THE TRANSLATION ACCURACY OF AN ECONOMIC TEXT BY STUDENT TRANSLATORS AND PAID TRANSLATORS RELATED TO THE TRANSLATOR’S COMPETENCE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

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THE TRANSLATION ACCURACY OF AN ECONOMIC TEXT

BY STUDENT TRANSLATORS AND PAID TRANSLATORS

RELATED TO THE TRANSLATOR’S COMPETENCE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

SCHOLASTICA ARDYANNITA SUWARDHANIS Student Number: 044214140

Student Registration Number:

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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THE TRANSLATION ACCURACY OF AN ECONOMIC TEXT

BY STUDENT TRANSLATORS AND PAID TRANSLATORS

RELATED TO THE TRANSLATOR’S COMPETENCE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE TRANSLATION ACCURACY OF AN ECONOMIC TEXT

BY STUDENT TRANSLATORS AND PAID TRANSLATORS

RELATED TO THE TRANSLATOR’S COMPETENCE

By

Student registration Number:

Approved by

J. Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum. September 16, 2011 Advisor

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE TRANSLATION ACCURACY OF AN ECONOMIC TEXT

BY STUDENT TRANSLATORS AND PAID TRANSLATORS

RELATED TO THE TRANSLATOR’S COMPETENCE

By

Defended before the Board of Examiners On 29 September 2011

And Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name Signature

Chairman : Dr. Fr. Br. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. _______________ Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarko, M.Hum. _______________ Member : Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. _______________ Member : J. Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum. _______________ Member : Dr. Fr. Br. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. _______________

Yogyakarta, 30 September 2011 Faculty of Letters

Sanata Dharma University Dean

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Ya, selamat berjuang…!

Selalu ojo wedi, Jesus ada di dirimu.

(My beloved mother and father, September 29, 2011)

Triumph,

Try with the big

UMPH...!!!

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This imperfect work

is dedicated for

The incredibles: mama, ayah and my little

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and the foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to Heavenly and Gracious Father for giving me grace, blessings and guidance in finishing this thesis. Secondly, my deepest gratitude goes to the incredible family, my beloved mama, ayah and my little brother who always give plentiful love and support. Mama and ayah, what can I say and I do to repay all of what you’ve done for me. I am lucky to be your daughter. My little brother, who gives me inspirations, thanks for your lot of helps.

Thirdly, I would like to express my gratitude firstly for my advisor Pak Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum. who patiently assisted me through long way in finishing this thesis. He enabled me to write this thesis by giving suggestion and lending me the significant material for unlimited time in return. Secondly goes for Pak Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd,. M.A. as my co-advisor. I thank him for the suggestions which really help me to improve my thesis. And thirdly goes for Bu Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum as my examiner. I also thank to all of the lecturers and secretariat staff, Mbak Ninik in the English Letters Department.

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Fifthly, special thanks go to my friends who always support me in every condition. For “the last one standing of class 2004,” Dita, Dyah, Atik, Wawan, Adit, Angga Ang-ong, Iin, Mbak Dewi, Minto, Tuti, Ade, Pak Topik, this is our time, friend. For Mbak Ayu, cik Hilda, cik Vina, cik Lucy, cik Ailly and didi Reena, although the distances do us apart, I know that you always support me. I miss our moment together. And now, I proudly write your name in my thesis. For GKS gank and former members of natalku hijau, Mbak Nena, Mbak Ajeng and sodara Fajar, thanks for plentiful support, laugh and craziness. That really helped to refresh my stuck moment. Mas Wind, Sari and all friends whom cannot be mentioned one by one, thanks a lot for supporting me non-stop.

And last but not least, for my bestest friend in whole world who colors my life, I am so lucky to have you. Thanks for many things, sweet.

Scholastica A S.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGE ... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iii

MOTTO PAGE ... iv

DEDICATION PAGE ... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES, DIAGRAMS AND CHARTS ... xi

ABSTRACT ... xiv

ABSTRAK ... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ... 4

D. Definition of Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ... 6

A. Review of Related Studies ... 6

B. Review of Related Theories ... 9

1. Definition of Translation ... 9

2. Translation Method for Scientific Text ... 10

3. Translation Assessment ... 12

a. General Translation Assessment ... 12

b. Particular Translation Assessment ... 15

4. Translation Competence ... 15

C. Theoretical Framework ... 18

D. Research Framework ... 20

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 21

A. Object of the Study ... 21

B. Method of Study ... 22

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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 28

A. The Accuracy Analysis on the Translation of Economic Text Done by Student Translator and Paid Translator ... 29

B. The Student and Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Economic Text Based on the Syllabus of Translation Course in English Letter Sanata Dharma University ... 57

1. The Syllabus of Translation Course in English Letter Sanata Dharma University ... 58

2. The Student Translator’s Competence ... 59

3. The Paid Translator Competence ... 70

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 80

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 83

APPENDICES ... 85

APPENDIX 1: THE SOURCE TEXT ... 85

APPENDIX 2: DATA AND SCORE ... 86

APPENDIX 3: ASSESMENT SCORE ... 103

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LIST OF TABLES, DIAGRAMS AND CHARTS

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Translation Assessment Table ... 14 Table 2. Comparison of Translation Accuracy Score between Student Translator

and Paid Translator in Translating ST 1. ... 30 Table 3. Comparison of Translation Accuracy Score between Student Translator

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Table 18. Comparison of Translation Accuracy Score between Student Translator

and Paid Translator in Translating ST 18. ... 50

Table 19. Comparison of Translation Accuracy Score between Student Translator and Paid Translator in Translating ST 19. ... 51

Table 22. Student Translator’s Competence in Translating Noun Cluster in ST 10 .. 61

Table 23. Student Translator’s Competence in Translating Noun Cluster in ST 13 .. 61

Table 24. Student Translator’s Competence in Translating Relative Clause in ST 12 ... 62

Table 25. Student Translator’s Competence in Translating Noun Phrase in ST 12 .. 62

Table 26. Student Translator’s Competence in Translating Noun Phrase in ST 19 .. 63

Table 27. Student Translator’s Competence in Translating Reference in ST 16 ... 64

Table 33. Student Translator’s Competence in Translating Conjunction Mark in ST 5, 12 and 13 ... 66

Table 34. Student Translator’s Competence in Translating Conjunction Mark in ST 11 ... 67

Table 35. Student Translator’s Competence in Translating Ellipsis Structure in ST 5 ... 67

Table 36. Student Translator’s Competence in Translating Economic Terms ... 68

Table 37. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Noun Cluster in ST 10 ... 71

Table 38. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Noun Cluster in ST 13 ... 72

Table 39. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Relative Clause in ST 12 ... 72

Table 40. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Noun Phrase in ST 12 ... 73

Table 41. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Noun Phrase in ST 19 ... 73

Table 42. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Reference in ST 16 ... 74

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Table 47. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Reference in ST 16 ... 75 Table 48. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Conjunction Mark in ST 5,

12 and 13 ... 76 Table 49. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Conjunction Mark in ST

11 ... 76 Table 50. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Ellipsis Structure in ST 5 .. 76 Table 51. Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Economic Terms ... 77 Table 52. The example of incorrect use of translation machine ... 79 Table 53. The example of incorrect use of translation machine ... 79

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

Diagram 1. PACTE’s Translator Competence Model 2003 ... 18 Diagram 2. Research Framework Diagram ... 20

LIST OF CHARTS

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ABSTRACT

SCHOLASTICA A S. The Translation Accuracy of an Economic Text by Student Translators and Paid Translators Related to the Translator’s Competence. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.

Concerning to the important role of translation in conveying meaning, a translation should be accurate. Accuracy is considered important because it deals with meaning delivery from source language to target language. This study is to compare translation accuracy of an economic text which is translated by student translators and paid translators. It is related to translator’s competence since student translators and paid translators have different background. Student translators are considered to have theoretical knowledge about translation. On the other hand, paid translators are considered not to have the knowledge about translation, but they offer services in translating text.

There are two problems analyzed in this study. The first problem is how accurate the translation of an economic text is translated by student translators and paid translators. It is used to know whether student translators or paid translators who are more accurate. The second problem is how the student and paid translator’s competence is in translating text based on the syllabus of translation course in English Letter Sanata Dharma University.

The methodologies applied in this study are the combination of field and library research. The field research is applied to get the translation of economic text. There are two kinds of field research, the first is to get the translation of economic text from student translators and the second is from paid translator. The library research is applied theories and information which are used in the analysis.

The result of the analysis points out that the translation done by student translators is more accurate than the translation done by paid translators. The accuracy score of the translation of student translators is 60.1, while the accuracy score of the translation of paid translators is 53.9. Both scores are categorized into fair translation category. It means that the translations are inaccurate.

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ABSTRAK

SCHOLASTICA A S. The Translation Accuracy of an Economic Text by Student Translators and Paid Translators Related to the Translator’s Competence. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.

Sehubungan dengan pentingnya peran terjemahan dalam menyampaikan pesan, terjemahan seharusnya akurat. Keakuratan dianggap penting karena berhubungan dengan penyampaian pesan dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran. Pada skripsi ini dibandingkan keakuratan teks ekonomi terjemahan mahasiswa dengan keakuratan teks ekonomi terjemahan penerjemah berbayar. Keakuratan dihubungkan dengan kompetensi penerjemah karena penerjemah mahasiswa dan penerjemah berbayar mempunyai latar belakang yang berbeda. Mahasiswa dianggap mempunyai latar belakang teori menerjemahkan. Sebaliknya, penerjemah berbayar tidak mempunyai pengetahuan tentang penerjemahan, tetapi mereka menawarkan jasa penerjemahan teks.

Ada dua permasalahan yang dianalisis pada skripsi ini. Permasalah pertama adalah bagaimana mahasiswa dan penerjemah berbayar menerjemahkan ekonomi teks. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui siapakah yang lebih akurat dalam menerjemahkan teks ekonomi. Permasalah kedua adalah bagaimana kompetensi penerjemah berdasarkan silabus mata kuliah terjemah Jurusan Sastra Inggris Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Metodologi yang digunakan pada skripsi ini adalah gabungan antara metode studi lapangan dan metode studi pustaka. Metode yang pertama digunakan untuk mendapatkan terjemahan teks ekonomi. ada dua macam studi lapangan yang digunakan, yang pertama untuk mendapatkan terjemahn dari mahasiswa dan yang kedua untuk mendapatkan terjemahan dari penerjemah berbayar. Metode studi pustaka digunakan untuk mendapatkan teori dan informasi yang digunakan dalam analisis.

Hasil dari analisis menunjukan bahwa terjemahan mahasiswa lebih akurat dari pada terjemahan penerjemah berbayar. Nilai keakuratan dari terjemahan mahasiswa adalah 60,1, sedangkan nilai keakuratan dari terjemahan penerjemah berbayar adalah 53,9. Keduanya dikategorikan dalam kategori terjemahan cukup yang berarti terjemahan tersebut tidak akurat.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The finding of an inscription in two languages in 3000 BC that showed the first translation activity and the translation done by the Romans in order to imitate Greek’s culture are the proofs that translation has been done for a long time (Newmark 1981: 3). Nowadays, translations are widely done as the consequences of the development. Many translated books, novels or magazines from foreign countries are easily found in library or bookshops are the proof of translation development. Instead of imitating one’s culture, translation now tends to fulfill the needs of communication, considering that translation involves language and language is the medium for communication. What is meant by communication is not only oral communication that is spoken, but also written text which has messages that need to be delivered. As there are many different languages, translation takes an important role in delivering messages for communication.

Translation focuses on meaning transfer. Regarding that in a language there is no absolute synonymy of a word, it is also not easy to get the most equivalent word in two different languages in order to transfer meaning precisely.

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meaning, is closer to the intended meaning, it is considered a good translation. According to Larson, a good translation must have clarity, naturalness and accuracy (1984: 485). Clarity means that a translation should be clear for the target language (TL) reader, therefore by reading the TL text, the reader understand what is actually the source language (SL) wants to say. Naturalness means that a translation should not sound strange for the TL text reader. It should sound natural, as if it were not a translation. Accuracy is the most important since a translation maybe clear and sound natural, but what is the use if it is not accurate at all. Due to the importance of accuracy, this study focuses on it.

Accuracy is considered important in a translation because, first, accurate relates to message delivery of a text from SL text into TL text. As stated in previous paragraph that accuracy means the state of being correct in finding equivalent of word, the message delivery is done by replacing a word in SL with a TL word which contain the same meaning. Thus the message in SL is still preserved in TL. In other words, accuracy relates to faithfulness toward the SL. The second reason is that being accurate, misunderstanding can be avoided. Since there is no absolute synonymy, finding equivalent word is not an easy job. As a consequence, it is easy for a translator to make mistake which result in different meaning in the TL text. Therefore, attention needs to be paid to accuracy.

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translating with money in return and the student translator is the student of Department of English of Sanata Dharma University who has taken translation subject. The paid translator and the student translator are chosen to translate the text in this study because, first, there are many paid translator offer their services in translating. However, the quality of the translator are still questioned because the background is not known, whether they can really master translation or merely understand English or even rely only on transtool program in translating text. The second, the student is chosen because they represent translator who are considered masters of English and have theoretical knowledge about translation.

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In brief, this study is conducted to measure the accuracy of the translation done by the student translator and the paid translator. The result of this study can be used to measure the competency of both translators in translating a text.

B. Problem Formulation

Thus, to focus the discussion, the problems are formulated as follows:

1. How is the accuracy of the economic text translation done by the paid translator and the student translator?

2. How is the Student and Paid Translator’s Competence in Translating Economic Text Based on the Syllabus of Translation Course in English Letter Sanata Dharma University?

C. Objectives of the Study

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D. Definition of Terms

Paid translator is a translator who gives services in translating but does not have special education and trainning about translation. Paid according to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English is to give someone money for something you have bought or for something they have done for you (2001: 1322). It contrasts with professional translation in the term of special education and trainning. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, professional means someone who works in a job that requires special education and trainning (2001: 1431).

Student translator is the student of English Department of Sanata Dharma University who is in semester 4 and has taken translation course.

Accuracy according to Nababan is related to how far a source text can be conveyed correctly into the target text, while according to Newmark, there are two kinds of accuracy. The first is pragmatic accuracy which means the content of ST can be communicated well in the TT. The second is referential accuracy which means the TT does not deviate from the ST. (Setiajid, 2007: 6).

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

The first review is taken from Phenomena written by Adventina Putranti. Her study Equivalence, Naturalness and Acceptability in Translation: a Brief Discussion on English-Indonesia Translation (2007: 106-113) discusses equivalence, naturalness and acceptability. According to her, in translating a text, a translator should consider equivalence, naturalness and acceptability. Equivalence is related to accuracy because equivalence is seen through the accuracy of the message. The study is divided into three parts, the problem of equivalence, the problem of naturalness and the problem of acceptability. In her discussion about equivalence, Putranti mentions where the non-equivalence may occur. First, non-equivalence occurs because of difference in culture which causing different mindset between SL and TL reader. The second non-equivalence may occur at the word level or above the word level. Non-non-equivalence at the word level means there is no equivalence word for TL of SL word, while non-equivalence above level means the difference between SL and TL in grammatical, structural or lexical patterning. The third, non-equivalence may occur as the result of loss and gain meaning SL when is translated into TL. It occurs because there is no sameness between SL and TL.

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problem of naturalness, she suggests modulation as the strategy, which is changing the perspective or point of view. In the last part of her discussion is about acceptability. She states “a good translation should be intended for particular type of readers to make it functional” (2007: 111). It means that to be well functioned, a translation should be fit to the purpose of the text and the reader of the text. Acceptability problem usually related to cultural bound.

In the conclusion of the study, Putranti states that translation deals with transferring message from SL into TL and it is done by considering equivalence, naturalness and acceptability. To achieve good translation therefore translation strategies are needed, such as modulation is used in overcoming naturalness problem and glossary for untranslated item in overcoming acceptability problem (2007: 113).

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The third review, Nababan in his study Translation Process and Strategies: Two Case Studies as taken from Phenomena (2007: 202-214) discusses the outcome of translation when it is translated by two different translators. He states that in a translation, “there is interplay between the process, the strategies and the product” (2007: 202). A high quality translation is assumed as the result of a successful translation process and a successful translation process is achieved by applying effective strategies. Since the research is a case study, Nababan takes two translators as the participants who have similar background. Both have an undergraduate degree in English and experience as translator. In his discussion, first, he observes and interviews both participants about how to solve the problem in translation, such as dictionary consultation and what strategies they use; the second, he assesses the translation of both participants. In the conclusion, he states “similarity of background does not guarantee similarity of outcomes” (2007: 213).

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B. Review of Related Theories

The followings are the theories used in analysis. 1. Definition of Translation

Translation is variously defined by many theorists to understand what translation is. Nida and Taber (1974) as quoted from Suryawinata’s Translation Bahasan dan Teori Penuntun Prakstis Menerjemahkan (2003: 12) defines translation as “reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in the terms of meaning and secondly in the terms of style.” It means that the first concern when translating a text is in the equivalent of the meaning, therefore the equivalent word, style, or form can be found to convey the same meaning as the source language’s meaning.

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From the two definitions, it can be derived that translation is about transferring meaning from SL into TL. It is confirmed by Simatupang (1999: 2) who states that translation is

“mengalihkan makna yang terdapat dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran dan mewujudkannya kembali di dalam bahasa sasaran dengan bentuk-bentuk yang sewajar mungkin menurut aturan-aturan yang berlaku dalam bahasa sasaran.”

He points out that after the meaning is transferred from SL into TL, it is expressed according to TL’s rule, for instance grammar, to get natural translation. By emphasizing on the meaning transfer, the accuracy is highly achieved.

2. Translation Method for Scientific Text

In general, accuracy is understood as the faithfulness of meaning conveyed in the TT toward the intended meaning. It can be said that the meaning in the TT should be as close as possible toward the intended meaning. In a translation, accuracy is seen through equivalence. It means that accuracy cannot be achieved when the translation does not use correct equivalent. Therefore, to achieve accuracy, proper method is needed to find correct equivalent. Since in this thesis is used a scientific text (non-literary text), the method which is needed is to achieve accuracy in non-(non-literary text.

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Plain communication of facts. The text of this type is intended to transfer news, facts and knowledge. Thus, the translation should transfer the whole original information and “without unnecessary redundancy.” She clarifies that content is primary transferred. In parentheses she states that “this relates to the controversy about target text additions and omissions.” (b) Creative composition, an artistic shaping of the content. This text type is intended to transfer artistic content. (c) The inducing of behavioral responses. The text of this type is intended to give the same effect on the TL reader. The example of this type is advertisement (Hatim, 2004: 184).

Since scientific text is intended to transfer knowledge, it belongs to the first type. It means a scientific text should be translated as close as possible, so that additions or omissions can be avoided. Thus, the content can be conveyed accurately. Semantic translation can be the method to translate a scientific text.

According to Newmark, semantic translation “attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original” (1981: 39). In other words, it is a translation which in conveying meaning is as close as possible to the TL up to semantic and syntactic structure level of the TL.

For instance is in translating “Cash flows related to tangible fixed assets will remain inconsequential, due to the small property, plant and equipment base in this

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berwujud akan tetap tidak penting karena kecilnya dasar properti, pabrik dan dasar

peralatan pada industri ini.The bold is the form of relative clause in Indonesian and the underlined is the form of noun phrase.

3. Translation Assessment

Machali in Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah stated two kinds of translation assessment (2000 : 119 – 122). They are Translation General Assessment and Translation Particular Assessment.

a. General Translation Assessment

There are six aspects in Translation General Assessment to be assessed.

1. Linguistic Aspect. It is to asses how accurate the translation conveying the message in the TL. This aspect is seen from the procedure applied in the translation, such as transposition, modulation, lexicon and idiom.

2. Semantic Aspect. This aspect is to assess whether there are distortions in meaning or not. It includes referential meaning which become the minimum requirements of a translation is accepted or not and the style in delivering the text which assesses whether the style in TL change or not.

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5. Diction. The word choice in a translation must be appropriate with the kind of the text, whether it is formal or informal. Therefore, the correct diction will help in understanding the message of the text.

6. Spelling. Misspelling in a word can create misunderstanding. Machali gives an example, I give my love a kiss becomes I give my love a kick. This misspelling relates to the distortion of referential meaning. However, it is not necessarily an issue of translation, since after a text is translated, it should be checked again. Therefore, it tends to be the matter of editing.

The assessment is done in three phases. The first phase is functional assessment. It is the general impression of the translation whether the main purpose is appropriate to the original text or not. The second phase is assessment in detail. This assessment is based on the aspects which need to be assessed. And the third phase, the detail assessment is categorized into a scale which is converted into score.

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Table 1. Translation Assessment Table

(From Rochayah Machali’s Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah –writer’s translation)

No CATEGORY SCORE INDICATOR

1 Nearly Perfect Translation

86 – 90 (A)

Natural in delivering; nearly sound as if it were not translation; no misspelling; no grammatical mistake; correct diction.

2 Very Good Translation

76 – 85 (B)

No meaning distortion; no literal translation; correct diction, but there are one or two grammatical mistakes and misspelling.

3 Good Translation

61 – 75 (C)

No meaning distortion; there are literal translation, but no more than 15% of the whole text therefore it does not sound as if it were a translation; grammatical mistake and idiom no more than 15% of the whole text; there are one or two non-formal diction; there are one or two misspelling.

4 Fair

Translation

46 – 60 (D)

Sound as a translation; there are several literal translations but no more than 25%; there are several grammatical mistakes and idiom but no more than 25% of the whole text; there are one or two non formal and less clear diction.

5 Bad

Translation

20 – 45 (E)

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b. Particular Translation Assessment

In assessing a particular text, there are three aspects to be assessed.

1. Form. It means the form in SL should be kept in TL. Therefore, this aspect assesses whether the form of the TL changes or not.

2. Internal structure. When a text is a particular text which uses many technical terms, thus the technical terms should be kept.

3. Function. Since the text is categorized particular, the function is particular. Therefore, the function should be preserved in TL.

The assessment is done in three phases. The first phase is functional assessment. It is the general impression of the translation whether the main purpose is appropriate to the original text or not. The second phase is assessment in detail. This assessment is based on the aspects which need to be assesed. And the third phase, the detail assessment is categorized into a schale which is converted into the score.

4. Translation Competence

Considering that translation is used to fulfill the needs of communication, translator takes an important role to transfer the message from SL into TL accurately. In order to do it, a translator should be competent. It means, to produce a good translation, a translator should have a competence.

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able to translate” (Beeby, 2003: 92). It is needed to know how reliable a translator in translating text accurately. To be a competent translator is not easy because to produce a good translation there are some requirements are needed. PACTE formulates the requirements which should be fulfilled by a translator in order to be a competent translator.

According PACTE, the competence is understood by the distinction between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. The first, declarative knowledge is the knowing what. “It is easily verbalized; it is acquired by being exposed to information and its use is normally controlled” (Beeby, 2003: 80). In other words, a translator should know the translations theory. The second, procedural knowledge is in the other hand. It is the knowing how, which means “it can be acquired through practice” (Beeby, 2003: 80). Hence, the theory which is acquired can be applied into strategy to solve problem in translating text.

Translation competence consists of interrelated components and the components are the sub-competence of both declarative and procedural knowledge. The competencies are

1. Bilingual sub-competence is a procedural knowledge. It consists of socio- linguistic, pragmatic, textual grammatical and lexical knowledge.

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3. Knowledge about Translation sub-competence is a declarative knowledge about how translation functions and knowledge related to translation practice.

4. Instrumental sub-competence is a procedural knowledge. It is about how to use the tools in translating a text.

5. Strategic sub-competence is a procedural knowledge. It is used to control the process of translation. Its functions are

a) To plan the process and carry out the translation project

b) To evaluate the process and partial results obtained in relation to the final purpose.

c) To identify translation problems and apply procedures to solve them.

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The following is a translation competence as modeled by PACTE Group.

Diagram 1. PACTE’s Translator Competence Model 2003

C. Theoretical Framework

The theories which are presented previously are used as the guidance in answering the problems in this study. The theories applied are definition of translation, translation method for scientific text, translation assessment and translation competence.

The first theory, definition of translation is needed as the basic understanding about translation, since before testing whether a translation is good or not, writer should understands what translation is. The second theory, translation method for scientific text is needed to help in answering the first problem formulation. By knowing the method to translate scientific text, higher accuracy can be achieved.

Psycho-physiological Sub-competence Bilingual

Sub-competence

Extra Linguistic Sub-competence

Strategic Sub-competence

Instrumental Sub-competence

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D. Research Framework

Diagram 2. Research Framework Diagram

The diagram shows that background of the translator influence the translator in translating a text to achieve an accurate target text. Beside, background of translator also influences translator’s competence, which is revealed when translating the ST into the TT. The competence of translator also decides whether the TT is accurately translated or not.

Background Paid Translator

Student Translator

Translator

TT ST

Accuracy

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study analyzed in this study is the accuracy of the translation done by the student translator and the paid translator. The accuracy is revealed from the target text (TT) which is done by the student translator and the paid translator. There are eleven different translations as the target text (TT), eight of which are translated by the student translator which is represented by English Department students of Sanata Dharma and the other three are translated by the paid translator. It means the accuracy of each translation is different from one another. Later, in the analysis the accuracy of translation done by the paid translator is compared to the accuracy of translation done by the student translator.

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B. Method of Study

The methods used in this study are field and library research. The field research is applied to get the translation of the economic article and the library research is applied to find out theories and informations which are needed to analyze the translation of the economic article.

The field research is done first by translating the economic article. It is done by the formally educated translator who is represented by the students of Department of English of Sanata Dharma University, and the informally educated translator is represented by paid translator. Therefore, there are eleven different translations, which the accuracy revealed from those translations is used as the object of this study.

Then, it is followed by library research. In the library research, all information about the focus of the study, and theories are gathered through books and internet. It is done to gain more understanding toward topic under discussion.

C. Research Procedure 1. Data Source

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The ST which is translated is a sub-chapter article entitled cash forecast taken from economic book entitled Financial Analysis Statement, An integrated Approach, written by Peter M Bergevin, published by Prentice Hall in 2002. The ST is about cash forecast in PC industry. It is 21 sentences long which contains 21 economic terms. Besides, in the text is also found out nouncluster, noun phrase and relative clause which are potential problem in translating.

2. Data Collection

The data in this study are collected through respondents. Eleven respondents are asked to translate an economic article. The respondents consist of eight student translators and three paid translators. The student translator is the student of English Department of Sanata Dharma University in fourth semester, while the paid translator is the translator who offers the service in translating with money in return.

The student translator is chosen based on translation I course mark. There are four students whose mark is outstanding and four students whose mark is weak. The outstanding mark students are Veronica Aditya, Yosua Elia, Diksita Galuh and Mauritius Kartono. The weak mark students are Paulus Gentur, Wahyu Riyatno, Yosefina Nitsae and Benedicta Novena.

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does not have translation background, she is experienced translating non literary text, such as economic and chemist text. The third paid translator graduated from computer academy. He also admits that he has experience in translating non literary text.

Since there are two kinds of respondents, there are two types of data collecting. The first was data collecting from paid translator. The first thing to do was survey to find translator without translation translation background. After the translators were found, order in translating was done by giving the ST. The translation was finished in three days. Then, the translation was paid.

The second data collecting was from student translator. The students were invited to come to campus and asked to translate an economic text. However, on the day of data collecting Veronica did not come. Then, Elizabeth was chosen to replace her in data collecting. It was done in a classroom. The classroom chosen was air-conditioned so that the students were comfortable. It began at nine o’clock, preceded by a brief explanation about the data collecting. During the time the respondents translated the text, the class was silent because all the respondents focused on their work. The data collecting was expected to finish in two hours but it took four hours. That was because the situation created was relaxed; therefore the respondents did not need to do the work in a hurry.

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3. Data Analysis

The analysis is done by answering the problem formulation. Since there are two problems as formulated in chapter one, there are two kinds of analysis. The first analysis is done to know how accurate the TT is. The second analysis is done to know the competency of the translator, whether the competency as proposed in the syllabus of translation course in English Letters Sanata Dharma University is reflected through the translation (TT) by the student translator and paid translator or not.

In the first analysis, before assessing the accuracy, the translation which is in text form is converted into table. Since there are 11 translators, one ST has 11 TT. Therefore, there are 220 data. The data are presented in table. It consists of ST, TT and the score. The following is the example of data table.

ST 1: CASH FORECAST

Translator Translation Score

Student A1 (SA1) PERKIRAAN DANA 73.3

Student A2 (SA2) PERKIRAAN MODAL 60

Student A3 (SA3) PERKIRAAN DANA 73.3

Student A4 (SA4) PREDIKSI KEUANGAN 65

Student B1 (SB1) PREDIKSI PEMBAYARAN TUNAI 46.6

Student B2 (SB2) PREDIKSI KEUANGAN 65

Student B3 (SB3) RAMALAN DANA 46.6

Student B4 (SB4) PREDIKSI DANA 56.6

Paid Translator 1 (P1) PERAMALAN KAS 55

Paid Translator 2 (P2) ARUS KAS 28.3

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After the data tables are ready, then, each data is analyzed based on accuracy rating instrument proposed by Machali. There are five categories in the instrument. Each category includes the indicator and the score. The indicator is as written in chapter two. The category is nearly perfect translation (86-90), very good translation (76-85), good translation (61-75), fair translation (46-60) and bad translation (20-45). After the score of each data is achieved, then the average is calculated. In each ST, then the average score of the student translator and the paid translator are compared. In the last part of the accuracy analysis, the average scores of the whole data is calculated and converted into percentage. The percentage score of the student translator and the paid translator are compared to know which translation is more accurate.

To meet the face validity, the assessment is done by using triangulation technique. Analyst triangulation (Triangulasi Peneliti) is chosen as the method. This method is done by having several analysts to analyze a part ot whole data or conclusion. The findings of the analysis are expected to reach opinion or suggestion in order to strengthen the result of the research (Sutopo, 2002: 81)

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noun cluster of each translator is assessed, whether it is accurately translated or not. If the translation is accurate it means the translation can overcome the problem in translating noun cluster. This assessment is presented through table. When the translator translates noun cluster accurately, it is given (v) mark in the table. On the other hand, when the translator translate it inaccurately, it is given (x) mark in the table. The following is the example of the table in analyzing translator’s competence.

A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 income-producing

assets (ST 10)

x x v v x x x x

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the problems which are formulated in chapter one are answered. Since there are two formulated problems, this chapter is divided into two sections. The first section is accuracy analysis and the second section is translator’s competence analysis.

The first section concerns on the quality of translation in the term of accuracy. It is used to know how accurate the student translator and paid translator translate the economic text considering the background of the translator. In the ST, actually there are 21 sentences but the third sentence is reduced due to the writer’s error. Hence, there are 20 sentences (ST) which are translated. Later on, the data (TT) are assessed based on accuracy rating instrument proposed by Machali. After assessing the data, the accuracy score of translation done by the student translator is compared to the accuracy score of translation done by the paid translator, to know whose translation is more accurate.

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A. The Accuracy Analysis on the Translation of Economic Text Done by Student Translator and Paid Translator

The analysis is done in each data. Since the data consists of two kinds of translation i.e. the translation done by the student and paid translator, there are two parts of analysis. The first part is analysis on the translation done by the student translator and the second part is on the translation done by the paid translator. The first part consists of 8 analyses. Since there are 8 respondents, there are 8 versions of translation to analyze. It is also done for the second part. It consists of 3 analyses, since there are 3 translation versions from 3 respondents. Thus there are 220 data to be assessed.

The data is assessed by the writer based on accuracy rating proposed by Machali. There are five categories of translation which are converted to five ranges of score. Each category is indicated by some indicator which is stated in chapter two. The categories are nearly perfect translation (86-90), very good translation (76-85), good translation (61-75), fair translation (46-60) and bad translation (20-45).

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In the last part of analysis in each data, the average score from all students are calculated. It is also done for the paid translator. Then, the average score of both translators are compared to know whose translation is more accurate. Later on, to make an easier understanding about the assessment, the average scores of the whole data are converted into percentage. The following is presented the result of the analysis.

ST 1: Cash Forecast

Average Score of Student

Translator Average Score of Paid Translator

60.6 34.4 Table 2. Comparison of Translation Accuracy Score between Student Translator

and Paid Translator in Translating ST 1.

The table points out that the student translator’s score is higher than the paid translator’s score in translating ST 1, which is a title. Since a title should summarize briefly the text or at least give idea what the text is about, a translator needs to know what the text is about before translating the title in order to maintain the accuracy.

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according to them is more fit to the text. Nevertheless, the strategy does not succeed, since intended meaning conveyed by the SL and the TL is different.

ST 2: Cash flows performance in the PC industry varied among companies during the period analyzed.

ST 2 is a simple sentence which contains an economic term cash flows performance. Since it is a simple sentence, it should be easy to translate by the student translator. Nevertheless, as the table points out, the accuracy score of the student translator is lower that the paid translator’s. It means that in translating ST 2, the paid translator is more accurate than student translator.

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perputaran modal. The whole translation becomes inaccurate because it does not convey about cash flows performance but conveys about kinerja perputaran modal.

On the other hand, the translation done by the paid translator is better because the economic term is accurately translated. Thus, the intended meaning is conveyed better.

ST 4: But that ability to increase operating cash flows all but disappeared by the end of 1998.

Different from the previous table which show that paid translator’s score is higher than student translator’s score, the accuracy scores as seen in the table show that student translator gets higher score than paid translator. It means student translator is more accurate than paid translator in translating ST4. It happens because ST 4 contains reduction clause. The actual clause is “…the ability which increases

operating cash flows…” but it is reduced into “…that ability to increase operating cash flows…”

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which is mostly simply translated into di akhir. The translations are inaccurate because the sense of those terms is different from the ST sense.

In translating ST 4, paid translator is expected to translate operating cash flows accurately. Nevertheless, it is inaccurately translated. Beside inaccurate in translating all but disappeared and by the end, paid translator also translates “…that ability to increase operating cash flows” inaccurately. Paid translator 1 translates it into “tetapi bahwa keampuan untuk meningkatkan…” The translation forms a clause not a sentence. It is inaccurate because it sounds incomplete since that is translated into bahwa.

Paid translator 2 translates that ability into kemampuan itu. Thus, the translation implies that “there is operational arus kas which almost bankrupt”, whilst the ST conveys that the ability which almost disappeared is ability which increases operating cash flows. As a result the translation is inaccurate.

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ST 5: Evidence suggest Apple’s operating cash flows were more inflated than the competitions’, due to its greater inventory reduction.

The scores in the table show that the translations either done by the student or paid translator is in fair translation category. It means both translations are inaccurately translated, although translation done by student translator gets higher score than paid translator.

Because student translator does not have sufficient economic background, the economic term operating cash flows is inaccurately translated. “…were more inflated…” is mostly also inaccurately translated into membumbung or lebih tinggi. Besides, student translator who understands English better than paid translator is expected to translate ellipsis structure “Apple’s operating cash flows were more inflated than the competitions’” accurately. Apparently, they translate it inaccurately. Due to the inaccuracies, the intended meaning is not well conveyed.

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translate the beginning part of ST 5 inaccurately. “Evidence suggest Apple’s operating cash flows were more inflated than the competitions’” is translate into “bukti dari operasional arus kas Apple lebih meningklat dari pada kompetisi.” The TT points out that it is the evidence of Apples’s operasional arus kas which increase. Besides, the diction used in the translation of paid translator 3 is bad.

ST 6: This result is troublesome because the company lagged its rival’s cash flow measures, even with those inventory decreases.

The accuracy score of student translator and paid translator show that the translations are inaccurate since they are categorized into fair translation category. Even though the translations are inaccurate, student translator’s score is a bit higher than paid translator’s score.

Student translator translates cash flow measure inaccurately. Besides, lagged

is also inaccurately translated. There are only three students who translate it accurately into tertinggal, while the other five students translate it inaccurately into

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On the other hand, paid translator translates cash flow measure and lagged

accurately. However, the whole translation becomes inaccurate because “…even with those inventory decreases” is inaccurately translated. Paid translator 1 translates it into “…sama dengan itu persediaan berkurang.” The translation implies that meanwhile the company lagged its rivals’ cash flow measures, the inventory is decreasing. Different from paid translator 1, paid translator 2 translates it into “sama dengan berkurangnya inventori.” It implies that the company lagged from its rival’s cash flow measure is equal to inventory decreasing.

ST 7: Apple Computer’s ability to increase market share and profit margin per machine will determine the success of future operating cash flows.

The scores in the table show that the translation either done by student or paid translator belongs to fair translation category, which means the translation is considered inaccurate. Nevertheless, the scores point out that paid translator is a bit accurate than student translator in translating ST 7.

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fixed term of economic term. On the contrary, since student translator does not have economic background, they are not familiar with economic term. Thus, the economic terms are inaccurately translated.

However, in translating the whole sentence, student translator is better than paid translator. It is because student translator understands English better than paid translator. Therefore student can translate ST 7 structurally correct in the TL. On the other hand, only one of three paid translator who translates ST 7 structurally correct. The other two translator are inaccurately translated it. Since they do not understand English sentence structure, it affects the translation in TL sentence structure. Eventually, what is conveyed in the TL is different from the intended meaning.

Since paid translator is only better in translating economic term but worse in translating the whole sentence, makes the score of paid translator is only a bit higher than student translator’s score.

ST 8: The company’s performance from 1993 to 1998, however, provides little evidence of its ability to generate strong operating cash flows.

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and operating cash flows are inaccurately translated. Thus the intended meaning is not well conveyed in the TT.

Paid translator gets higher score because the translation is accurate. However, as expected to translate the economic term accurately, paid translator translate it inaccurately. Even though the economic term is inaccurate, the intended meaning is conveyed clearly. Actually, both paid translator 1 and 2 get high score, but paid translator 3’s score is low because the translation is worse. It causes the average score of paid translator is down.

ST 9: The industry should continue to use operating cash flows to purchase securities and technology.

Based on the scores in the table, paid translator gets higher score than student translator. The score of paid translator shows that the translation belongs to good translation category, while the score of student translator shows that the translation belongs to fair translation category. It means that paid translator translates ST 9 more accurately than student translator.

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translating economic term, student translator is worse than paid translator. There are two economic terms in ST 9 which are inaccurately translated by student translator,

operating cash flows and security. It is caused by inadequate economic background of student translator. It is seen clearly in translating security. Most student translator translate it into keamanan, while in economic it means stock or share.

Due to the inaccuracy in translating economic term, it affects the whole translation becomes inaccurate. Conversely, since paid translator used to deal with economic term, they can translate ST 9 accurately.

ST 10: The former investing activity provides income-producing assets and the latter adds to the knowledge base of a firm.

54.1 49.4 Table 10. Comparison of Translation Accuracy Score between Student

Translator and Paid Translator in Translating ST 10.

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Even though both translations are inaccurate, the good point of student translator is that they understand English better, so that they can apply correct strategy which can help them convey the meaning in TT closer to the intended meaning. For instance in translating “The former investing activity….and the latter…” Since student translator understands English, most students accurately translate it into “aktivitas investasi yang sebelumnya,” although “the latter” is inaccurately translated. Besides, the noun cluster in ST 10, although income-producing is mostly inaccurately translated, most students apply correct strategy by placing the translation of assets in initial place. For example student A4 who translates it into aset-aset penghasil pemasukan.

On the contrary, paid translator does not understand English well, which eventually causes the TT inaccurate. For instance, paid translator 1 translates firm

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ST 11: With respect to technology acquisitions, companies could establish parent subsidiary relationship or merge entire entities into their operations in order to gain competitive advantages in maturing industry.

ST 11 is a quite long sentence but the structure is not complicated. Therefore, it should be easy to translate and since it consists of many words, the problem is in diction. Since student translator is considered understands English better than paid translator, they are expected to be able to deal with terms with respect to, technology acquisition, parent subsidiary, entities, competitive advantage and maturing industry

which are considered to be potential problem in translating ST 11.

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Even though the score is lower than student translator’s score, the inaccuracy in translating ST 11 is similar. parent subsidiary, entities, competitive advantage and maturing industry are inaccurately translated. Consequently, the translation conveys different meaning. However, what makes the accuracy score of paid translator is lower than student translator is because the accuracy score of paid translation 3 is very low.

It happens because paid translator 3 translates ST 11 very inaccurate. With respect to, technology acquisition, parent subsidiary, entities, competitive advantage and maturing industry are inaccurately translated. Furthermore, merge is translated into margin. It shows that the diction is bad.

ST 12: Cash flows related to tangible fixed assets will remain inconsequential, due to the small property, plant and equipment base in this industry.

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translating ST 12 because it contains relative clause and noun phrase. Besides, it also contains economic terms, cash flows, tangible fixed assets and plant.

Most students translate cash flows, tangible fixed assets inaccurately. Since those terms are important in this sentence, inaccurate economic terms causes inaccurate the whole translation. Besides, student translator may not carefully examine the sentence when translating. Relative clause and noun phrase are not translated well. In general, in translating relative clause, student translator does not use yang construction. For instance student A1 who translates “Cash flows related to tangible fixed asset will remain inconsequential,” into “aliran dana berhubungan dengan harta tetap yang nyata akan tetap tidak penting.” Thus, the translation does not convey that cash flows which remain inconsequential is cash flows which related to tangible fixed assets.

In translating noun phrase is similar. It is inaccurately translated. Most students translate the small property, plant and equipment base into properti yang kecil, bangunan dan peralatan dasar. They do not carefully examine that actually, the noun phrase consists of three noun phrases which are contracted. Therefore the translation conveys property which is small, plant and basic equipment, whereas the intended meaning is property base which is small, plant base which is small and equipment base which is small.

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mengalirkan aktiva tetap berujud.” Even though, fixed tangible assets are accurately translated, the meaning is totally inaccurate. It is as well as in translating noun phrase. For instance, paid translator 2 translates the small property, plant and equipment base

inaccurately into hak milik yang kecil, peralatan dan pabrik. It is seen that base is omitted. Consequently, the translation does not convey about small property base, small plant base and small equipment base. However, the worst translation is done by paid translator 3. Beside in relative clause and noun phrase are inaccurately translated, the diction is also bad.

ST 13: Dell and Gateway may repurchase their own stock, due to their strong cash position

The accuracy score of student translation is quite high. It is categorized into good translation category. It means that ST 13 is considered easy to translate. On the contrary, the accuracy score of paid translation is very low which is categorized into bad translation category.

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Those are considered inaccurate because the sense of those words is different from the sense which is brought in word may. Even though, there is some inaccuracy in translating ST 13, the translation done by student translator is considered conveying meaning closer to the intended meaning.

What makes the translation done by paid translator inaccurate is because Dell and Gateway which are company’s name is translated into keset pintu gerbang and

lembah kecil. It causes the translation is totally inaccurate. Another reason is because the ST is translated word per word. Furthermore, the diction is also bad. Eventually the translation does not convey anything.

ST 14: These treasury stock transaction would reduce the ownership base of the company and increase EPS

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Most students translate economic term treasury stock inaccurately. It is because they do not master economic terms. The noun phrase ownership base is also inaccurately translated. Most students translate it into kepemilikan dasar. Besides, there are some student who translates. Due to the inaccuracy, the translation done by student translator is considered inaccurate. However, SA3 translate it accurately. It is interesting in the way she translate these treasury stock transaction. She may considered does not master economic term, but she understands that these treasury stock transaction refers to the action of Dell and Gateway in repurchasing their own stock, as mentioned in previous ST. Therefore, she translates it into transaksi saham tersebut.

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ST 15: Apple and Compaq need to use cash to improve operation Average Score of Student

The score difference is quite big. The scores in the table show that the translation done by student translator is categorized into good translation category, while the translation done by paid translator is categorized into very good translation category. It means that paid translator translate ST 15 more accurately than student translator.

It happens because student translator translates cash inaccurately. Besides,

operation is mostly inaccurately translated too. Since ST 15 is a simple and short sentence, inaccurate diction affects the meaning conveyed in the TT. Even though two words are inaccurately translated, the meaning in the TT is closer to the intended meaning. On the other hand, paid translator translates ST 15 accurately since cash

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ST 16: These PC companies will also pay few, if any, dividends. Average Score of Student

ST 16 is a simple sentence, so it should be translated accurately. However, most student translator inaccurately translate dividends. There are only two translator who translate it accurately. Since it is an economic term which has the fixed term, the translation such as laba, keuntungan or keuntungan saham are considered inaccurate. Besides inaccuracy in translating dividends, these PC companies are mostly also inaccurately translated. These PC companies refer to Apple and Compaq which are mentioned in previous ST. Therefore, perusahaan PC as the translation is inaccurate because it does not show that there is more than one company.