MANFAAT EKONOMI
TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA DI LUAR MUSIM
Dr. I Wayan Budiasa, SP, MP
Talk Show DISTEC 2017
Himpunan Mahasiswa Prodi Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Udayana Denpasar, 13 Mei 2017Teknologi produksi tanaman
Dalam musimnya = on-season
Di luar musim = off-season
1.Secara Mekanik/Fisik
2.Secara Kimia/Hormonal
3.Gabungan kedua cara tersebut
Teknologi off-season secara mekanik/fisik (konvensional)
1. KERAT: mengerat pembuluh floem (kulit pohon) melingkar sepanjang lingkaran pohon sampai kelihatan pembuluh xylem (kayu pohon)
2. PRUNING: memangkas daun, cabang dan ranting, hingga pohon gundul atau tersisa sedikit daun
3. PELUKAAN: melukai pembuluh floem dengan benda tajam (mengerok/mencacah/memaku/mengiris kulit kayu)
4. PENGIKATAN: mengikat erat pohon dengan kawat hingga transpor hasil fotosintesis pembuluh floem terhambat
5. WATER STRESSING: tidak menyiram tanaman hingga mencapai titik layu permanen, kemudian dengan tiba-tiba melakukan penggenangan perakaran dan pangkal batang hingga jenuh air dalam waktu tertentu
Teknologi off-season secara kimiawi
(aplikasi agro-chemical)
PRINSIP: mengubah fisiologis tanaman dengan cara menghambat fase vegetatif dengan peran hormon atau senyawa kimia tertentu, agar muncul fase generatif: bunga dan buah
Agro-chemical: bahan aktif zat pengatur tumbuh
(ZPT) yang dipergunakan untuk memunculkan
bunga di luar musim antara lain: Natrium NAA
(Naphthyl Acetic Acid), Auxin, Gibberelin,
Paklobutrazol, dan Potasium Klorat (KClO
3)
Teknologi off-season secara gabungan
WATER STRESSING + Penyiraman dengan larutan MPK +
Penyemprotan ZPT berbahan aktif
Paklobutrazol
Tujuan teknologi off-season
1. Motif ekonomi menaikkan harga komoditas buah- buahan jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan ketika on season 2. Implementasi kebijakan pemenuhan pangan buah-
buahan dan/atau sayuran bagi masyarakat dapat tersedia sepanjang tahun
Motif ekonomi lebih didasarkan pada karakteristik
komoditas agribisnis: mudah rusak, bio-massa besar,
memerlukan tempat luas untuk gudang dan transport,
ukuran & kualitas produk beragam/multi grade
Common off-season vegetables
in the Hill of Nepal
Type of off season vegetables
Growing season
Cabbage Year Round Cauliflower January- March Cucumber April- November
Tomato Year Round
Radish January- March
Brinjal Year Round
Summer Squash March- May Carrot January- March Swiss Chard Year Round
Among them, the cultivation of tomato, cauliflower, and cabbage are the most popular and the most profitable
Off-season vegetables in Nepal
By using different agro climatic conditions, adjusting the planting time, selecting and improving the varieties, and/or creating a controlled environment (by making plastic tunnels, polythene houses, permanent glass-houses, etc.). Locations at altitudes varying from 400 to 2,000 meters are considered suitable for off-season vegetable production
Could be extremely beneficial in the context of nutrition, employment, and income generation
Could enhance the income level of farmers and thus help reduce the incidence of poverty
The winter vegetables of the plains, such as tomato, chili, onion, cabbage, and cauliflower, can be produced during the autumn and rainy season (summer) in the mid-hills of Nepal
Farmers’ attitudes: open to new technologies for profitable
vegetable farming. Most farmers have positive attitude towards
vegetable farming is in response to the availability of markets
and seeds, and higher prices in comparison to that of food
crops
Off-seasonal commodities in Moscow
Off seasonal farm in Japan with high tech greenhouses
Hydroponic
LED Lighting Helps Farming Go High-Tech
Horticulture products
Japanese Dekopon
The fruits are usually grown in large greenhouses to keep them at a constant temperature, and are harvested from December to February (winter in Japan), while in the case of garden farming, they are harvested from March to April. After harvesting, Dekopon are usually left for a period of 20–40 days so that the levels of citric acid in the fruit lower while the sugar levels increase, to make a more appealing taste for the market. Only products with sugar level above 13°Bx and citric acid below 1.0% can be sold with the name Dekopon
Off-season vegetables farmer training
effects on income and pesticide use in Bangladesh
The cultivation of crops outside the regular cropping calendar when supply is low and prices are high can give farmers better profits and consumers more choice.
However, off-season production may increase pesticide risk if crops are more affected by pests and diseases and farmers do not handle pesticides correctly.
This study quantified the effect of training in off-season tomato production on the income and pesticide use of smallholder vegetable farmers in southwestern Bangladesh.
The study uses farm level data from 94 trained and 151 non-trained farm households and applies propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting to correct for selection bias.
For the average smallholder vegetable farmer, training increased net household income by about 48%. We found that 31% of the trained farm households who had initially adopted the technology continued its use in the second year, but farm households who discontinued using the technology also experienced significant income gains from the training.
There was a significant increase in pesticide use (+56%) and although there was an improvement in pesticide handling practices, trained farmers may have been more exposed to pesticide health risk. The policy implication is that while off-season vegetable production can create dramatic income improvements, it is important to emphasize safe and sustainable pest management methods as part of policies promoting it.
Off-seasonal vegetable method in Pakistan
Natural method
by selection of appropriate areas where the climatic conditions are moderate for both normal as well as for off-seasons.Winter vegetables are grown in summer on hilly/semi hilly areas where climatic conditions are favorable for a particular vegetable. The production cost of vegetables under above conditions is very high due to transportation of crop to the markets. Moreover, the transportation of crop over long distance markets causes post-harvest loss
Artificial method
: Building of Green Houses (heavy capital cost due to built of plain glass or of fiberglass material ) and Plastic Tunnel (low cost and easy usage)An economic analysis of off-season tomato production in Punjab (1)
Farm size Frequency %
< 12.5 acres
(small) 24 34.29
12.5 – 25 acres
(medium) 21 30.00
> 25 acres
(large) 25 35.71
Total 70 100.00
Gross Margin (GM) = TR – VC Net Income (NI) = TR – TC Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) = TR/TC
Indicators (unit) Small FZ Medium FZ Large FZ TVC (Rs) 451202.82 446441.14 486376.96
TC (Rs) 546841.04 542636.04 598125.66
Production (Kg) 27524.17 29065.65 29563.20 Average Price (Rs/Kg) 49.98 46.03 44.85 Average Cost (Rs/kg) 19.87 18.67 20.23 TR (Rs) 1375520.23 1337892.09 1325968.65
GM (Rs) 924317.72 891450.94 839591.69
NI (Rs) 828679.19 795296.05 727842.99
BCR 2.52 2.47 2.22
An economic analysis of off-season tomato production in Punjab (2)
Variable Unit β t-value p-value
Constant 12.84 8.29 0.00
Age (X1) Years 0.13 2.39 0.02
Education (X2) Years 0.14 2.19 0.03
Off season tomato growing experience (X3) Years 0.13 2.05 0.04
Tunnel cost (X4) Rs. 0.05 0.55 0.59
Land preparation cost (X5) Rs. 0.13 1.37 0.17
Labor man days (X6) No. -0.03 0.45 0.65
Seed quantity (X7) Kg -0.08 1.16 0.25
NPK cost (X8) Rs. -0.07 1.23 0.22
Pesticide cost (X9) Rs. -0.18 2.47 0.02
Irrigation applied (X10) No. 0.16 2.09 0.04
Contact with extension agent (X11) No. 0.16 3.73 0.00
Packing material cost (X12) Rs. 0.03 1.51 0.14
R
2= 0.69 Adjusted-R
2= 0.62 F-ratio = 10.35
The logarithmic transformation of Cobb-Douglas production model is
lnY = lnα + ß1lnX1+ ß2lnX2+ ß3lnX3+ ß4lnX4+ ß5lnX5+ ß6lnX6+ ß7lnX7+ ß8lnX8+ß9lnX9+
ß10lnX10+ ß11lnx11+ ß12lnX12+ lnUi
Age, education, off-season tomato experience,
irrigation applied and contact with extension agents had positive and significant effect on revenue ( Y )
