ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING
IN INDONESIAN COMPUTER MAGAZINE INFOKOMPUTER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Saverius Triosetyawan Student Number: 061214115
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
i
ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING
IN INDONESIAN COMPUTER MAGAZINE INFOKOMPUTER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Saverius Triosetyawan Student Number: 061214115
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2012
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iv Yesus Tuhanku
Didalam kemelut hatiku ini aku tidak ingin menuntut hidup mulus tanpa gelombang
Memanggul salib, itulah tugasku sebagai pengikutMu bukan lari menghindar
Namun Tuhan, saat-saat aku tak mengerti jalanMu tunjukanlah jalanku ke arah recanaMu
Waktu kebingungan dan kekhawatiran melanda diriku, janganlah lepaskan tanganku
Mampukanlah aku berdiri tetap melawan gelombang perasaanku yang tidak menentu
Bantulah aku untuk bersabar, penuh kasih dan kerendahan hati
Jangan biarkan aku hanyut melawanMu, menyerah dalam arus cobaan, biarlah dekapan kasihMu menguatkan aku untuk berjuang
Sadarkan aku bahwa aku tidak sendiri, tetapi Engkau tak pernah lena dan tetap memangku, mendekapku dalam segala suasana, lebih-lebih dalam suasana yang gelap gulita dan membosankan ini
Tuhan biarlah aku makin murni dalam genggaman tanganMu.
Tuhan, karuniakanlah diriku Ketentraman batin, Untuk menerima hal-hal yang takkan mungkin kuubah Keberanian, Untuk mengubah hal-hal yang bisa kuubah, dan Kebijaksanaan Untuk mengetahui perbedaan keduanya
With love and gratitude, I dedicate this thesis to:
My parents: Heribertus Subardjo and Caecilia Sayuti My brothers: Mas Toro and Mas Nur
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vi ABSTRACT
Triosetyawan, Saverius. (2012). English Code-Switching in Indonesian Computer Magazine InfoKomputer. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
The development of technology brings a significant impact in the development of languages. It influences how people deliver information to others. In some cases, people should switch the language that they use in order to be well understood. This phenomenon carries a process called code-switching. Code-switching happens in spoken or written form. This research focused on the code-switching phenomenon in written form, in this case in InfoKomputer magazines.
There were two questions in this research: (1) What code-switching cases are found in InfoKomputer magazine? and (2) What are the theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer magazine?
In order to answer the research questions, the researcher conducted a descriptive research in which qualitative data analysis was employed. To answer the first question, the researcher used document analysis. Meanwhile, to answer the second question the researcher employed library study. The researcher analyzed two editions of InfoKomputer magazine. They were January 2012 and February 2012 editions. The researcher analyzed the articles which contained English code-switching.
The code-switching cases found in InfoKomputer were categorized according to their types. The result of the analysis showed that there were four types of code-switching which existed in InfoKomputer magazine. They were intra-word switching, intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential code-switching, and involving a word within a sentence code-switching. The researcher also found that there were three possible reasons why code-switching occurred in InfoKomputer magazine. The possible reasons were talking about particular topic, showing solidarity to build a good relation with target readers, and quoting somebody.
Based on the research findings, the researcher suggested the future researchers conduct researches on code-switching in wider scope. For instance, the future researcher might investigate the reasons why the writers switched the code.
vii
ABSTRAK
Triosetyawan, Saverius. (2012). English Code-Switching in Indonesian Computer Magazine InfoKomputer. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Perkembangan teknologi dapat membawa dampak bagi perkembangan kebahasaan. Hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi bagaimana seseorang menyampaikan informasi kepada orang lain. Dalam beberapa hal, seseorang harus merubah bahasa yang mereka gunakan agar apa yang mereka bicarakan dapat dimengerti dengan baik. Peristiwa seperti ini dapat membawa kita ke sebuah proses yang disebut dengan alih kode. Alih kode dapat terjadi dalam bahasa lisan maupun tertulis. Penelitian ini berfokus pada peristiwa alih kode dalam bahasa tertutis, dalam hal ini adalah dalam majalah InfoKomputer.
Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua pertanyaan, yaitu (1) Apa saja kasus alih kode yang terdapat dalam majalah InfoKomputer? dan (2) Apa saja alasan teoritis dalam peristiwa alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer?
Untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan tersebut diatas, peneliti melakukan penelitian deskriptif dimana analisis data kualitatif diterapkan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama, peneliti menggunakan dokumen analisis, sedangkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang kedua, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Peneliti menganalisa dua edisi majalah InfoKomputer yaitu edisi Januari 2012 dan Februari 2012. Peneliti menganalisa artikel-artikel dalam majalah yang mengandung alih kode dalam bahasa Inggris.
Kasus-kasus alih kode yang ditemukan dalam majalah InfoKomputer dikategorikan sesuai dengan jenis-jenisnya. Hasil dari analisis penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat empat jenis alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer, yaitu intra word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching dan involving a word within a sentence code-switching. Peneliti juga menemukan tiga alasan yang mungkin terjadi dalam penggunaan alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer. Alasan-alasan tersebut adalah membicarakan suatu topik tertentu, menunjukan solidaritas untuk membangun hubungan yang baik dengan para pembaca yang dituju, dan mengutip pernyataan seseorang.
Berdasarkan data yang ditemukan, peneliti memberikan saran pada peneliti selanjutnya agar meneliti peristiwa alih kode dalam lingkup yang lebih luas. Sebagai contoh, peneliti selanjutnya dapat mencari opini dari para penulis artikel mengapa mereka melakukan alih kode dalam tulisan mereka.
Kata kunci: Sosiolinguistik, Alih Kode, Majalah Komputer Indonesia
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to give my greatest gratitude and praise to my
Lord, Jesus Christ, for His endless love, blessing, and grace during the process of
completing my thesis. I believe that I could not finish this thesis without His
amazing hands. I would also thank Mother Mary for her love and prayer during
up-and-down moments in my life.
I would like to express my earnest thanks to my sponsor, Made Frida
Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd., for her kindness and willingness to help me in completing my
thesis. I believe that I could not have finished my thesis without her guidance,
suggestions, corrections, support and beneficial advice. I would like to sincerely
thank all of English Language Education Study Program instructors and staffs,
who have guided and helped me.
I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents, Heribertus
Subardjo and Caecilia Sayuti for supporting me and for their love, care, prayer,
guidance, and attention. I also thank my grandmothers the late Atmo Suwito and
the late Harjo Sumarto for their prayer from the distance, so that I could finish my
study. I also thank my brothers Mas Toro and Mas Nur who always support me to
finish my thesis.
I thank all of PBI 2006 friends, Desy, Ceye, Tita, Gonteng, Adit, Agnes,
Aik and all ex-PROCESS 2006 for the friendship during my study in PBI. I also
thank Endru 05 for proofreading my draft. I give appreciation to those PBI friends
who helped me in finishing my thesis.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
x
I express my special thanks to Dyah Ayu Wikandari, for her love, support
and prayer, and for being my inspiration and motivation in completing this thesis.
Last but not least, I would like to thank everybody, whose name cannot be
mentioned one by one, for their support and prayer so that I can finish my thesis.
xi
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ………. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……… ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….. xi
LIST OF TABLES ………. xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES ……….. xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ……….. 1
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ……… 6
1. Linguistics ………. 6
2. Sociolinguistics ……… 7
3. Code-switching ……….. 8
a. Definitions of Code-switching ………. 8
b. Types of Code-switching ………. 10
c. The Reasons for Code-switching ………….. 13
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xii
d. Code-switching and Language Learning ….. 15
B. Theoretical Framework ……… 16
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ………. 18
B. Research Setting ………... 20
C. Research Subject ……….. 20
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ……… 21
E. Data Analysis Technique ……… 22
F. Research Procedure ………. 25
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Code-switching Cases ……….. 27
1. Intra-word Code-switching ……… 27
2. Intra-sentential Code-switching ………. 30
3. Inter-sentential Code-switching ………. 36
4. Involving a Word within a Sentence ………... 40
5. Emblematic Code-switching ……….. 46
B. Theoretical Reasons for Code-switching ………. 46
1. Talking about Particular Topic ……….. 47
2. Showing Solidarity to Build a Good Relation with The Target Readers ……… 48
3. Quoting Somebody ……….. 49
4. Perceived Social and Cultural Distance ………. 49
5. Being Empathic about Something ……… 50
C. Other Findings ………. 50
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ……… 52
xiii
REFERENCES ………. 56
APPENDICES ……….. 58
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xiv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
3.1 A Sample Checklist of Types of Code-switching ………. 23
3.2 A Sample Table the Occurrence of Code-switching Cases ……… 24
3.3 A Sample Table the Most Frequent Code-switching Cases ……… 24
4.1 The Occurrence of Intra-word Code-switching Cases ……… 28
4.2 Sample of Intra-word Code-switching in Feature Articles ………. 29
4.3 The Occurrence of Intra-sentential Code-switching Cases ……… 31
4.4 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Advertisements ……. 32
4.5 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Feature Articles …… 33
4.6 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in News Articles …….. 35
4.7 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Opinion Articles …... 36
4.8 The Occurrence of Inter-sentential Code-switching Cases ……… 37
4.9 The Occurrence of Involving a Word within a Sentence
Code-switching Cases ………. 41
4.10 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching
in Advertisements ………. 42
4.11 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching
in Feature Articles ………. 43
4.12 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching
in News Articles ……….. 44
4.13 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX Page
A A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Advertisements of January 2012 Edition ……… 58
B A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Feature Articles of January 2012 Edition ………. 59
C A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
News Articles of January 2012 Edition ……… 60
D A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Opinion Articles of January 2012 Edition ………. 61
E A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Advertisements of February 2012 Edition ………. 62
F A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Feature Articles of February 2012 Edition ………. 63
G A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
News Articles of February 2012 Edition ……… 64
H A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in
Opinion Articles of February 2012 Edition ……… 65
I Example of Intra-sentential Code-switching, Inter-sentential
Code-switching, and Involving a Word within a Sentence
Code-switching ……… 66
J Example of Intra-sentential Code-switching, Involving a Word
within a Sentence Code-switching, and Intra-word
Code-switching ………. 67
K Example of Inter-sentential Code-switching, Intra-word
Code-switching, and Involving a Word within a Sentence
Code-switching ………. 68
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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter elaborates six general descriptions namely research
background, research problems, problem limitation, research objectives, research
benefits, and definition of terms.
A. Research Background
In this era, the development of technology is growing rapidly. Technology
development brings significant impact in delivering information. People can
search and find needed information easily from various media, for instances
newspapers, magazine, tabloid, radio, television, and internet. Nowadays, the
most popular communication media is internet, since it becomes the easiest way to
access everything. Although people can find information from the internet easily,
printed media such as newspapers, tabloid, and magazine are still popular. It
happens because the existence of printed media is still attractive. Indeed, it can be
reached by every level of people, in particular those who are not familiar with the
internet.
The development of technology also brings impact in the development of
language. Nowadays, many new technological terms are arising. Some of those
words have not been absorbed well by languages of some countries. For example
in Indonesia, the adoptions of some of those new words have not been
2
also brings impact in conveying the information. Sometimes in conveying
information people have to consider the terms which are used, for example using
foreign language to explain the information. This phenomenon carries a process
called code-switching.
McCormick (1994: 581) explains that “the term ‘code-switching’ refers to
the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects.” People
may switch the language from one language to others in order to convey
information. It means that an utterance which people produce can contain
languages elements from two or more different languages. Code-switching is used
to build a better communication with others.
Code-switching can occur in spoken and written utterance. In written
utterance, code-switching phenomena can be found in magazines. In this case the
researcher finds code-switching phenomenon in InfoKomputer magazine. There
are some cases which exist in each category of that magazine. The researcher
believes that those cases need to be explored more in order to find what exists and
why it exists. The researcher intends to analyze the types of code-switching and
the theoretical reasons why code-switching is used in InfoKomputer magazine.
InfoKomputer magazine is an Indonesian magazine. The magazine uses
Indonesian language as the basic language. The code-switching in the magazine is
English code-switching. It means that in some cases, the writers of the articles
switch the language from Indonesian into English.
There is a reason why the researcher chooses InfoKomputer magazine. The
researcher finds that there are a number of code-switching cases in InfoKomputer
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
magazine, thus the researcher thinks that InfoKomputer magazine has sufficient
data to be analyzed related to code-switching phenomenon.
A. Research Problems
In this research, the researcher would like to find out the answers to the
questions formulated as follows:
1. What code-switching cases are found in InfoKomputer magazine?
2. What are the theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer
magazine?
B. Problem Limitation
In this research, the researcher limits the research to analyze English
code-switching phenomenon in an Indonesian computer magazine. The researcher
focuses to discuss the code-switching cases based on the code-switching types and
the theoretical reasons for code-switching.
The researcher limits the research to observe two editions of InfoKomputer
magazine. Those are January and February 2012 editions. InfoKomputer magazine
is chosen because this magazine is considered to be able to represent the
Indonesian computer magazines which contain code-switching phenomenon.
C. Research Objectives
In this research, there are some goals which need to be accomplished.
4
1. To find the code-switching cases in InfoKomputer magazine.
2. To find the theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer magazine
D. Research Benefits
This research is intended to be beneficial for:
1. Future Researchers
The researcher expects that this research can give better understanding on
linguistic study especially on English code-switching phenomenon study in
Indonesia. Moreover, this research is expected to encourage the future researchers
to conduct a deeper study on code-switching. The researcher also expects that this
research is able to inspire the future researchers to conduct studies related to
sociolinguistics in broader scope.
2. Readers
This research is expected to give comprehensive explanation related to
code-switching phenomenon which happens in magazines and the implications of
code-switching in English learning. Thus, the readers can have broader knowledge
on code-switching. Moreover, the researcher hopes that the readers can use this
research to support their language learning.
E. Definition of Terms
There are some terms which need to be defined in order to avoid
misinterpretation.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
1. Code-switching
According to McCormick (1994: 581), code-switching refers to the
juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) language or dialects. Meanwhile,
Crystal (1987), as cited by Skiba (1997) explains that “code, or language,
switching occurs when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two
languages during his/her speech with another bilingual person.” In this research,
code-switching refers to the juxtaposition of English language to Indonesian
language context. Code-switching happens in the written form, in this case in the
articles of InfoKomputer magazine.
2. Info Komputer Magazine
InfoKomputer magazine is an Indonesian computer magazine. It was firstly
published in 1985. The contents of the magazine focus to discuss the development
of information technology locally and globally. The language which is used is
Indonesian language. The researcher finds that the articles in this magazine
6 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter reviews the important theories to support the research. This
chapter is divided into two main parts, namely theoretical description and
theoretical framework. Theoretical description presents the review of theories
related to code switching whereas the theoretical framework discusses the theories
which are used as framework of this research.
A. Theoretical Description
To obtain better understanding on code-switching, this section elaborates
some theories of code-switching. This section discusses several sub-topics. They
are linguistics, sociolinguistics and switching. The discussion of
switching presents some theories of types of switching, reasons for
code-switching and code-code-switching and language learning which are proposed by
several linguists.
1. Linguistics
In order to communicate with others, people need a medium called
language. Finegan (2004: 25) states that, “language is often defined as an arbitrary
vocal system used by human beings to communicate with one another.” Language
is a complex system which consists of some components. Linguistics is generally
defined as the study of a language. There are some definitions of linguistics in
some books which are proposed by several linguists. According to Finegan (2004:
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24), “Linguistics can be defined as the systematic inquiry into human language –
into its structure and the relationship between them, as well as into the
development and acquisition of language.” Language consists of some aspects,
therefore linguistics, which is the study of language, is also divided into some
parts. Linguistics is classified into three subdivisions: (1) Phonology: the study of
sound patterns; (2) Morphology and Syntax: the composition of words and
sentences; (3) Semantics: the study of meaning (McArthur, 1992: 609). McArthur
also adds that in the development of linguistics, there are some areas which
becomes important namely Pragmatics, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics,
Neurolinguistics, Linguistics Typology, Computational Linguistics, Stylistic
Linguistics and Applied Linguistics.
In language teaching and learning, linguistics is significant for both
language teachers and learners. Language learners are expected to produce
utterances and the teachers are expected to help the learners to produce the
utterances perfectly. Therefore, Linguistics aids the teachers and the learners to
improve their knowledge of the language in order to be able to utter the language
properly. For instance, the teachers should know how to pronounce English
words, master the English grammar and create meaningful sentences.
1. Sociolinguistics
According to Lehmann (1972), sociolinguistics is the study of the use of
language in the society. Sociolinguistics focuses on the relation of language,
speaker and the society. Language users may act toward the language they use
8
the person they act with when they are using the languages. Sociolinguistics deals
with language and the society who use the language and social background of the
language user – the speaker and the listener. For that reason, the relations between
speaker and addressee, the context and manner of the interaction are important
factors to maintain good communication.
Many factors influence the use of language in the society. Radford et al.
(1999: 16) states that factors which may influence are social backgrounds of both
speaker and listener, the relationship between speakers and addressees and the
context and manner of the interaction. In order to build a good communication
with others, sometimes people may modify their language that they use in
communication. In language teaching and learning process, teachers sometimes
have to adapt their language to their learners’ language proficiency by changing or
modifying their language, thus the message can be conveyed properly.
2. Code-switching
In this part the researcher elaborates the definitions of code-switching, the
types of code-switching, the reasons for code-switching and code-switching and
language learning.
a. Definitions of Code-switching
According to Wardhaugh (1992: 103), code-switching refers to a
conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to
create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their right and obligations.
People may use more than one code in their speech instead of just employing a
single code. People may switch or mix the codes or languages that they use. The
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
aim of switching the codes is to build a better communication with others. For
instance, in condition of bilingualism; when the first speaker used “A” language to
talk with second speaker, then the third speaker who was not able to use “A”
language came and joined to the conversation. The first speaker might switch into
“B” language which was understood by the third speaker. As a result, the
conversation of first, second and third speakers could happen well. In this
situation, code-switching is employed.
According to Hoffman (1991: 110), code-switching involves the alternate
use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the
same conversation. Code-switching can occur in both bilingual and monolingual
societies. In bilingual society, the switching can consist of changing languages,
whereas in monolinguals the switching consists of shifts of style. Therefore,
code-switching is not merely changing or code-switching one language to another, but
involves linguistic aspects, in this case style of language. This statement is also
supported by Hymes (1974), “code-switching is a common term for alternatives
use of two or more languages, varieties of a language or even speech styles.”
Code switching belongs to sociolinguistics. Therefore, the social context is
also important to be discussed. Wardhaugh (1992: 103-104) explains where
code-switching may happen. First, code-code-switching may happen in a multilingual
country, for instance Singapore which has five languages. They are English, the
mandarin variety of Chinese, Tamil, Malay and Hokkien, another variety of
Chinese. In formal schools the activity is held in formal English and Mandarin.
10
people use Tamil language. Second, code-switching may also occur where
multilingual people meet each other in a foreign setting. For instance, Indonesian
students who live in the United States have a tendency to use not only English all
the time but they may also speak in their native language. When they have
discussion in the class they may use English, but when they want to share idea
outside the class in informal situation, they may use Indonesian language.
b. Types of Code-switching
According to Hoffman (1991) there are seven types of code-switching.
They are (1) intra-word code-switching, (2) intra-sentential code-switching, (3)
inter-sentential code-switching, (4) establishing continuity with the previous
speaker, (5) emblematic code-switching, (6) involving a word within a sentence
and (7) involving a change of pronunciation.
Intra-word code-switching is code-switching which occurs in word level
(Hoffman, 1991: 110). According to Summers in Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English (2001), word is “the smallest unit of language that people
can understand if it is said or written on its own.” This kind of code-switching
occurs within a word or smallest unit of language boundaries, for instance,
Indonesian-English word mendownload. Men- is Indonesian prefix and download is an English word.
Intra-sentential code-switching is code-switching which occurs within a
sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). According to Summers in Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English (2001), a sentence is “a group of words that usually
contains a subject and a verb, expresses a complete idea or asks a question, and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
that, when written in English, begins with a capital letter and ends with a
full-stop.” Code-switching can be considered as intra-sentential code-switching if it
occurs within a sentence and consists of more than one word. It can be a phrase or
a clause. For instance, intra-sentential code-switching happens in an
English-Spanish sentence “Y luego decía (and then he said), look at the smoke coming out
of my fingers.” (Hoffman, 1991: 111). The speaker switched the language from
English into Spanish within the sentence. The form of code-switching is a clause.
Inter-sentential code-switching is code-switching which occurs between
sentences (Hoffman, 1991: 212). It means that the code-switching occurs after or
before a sentence in the first language finished. The code-switching occurs outside
the sentence of the first language and it is not a part of it. For instance, in
English-German sentences (Stockwell, 2002: 33) “We’re going to Nicki’s house at nine
and maybe to the night club afterwards. Kristina bleibt allerdings zu Hause sie
muss noch arbeiten (Unfortunately Kristina is staying at home because she still
has to do some work).
Establishing continuity with the previous speaker code-switching occurs to
continue the utterance of the previous speaker. This kind of code-switching
happens to respond to the previous speaker by using the same language (Hoffman,
1991: 111). This type of code switching occurs in a Catalan-Spanish conversation
(Hoffman, 1991: 111):
A : Y se van a molestar, ¿no? No tienen por qué. (They are going to be annoyed,
12
B : Bueno! Sí que tienen por qué (Well! They do have a reason). O sigui, o l’
encenen amb nosaltres o …(I mean, either they have bonfire with us or …)
In this conversation, a Catalan-Spanish speaker tried to respond to a Spanish
speaker who spoke using Spanish language. After the speaker was done, the
Catalan speaker continued speaking in Catalan.
Emblematic code-switching is code-switching which includes items such
as tags or exclamations which serve as an emblem of the bilingual character
(Hoffman, 1991: 113). The example of tag can be found in Spanish-Catalan
sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). “Hay cuatro sillas rotas y’ prou!” (There are
four broken chairs and that’s enough) and the example of exclamation can be
found in Spanish-American English sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). “Oh! Ay! It was embarrassing! It was very nice, though, but I was embarrassed.” Prou and ay!
are considered as emblematic code-switching.
Involving a word within a sentence is code-switching which occurs inside
a sentence and in the form of single word. According to Summers in Longman
Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001), word is “the smallest unit of
language that people can understand if it is said or written on its own.”
Code-switching can occur within a sentence boundary and consists of only one word.
The example of involving a word within a sentence code-switching can be found
in German-English sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 111). “Ich war der goalie.” (I was a goalkeeper) ‘Ich war der’ is German language. Meanwhile the word goalie is English.
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The last type of code-switching is involves a change of pronunciation.
This kind of code-switching occurs at phonological level when a speaker changes
the pronunciation patterns (Hoffman, 1991: 112). For example, when Indonesian
people say an English word, it has been modified to Indonesian phonological
structure. The word ‘strawberry’ is said to be ‘stroberi’ by Indonesian people.
c. The Reasons for Code-switching
According to Crystal (1987) as cited by Skiba (1997), there are three
reasons for code-switching. First, a speaker may not be able to express her or
himself in one language so he or she switches to another language to compensate
for deficiency. Code-switching is employed because of the special terms related to
the topic under discussion that should be used. It occurred because every topic
might have some specific terms in other languages which are sometimes difficult
to be translated. The second, code-switching occurs when an individual wishes to
express solidarity with a particular social group. The objective of code-switching
is to build the intimate relationship with the listeners. The third, code-switching
occurs when the speakers wish to convey their attitude to the listener.
Monolingual speakers can communicate these attitudes by means of variation in
the level of formality in their speech; bilingual speakers can convey the same by
code-switching.
Wardhaugh (1992) states there are three common reasons for people to
switch their code. “A number of answer have been suggested including solidarity
with listeners, choice of topic, and perceived social and cultural distance”
14
speaker may switch the code to include the listeners into the conversation. The
topics of discussion also affect the speaker to switch the code and also influence
the choice of code. People might change their language depending on the topic
they are talking about, because it would be easier to discuss particular topics in a
certain code than another. The different kinds of relationship are often shown by
different codes. For example, relation between teacher and students are more
formal than that between neighbors or friends. Therefore, the languages they use
are also different.
Hoffman states that “the reason for code-switching is diverse and many of
the reasons are of a contextual, situational and personal sort” (1991: 115). There
are a number of reasons why people do code-switching. The first reason is talking
about a particular topic. It happens when people lack facility in relevant register or
because certain items trigger off various connotations which are linked to
experiences in a particular language (Hoffman, 1991: 115). A particular topic may
have specific terms which are available only in other languages or available in the
speaker’s language but they are rarely used. The second reason why people switch
the language appears when the speaker is quoting somebody else. The third is that
the speakers are being emphatic about something. This code-switching may be in
the form of an interjection or repetition used for clarification. The form of those
expressions illustrates that the speaker has personal involvement and desire to be
well understood. The fourth reason is that people used code-switching to express
group identity as well as solidarity with a certain group (Hoffman, 1991: 116). By
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switching the code, the speaker has desire to be accepted in certain community or
group.
d. Code-switching and Language Learning
Cook (1991) as cited by Skiba (1997) agrees that code-switching can be
used to help the process of language learning. Living in a bilingual circumstance
forces people to master a language in which that language is not their mother
tongue. Nevertheless, not all the people master the second language.
Code-switching can possibly aid the second language learners to master the second
language. Krashen as cited in Ellis (1997) proposes what is called input
hypothesis. He suggests that “the right level of input is attained automatically
when interlocutors succeed in making themselves understood in communication”
(1997: 47). It means that language competence of the second language learners is
influenced by the language they produce. When they understand what they utter,
they can be successful in attaining the language they learn.
In producing the utterance, there are some factors which either obstruct or
support the successful language production of the second language learners.
Therefore, if the language which the learners receive is totally wrong, it will guide
the learners to the wrong concept of the language. The wrong example may bring
the wrong language production. As a result, the learners will fail in attaining the
language they learned. Meanwhile, if the learners are given the right example of
16
A. Theoretical Framework
This research deals with code-switching phenomenon in the magazine.
Therefore, code-switching phenomenon which is analyzed is in a written form.
Based on the theories presented above, the researcher decides to use some theories
as the theoretical framework. The aims of this research are to find out the
code-switching cases and theoretical reasons for code-code-switching in InfoKomputer
magazine. In order to clarify the findings, the discussion of code-switching cases
will be based on the code-switching types.
In dealing with types of code-switching, the researcher uses theories
proposed by Hoffman (1991). She elaborates seven types of code-switching
namely intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching,
inter-sentential code-switching, code-switching to establish continuity with previous
speaker, emblematic switching, involving a word within a sentence
code-switching and code-code-switching which involves a change of pronunciation. The
researcher uses five types of code-switching which can occur in the written form.
They are intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching,
inter-sentential code-switching, involving a word within a sentence code-switching and
emblematic code-switching. Code-switching to establish continuity with the
previous speaker and code-switching which involves a change of pronunciation
are not used, since those two types of code-switching only occur in spoken
language.
To identify the theoretical reasons for code-switching which occur in
InfoKomputer magazine, the researcher adopts reasons which are proposed by
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Crystal (1987), Wardhaugh (1992) and Hoffman (1991). Some of the reasons
which are proposed by those linguists are in the same intention but they are in
different terms. Thus, the researcher summarizes the similar reasons and
simplifies the similar reasons into one term. In this research, the context of
relation is between “the writer” of the magazine and “the reader”. Thus, the
researcher changes the term “speaker” into “writer” and “listener” into “reader”.
The researcher employs five reasons. The first is talking about a particular topic.
This reason is proposed by Hoffman (1991) and Wardhaugh (1992) and supported
by Crystal (1987). The second is showing solidarity to build a good relation with
the target readers. This reason is proposed by Wardhaugh (1992), Crystal (1987)
and Hoffman (1991). The third is perceived social and cultural distances. This
reason is proposed by Wardhaugh (1992) and supported by Crystal (1987). The
fourth is quoting somebody (Hoffman, 1991). The fifth is being emphatic about
something (Hoffman, 1992). The researcher analyzes the code-switching cases
occur in the magazine and tries to identify the suitable theoretical reasons which
18 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides descriptions on the methodology used in this
research. This chapter consists of research method, research setting, research
subject, research instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis
technique, and research procedures.
A. Research Method
As has been stated in research problem, this research was aimed to find out
the answer to two questions. First, the aim of the research was to indentify the
code-switching cases found in InfoKomputer magazine based on its types. The
second aim was to elaborate the theoretical reasons for code-switching found in
InfoKomputer magazine.
This research is considered as a descriptive research. Ary, Jacobs, and
Razavieh (2002: 381) explains that descriptive research is designed to obtain
information concerning the current phenomena. Descriptive research rather seeks
to describe what exists in a situation. Bungis (2007: 68-69) explains that
descriptive study involved an in-depth exploration of the object being studied. In
this research, the researcher does not generally test a hypothesis, but rather find
out and describe information of what really exists in a certain situation. According
to Best (1981), there are some characteristics of descriptive research. First, the
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process of gaining the data is inductive. Second, the researcher tends to gather the
data to draw a conclusion rather than to test the hypothesis.
In the descriptive research, the form of data can be qualitative−in verbal
symbols−or quantitative−in mathematical symbols (Dalen, 1973: 195). In this
research, qualitative data is employed. Since, qualitative research is basically
interpretative, the researcher made an interpretation of the data through narrative
description. Furthermore, it includes analyzing data to their theme or category and
at the last stage drawing conclusions about the interpretation personally as well as
theoretically (Wolcott, 1994 as cited in Creswell, 2003: 182).
Document analysis was used to answer the first question. According to
Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 142), a document analysis was typically performed on a
form of human communication, including books, newspapers, magazine, films,
television, art, music, videotapes and transcript of conversation. In this research,
the researcher analyzed a magazine which contains English code-switching. This
methodology was used to find out the types of code-switching cases found in the
magazine. Meanwhile, to find out the answer to the second question, the
researcher employed library study. The researcher analyzed some written sources
to find out the answer to the second question. There were two kinds of sources in
this study. The first was InfoKomputer magazine, in which the code-switching
20
A. Research Setting
Since the researcher employs document analysis and library study, thus it
is not necessary to have a specific setting to conduct the research. The research
was done in Jogjakarta. The researcher needed five months to finish this research.
This research started from February 2012 and finished in June 2012.
B. Research Subject
In this research, the articles of InfoKomputer magazine were considered as
the subject of the research, since this research focused on code-switching
phenomenon in magazine. The researcher employed two editions of the magazine.
They were January and February 2012 editions. Thus, the researcher would get
sufficient data to be analyzed. The data was taken from the articles of the
magazines.
In order to make the analysis easier, the researcher also classified the data
from each magazine into five kinds of data category namely news, opinion,
feature, advertisement and fiction. News is “Information that is published in
newspapers and broadcasted on radio and television about recent events in the
country or world or in a particular area of activity” (Sinclair, 2001). In this
research news is the article which contains a report of events, recent issues and
recent information about computer, smartphone, software and hardware. Opinion
is an article which shows someone’s feeling and idea about something. Feature is
special article and regular article which always appear in InfoKomputer magazine.
Feature covers some rubrics such as the testing result of some gadgets, hardware
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or software. Advertisement is an article of picture or a notice which tells the
readers about product, job, place, or service. The last is fiction. It is a story of
unreal or imaginary characters and events which exists in the magazine. The
researcher only used four classifications of the articles. They were news, opinion,
feature and advertisement, while fiction was not used since there was no fictitious
story which existed in the magazine.
C. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002: 424) explains that in qualitative research
which dealt with human and situations, researcher needed a flexible instrument
that could read the documents, talk with people, or studied the human experiences.
The characteristic of qualitative research was that the researcher was the main
instrument of the research. In this research, the researcher was the primary
instrument of the research that collected and analyzed the data. It was also
supported by Meriam (2002: 5) who explains that
A second characteristic of all forms of qualitative research is that the researcher is the primary instrument for data collections and data analysis. Since understanding is the goal of this research, the human instrument, which is able to be immediately responsive and adaptive, would seem to be the ideal means of collecting and analyzing data.
The second instrument in this research was magazine. Since the data was
available in the articles of the magazines, the researcher used magazines as the
instrument to collect the data. The data of code-switching was gathered by the
22
researcher, as the primary instrument, identified all the contents of the articles and
determined what data which were suitable to use.
D. Data Analysis Technique
Since this research was a qualitative research, the nature of data was in the
form of word. In analyzing the data, the researcher followed the organized step
constructed by Creswell (1998) as cited by Leedy and Omrod (2005: 150).
Creswell explains a spiral data analysis which consists of four steps. They are
organizing the data, perusing the data, identifying the data, and integrating and
summarizing the data.
1. Organizing the Data
In this step the researcher categorized the code-switching cases based on
the edition of the magazine. The researcher also broke down each magazine into
four kinds of data category namely news, opinion, feature and advertisement.
2. Perusing the Data
The researcher might obtain an early overview of the collected data which
could suggest possible interpretations. The researcher also used this step to
recheck whether or not there were some language elements which had not been
listed.
3. Identifying the Data
In this step the researcher classified the code-switching cases into its types.
The researcher used observation checklist to categorize the code-switching cases
into its types. The observation checklist was aimed to give a reliable data and to
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prove the occurrence of code-switching cases in the magazine. As a result, the
researcher could obtain the background information and the code-switching
occurrence in the magazine. The types of code-switching were based on the types
proposed by Hoffman (1991). The researcher used five types of code-switching.
They were intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching,
inter-sentential code-switching, involving a word within a sentence code-switching and
emblematic code-switching. Table 3.1 presented the sample checklist which was
used to classify the code-switching cases based on Hoffman’s theory (1991).
Table 3.1 A Sample Checklist of Types of Code-switching
No. Page
no. Code-switching Cases
Types of Code-switching IW IaS IeS IWS E
IW : Intra-word code-switching
IaS : Intra-sentential code-switching
IeS : Inter-sentential code-switching
IWS : Involving a word within a sentence code-switching
E : Emblematic code-switching
In the next steps, the researcher described the findings and analysis in the
form of narrative passages. In this step, the researcher also used table of number
and the most frequent code-switching cases in order to make the findings clearer.
To analyze the total number of code-switching occurrences, the researcher used
the table which contained code-switching cases found in each of the four
24
occurrence of code-switching cases. Tables of the occurrence of code-switching
cases were presented for each type of code-switching.
Table 3.2 A Sample Table the Occurrence of Code-switching Cases Editions Categories of the Articles
Advertisement Feature News Opinion January
February Total Number
The researcher also classified the data into the most frequent
code-switching cases. This included the types which most frequently occurred. The
code-switching taken were those which in the 5 highest frequency. Table 3.3
presented the example of sample of the most frequent code-switching cases.
Table 3.3 A Sample Table the Most Frequent Code-switching Cases
Editions Example of Cases Occurrence
January
February
The researcher also conducted library study to find out the theoretical
reasons for code-switching. The researcher made narrative interpretation which
derived from “a comparison of the findings with information gleaned from the
literature or extant theories” (Creswell, 2003: 195). The researcher analyzed the
theories of reasons for code-switching and code-switching cases. At last, the
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researcher drew conclusion on theoretical reasons for code-switching cases in
InfoKomputer magazine.
4. Integrating and Summarizing the data
After identifying process had finished, the researcher tried to summarize
and write the findings of the research.
E. Research Procedure
This section describes the procedure of this research which has been done
by the researcher in order to complete the research.
1. Selecting the Target Magazine
In this step, the researcher chose the appropriate magazine which
contained sufficient data to be analyzed. The researcher chose InfoKomputer
magazine since it has sufficient data of code-switching phenomenon.
2. Designing the Observation Checklist
The observation checklist was important in this research. Thus, it was
needed to design the observation checklist before the data was collected.
Observation checklist was needed to accommodate the data of code-switching
cases from the target magazine. It was used to list all of code-switching cases
found in the magazine. Finally, the observation checklist was used to classify the
26
3. Listing the Code-switching Cases on the Observation Checklist
In this step, the researcher read the articles on the magazine and listed all
the code-switching cases found in the magazine. Since all the code-switching
cases found were italicized, the process of listing was easier.
4. Analyzing the Types of Code-switching
The listed cases of code-switching found were analyzed and categorized
based on the theory presented in Chapter Two. The code-switching cases were
categorized based on the designed checklist of types of code-switching.
5. Identifying the Theoretical Reasons for Code-switching
After analyzing the types of code-switching, the researcher identified the
theoretical reasons for code-switching found in the magazine based on the theories
presented in the literature review. In this step, researcher’s personal interpretations
were used to identify the theoretical reasons for code-switching in the magazine.
6. Making Conclusions Based on the Findings
In this step, the researcher drew a conclusion based on the findings which
had been obtained. The conclusion was based on the research problems. The
researcher’s interpretation played an important role toward the conclusion.
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27 CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the research result and discussion. This chapter is
divided into two sections. They are code-switching cases and theoretical reasons
for code-switching phenomenon occur in Indonesian computer magazine
InfoKomputer.
A. Code-switching Cases
In this section, the researcher classified and discussed the code-switching
cases found based on their types. There were five types of code-switching used in
this research. The types of code-switching were based on Hoffman’s theory
(1991). They were intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching,
inter-sentential switching, involving a word within a sentence
code-switching, and emblematic code-switching. This section elaborates findings of
code-switching cases based on each type.
1. Intra-word Code-switching
The first type of code-switching is intra-word code-switching. Intra-word
code-switching is code switching which occurs in the word level (Hoffman,
1991:110). Total cases found in two editions of InfoKomputer magazines were
163. There were two sub-types of word code-switching. The first was
intra-word which occurs in only a single intra-word. The examples of this sub-type were
-28
online-kan. The second sub-type included more than one word. The code-switching happened in a word boundary. However, in order to make the words as
meaningful terms, it consisted of more than one word. Most of those words were
in the form of noun phrases. The examples of this sub-type were feature power saver-nya, aspect ratio-nya, response time-nya, social engineer-nya, and market place-nya.
Table 4.1 The Occurrence of Intra-word Code-switching Cases Editions Categories of the Articles
Advertisement Feature News Opinion
January 2 53 26 13
February 0 40 23 6
Total Number 163
Table 4.1 above showed the number of intra-word code-switching
occurrences which were found in two editions of InfoKomputer magazine. It
presented the number of code-switching cases in each category. The highest
number of code-switching case was found in the feature article of the January
edition with total number of case were 53 cases. Meanwhile, the lowest number of
code-switching cases was found in the advertisement of the February edition with
zero case.
a. Advertisement
In advertisements, two cases were found. Intra-word code-switching cases
were only found in the January edition. Meanwhile, in the February edition there
was no code-switching occurred. Intra-word code-switching which happened were
keyboard-nya and di-manage.
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b. Feature
In feature articles there were a number of cases found. In the January
edition, the researcher found 53 cases. Meanwhile, in the February edition, the
researcher found 40 cases. The researcher took five samples of intra-word which
were in the five highest frequencies. Table 4.2 presented the sample of intra-word
code-switching cases of two editions of InfoKomputer magazine in feature articles
as the five highest frequencies.
In the January edition the most frequent intra-word code-switching cases
were di-restore and meng-install which appeared five times. The word di -backup appeared four times, the word ter-install appeared three times and ber -chipset appeared twice. Meanwhile, in the February edition the words Ber -bitrate, di-install, Meng-install, Pe-reset-an, and stand-nya all occurred twice.
Table 4.2 Sample of Intra-word Code-switching in Feature Articles
Editions Example of Cases Occurrence
January
In news articles, the researcher found several cases of intra-word
30
edition there were 23 cases. The researcher tried to rank the intra-word
code-switching cases found in news article as the five highest frequencies.
In the January edition the most frequent intra-word code-switching was
men-download which appeared three times. Meanwhile, other words only appeared once. The examples of cases in the January edition which only appeared
once were casing-nya, cloud-nya, desktop-nya, and di-download. In the February edition, the word which had the highest frequency was nge-jam which appeared twice. The other words only appeared once. The example of words
which only appeared once were di-posting, gadget-nya, men-scan, and di -recharge.
d. Opinion
In opinion articles, there were 19 cases of intra-word. In the January
edition, there were 13 cases and in the February edition were six cases. In the
January edition, the word with the highest frequency was men-download which appeared twice, while the other words only appeared once. The examples which
only appeared once were mem-porting, di-patching, smartphone-nya and di -training. In the February edition, all those six cases only appeared once. Those were supply chain-nya, data intensive industry-lah, di-share, meng-upload, data governance-nyaand deadline-nya.
1. Intra-sentential Code-switching
The second type of code-switching based on Hoffman’s theory (1991) is
intra-sentential code-switching. Intra-sentential code-switching is code-switching
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which occurs within a sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). In this research
code-switching cases which were considered as intra-sentential code-code-switching were
code-switching which consisted of more than one word. It could be phrases or
clauses. The researcher found that the most of intra-sentential code-switching
cases were in the form of noun phrase. There were two examples of phrase
intra-sentential code-switching cases.
1) Kedewasaan cloud computing juga menjadi harapan industri komunikasi. (InfoKomputer magazine January 2012, Pg. 79)
2) Fitur ini mampu mendiagnosa kendaraan sebelum akhirnya memutuskan bahwa kendaraan harus masuk service center. (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 30)
Cloud computing and service center were the examples of phrase sentential code-switching cases. The researcher also found some cases of
intra-sentential code-switching which were in the form of clause. This was the example
of clause intra-sentential code-switching cases. Luncurkan saja, karena
perfection is a journey. (InfoKomputer Magazine February 2012, Pg. 112)
Table 4.3 The Occurrence of Intra-sentential Code-switching Cases Editions Categories of the Articles
Advertisement Feature News Opinion
January 20 151 226 88
February 24 215 244 115
Total Number 1083
Table 4.3 showed the number of intra-sentential code-switching
occurrences which were found in two editions of InfoKomputer magazines. Total
32
magazine were 1083 cases. The highest number of intra-sentential code-switching
cases was found in news articles of the February edition with total number of
cases were 244 cases. The lowest number of cases was in advertisement article of
the January edition.
a. Advertisement
In advertisement articles, the researcher found several cases of
sentential code-switching. The February edition had bigger number of
intra-sentential code-switching cases than the January edition. The researcher found 20
cases in the January edition and 24 cases in the February edition. The researcher
took five samples of intra-sentential which were in the five highest frequencies.
Table 4.4 presented the five highest frequencies of intra-sentential code-switching
cases in advertisements in each edition.
Table 4.4 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Advertisements Articles
Editions Example of Cases Occurrence
January
enterprise hard disk drive 4
broadband internet 2
hard disk drive 2
backup image 1
mobile computing 1
February
end user 3
hard copy 2
broadband internet 1
consumable goods 1
prepaid voucher 1
In the January edition, the phrase enterprise hard disk drive appeared four times. The phrase broadband internet and hard disk drive appeared twice.
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The phrase backup image, mobile computing and other cases appeared only once. In the February edition the phrase end user had the biggest amount of appearance with the number of appearance three times. The phrase hard copy appeared twice. Meanwhile, the phrase broadband internet, consumable goods, prepaid voucher and other cases appeared once. From Table 4.4, the most frequent intra-sentential code-switching cases were in the form of noun phrases.
b. Feature
In feature article, the researcher found a number of intra-sentential
code-switching cases. The February edition had the bigger number of frequency of
intra-sentential code-switching rather than the January edition. In the January
edition, there were 151 cases, while in the February edition there were 215 cases.
Most of the cases found were in the form of noun phrases. The researcher put the
cases in a rank of five highest frequencies.
Table 4.5 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Feature Articles
Editions Example Cases Occurrence
January
file backup 7
remote control 7
control panel 4
hyper focal distance 4
cloud computing 3
February
access point 21
optical drive 8
wireless router 8
dual core 5
34
Table 4.5 presented the five highest frequencies of intra-sentential
code-switching cases in feature articles in each edition. In the January edition, the word
file backup and remote control had the highest number of frequency which appeared seven times, the word control panel and hyper focal distance appeared four times and cloud computing appeared three times. In the February edition, the word access point had the biggest number of appearance which appeared 21 times. This word became the highest frequency for both January and February
edition. The word optical drive and wireless router appeared eight times, and entry level appeared four times.
c. News
Intra-sentential code-switching was mostly found in news articles. It had
the biggest number of cases rather than the other categories. The researcher found
226 cases in the January edition and 244 cases in the February edition. There was
no significant difference in the findings between January and February editions.
Most of the intra-sentential cases found in news articles were noun phrases. After
counting the number of intra-sentential code-switching cases, the researcher
ranked the words into five highest frequencies. .
Table 4.6 presented the five highest frequencies of intra-sentential
code-switching in news articles in each edition. The word data center had the highest frequency in both January and February editions. It appeared 10 times in each
edition. In the January edition the word cloud computing appeared nine times, fun filter effect appeared six times, entry level appeared five times, and gift card appeared four times. In the February edition, the word disruptive technology
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appeared six times, crop factor and electronic viewfinder appeared five times, and depth of field appeared four times
Table 4.6 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in News Articles
Editions Example of Cases Occurrence
January
data center 10
cloud computing 9
fun filter effect 6
entry level 5
gift card 4
February
data center 10
disruptive technology 6
crop factor 5
electronic viewfinder 5
depth of field 4
d. Opinion
In opinion articles, the researcher found a number of intra-sentential
code-switching cases. The February edition had a bigger number of intra-sentential
code-switching cases rather than the January edition. The researcher found 88
cases in the January edition and 115 cases in the February edition. Most of the
cases found were noun phrases. The researcher ranked the words into the five
highest frequencies in each edition.
Table 4.7 presented the five highest frequencies of intra-sentential
code-switching in opinion articles in each edition. In the January edition, the word
social media had the highest frequency with 28 appearances. It also became the highest frequency from both January and February editions. The second positions
