never bored in motivating me to finish my study soon and in giving
me great experiences in my life. Finally, to my grandparents, Mbah Putri and
Mbah Kakung, who are always waiting for my graduation.
Last but not least, I would like to thank everybody, whose name cannot be
mentioned one by one, for giving me motivation, suggestions, advice, and
criticism to accomplish this thesis.
xi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... vi
ABSTRACT ... vii
a. Definition of Characters ... 10
b. Types of Characters ... 10
3. Theories of Characterization ... 12
a. Definition of Characterization ... 12
b. Ways of Characterization ... 12
4. Theories of Homosexuality ... 13
a. Definition of Homosexuality ... 13
xii
b. Causes of Homosexuality ... 14
c. Types of Homosexual ... 17
5. Theories of Character Development ... 19
a. Characteristics of Change in Personality ... 20
b. Condition Responsible for Personality Change ... 21
B. Theoretical Framework ... 25 A. The Description of Maurice’s Characteristics ... 31
1. Good Looking ... 32
B. The Factors that Make Maurice a Homosexual Person ... 38
1. Psychosocial Factor ... 38
2. Sociopsychological Factors ... 40
C. Maurice’s Character Development as a Homosexual ... 44
1. The Development Caused by Clive Durham ... 45
2. The Development Caused by Alec Scudder ... 51
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 55
B. Implications ... 56
xiii
REFERENCES ... 59
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices
Appendices Cover ... 61
Appendix 1. The Summary of E.M. Forster’s Maurice ... 62
Appendix 2. The Cover of E.M. Forster’s Maurice Novel ... 67
Appendix 3. The Biography of E.M. Forster ... 68
Appendix 4. The Picture of E.M. Forster ... 71
Appendix 5. The Lesson Plan of Prose ... 72
Appendix 6. The Teaching Material of Prose ... 78
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five parts, namely background of the study,
problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition
of terms. The background of the study explains the reason for choosing the novel
as the subject of the study. The problem formulation describes the questions that
will be analyzed later. The objectives of the study deal with the aims of the study.
The benefits of the study discuss the advantages of this study to the readers. The
last part presents the definition of terms in order to avoid misconception in
analysing this study.
A. Background of the Study
Homosexuality has been an exciting discussing topic since it is a complex
phenomenon of which its existence is influenced by the causal factors. As stated
by Coleman (1976), the causal factors involve the influence of the constitutional
factors and psychosocial factors (p. 594). As we know that Ricky Martin’s gay
confession became the hot entertainment issue in 2010. In Indonesia, the case of
Ryan as a gay from Jombang also preoccupied publics in 2008. There are also
some movies with gay theme produced in United States, China, Europe, Thailand,
and even in Indonesia. The recent news related to homosexuality is about
President Obama who announced that he supported gay’s rights. Those examples
However, the existence of a homosexuality phenomenon has two different
reactions. One is in contra side and other is in pro side. The contra sides hold that
a man should marry a woman and vice versa. Coleman (1976) adds that society
regards a homosexuality as a mental disorder and being a homosexual is
considered as a “sick” person in need of treatment (p. 590). In contrast, the pro
sides think that being a homosexual is a part of human rights. They think that it is
one’s right to express their sexual behaviour. In addition, Coleman (1976) states
that homosexuals may be well adjusted, well educated, and highly successful in
their occupations (p. 589). Many homosexuals have made outstanding
contributions in music, drama, and other fields.
Generally, every people have their own thinking about homosexuality. If
one hears about the word homosexual, the first thinking that might come up is
about a man who likes another man. It is because the word homosexual or
homosexuality is identically to men. In fact, a homosexual refers to a person who
has a tendency to be sexually and/or romantically attracted to members of one’s
own sex. The terms “gay” for men or “lesbian” for women are considered as the
preferred terms today (Huffman, M. W. Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy, 1997, p.
362). In addition, in his book, The Encyclopedia of Human Development and
Education: Theory, Research, and Studies, Thomas (1990) states that there has
been considerable confusion about homosexuality. It is because not everyone uses
the term homosexuality with the same meaning. Thomas proposes the meaning of
homosexuality as a preference for companions of the same sex (p. 373). Besides,
because every homosexual has different factors that cause his or her
homosexuality.
In the field of literature, the issue of homosexuality has been a theme in
several literary works, one of which is E.M. Forster’s Maurice. As an English
novelist in the 1900’s era whose works are widely acknowledged, E.M. Forster
presents a story of homosexuals clearly. There are three homosexual characters in
Maurice. They are Maurice Hall, Clive Durham, and Alec Scudder. In this study,
the writer focuses on Maurice, as the main character of the story. Maurice lives
with his mother and his two sisters. His father was dead when he was a child. It
leaves him without a figure of a father. Maurice is described as a gay who is good
looking and caring. He adopts a gentleman habits and dress.
Maurice meets Clive, his senior, at his college. They become more
intimate day after day. Finally, each of them confesses their love desire. Then,
they establish the same-sex love. Since being closed to Clive, Maurice loves and
cares about him so much. They successfully conceal their gay relationship from
their families and friends. After two years, they break up because Clive decides to
marry a girl. When Clive left him, Maurice still has a hope that he will come back.
However when he knows that Clive really leaves him, he feels so frustrated. He
then spends his time with many activities. While working as a stock broker, he
also helps to run a Christian mission in his spare time. Actually, Maurice also
does some efforts to revert to a normal man by visiting a therapist and a hypnotist
to heal him. Unfortunately, his efforts are useless but then he finally found another
Forster depicts the life of a homosexual explicitly, such as creating three
homosexual characters with different characteristics. He also shows the
development of the character, especially Maurice, from he is a child until he
becomes a man. Forster can describe about homosexuality clearly. It is
understandable because E.M. Forster is a homosexual himself. It seems that he
puts his personal experiences into the novel. The way Forster shows the relation
of Maurice with Clive and even Alec as a homosexual couple is also interesting. It
describes the changes in Maurice character in different condition.
Based on the facts described above, it is interesting to find out about the
life of homosexuals. Therefore, the writer wants to know about the characteristic
of Maurice who is described as a homosexual in E.M. Forster’s Maurice. Further,
the factors that make Maurice a homosexual and his character development as a
homosexual are also interesting to be analysed. Hopefully, this study will
contribute another description of a homosexual.
B. Problem Formulation
There are three problems formulated in this study. They are:
1. How are Maurice’s characteristics depicted in the novel?
2. What are the psychosocial and sociopsychological factors that make Maurice
homosexual person?
C. Objectives of the Study
The aims of this study are first to describe the characteristics of Maurice as
the major character of the novel. Second, it tries to find out the psychosocial and
sociopsychological factors that make Maurice becomes a homosexual person.
Third, it describes the character development of Maurice as a homosexual.
D. Benefits of the Study
This study hopefully can give benefit to the writer and the readers
especially who have the interest of the literary works. From the study, the writer
can understand the novel better, especially the character of Maurice as a major
character. Through the study, the writer will be able to learn the meaning of
homosexual and its types, and what factors that make a man can be said as a
homosexual (gay). This study is meant to introduce E.M. Forster as a great author
who wrote some of his works based on his personal life experience and to give the
description of the story Maurice. Through this study the readers hopefully can be
more encouraged to discuss and analyse Maurice or other E.M Forster’s works.
This study is also meant to enrich the readers with another portrait of homosexual
life.
E. Definition of Terms
For a clear understanding of the content of this study and avoiding
confusion that might be aroused, there are definitions that need to be clarified:
According to M.H. Abrams (1981) in his Glossary of Literary Terms, a
character is the person who is presented in a dramatic narrative work, which is
interpreted by the reader as having a good feature or quality with moral and
dispositional qualities that are expressed in what the person says; his or her
dialogue, and by what he or she does through the action (p. 23). In this study, a
character that will be analysed is Maurice. He becomes the focus of the novel. He
always comes out in the story from the beginning until the end of the story.
2. Character Development
Robert and Jacobs (1989) in Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and
Writing defines the term character as an extended verbal representation of human
being, the inner self that determines thought, speech, and behaviour (p. 143).
According to Lemme (1995) in Development in Adult, development is “a
systematic change in behaviour over time that results from interaction between the
individual and the internal and external environment” (p. 8). So, it can be said that
character development is a change of a character who is representative of a human
being as a result of his personal interaction, other characters’ influence, past life,
and or his own past life. In this study, the term of character development refers to
the changes that happen in Maurice as the main character as the result of others
character’s influence.
3. Homosexual
According to Huffman, et al (1997), in their book Psychology in Action,
homosexual is a person whose primary sexual orientation is toward members of
women. The preferred terms today are gay for male homosexual and lesbian for
female homosexual. In this study, the term of homosexual refers to Maurice who
has sexual attractions to other men, namely Clive and Alec.
4. Homosexuality
According to VandenBos (2006) in APA Dictionary of Psychology,
homosexuality is a sexual attraction or activity between members of the same sex
(p. 446). The term can also refer to such sexual orientation in both men and
women. In this study, the term of homosexuality refers to the sexual activity
8
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is a review of related
theories, while the second part is theoretical framework. In the first part, the writer
explains about the theories that are going to be used, and the second part the
writer explains the steps in conducting this study.
A.Review of Related Theories
There are some theories that are used by the writer in conducting the study.
These theories give the writer valuable information which is very helpful in
analysing the novel. The theories used are theory of critical approach, theory of
character, theory of characterization, theory of homosexuality and the last one is
theory of character development.
1. Theories of Critical Approach
Rohrberger and Woods (1971) in Reading and Writing about Literature
state that a critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its
nature, function, and positive values. One must know what literature is, how to
read it, and how to judge it (p. 3). According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971),
there are five approaches as means of analyzing a literary work (pp. 6-15). The
first approach is the formalist approach. It focuses on the technique and structure
that the author uses in his work. This approach only examines the literary work
development of the work or in literary history and without reference to its social
environment.
The second approach is biographical approach. This approach believes that
the life of the author is an important point in analysing a piece of literary work. It
attempts to learn as much as they can about the life and development of the author
and to apply this knowledge in their attempts to understand his writings. The third
is the sociocultural-historical approach. This approach leads to analyse a literary
work in reference to the civilization or attitudes and action of specific group of
people that produce the literary work. The fourth is mythopoeic approach. It tries
to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thoughts in significant
work of art. Recurrent patterns are related to those that are found in ancient myths
and folks rites and are so basic to human thought that have meaning for all men.
The last is psychological approach. This approach is the one which the
writer uses in this study. This approach leads to analyze the literary work from the
psychological point a view of human beings. It is usually related to human
motivation, personality and behaviour patterns written in literary objects. Besides,
this approach leads to the exploration of the unconscious of the human mind,
which lead to the conclusion that it is this area that is the wellspring of man‟s rich
imagination, his capacity for creation and the complexity of his thought,
behaviour, and the contents of this region of the mind finding expressions in
symbolic words, thoughts, and action. The writer uses this approach in order to
find out the character development of Maurice as a homosexual. The writer uses
to know the character development of human being.
2. Theories of Character
To analyse a literary work, a character has an important role to be
discussed. As stated by Stanton (1965) in his book An Introduction to Fiction,
“through our knowledge of the characters, we understand their actions, we
understand the characters” (p. 18). The theories of character used in this study are
proposed by Henkle, Abrams, Roberts and Jacobs, and Holman and Harmon.
a. Definition of Characters
Abrams (1981) defines a character as the person presented in a dramatic or
narrative work who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with a moral
and disposition qualities, that are expressed in what they say-the dialogues-and by
what they do-the action (p. 20). Another definition of character is given by
Roberts and Jacobs in his book Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and Writing.
Roberts and Jacobs (1989) define that a character is an extended verbal
representation of a human being, the inner self that determines thoughts, speech
and behaviour (p. 143). Based on those theories, it can be concluded that character
is a person in a dramatic or narrative work who is also a representative of a human
being.
b. Types of Characters
Henkle (1977) in his book, Reading the Novel, states that there are two
kinds of characters based on the importance: major and minor characters (p. 86).
reader will pay more attention to major character rather than minor character. In
order to understand the story, we need to give more attention to the major
character. On the other hand, minor character has less important point in a story
than major character. It has limited role of action in a story. Minor character has a
role as a supporter in the development of major character.
Roberts and Jacobs (1989) divide two types of characters in fiction,
namely “round” and “flat” (p. 145). Round character is relatively fully developed
by the author. The round character is considered as dynamic as they posses many
individual and unpredictable human traits. They demonstrate their capacity to
change or grow. As contrasted with round character, flat character is usually
minor character, although not all minor characters are flat. Usually they stay the
same; they are static, and not dynamic like round characters. They are not
developed, and because they are not central to the plot they do not change or
grow.
Another theory on round (dynamic) and flat (static) character is taken from
Holman and Harmon‟s A Handbook to Literature. Holman and Harmon (1986)
classify the type of characters into static and dynamic characters (p. 83). A static
character is one who changes little if at all. The pattern of action reveals the
character rather than showing how the character changes in response to the
actions. On the other hand, a dynamic character is a character who is modified by
actions and experiences, and one objectives of the work in which the character
3. Theories of Characterization
a. Definition of Characterization
Rohrberger and Woods (1971) define a characterization as the process by
which an author creates a character (p. 20). In addition, according to Roberts and
Jacobs (1989), a characterization is the way that an author uses to give
information about the characters (p. 147). The theory of characterization is used
to explore how the main character acts and how the author describes the main
character in the novel. The author can use many ways to make the characteristics
of the main character understandable by the reader.
b. Ways of Characterization
Murphy (1972) in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to
English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students states that there are
nine ways through which an author may reveal the characters‟ personalities and
traits to the readers (pp. 161-173). First way is called personal description. The
author can describe a character through his appearances and clothes. From the
description, the readers are given an image of the character looks like such as his
hair, his looking, and his coat. The second way is called characters as seen by
another. The author can describe a character through the eyes and opinions of
another. Through another characters‟ judgement toward the other ones, the reader
would be able to know the characterization of one another. Third way is called
speech. The author can describe the characteristic of a character through the way
he speaks to other characters. Whenever the character speaks, involves in
insights to his characters. The fourth way is called past life. A person‟s past life
would be able to help readers to shape a person‟s characteristic. This would be
done by the direct comment by the author, the person‟s thought, his conversation,
or through the medium of another person. The fifth way is called conversation
with others. The author uses the conversation of other people and the things about
a character to know the characteristic of one character. The sixth way is called
reactions. The author describes the person‟s characteristic by letting the readers
know how that person reacts to various situations and events. Reactions here mean
the way that person cries or laughs. The seventh way is called direct comment.
The author can describe or comment on a person‟s character directly. The eighth
way is called thoughts. The author can give the readers a direct knowledge of
what a person is thinking about. The last way is called mannerism. The author can
tell the readers something about the person‟s characteristic by describing that
person‟s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies.
4. Theories of Homosexuality
a. Definition of Homosexuality
Homosexuality and homosexual are two things which are closely related to
each other. The definition of homosexuality can be drawn from the definition of
homosexual itself. According to Huffman et al, (1997) the term of homosexual is
used to explain or to show a person whose primary sexual orientation is toward
members of the same sex (p. 362). Whereas, a gay refers to a male homosexual
as a condition in which a person‟s sexual attraction has a tendency toward
members of his or her own sex. Further, VandenBos (2006) defines a
homosexuality as a sexual attraction or activity between members of the same sex
(p. 446). The term can also refer to such sexual orientation in both men and
women.
b. Causes of Homosexuality
No one chooses or plans to live as a homosexual since they were born.
According to Coleman (1976), there are two factors that make someone becomes
a homosexual (pp. 594-596). The explanation of both factors will be drawn below:
1) Constitutional Factors
Constitutional factors refer to factors that are related to biological aspects
which can cause homosexuality to someone. The biological aspects tend to be
hereditary since people can see one‟ sexual orientation when he was a child. The
biological factors play an important role to the developments of human growth.
Such factors are genetic, hormonal factor, and hermaphrodite.
Genetic factor refers to one‟s homosexuality that is caused by direct
genetic inheritance. Psychologists say that homosexual has a constitutional basis
through direct genetic inheritance. In brief, it can be said that it is what you have
got from parents.
Hormonal balance also can cause homosexuality. Researchers found that
homosexuality resulted from an abnormal androgen-estrogens ratio. However, it is
not fairly certain that each hormonal imbalance causes such a thing, because one‟s
change in hormonal balance. This hormonal balance has no causal significance to
homosexuality since some non homosexuals also have the same hormonal
imbalance shown by homosexuals.
Hermaphrodite is a condition in which a person has two well-developed
sexual organs. Such cases are rarely found and there is an anatomical basis for
ambiguous sexuality. The choices of which sex a person should be assigned to,
lies heavily on the sex role established during his early development, particularly
the first three years.
2) Psychosocial Factors
These factors view the cause of homosexuality based on the concept of the
gradual differentiation of sexual behaviour in different society. Psychosocial
factors may derive from man‟ social interactions with other persons, love
relationship, and pressure from family or group. The factors are divided into four
types as follows:
The first is early homosexual experiences and their positive reinforcement.
This means that someone‟s early homosexual experience before sexual behaviour
is well differentiated into a heterosexual direction or pattern will influence the
development of one‟s sexual behaviour, including it may cause homosexuality.
Then, if one finds his homosexual experience is pleasurable, he will continue his
sexual relationship which will cause homosexuality.
The second is negative conditioning of heterosexual behaviour. This
means that certain negative heterosexual behaviours can also cause
behaviours, then he may change his sexual attraction toward the members of his
or her own sex. For example, where the boy or girl is ridiculed, rebuffed, and
humiliated in his or her effort to approach members of the opposite sex, he or she
may turn toward homosexuality as a safer source of affection and sexual outlet.
The third is being reared as a member of the opposite sex. The ways of
bringing up children in a family can also cause homosexuality. For instance, a
mother who really wants a daughter and in fact has a boy, will rear the boy as if he
were a girl. It is because of the mother‟s longing of having a daughter. The mother
will inculcate feminine attitudes and interest to her son. The boy must keep his
hair long, or has to dress like a girl. Such treatments can change one‟ sexual
orientation and cause homosexuality.
The fourth is family patterns. This factors views that a family interaction is
the most frequent characteristic of the background of the homosexuals. During the
childhood, the boy or girl is very depending on their mother. Typically the
mothers are close-binding, controlling, and affectionate; the fathers are detached,
rejecting, and often hostile. Neither parent fosters a masculine self-image or
identity. As children, the male homosexuals tend to describe themselves as shy,
fearful of physical injury, and loners. Further, Bieber (1962) found some evidence
that men with overprotective, dominant mothers and passive or absent fathers
were slightly more likely to be gay (as cited in Huffman, 1997, p. 376).
In addition, Thomas (1990), in his book, The Encyclopedia of Human
Development and Education: Theory, Research, and Studies, divides three
sociopsychological, and interactionist (pp. 373-374). Biological theories assume
that a person‟s homosexual traits are the result of some characteristics of the
physical organism, such as a person‟s ratio of male hormone (androgen) to female
hormone (estrogens). In other words, the balance or imbalance of hormones has
been caused by gene patterns inherited from parents.
Sociopsychological theories refer to the quality of an individual‟s
relationship with other people during childhood and adolescence that determines
whether the person becomes homosexual or heterosexual or even asexual (not
interested at all in physical lovemaking). The last is interactionist theories which
draw upon both biological and sociopsychological factors in the belief that some
combination of body chemistry and environmental factors accounts for the
development of homosexual behaviour.
c. Types of Homosexual
Homosexuals can be divided into some types. According to the book
entitled Abnormal Behaviour: Outline Reference written by Smith (1983), there
are six types of homosexuals (p. 139), those are:
1) Blatant Homosexuals
It includes individuals who fit with the popular stereotype of the
homosexual; the lisping, limp-wristed, swishing caricature of femininity in the
case of the male. Also included in this type are the “leather boys” who advertise
their sadomasochistic homosexuality by wearing leather jackets, chains, and often
boots. Some TV‟s or transvestites enjoy wearing the clothes and often assuming
2) Desperate Homosexuals
These are males who tend to haunt public toilets (“tearooms”) or steam
baths. They are apparently driven to homosexual behaviour but unable to face the
strains of establishing and sustaining serious personal relationships in which to
practice homosexuality. Humphreys (1970) discovers that “apparently the
„tearoom‟ is used by many such individuals in an effort, through the anonymity of
these contacts, to conceal their homosexuality from their wives- and perhaps even
from themselves” (as cited in Coleman, 1976, p. 591).
3) Secret Homosexuals
They tend to come from the middle and to hold positions that they try
protect by concealing their homosexuality; often married, wear wedding rings,
and have spouses and employers who never know about their double lives; only a
few close friends, lovers, therapists know about their homosexuality. In addition,
Coleman (1976) adds that secret homosexuals extremely skilled at camouflage
and at “passing” as straight. They generally prefer subdued clothes and maintain a
suitably conservative masculine appearance (p. 591).
4) Situational Homosexuals
There are a variety situations in which individuals engage in homosexual
behaviour without any deep homosexual commitment. For example, both males
and females in prisons and institutions usually engage in homosexual acts, but
after release resume heterosexual relationships. It seems that some prisoners act as
homosexual prostitutes.
Individuals who are engaged in both homosexual and heterosexual
practices during a sustained period are considered “bisexual”, Many “desperate”
homosexuals would fit into this category, particularly those who are married.
Coleman (1976) adds that the occurrence of bisexuality is not surprising; since
homosexuality is not necessary an all-or-nothing pattern and many people have
learned to respond sexually in varying degrees to both females and males (p. 591).
6) Adjusted Homosexuals
The last type is adjusted homosexuals. Smith (1983) states that the
majority of these homosexuals accept their homosexuals fulfil responsible social
roles and closely associate with the gay community. Many adjusted homosexuals
establish an intimate and stable relationship with other person. While this is more
common among lesbians than among male homosexuals, the pattern is by no
means exclusive to lesbians (p. 139).
5. Theories of Character Development
In her book, Personality Development (1974), Hurlock says that
personality is often confused with “character”. The two are not synonymous,
however, and cannot be used interchangeably. Character implies a moral standard
and involves a judgement of value (p. 2). Hurlock (1974) explains that when
character is used in connection with personality, it relates to behaviour that is
regulated by personal effort and will (p. 8).
Therefore, considering the title and approach used in this study, the writer
the writer in understanding the changes of the character. The presentation of
Hurlock‟s theory is divided into three parts. They are characteristics of change in
personality, variations in personality change, and conditions responsible for
personality change (pp. 120-129). However, in this study the writer only use the
first and the third part of the theory.
a. Characteristics of Change in Personality
1) Better versus Worse
Hurlock (1974) states that personality changes for the better and for the
worse reflect the kind of life adjustments the individual is making at the time (p.
120). Successful adjustment at any age improves the self-concept and the person
inhibits self-confidence and self-assurance. By contrast, failure leads to
deterioration in the self-concept and to feelings of inadequacy, defensive reaction,
depression, and many other behaviour patterns which lead to even poorer personal
and social adjustment. In addition, Hurlock says that in normal people, personality
changes for the worse frequently occurs at puberty and middle age and should be
recognized as danger signals (p.120).
2) Quantitative versus Qualitative
In qualitative changes, traits already present are reinforced, strengthened
or weakened. Hurlock (1974) explains that a person who is shy, self-conscious
and modest in social situations may be less so in the presence of intimate friends
than in the presence of strangers or those whom he regard as his superiors, but his
behaviour is consistent (p. 120). Quantitative changes may create the impression
the sense that there have been shifts in the traits, though there is no evidence that
the shifts reflect a change in the core of the personality pattern the self-concept.
In quantitative changes, an already-present trait, usually an undesirable
one is replaced by another trait, usually a desirable one. People who are always
careful of his money become more or less careful when he discovers the social
reaction to stinginess and generosity. Hurlock (1974) adds if he is normal, he will
probably be somewhat more generous, hoping to win greater social favour. If he is
not normal, he may change into spendthrift or extreme generosity or miserliness
(p. 121).
3) Slow versus Rapid Change
Hurlock (1974) says that changes are regarded as slow if they are barely
perceptible, while rapid changes are readily apparent to all (p.122). Normally,
personality changes are slow and gradual. Rapid changes at any age are danger
signals. Changes of short duration are usually due to some artificial stimulation,
which temporarily causes the person to forget this real self-concept and see
himself as he would like to be. Hurlock adds that rapid personality changes which
are persistent, are due not to artificial stimulants but to an endocrine or
neurological upset. Brain injuries, tumours, and disturbances due to
arteriosclerosis, cancer or some other diseases are normally accompanied by such
readily apparent personality changes that other people wonder what is the matter
with the person is (p.122).
b. Conditions Responsible for Personality Change
Hurlock (1974) says that physical changes may come from maturation,
decline, illness, injuries or some other condition resulting from person‟s life
pattern but unrelated to the normal changes in the body structure (p.124). Physical
change can be an aspect which can trigger a good self-concept in a person‟s mind.
When the physical change enables him to approximate his concept of his ideal
self, the effect on his real self-concept will be favourable.
2) Changes in Environment
Hurlock explains that changes in either the physical or social environment
may produce changes in the person‟s self concept and in his characteristic
behaviour (p. 124). A change in environment will not guarantee an improvement
in personality. In fact, the change may cause the opposite effect. Moving to a new
environment will not automatically improve personality. It depends on how well
one is accepted in the new environment and how well the new environment meets
one‟s needs.
3) Changes in Significant People
Hurlock (1974) states that when the significant people in an individual‟s
life change and when he tries to adapt his pattern of behaviour and his attitudes,
beliefs, values, and aspiration to theirs, changes in his personality pattern cannot
be avoided (p. 126). The person, in order to be similar with these significant
people, changes himself. He will change himself into a greater level, if he sees it
is necessary.
4) Changes in Social Pressure
increasingly aware that some personality traits are admired while some are
disliked. Since everyone normally has a strong desire to be accepted by those who
are significant to him, he tries to change any personality trait that will militate
against his being accepted (p. 126). Strong social pressure to conform to a socially
approved personality pattern thus encourages changes in certain aspects of the
personality. She adds that traits which are likely to lead to social rejection, such as
shyness, bossiness, aggressiveness and greed are more subject to change than
those, which are usually admired, such as affection, ambition, cooperativeness and
generosity (p. 126).
5) Changes in Role
Role changes caused the status changes within the group. One‟s role may
change because of a change in age. Hurlock (1974) explains that a child changes
from being a dependent to being an economically independent person when he is
old enough to become a wage earner (p. 126). The changed role will have a
favourable or unfavourable effect depends how well it fits to the person‟s needs
and whether it has greater prestige in the eyes of the social group than the old role.
6) Strong Motivation
Hurlock (1974) explains that when the motivation to improve the
personality pattern is strong enough, changes can be effected (p. 127). A person,
who has a character that makes him different from the rest of the community, will
try as hard as possible to remove that character because he has a strong motivation
to be accepted in that community. Ordinarily, people are most strongly motivated
and earn them greater social acceptance (p. 127).
7) Changes in Self-Concept
A change in self-concept may cause the change in the entire personality
pattern. This change is increasingly difficult, as people grow older. Hurlock
(1974) says that changing one‟s self-concept requires tremendous self-insight.
This means that a person must be able and willing to see himself as he actually is,
not as he would like to be or as others perceive him (p. 128).
8) The Use of Psychotherapy
Hurlock (1974) assumes that psychotherapy helps a person to understand
his self-concept. It is because in some condition, a certain person needs to be
helped in order to change his self-concept, learning to think of himself in a new
way, and breaking destructive habit. The use of psychotherapy is based on the
assumption that a person who is poorly adjusted can make a better adjustment if
he is being helped to develop a more favourable self-concept (p. 128).
The theory of character development is also strengthened by Pikunas in his
book Human Development: An Emergent Science. Pikunas (1976) says that
parents (family) play the major role at the outset and during the early periods of
development (p. 385). The "psychic birth" of most people occurs within the
setting and atmosphere of the family. Beginning and continuing life without both
parents often results in serious deprivation of proper human models for
self-identification.
When the child is highly influenced by the father and the mother, he or she
of the child (affection, acceptance, and security) are gratified through dynamic
interaction with the parents. Other influences are largely modifying factors, but a
strong relationship with someone outside the family can substitute for either father
or mother and in some cases for both.
Supporting the theory proposed by Pikunas, Husband in his book, General
Psychology, states the influences of family toward character development.
Husband (1947) says that family is the basic social group which in it, the
biological, psychological and sociological forces meet in giving the individual his
start in life (p. 249). The earliest major determining influence is the mother. The
children absorb more of mother‟s personality characteristics, likes and dislikes,
attitudes, modes of behaviour than the father‟s. The mother, through her own
behaviour and by deliberate teaching, can include desirable habits: self-reliance,
conciliation with others, acceptance of responsibility, and neatness.
B. Theoretical Framework
This section summarizes the contribution of the theories mentioned in the
analysis of this study. There are five theories which have been explained namely,
theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory
of homosexuality, and theory of character development. Those theories will
support and strengthen the analysis. Each theory will be used to answer the
questions that have been formulated in the previous chapter.
As stated by Rohrberger and Woods, the theory of critical approach is
approach as the most suitable approach to analyse the characteristic and character
development of Maurice as a homosexual. Theory on character and
characterization is also applied to describe Maurice‟s characteristics as the main
character of the novel. Meanwhile, theory of homosexuality and theory of
character development is used to reveal the factors that make Maurice become a
homosexual and to determine what type of homosexual he belongs to. In addition,
to analyse Maurice‟s character development, theory of character development is
also applied. After all related theories mentioned above are gained, the analysis of
27
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology that is employed in conducting
this study. This chapter consists of three parts, namely object of the study,
approach of the study, and method of the study. The first part, object of the study,
discusses a brief description of the novel. The second part, approach of the study,
presents the critical approach used in this study. The third part, method of the
study, presents about the research procedure which discusses the steps done by the
writer in conducting the study to answer three formulated problems.
A.Object of the Study
This study deals with the novel Maurice which is written by Edward
Morgan Forster or known as E.M Forster, a homosexual. The novel is about the
story of homosexual love in the early 20th century in England. This novel was
begun in writing in 1913 and finished in 1914. Actually E.M Forster resisted
publishing the novel because of public and legal attitudes to homosexuality. He
thought that its publication would destroy the public image that his other writing
had created (Hodges & Hutter, 1974).
This novel was first published in 1971 after Forster’s death. The novel
analyzed in this study was published in 1973 by W.W. Norton & Company. Inc.,
New York. After its publication, this novel raises some compliments from society
The first part consists of 57 pages within chapters 1-11; the second part consists of
63 pages within chapters 12-25; the third part consists of 59 pages within chapters
26-36; and the fourth part consists of 55 pages within chapters 38-46.
The first part tells about Maurice’s family background, his preparation
entering college and his first meeting with Clive Durham. The second and third
part tells about the relationship between Maurice and Clive as a homosexual
couples. Then, conflicts arise between them, including Clive personal conflict.
Clive thinks that their homosexual relation can affect his career in the future.
Clive chooses to marry a girl which makes Maurice broken-hearted. Being
disappointed, Maurice finds a therapist and a hypnotist to cure him. However, all
the therapies failed. The last part tells about the new life of Maurice who finds a
new love. He meets Alec Scudder, a game keeper. Alec says to Maurice that they
cannot be parted no more.
B.Approach of the Study
Since this study focuses more on psychological aspects, therefore, the
psychological approach is applied. According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971),
psychological approach is an approach to literature, which “involves the effort to
locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns”, and which refers to a different
body of knowledge, that is Psychology (p. 13). It is applied when the attention is
focused on psychological interpretation for enhancing the understanding and
appreciation of literature. Further, Psychology is a study of man’s life together
This study analyses Maurice’s characteristic as the main character in E.M.
Forster’s Maurice as a homosexual. The possible factors which make Maurice
become a homosexual person is discussed as well. It means that this study deals
with Maurice’s life together with his mind and behaviour in order to find his
character development. Therefore, it is proper to apply psychological approach
because a better understanding of human’s personality development can be
achieved.
C.Method of the Study
The method used in this study was library study. It meant that all the data
needed to support this study were obtained mostly from books and other written
articles, which are available in the library. E.M. Forster’s Maurice was the
primary data.
There were several steps taken to conduct this study. The first step was
reading the novel thoroughly and understanding the story. After reading the novel,
the next step was to find something in Maurice’s character that was interesting to
be discussed. To give direction to the study, the next step was stating the problem
formulation.
After defining the problems, the next step was gathering the secondary
data. The secondary data were from books on literature theories, psychology,
character development and any other related to homosexuality development. The
other supporting data were also taken from sites in the internet. The next step was
were making implications of the study and giving suggestion for further study on
31
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter consists of the analysis that is meant to answer the questions
stated in the problem formulation. The analysis is divided into three parts. The
first part reveals the characteristics of Maurice as the major character, which are
depicted in the novel. The second part discusses the possible factors that make
Maurice a homosexual person. After getting the answers for the first and second
questions, the last part will explain Maurice‘s character development as a
homosexual.
A.The Description of Maurice’s Characteristics
There is just a single character discussed in this study namely Maurice.
Henkle (1977) states that there are two kinds of character: major character and
minor character (p. 86). Based on his theory, Maurice is categorized as the major
character. It is because Maurice takes the important role in the story. Maurice
becomes the centre of the story. He always comes out in the story from the
beginning until the end of the story. The reader will give most attention to the
major character. Based on the theory of Roberts (1989) and Holman (1986),
Maurice can be categorized as a round or dynamic character because he has
capability to change. Maurice is also described in details; it is not enough to
describe him in a simple phrase.
character in fictional works in order to make the characters life-like to readers.
Murphy proposes nine ways of characterization through which characteristics of a
character can be depicted. They are personal description, character as seen by
others, speech, past life, conversation of others, reaction, direct comment,
thoughts, and mannerisms.
In revealing characteristics of Maurice, the writer will apply some
previously mentioned method. The characteristics of Maurice as the major
character are:
1. Good Looking
Maurice is a young British man. He is nearly nineteen when he joins
Sunnington. He becomes the only man in his family since his father passed away.
Maurice‘s mother, Mrs. Hall, realizes his son‘s charming. Therefore, she arranges
a date for his son with a girl named Gladys Olcott. Miss Olcott is one of Mrs.
Hall‘s infrequent guests. She is a kind and charming girl. Miss Olcott is very
happy with the date plan because she knows that Maurice is an attractive man.
Now Maurice, though he did not know it, had become an attractive young man. Much exercise had tamed his clumsiness. He was heavy but alert, and his face seemed following the example of his body. Mrs. Hall put it down to his moustache---―Maurice‘s moustache will be the making of
him‖---a remark more profound than she realized. Certainly the little black line of it did pull his face together, and show up his teeth when he smiled, and his clothes suited him also (pp. 52-53).
From the description above, it shows that Maurice has an appearance as a
normal man. He is bodily attractive to woman. Even, his mother and Gladys
Olcott confess it.
Clive, his senior. Maurice considers Clive as his lovely smart man. Clive, as
Maurice‘s boyfriend, also realizes that Maurice has something that makes people
interested to him.
Towards the end of the term he noticed that Hall had acquired a peculiar and beautiful expression. It came only now and then, was subtle and lay far down; he noticed it first when they were squabbling about theology. It was affectionate, kindly, and to that extent a natural expression, but there was mixed in it something that he had not observed in the man, a touch of--impudence? He was not sure, but liked it (p.70).
Maurice and Clive like to share and discuss anything. It can be about their
study, family and their relationship. Once, Maurice asks Clive about the things on
him that make Clive interested to him. At first Clive denies to answer it but then
he admits that he discovers the beauty of Maurice.
―When did you first care about me?‖ ―Don‘t ask me,‖ echoed Clive.
―Oh, be a bit serious—well—what was it in me you first cared about?‖
―Like really to know?‖ asked Clive, who was in the mood Maurice
adored—half mischievous, half passionate; a mood of supreme affection.
―Yes.‖
―Well, it was your beauty.‖ ―My what?‖
―Beauty.... I used to admire that man over the bookcase most.‖ (pp. 89-90).
Furthermore, Forster in his Terminal Note that is included in the novel
states that he tries to create a character who is completely unlike himself or what
he supposed himself to be. He describes Maurice as a man who is handsome,
healthy, and bodily attractive (p. 246).
2. Lonely
During his childhood, Maurice has no friend. He just knows George, his
like someone gone from his life. He feels so sad and it disturbs his sleep.
As he opened his eyes to look whether the blots had grown smaller, he remembered George. Something stirred in the unfathomable depths of his
heart. He whispered, ―George, George.‖ Who was George? Nobody-just a common servant. Mother and Ada and Kitty were more important. But he was too little to argue this. He did not even know that when he yielded to this sorrow he overcame the spectral and fell asleep (p. 19).
His loneliness has led Maurice into an imaginative person. This is in line
with Husband‘s theory (1947) which says that a lonely child may be forced to nondescript turned into George, that garden boy. But he had to be careful or it would reappear. George headed down the field towards him, naked
and jumping over the wood stacks. ―I shall go mad if he turns wrong now,‖
said Maurice, and just as they collared this happened, and a brutal disappointment woke him up (p. 21).
Since George left his home, Maurice does not have other friend. He meets
Clive just after he continued his study in Sunnington. Within his family, Maurice
is a mysterious person. He does not talk to them much, especially about his
private business. His sister, Kitty states it to Clive when he visited their house.
―....We know even less about Maurice than when you were last here, if you think that possible. He has become a mysterious person....‖
―...He keeps everything so secret...‖ (p. 120).
knows about him. It is because he does not want anybody know about him,
especially his homosexuality.
3. Faithful
Maurice is educated in a Christian way. His family surrounding is full of
normality. They profess a religion, Christianity, and go to church. His father was
becoming a pillar of Church when he died. Maurice and Clive often discuss about
Christianity although Clive himself is not a Christian. Even Clive does not believe
in any religion.
One day Durham said, ―Hall, why this thusness?‖
―Religion means a lot to me,‖ bluffed Maurice. ―Because I say so little you think I don‘t feel. I care a lot.‖ (p. 45).
From that explanation, we can conclude that Maurice believes in Christ.
His father has influenced him to respect all those related to Christianity.
Furthermore, he cares a lot about his religion.
4. Caring
Although his father is dead, Maurice still has a mother and two sisters who
he loves. His mother, Mrs. Hall and his sisters, Ada and Kitty, also love and care
about him. He feels comfortable being in the middle of his family.
Maurice liked his home, and recognized his mother as its presiding genius. Without her there would be no soft chairs or food or easy games, and he was grateful to her for providing so much, and loved her. He liked his sisters also (p.16).
Since entering his college and meeting Clive, Maurice and Clive become
so close. They like sharing their ideas. Besides, Maurice keeps communicating to
Clive during their vacation by sending letters.
