i
Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as Seen in Lian Hearn’s
Across the Nightingale Floor
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English language Education
By Martinus Pranala Student Number: 081214014
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, January 6, 2014 The writer
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Martinus Pranala Nomor Mahasiswa : 081214014
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as Seen in Lian Hearn’s Across the Nightingale Floor
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 6 Januari 2014 Yang menyatakan
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“If a thing is worth doing, it’s worth doing well
.
”
(Socrates)
THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO: MY GRANDFATHER AND MY GRANDMOTHER MY PARENTS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and honor to Lord Jesus Christ for always being there for me. I thank Him for His blessing, guidance and endless love so that I could accomplish my thesis. I am nothing without Him.
The writing process of this thesis involved many contributions of generous people. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. for her patience to guide me. I thank her for her support and encouragement so that I can accomplish my thesis.
I would like to express my extraordinary gratefulness to my family who have been waiting so long for my graduation. I thank them for their endless support, prayer, patience, and fantastic love. I thank Adji Nabila Chintia Dewi, the special one in my life, for accompanying me as the one who gives me motivation and support so that I have a new hope every day.
I also would like to express my gratitude to all my 2008 friends, Adi, Gilang, Tia, Dimas, Yuan, Mary, Ayu, Wanda, Ambar, Vita, Sr. Clarina, and for those whom I cannot mention their names one by one. I thank them for the support and encouragement, for the bad time and good time that we have shared.
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3. Relationship between Psychology and Literature……….. 11
4. Human motivation………. 12
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CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study……… 30
B. Approach of the Study………... 31
C. Method of the Study………...31
CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS A. The Characteristics of Shigeru the Ottori 1. Physical traits………. 34
2. Social traits……….34
3. Psychological traits……… 35
a. Calm……….. 35
b. Responsible………... 35
c. Manipulative………. 36
d. Introvert……….37
e. Curious……….. 38
B. Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as His Son……… 40
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions……… 46
B. Suggestions……… 48
REFERENCES………...50
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ABSTRACT
Pranala, Martinus. 2013. Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as His Son
as Seen in Lian Hearn’s Across the Nightingale Floor. Yogyakarta: Departement of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyzed the novel Across the Nightingale Floor by Lian Hearn. Shigeru the Ottori is one of the main characters in the novel. He is thirty years old. He has no children and his family had been killed by the Tohan who are led by Iida Sadamu. Shigeru has vowed that he will have revenge for his brother is death and also wants to justify the misdeed which was aroused by Iida Sadamu. His vow makes him try to find a way to kill Iida Sadamu. In the middle of his journey, he meets Takeo and adopts him.
There are two problems discussed in this study. The first problem is how
Shigeru’s character is described in the novel. The second problem is what
motivates Shigeru in adopting Takeo as his son.
The method used in this study was library study. The primary source of this study was the novel, Across the Nightingale Floor by Lian Hearn. The secondary sources were books related to the theory of literature, theory of psychological approach, theory of characterization, theory of motivation, and theory of personality.
There are two results based on the analysis of this study. The first result is Shigeru who is described as calm, persistent, manipulative, introvert, and curious. The second result reveals the motivation of Shigeru in adopting Takeo as his son. Adopting Takeo is one of the actions that Shigeru must do in order to fulfill his determinant need. His determinant need is to revenge his brother’s death and to justify the misdeed which has been aroused by Iida Sadamu. To fulfill this need, firstly, he must free Takeo from Iida’s men, and then he adopts Takeo as his son. After he has Takeo’s sympathy, he can easily manipulate and order him to kill Iida Sadamu. It can be concluded that the motivation of Shigeru in adopting Takeo as his son is to assassinate Iida Sadamu.
Some suggestions are presented for future researchers who are interested in analyzing the novel, Across the Nightingale Floor. Future researchers can
analyze women’s contribution in the novel using the Feminism approach. In this thesis, there are also lesson plan and materials to teach Basic Reading 2. The source of this material is selected from some parts of the novel Across the Nightingale Floor.
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ABSTRAK
Pranala, Martinus. 2013. Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as His Son
as Seen in Lian Hearn’s Across the Nightingale Floor. Yogyakarta: ProgramStudi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisis novel Across the Nightingale Floor karya Lian Hearn. Shigeru Ottori adalah salah satu dari karakter utama di dalam novel. Dia berumur tiga puluh tahun. Dia tidak mempunyai anak dan keluarganya dibunuh oleh Tohan yang diketuai oleh Iida Sadamu. Shigeru telah bersumpah untuk membalaskan dendam adiknya dan menegakkan keadilan atas kekacauan yang telah dibuat oleh Iida Sadamu. Sumpahnya ini membuat Shigeru mencari cara untuk membunuh Iida Sadamu. Di tengah perjalanan, dia bertemu dengan Takeo dan mengangkatnya sebagai anak.
Terdapat dua permasalahan yang didiskusikan dalam skripsi ini. Yang pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Shigeru digambarkan dalam novel ini. Yang kedua adalah apa yang memotivasi Shigeru untuk mengangkat Takeo sebagai anaknya.
Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian perpustakaan. Sumber utama dari skripsi ini adalah novel Across the Nightingale Floor karya Lian Hearn. Sumber lainnya berasal dari buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan teori kesusastraan, teori pendekatan psikologi, teori karakterisasi, teori motivasi dan teori kepribadian.
Terdapat dua hasil berdasarkan analisis dari skripsi ini. Hasil yang pertama adalah Shigeru digambarkan sebagai orang yang tenang, keras hati, manipulatif, introvert, dan selalu ingin tahu. Hasil yang kedua mengungkap motivasi dari Shigeru mengangkat Takeo sebagai anaknya. Pengangkatan Takeo sebagai anak dari Shigeru merupakan salah satu bagian yang harus Shigeru lakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Kebutuhannya adalah untuk membalaskan dendam atas kematian adiknya dan untuk menegakkan keadilan atas kekacauan yang telah dibuat Iida Sadamu. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya, pertama-tama, dia harus menyelamatkan Takeo dari anak buah Iida Sadamu dan selanjutnya mengangkat Takeo sebagai anaknya. Setelah mendapatkan simpati Takeo, dia dapat dengan mudah memanipulasi Takeo dan menyuruhnya untuk membunuh Iida Sadamu. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa motivasi Shigeru dalam mengangkat Takeo sebagai anaknya adalah untuk membunuh Iida Sadamu.
Beberapa saran disajikan untuk peneliti selanjutnya yang berminat dalam menganalisis novel Across the Nightingale Floor. Peneliti selanjutnya dapat menganalisis kontribusi wanita dalam novel ini menggunakan pendekatan Feminism. Di dalam skripsi ini juga terdapat rencana pembelajaran dan materi untuk mengajar Basic Reading II. Sumber dari materi-materi pembelajaran dipilih dari beberapa bagian novel Across the Nightingale Floor.
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LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Subsidiation Concept of Shigeru’s Needs……… 42
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LIST OF APPENDICES
1. Summary of Across the Nightingale Floor……….. 52
2. Biography of Gillian Rubinstein (Lian Hearn)……… 55
3. Course Outline Basic Reading II………. 59
4. Lesson Plan for Teaching Basic Reading II………. 61
5. Materials of Basic Reading II……….. 63
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains four sections. First is the background of the study which covers the reasons of choosing the novel and topic. Second is the problem formulation which gives general explanation about the problem that will be analyzed in this study. Third is objectives of the study that state the purpose of the study that undertaken in the relation with the problem formulation. The last is definition of terms that elaborates the keywords used in this study to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation.
A. Background of the Study
Literature was used as a haven for human’s feeling; human’s imagination. Simon and Delyse (1990) have described one of many literature definitions: Literature is something that reflects society, makes us think about ourselves and our society. Literature also teaches something which is useful for humanity. From its story, people know what the real life is meant. It is because literature is made as a portrayal of a human’s life. Life also can be learnt through literature.
Every person has his or her own motivation. It is just like the final destination in
someone’s life.
Because of the excitement in knowing what drives a person to do something, the writer is interested in investigating human motivation. As Simon and Delyse has said before, literature is something that reflects society. It also means that literature reflects the human life. According to Wellek and Warren (237), most modern literary theory would be inclined to scrap the prose-poetry distinction. Then imaginative literature is divided into three types. First is fiction (novel, short story, and epic), second is drama (whether in prose or verse), and the last is poetry. Among three types of imaginative literature, the writer is interested in novel. Therefore, the writer decided to use novel as the source of the study.
The novel that the writer uses in this study is Lian Hearn’s Across the Nightingale Floors. It is one of the five series novels which are written by Lian Hearn. The first series is Across the Nightingale Floor (2002), second is Grass for His Pillow (2003), third is Brilliance of the Moon (2004), fourth is The Harsh Cry of the Heron (2006), and the last is Heaven’s Net is Wide(2007). Almost the whole series of the novels tells about the life of Tomasu (Takeo), except the last series of the novel. The last series, Heaven’s Net is Wide, tells more about
Shigeru’s life. In the last chapter of Heaven’s Net is Wide, Shigeru and Takeo meet for the first time and the story of the Ottori begins.
characters. It means that this novel is worth reading because of its complex characters and of course it will give us a new experience in reading a novel. Across The Nightingale Floor also won The Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, the prize for German Youth Literature, in 2004.
There is a meaning behind the title Across the Nightingale Floor. It is taken from the strategy which is used by Iida Sadamu to save himself from assassination. Iida Sadamu has ordered a floor which sounds like the Nightingale
bird when someone steps on it. The word “across” also has a meaning that anyone
who wants to kill Iida Sadamu should pass the Nightingale Floor in order to kill him. In this novel, Takeo is the man who wants to kill Iida Sadamu, so he must cross the Nightingale Floor successfully.
The story is started when Takeo (his real name is Tomasu, Takeo is the name given by Shigeru in the middle of the story) came back to his village after exploring the mountains. He found that his family was slaughtered by the Tohan who are led by Iida Sadamu. Unfortunately, he watched his step father being
killed by Iida’s men. Takeo stood up and by a chance, he unhorsed Iida Sadamu.
this ability, he could save Lord Shigeru from the assassination. Shigeru, who has
seen Takeo’s ability, has a plan to use Takeo as an assassin to kill Iida Sadamu. This study intends to examine the motivation of Shigeru in adopting Takeo, the main character in the novel, as his son. This novel is chosen to be analyzed because it becomes the reflection of human motivation in doing action in order to reach their needs. In this study, the writer is attracted to Shigeru’s motivation in adopting Takeo as his son after he has rescued him from Iida’s men.
B. Problem formulation
In doing the analysis, I formulate the problems into the following questions:
1. How is Shigeru described in Lian Hearn’s Across the Nightingale Floor?
2. How do Shigeru’s characteristics reveal his motivation in adopting Takeo as his son?
C. Objectives of the study
This study is aimed, first, to find out how Shigeru is described in the story. After the writer knows the characteristics of Shigeru, the writer uses these characteristics to reveal his motivation in adopting Takeo as his son. The first finding helps the writer in analyzing the second finding.
D. Benefits of the Study
Hearn’s Across the Nightingale Floor. English teachers can use this literary work to enrich students’ understanding through reading passages or even in form of cross cultural understanding, it is because there are some practical Japanese traditions in this novel which lead to the understanding of Japanese tradition.
E. Definition of Terms
The following part is to define the keywords that are used in this study. The purpose is to avoid common misunderstanding in transferring some important information in this study.
1. Motivation
Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. (Petri, 1981). According to Beck (1978), motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior. When two or more behaviors are equally possible, one is chosen and the organism persists in this behavior with more or less vigor until some anticipated goal is either achieved or some other goals become more dominant. The word contemporary is used to distinguish immediate and
fluctuating causes of behavior from more enduring “structural” factors such as
directly to the fact that motives are best measured by coding concerns in
associative thought or fantasy. It doesn’t imply the conscious goal-directed striving which is part of many definitions of motives.
2. Characters
According to Abrams (1981: 20) characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say (through dialogue), and by what they do (through action). Thus, in the novel, the persons who are presented in the story with moral and disposition qualities are the characters. To be more specific, the character who is analyzed in this thesis is Shigeru.
3. Needs
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
In this chapter, the writer presents some theories that are considered to be related with the study that herein presented. The theories are divided into three parts. Firstly, the theories of characters are presented to get a better understanding of the kinds of fictional characters. The second is the theories of characterization to get the knowledge of how the characters are described in the story. The last is the theories of human motivation which become the topic of this study that herein presented.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part presents the theoretical review which contains the theory of character-characterization and theory of human motivation. These theories aim to see how the character is described and reveal the motivation of the character. These theories are taken from library sources and websites on the internet.
1. Character
interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and disposition quality that are expressed in what they say (through dialogue), and by what they do (through action).
Milligan (1983) states that the characters are divided into two types. They are major and minor characters. Major character is the most important character in the literary work because he or she plays the important role. He or she plays from the beginning until the end of the story. He or she also becomes the centre of the story. Minor characters are characters that play a less important role in the story. They just appear in certain settings and support the major character to develop the story. Usually there at least one major character in the story and the rest is minor characters.
According to Forster, the characters are real in the story if the author knows everything about them. He can tell the facts or the hidden story. Forster also uses
the term “flat” and “round” in the novel. He says that a flat character is easy to understand because it shows little developments in the story and of course it is easy to remember. In contrast, a round character shows developments in the story that will surprise the readers (as cited in Mckonkey, 1957).
2. Characterization
motives and dispositions lay behind what they say and do. In telling, the author interferes authoritatively in order to describe and to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of his characters.
Character will be meaningless without characterization. Characterization, according to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971: 20), is the process of how the author makes a character to exist. Characterization can be described by using two ways, namely direct and dramatic principles. Direct principle is to draw physical appearances of the character, such as height, weight, color of slim or eyes, hair, and others. Dramatic principle is to put the character in certain situations so that the readers can understand his/her role in the story, through his way of behaving or speaking.
Murphy (1972) describes nine ways in an author‟s attempt to make his characters understandable, and come alive for his reader.
First is personal description. It means that the author tries to describe the
character through his physical appearances. The author can describe a person‟s
appearance and clothes such as his skin color, his hair or his face. (Murphy, 1972) Second is character as seen by another. In this way, the author tries to describe the character through the eyes and opinions of others. Their comments and opinions about the character can help the reader to understand the character. (Murphy, 1972)
person is speaking, he is giving the reader some clue to his character. (Murphy, 1972)
The fourth way is past life. The author can give the reader a clue about what has helped to shape a person‟s character by learning about a person‟s past life. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person‟s thought, through the conversation and through the medium of another person. (Murphy, 1972)
The fifth is conversation of others. It can give clues to a person‟s character by seeing the conversation and the things the others says about him. All conversations between other characters that show their opinion about one person can be used. (Murphy, 1972)
Sixth is reaction. The readers will know a person‟s character by seeing how
the character reacts to various situations or events. The spontaneous reaction of character often shows what type of person he/she is. (Murphy, 1972)
Seventh is direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a character directly. Since the direct comment is from the author, the comments are valid and reliable. (Murphy, 1972)
The last is mannerism. The author may describe a person‟s mannerism or habits that may also tell the reader something about his character. (Murphy, 1972)
These are nine ways of the author‟s attempt to describe the character. I will
use several ways to describe the characteristics of Shigeru in Lian Hearn‟s Across the Nightingale Floor. I choose several ways because some of the ways can be ignored.
3. The Relationship between Psychology and Literature
Psychology has a relationship to literature. In Psychology, personality focuses on the relatively enduring traits and characteristics of individuals. Literature and psychology are similar or have the same analysis and focus on human behavior. Behavior is action that can be observed directly while mental process is experience that cannot be observed directly, such as thought and feeling. A critic can look at the behaviors of characters and the interactions among it in the novel under the modern psychological knowledge and when their behaviors confirm with what he or she knows about the subtleties of human mind, he or she can use the theory as a mean of explicating and interpreting the work (Daiches, D. 1981: 337-338)
human condition to drama while psychology studies human characteristics systematically and scientifically.
Furthermore, a comment suggested by Benedetti is as follows:
The psychological traits in a play are the most essential category in term of the characterization. Psychological points of view refer to the search and analysis of the inner workings of the mind such as emotions, attitudes, motivations, and desires. Psychological traits always precede the action of the characters (1997: 130).
The quotation above shows the relationship between literature and psychology. In literature, psychology can be used to analyze the inner working of the characters such as emotions, attitudes, motivations, and desires. Thus, the psychological traits lead to the action of the characters.
Based on the theories explained by some experts above, the writer can conclude that psychology and literature have a relationship in analyzing the person. Both of them cannot be separated from each other because psychology analyzes people who are initiated from the real life. Therefore, to explain the psychological condition and also the behavior of Shigeru, the writer decided to use theory of psychology especially theory of motivation that is mainly supported by Freud, Maslow, and Murray. These theories are the most suitable ones for this analysis because they cover the reasons behind the character‟s behaviors.
4. Human Motivation
impetus) is the amount of force that an instinct possesses. The stronger the instinctive energy, the stronger is the force motivating the behavior. Second, the aim of all instincts is satisfaction. Satisfaction is obtained by removing or reducing stimulation. If the reduction of the stimulation in incomplete, the instinct will only be partially satisfied. Third is the object of the instinct, which may be
internal or external. The object may change in the course of individual‟s life.
Freud believed that humans find new ways of satisfaction as they learn new things. The last is source, the bodily processes that activated the instinct. James (1890) proposes a classification of human instincts that included the following: rivalry, curiosity, sympathy, hunting, fear, jealousy, shyness, sociability, play, pugnacity, secretiveness, cleanliness, acquisitiveness, modesty, constructiveness and parental love.
security needs were satisfied, they were free to establish tender relationship with fellow human beings which is called love. As they were assured of love, they were able to work on satisfying needs for achievement and self-esteem. Underlying this development, even a primitive people were pushed toward growth or self-actualization. This facts means humans are strongly motivated to test and improve their capacities.
Murray (1983) says that “motivation is the crux of the business and motivation always refers to some- thing within the organism”. A need involves a physicochemical force in the brain that organizes and directs intellectual and perceptual abilities. Needs may arise either from internal processes such as hunger or thirst, or from events in the environment. Needs arouse a level of tension; the organism tries to reduce this tension by acting to satisfy the needs. Thus, needs energize and direct behavior. They activate behavior in the appropriate direction to satisfy the needs.
According to Murray (1983), needs function mostly on the unconscious level, but play a major role in our personality. He identified needs as two types: Primary needs (viscerogenic) and Secondary needs (psychogenic). Primary needs are based upon biological demands, such as the need for oxygen, food, and water. Secondary needs lead to psychological or social motives (learned in social groups, particularly the family). They are called secondary not because they are less important but because they develop after the primary needs. Secondary needs are
concerned with emotional satisfaction and include most of the needs on Murray‟s
needs which can be fulfilled in a group setting. For example, achievement motivation is acquired by children through their parents, role models and socio-cultural influences. Some common social motives are: nurturing, independence, and achievement. He also adds that all people have these needs, but each individual tends to have a certain level of each need.
Murray (1983) proposes five criteria by which needs can be recognized. First is the consequence or the end result of the mode behavior involved. Second, the kind of pattern or behavior involved. Third is the selective perception of and response to a group of circumscribed stimulus objects. Fourth is the expression of a characteristic emotion or feeling. The last is the manifestation of satisfaction associated with the attainment of a certain effect or the manifestation of dissatisfaction associated with the failure to attain the certain effect.
Murray (1983) focuses much theoretical attention on the development of personality. Theories of personality based upon needs and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs. It is not enough to describe which needs are interacting with what press at the time. To be understood, persons must be reviewed as constantly developing entities against the background of both their past history and future goals. Some needs are
complementary and can be satisfied by one behavior or a set of behaviors. Murray
called this a fusion of needs. For instance, by working to acquire fame and wealth, we can satisfy the needs for achievement, dominance, and autonomy.
called this influence “press” because an environmental object or event presses the individual to act a certain way. Because of the possibility in interaction between need and press, Murray (1983) introduced the concept of thema (or unity thema). The thema combines personal factors (needs) with the environmental factors that pressure or compel our behavior (presses). The thema is formed through early childhood experiences and becomes a powerful force in determining personality. Largely unconscious, the thema relates needs and presses in a pattern that gives coherence, unity, order, and uniqueness to our behavior.
Murray (1983) says that the concept of subsidiation refers to a situation in which one need is activated to aid in satisfying another need. When one or more needs are activated in the service of another need, we may speak of the former as being subsidiary and the latter as being determinant. The determinant need regulates the action from the beginning, but may not itself become overt until the terminal phase of the total event. For example, to satisfy the affiliation need by being in the company of other people, it may be necessary to act deferentially toward them, thus invoking the deference need. In this case, the deference need is
subsidiary to the affiliation need.
Hall and Lindzey as cited in McCelland (1985:46-47) has arranged
Murray‟s twenty-one of human psychogenic needs into a list in an attempt to describe human motivations.
First is abasement. The actions that are included in this need are: to submit passively to external force, to accept injury, blame, criticism, or punishment; to surrender; to become resigned to fate, to admit inferiority, error, wrong doing, or defeat, to confess and alone, to blame, belittle, or mutilate the self, to seek and enjoy pain, punishment, illness, and misfortune. Abasement is the direct opposite of aggression. The n Abasement is perhaps always a sub-need, but because of its general importance it is given a separate status. Abasement fuses with: n Exh, n Def, n Cnt, and n Sex. Needs which may be subsidiary to the n Aba : n Auto, n Agg. Needs to which the n Aba may be subsidiary: n Harm, n Aff, n Blam, n Rec, n Inf, and n Agg. It conflicts with: n Cnt, n Dfd, n Ach, n Agg, n Dom, n Auto, n Inf, and n Rec. (Aba: Abasement, Auto: Autonomy, Agg: Agression, Harm: Harmavoidance, Aff: Affiliation, Blam: Blamavoidance, Rec: Recognizition, Inf: Infavoidance, Cnt: Counteraction, Dfd: Defendance, Ach: Achievement, Dom: Dominance, Exh: Exhibition, Nur: Nurturance, Sent: Sentience, Suc: Succorance, and Def: Deference). (Murray, 1983)
talent. The n Achievement may accompany any other need. It is the desire or tendency to do things as rapidly and/or as well as possible. Fusions and subsidiations of n Ach is: The n Ach fuses readily and naturally with every other need. Indeed, it is considered by some that the n Achievement often called the
„will-to-power‟ is the dominant psychogenie need. Perhaps in most cases it is subsidiary to an inhibited need for Recognition. It conflicts with: n Aba, n Inf, n Blam, n Play, n Aff, and n Exh. (Murray, 1983)
conflicts with: N, n Ach, n Rej, n Dom, n Agg, n Auto, n Inf, and n Cnt. (Murray, 1983)
Fourth is aggression. The actions that are included in this need are: To overcome opposition forcefully, to fight, to revenge an injury, to attack, injure, or kill another, to oppose forcefully or punish another. The Aggression drive is accompanied by anger and operates to supplement dominance when the latter is insufficient. It is aroused by opposition, annoyances, attacks and insults. Aggression may fuse with: n Dominance, n Sex, n Autonomy, n Exhibition and n Defendance. Needs to which n Aggression may be subsidiary include n Sex, n Recognizance, n Dominance, n Counteraction, n Autonomy. Aggression conflicts with: n Harmavoidance, n Blamavoidance, n Infavoidance, n Abasement, n Affiliation, n Deference, and n Nurturance. (Murray, 1983)
Ach ( to be independent in order to achieve a purpose ), n Cnt ( to refuse to obey out of pride), n Inf ( to refuse to comply in order to avoid a potentially humiliating situation ), and n Sex ( to enjoy free love ). It conflicts with: n Aff ( ties of all kinds ), n Blam, n Ach, n Def, n Sue, and n Nur. (Murray, 1983)
Sixth is counteraction. The actions that are included in this need are: to master or make up for a failure by restriving, to obliterate a humiliation by resumed action, to overcome weaknesses, to repress fear, to efface a dishonor by action, to search for obstacles and difficulties to overcome, to maintain self-respect, and pride on a high level. The n Counteraction is classified by the efforts that are made to regain a valuation of the self by positive action. It fuses with: n Ach (to seek adventure and opposition, to enjoy the most difficult tasks), n Agg (to revenge an insult by a superior object), n Auto (to do forbidden things just to prove they can be done), n Dfd (to 'take a dare' to defend himself against the accusation of cowardice), and n Sex (to engage in sexual intercourse so as not to be scorned as inexperienced). Needs which may be subsidiary to the n Cnt include to do this or that because if the S did not do it he would feel ashamed, n Auto (to refuse to comply for pride's sake ) , and n Agg (to fight so as not to be called a coward). It conflicts with: n Harm, n Inf, n Sue, n Aba, n Def, n Aff, n Blam. (Murray, 1983)
judgments. It fuses with: n Agg (to fight back, to justify the self by criticizing the accuser), n Sue (to rationalize misdeeds and beg for mercy), n Sec (to remain defensively apart), n Nur (to defend a friend), and n Rej (to ignore accusers). Needs to which the n Dfd may be subsidiary: n Inv (to maintain self-respect), n Harm (to ward off injury), and n Blam (to escape censure by justifying one's actions). It conflicts with: n Aba, n Def, and n Aff. (Murray, 1983)
Eighth is deference. The actions that are included in this need are: to admire and support a superior, to praise, honor, or eulogize, to yield eagerly to the influence of an allied other, to emulate an exemplar, and to conform to custom. Those who are willing to follow and co-operate with an admired superior object are swayed by the deference drive. Deference may fuse with: n Cog, n Aba, and n Sex. Needs to which n Def may be subsidiary include n Rec, n Blam, n Dom, n Inf, and n Aff. Deference conflicts with any need (supported by the n Auto). (Murray, 1983)
Ninth is dominance. The actions that are included in this need are: to
control one‟s human environment, to influence or direct the behavior of others by
conflicts with: n Abasement, n Infavoidance, n Autonomy, n Affiliation, n Play, and n Deference. (Murray, 1983)
Tenth is exhibition. The actions that are included in this need are: to make an impression, to be seen and heard, to excite, amaze, fascinate, entertain, shock, intrigue, amuse, or entice others. Exhibition fuse with : n Ach (to work at something in public), n Sen (to display beauty or perform on a musical instrument in public), n Aff (to interest others and be the life of the party), n Play (to amuse others by playing the fool) , n Dom ( to persuade others with dramatic force, to be a 'spell-binder'), n Sex (to display genitals), and n Sue (to make a pitiful, tragic spectacle of the self, to excite sympathy by exhibiting one's wounds). Needs which may be subsidiary to the n Exh include n Ach (to work on a performance which is to be done in public). Needs to which n Exh may be subsidiary are n Sex ( to seduce an object), n Aff (to win affection by fascinating or amusing objects), n Dom (to dominate by fascination and enticement), and n Acq (to earn a living by acting on the stage, by selling goods in public auctioneer). It conflicts with n Inf (fear of failure), and n Blam (fear of blame). (Murray, 1983)
Harmavoidance. It fuse with: n Dfd (to defend the self against assault), n Inf (to avoid both injury and humiliation), n Blam (to inhibit asocial tendencies in order to escape physical punishment), and n Sec (to seclude one's self and avoid harm). Needs which may be subsidiary to the n Harm: n Sue (S.O.S., to go to a doctor for assistance), n Acq (to acquire a protective weapon), n Cons (to build an ambush), n Aba (to surrender in order to avoid further injury), n Def (to follow a guide in order to avoid danger), n Aff (to take a friend along in case of danger), and n Agg (to have an enemy put to death). Needs to which the n Harm may be subsidiary include n Ach (to keep well in order to accomplish something), n Nur (to keep well in order to be able to nurse a child), and n Exh (to keep well for appearances' sake). It conflicts with n Ach, n Cnt, n Rej, n Dom, n Agg, n Def, n Aff, and n Nur. (Murray, 1983)
assistance), n Rej (infra Rejection : to avoid association with inferior objects, so as not to be identified with them), and n Def (to let others make decisions in order not to have to take the blame for failure). Needs to which the n Inf may be subsidiary include n Ach (failures and humiliations detract from subject's accomplishments). It conflicts with n Ach, n Dom, n Agg, n Acq, n Sex, n Aff, and n Exh. (Murray, 1983)
Fourteenth is order. The actions that are included in this need are: to put things in order, to achieve cleanliness, arrangement, organization, balance, neatness, tidiness, and precision. It fuse with n Ach, n Sen, n Blam, n Inf, n Aba, and n Exh. (Murray, 1983)
Fifteenth is play. The actions that are included in this need are: to act for
“fun” without further purpose, to like to laugh and jokes, to seek enjoyable
Sixteenth is rejection. The actions that are included in this need are: to separate oneself, to exclude, abandon, expel, or remain indifferent of an inferior object, to snub or jilt an object. It fusions with: n Sec (to withdraw so as to enjoy privacy), n Auto (keeping interference at arm's length), n Inf (excluding people who might ridicule), and n Agg (to punish an object by exclusion, exile, excommunication, boycotting; to slander an object as a moral pariah). Needs to which n Rej may be subsidiary include n Cnt (to reject an object that might reject the subject), n Ach (to exclude object that divert subject from the pursuit of his goal), and n Aff (to exclude uncongenial objects for the sake of harmony). It conflicts with n Aff, n Sue, n Exh, n Nur, n Blam, n Def, and n Aba. (Murray, 1983)
Seventeenth is sentience. The actions that are included in this need are: to seek and enjoy sensuous impressions. Sentience fuse with: n Sex (diffuse libidinous satisfactions), n Aff (to be with a beautiful person), n Exh (to give an artistic performance in public), and n Def (to yield to the enticing power of a beautiful object). Needs which may be subsidiary to n Sen: n Sue (to cry for the mother's body), and n Auto (to break away from puritanical conventions). Needs to which n Sen may be subsidiary involve n Sex (sensations to excite erotic feeling). It conflicts with: n Ach, n Blam, n Rej, and n Dom. (Murray, 1983)
and Dom and Agg Active role, as well as Def and Aba Passive role. Needs which may be subsidiary to the n Sex include n Aff (to win the affection of an object), n Exh (to fascinate an object), and n Ach (to demonstrate talent). Needs to which the n Sex may be subsidiary include n Acq (prostitution), n Aff (to maintain an enduring love), n Dom (to gain control over an object), n Cnt (to avoid being called innocent and inexperienced), and n Nur (to have a child). It conflicts with n Ach, n Blam, n Inf, and n Rej. (Murray, 1983)
Nineteenth is succorance. The actions that are included in this need are: to
have one‟s needs gratified by the sympathetic aid of an allied object, to be nursed,
the despotism of the invalid), n Blam (to ask for clemency), and n Nur (to plead in behalf of another object). It conflicts with n Cnt, n Ach, n Nur, n Rej, n Dom, and n Dfd. (Murray, 1983)
Twenty is understanding. The n understanding is the tendency to ask or to answer general questions; interest in theory; the inclination to analyze events and generalize; discussion and argument; emphasis on logic and reason; self-correction and criticism; the habit of stating opinion precisely; insistent attempts to make thought correspond to fact; disinterested speculation; and deep interest in abstract formulations: science, mathematics, philosophy. (Murray, 1983)
(to avoid offence, to be diplomatic, in order not to provoke opposition), n Auto (to obey the law in order to avoid interference or imprisonment). n Blam conflicts with n Auto, n Acq, n Agg, n Exh, n Dom and n Sex. (Murray, 1983)
B. Theoretical Framework
This study discusses Shigeru‟s motivation in adopting Takeo as his son by examining the approach, theories, and any related sources. The theory of character-characterization helped me in understanding the character in the story including all the information related in revealing the character. The representation
of the character is very important in building the reader‟s attention and making the
imaginary situation when reading the story. The main character in the story plays a role in processing the experience from the very beginning of the story until the end of the story.
The theory of human motivation will be used in analyzing the character‟s motivation. The result from the first problem formulation also helps me in
analyzing the character‟s motivation. After analyzing the character‟s needs, the needs will be used in subsidiation concept and then the series of actions will be
revealed. This series of action shows Shigeru‟s motivation in adopting Takeo as
30
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into three sections. First is object of the Study which reveals the object of the study and the aim of the study. The second part is the discussion on the approaches used in analyzing the work. The third part is the method of the study which shows the way of conducting the study and how the study is organized.
A. Object of the Study
The literature being analyzed is Lian Hearn’s Across the Nightingale Floor. It has 12 chapters and 326 pages. It was published in 2002 and became the best seller novel in that year. Across The Nightingale Floor also won The Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, the prize for German Youth Literature, in 2004. The novel explores many things in Japan feudal era, such as politic, love, and revenge. Full of war, this novel provides a feeling of adventurous journey and some of the stories are related with the war itself. There are also some unique character abilities which are included by the writer as seen in Takeo’s superhuman hearing ability.
B. Approach of the Study
This study focuses on the motivation of Shigeru in adopting Takeo as his son. The approach that is used in this study is a psychological approach. Psychological approach is the most suitable approach for this study because psychological approach analyzes human’s motivation, personality, behavior, emotion, and thought that is related to the field of psychology. Therefore, I can get more understanding on Shigeru’s character and his motivation in adopting Takeo as his son through the psychological approach.
C. Method of The Study
The method that I used in this study is library study. I used two kinds of sources, which were primary source and secondary sources. Primary source was the novel itself, Across the Nightingale Floor by Lian Hearn written in 2002. The secondary sources were the books and online sources which supported my study in analyzing the problem. There were several books and online sources related to the theories of literature, theory of psychological approach, theory of motivation, theory of character and characterization, and reviews on Lian Hearn’s Across the
Nightingale Floor.
33
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, the writer analyzes the characteristics of Shigeru that are described in the story. In the second part, the writer analyzes Shigeru’s motivation in adopting Takeo as his son. The first finding helps the writer in the second finding.
A. The Characteristics of Shigeru the Ottori
One of the important elements of the novel is character. The characters are described in the story through their physical and physiological appearances. Not all of the characters play an important role in the story. The characters that play the important role in the story called as the major characters and the other characters that are involved in the story are called minor characters. At least there is one character that becomes the major character in the story and the rest are minor characters.
According to the theory of Milligan, Shigeru is the major character in Lian Hearn’s Across the Nightingale Floor, because he plays from the beginning until the end of the story. Together with Takeo, the other main character, he became an important character that relates the other characters into the story and to the other characters.
characteristic of Shigeru into three groups as Oscar Brocket has outlined in Benedetti (1997: 129). They are physical traits, psychological traits, and social traits. Physical traits are related to the physical appearance of the character, such as handsome, beautiful, thin, fat, tall, short, and straight hair, etc. Psychological traits concern with the emotion, intellectuality, feeling, and motivation of the character. Social traits are related to the character’s role in society, e.g. the
relationship with groups or institution that are recognized by society.
1. Physical traits
The writer of the novel had described the physical traits of Shigeru in the novel. Physically, Shigeru is a thirty year old white man, well above medium height and has a broad shoulder. His hands were light-skinned, almost white, well formed, and with long, restless fingers that seemed made to shape themselves around the sword’s handle (p. 7).
2. Social traits
The following is a little information about his life: Shigeru is the legal heir of the Otori clan after his father had surrendered in the battle of Yaegahara. Although Shigeru is the legal heir of the Otori, he cannot be the leader of the clan. The reason is because his father had surrendered in the battle instead of being killed. The leader of the clan is taken by Shigeru’s uncle then.
wife and a baby but unfortunately both of them died when Shigeru’s wife was having childbirth. Sometimes, all of those griefs make Shigeru sad. Takeo, the main character, has said this fact in one occasion. For example, “Lord Otori was as grief-stricken as I was” (p.6).
3. Psychological traits
a) Calm
Shigeru is a calm person, often expressionless. It was described by the other characters in various conditions. For instance, Takeo has said “When I did sneak a glance at him, his face (Shigeru) in repose was calm--- not exactly stern, but expressionless”. Moreover, Takeo also said “He said it without emotion, as if
simply stating a fact”. The words: calm, expressionless, and without emotion, clearly state that Shigeru is a calm person. In some conversation which talks about Shigeru, those words usually came up. It is clear that Lian Hearn, the writer of the novel, wants to show that Shigeru is a calm person and does not easily put emotion into what he is doing.
b) Responsible
take Takeo with them and later adopt him. There is not much the household can do but obey on what Shigeru has said. The next quotations supported that Shigeru is a responsible man,
“I have given my word to protect this boy, and nothing will make me change my mind. Besides, I have grown fond on him.” (p.15). “They told me Iida was after that boy. That was enough to make me want to protect him.” (p. 32). “I have obligations to this boy and he to me, that must be fulfilled.” (p. 49). “I’ve given my word to these arrangements and set my seal on them. I have plunged into the river now and must go where the current takes me.” (p. 66)
c) Manipulative
According to Anne Barnhill, the term "manipulation" suggests that the victim is treated as though he were some sort of object or machine. It is as though the manipulator controls his victim by adjusting his psychological levers. There are three main “levers” that a manipulator can "operate". They are belief, desire, and emotion. This is the characteristic that Shigeru has, to manipulate every fact, emotion, and belief; makes it become the advantages for him. He can convince Takeo that Iida must be responsible to the chaos in the country. Shigeru also makes Takeo feel he is the servant of Shigeru, and every words which Shigeru said to him is an order. Takeo had said “I was useful for my master” (p.82). That shows Takeo has dedicated his life for serving Shigeru. Shigeru in this case can order anything to Takeo, even to avenge Shigeru’s grief. In some occasions,
Shigeru also manipulates the facts about Takeo; it is when he first meets Ando and Iida. He said “He is a distant cousin of my late mother’s; it was her desire that he be adopted into our family, and after her death I carried out her wishes.” (p. 71
mother had not have a wish to adopt Takeo and she did not even know who Takeo was.
d) Introvert
The introvert’s main focus is within his/her head, in the internal world of
ideas and concepts (Myers & Myers, 1980). Myers reminds in their book that introverts typically hide their inner worlds and rarely let others into them, which may lead people to make erroneous decisions about them and their needs. Introverts get their energy from themselves and are drained by people.
According to Jill D. Burruss and Lisa Kaenzig (1999),some characteristics of introverts are territorial: desire private space and time, happy to be alone, they can be lonely in a crowd, become drained around large groups of people; dislike attending parties, need time alone to recharge, prefer to work on own rather than do group work, act cautiously in meeting people, are reserved, quiet and deliberate, do not enjoy being the center of attention, do not share private thoughts with just anyone, form a few deep attachments, think carefully before speaking (practice in his head before he speak), see reflection as very important, concentrate well and deeply, become absorbed in thoughts and ideas, limit their interests but explore deeply, communicate best one-on-one, get agitated and irritated without enough time alone or undisturbed, and select activities carefully and thoughtfully.
In some conversations and dialogue, Shigeru’s ways of act and speaking
feeling was. The only way to know his feeling is by his expression. Takeo in his first meeting with Shigeru has said, “He was silent man himself, wrapped up his own thought”. Shigeru was a silent man, he keeps his own thought and never lets anyone know what he is thinking and what is his feeling.
Shigeru is a strict and careful person. He is often strict, very discipline. This characteristic also makes him very carefully on what he is doing. Some conversations in the story show how strict and careful he is. For example, “There is a common name among the hidden, better get rid of it” (p. 5). “You can’t do that”, “Eat” (p. 6), “We must move on quickly” (p. 7). Takeo also has a feel that Shigeru is very careful on what he is doing. For instance, “He (Shigeru) seemed not to want me out of his sight” (p. 6), “Lord Otori had warned me against giving
myself away” (p. 9).
There are a lot of Shigeru’s characteristics that meet up with the characteristics of an introvert person. The characteristics are: often hiding his feeling from others, strict, very careful and think carefully before speaking, and deliberate and do not enjoy being the center of attention. Therefore, it can be concluded that Shigeru is an introvert person.
e) Curious
once said that Shigeru had tried out new methods and experimenting with different crops. The following quotation shows this,
“He also told me about countryside, pointed out the farming methods used, the dikes built for irrigation, the nets fishermen wove, the way they extracted salt from the sea. He was interested in everything and knew about everything” (p.12). “… (Shigeru) trying out new methods, experimenting with different crops” (p.23).
Another conversation also support that Shigeru has a willing to learn many things, Shigeru said it when he talked to Takeo and Kenji. After the battle in Yaegahara, he started to learn many things. He learned about the networks of the tribe, and how they controlled warlords and the clans. The quotation is:
“Since Yaegahara, I have had time to learn many things. I was just boy then, a typical warrior’s son, with no ideas beyond the sword and my family’s honor… I discovered something about the networks of the tribe, how they controlled warlords and the clans.” (p.68)
Everyone that sees Shigeru’s face has same feeling about him. He is generous, openhearted, impulsive, and warmhearted. His calmness also takes a part in people thought about him. For instance, the words following illustrate this trait, “Everyone took him at face value: impulsive, warmhearted, generous”. (p.34)
In summary, Shigeru is an introvert man. He is calm, warmhearted, generous and responsible. Shigeru also has something in him which makes him different. Shigeru can manipulate the facts and person to act like what he wants. He manipulates the facts about Takeo’s identity and takes a chance when he knew
time, he knew what the tribe is and the system of the tribe. All of those characteristics can be seen from conversations and others’ opinion about him. His expressions often show what type of person he is.
B. Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as His Son
Action and needs are two things that are interrelated. According to Murray needs is potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances. Action exists because of the needs, so it can be said that needs trigger the action. Because of this, I had revealed Shigeru’s needs by using the table of Murray needs in order to reveal Shigeru’s motivation in adopting Takeo as his son through his action. The needs are:
First is achievement. The acts that include in these needs are: to master, manipulate, or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas. Shigeru’s action in the novel is Shigeru adopts Takeo and later teaches him everything (manipulate him) in order to kill Iida Sadamu. He himself cannot kill Iida Sadamu since he was weaker than Iida.
Second is order. The acts that are included in these needs are: to put things in order, to achieve cleanliness, arrangement, organization, balance, neatness, tidiness, and precision. Shigeru’s action in the novel is Shigeru plans everything in a perfect order. It is shown when he managed to escape from Iida’s men or when
Third is aggression. The acts that are included in these needs are: to overcome opposition forcefully, to fight, to revenge an injury, to attack, injure, or kill another, to oppose forcefully or punish another. Shigeru’s action in the novel: after Shigeru’s brother is killed by Iida’s men; he swears that he would revenge for his brother’s death. Because Shigeru is weaker than Iida, he searches an assassin that can kill Iida. In the middle of his journey, he meets Takeo and right at the moment, he realizes who Takeo is. Later, he takes Takeo home and adopts him as his son.
Fourth is dominance. The acts that include in these needs are: to control one’s human environment, to influence or direct the behavior of others by suggestion, seduction, persuasion, or command, to dissuade, restrain, or prohibit. The action that shows this need is: Takeo is being saved and adopted by Shigeru. It means Takeo owes his life to Shigeru. Because of this reason, Shigeru can control Takeo’s life, such as how he talks, acts or even how he lives his life.
Fifth is defendance. The acts that include in these needs are: to conceal or justify a misdeed, failure, or humiliation. After the land of Ottori was governed by Iida, there was no prosperity in the land. Shigeru’s action in the novel: Shigeru feels that he must do something in order to bring peace in the land of Ottori. He cannot do this alone; he must find someone that can kill Iida. After he meets Takeo, he adopts him and prepares him to kill Iida.
wait the right time to kill Iida. He plans an assassination for Iida and adopting Takeo as his son is the first step in his plan.
Murray (1938) has said that the concept of subsidiation refers to a situation in which one need is activated to aid in satisfying another need. When one or more needs are activated in the service of another need, it can be said that the former as being subsidiary and the latter as being determinant. The determinant need regulates the action from the beginning, but may not itself become overt until the terminal phase of the total event. According to this theory, I have analyzed Shigeru’s needs and found which need is the determinant need and which needs is
subsidiary. The result is: n Dominance S (n Achievement F n Order) S (n Defendance F n Aggression) C n Harmavoidance.
Figure 1.1 Subsidiation concept of Shigeru’s needs
n= need, F= fusion, C= conflicts, S= subsidiary to. = Activate
= Subsidiary Fusion of needs
*begin from the bottom to the top Dominance
Determinant
Fusion of needs
Harmavoidance Conflicts
Achievement Order
*begin from the bottom to the top
In order to make the results more understandable, I have developed the subsidiation of Shigeru’s needs into figure (Figure 1.1), where there are sixth needs which are related to each other. The determinant needs are aggression and defendance which are fused with each other. According to Murray, being fused means that those two needs can be satisfied by one behavior or a set of behaviors. Then, those two needs activate two needs, which are: achievement and order. Aggression and defendance also has a conflict with harmavoidance. It means Shigeru is avoiding an injury or a clash with someone. Then, achievement activates dominance.
Figure 1.2 Shigeru’s needs are changed into actions
After changing the needs into the action that represent it (Figure 1.2), the series of actions is formed. The writer has read the last series of the novels, Heaven’s Net is Wide, and it is easy to analyze the series of actions after reading it.
Conflicts
Satisfied by killing Iida Sadamu
Avoiding injury
= Activate = Subsidiary Controlling someone (find the right assassin)
Manipulate Order
In the last series, Shigeru already has a plan to assassinate Iida Sadamu and he goes to Mino in purpose to find the right assassin. In the middle of his journey, Shigeru meets Takeo, whom he wants to be the assassin for the assassination of Iida Sadamu. Shigeru realizes that Takeo has a special ability and he decided to adopt Takeo as a step in his plan. After adopting Takeo, he manipulates and orders him. This is done because Shigeru avoids the clash with Iida Sadamu. After he can manipulate Takeo and order him, he can easily order Takeo to get revenge and justify the misdeed by assassinating Iida Sadamu. Takeo, however, also has his own intention to kill Iida Sadamu because his family was slaughtered by him. It can be seen that Shigeru’s action of adopting Takeo as his son will lead to the
motivation of Shigeru, which is to kill Iida Sadamu.
Shigeru’s real motivation also can be seen when he ordered Takeo to kill Iida Sadamu, it is clear that Shigeru has planned this assassination from the first time he knew Takeo has possessed a unique ability. He cannot tell his true motivation in adopting Takeo to everyone, thus he tells that he adopts Takeo because he had helped Takeo from danger and he must protect him whatever it takes. He also tells that he needs a legal heir; therefore he adopted Takeo as his son.
The conversation that shows Shigeru’s real intention in adopting Takeo as his son is:
“Yes, I knew who you were as soon as I saw you on the path. I had come to Mino with the express purpose of finding you.”
“Because my father was an assassin?”
“That was the main reason, but not the only one.”
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
This chapter contains the Conclusions and Suggestions. The Conclusions show the answers of formulation based on the analysis. The suggestion gives two suggestions. The first suggestion is for future researchers who might use this study as comparative study. The second suggestion is the implementation of the teaching learning process so that the result of this study may be implemented in a real class teaching-learning situation.
A. Conclusions
From the analysis in chapter Four, I can conclude two things. First is about the characteristics of Shigeru and the second is about Shigeru’s motivation in adopting Takeo as his son.
manipulates the facts about Takeo’s identity and takes a chance when he knows Takeo has a unique ability. Shigeru is also very curious about things that he does not know. When he was teenager, it was the first time for him to hear about the tribe and from then he gathered any information that related to the tribe. After a long time, he knows what the tribe is and the system of the tribe.
The second conclusion that can be made based on the analysis on chapter four
is about Shigeru’s motivation in adopting Takeo as his son. I have revealed
Shigeru’s need and the next phase that I have done to know Shigeru’s motivation
is analyzing the needs. There are six needs which are related each other. The determinant needs are aggression and defendance. Using subsidiation theory by Murphy, those needs activate two needs, which are: achievement and order. Aggression and defendance also has a conflict with harmavoidance. Then, achievement activates dominance.
Sadamu. It can be seen that Shigeru’s action of adopting Takeo as his son will lead to the motivation of Shigeru to kill Iida Sadamu.
As a conclusion, it is clear that Shigeru’s motivation in adopting Takeo as his son is to prepare him in assassinating Iida Sadamu. He did not want the others to know what he was planning, so he told to the others that he wanted to adopt Takeo
because he had helped Takeo from Iida’s men and it was his responsibility to keep
Takeo safe. Another reason he told to the others was that he needs someone as the descendants of his clan. Since he had no child, he must find someone and he adopted Takeo as his legal heir.
B. Suggestions
The following are the suggestions which are offered by the writer for future researchers and English teacher:
1. Suggestions for Future Researchers
The story “Across the Nightingale Floor” provides many cases when women
become the main focus in the story. In the story, women have a big contribution in the storyline; for example, when Kaede killed the soldier and Iida Sadamu, the enemy of Takeo and Shigeru, at the end of the story. Future researchers can use the Feminism approach to break the challenge of gender in the novel.
2. Suggestions for English Teachers
Teaching reading through literature is important for students. It does not only
vocabularies, linguistics, arts, and cultures. As Brumfit states a work of literature is the work of art. A work of literature needs author’s ability to integrate imagination and the truth of life. It is created to represent idea, imagination, thought, and feeling to reveal the truth of life. Through literature, students learn the value of life in the text. Therefore, an English teacher has to give students more literature books to be read and analyzed.
In teaching Intensive Reading II, there are three major activities. The first activity is called pre-reading activity. In this activity, teacher discusses with the
students about Japan’s culture, tradition and also what the students know about
Japan feudal era or if they did not know about Japan feudal era, they can tell what they know about Japan. It is important for the teacher to attract or stimulate the students’ interest in this activity. The second activity is known as while-reading activity or whilst-reading activity. In this activity, the students read and comprehend the passage. The last activity is post-reading activity. The teacher gives some questions based on the passage in order to know students’ understanding about the passage.
