EUSTACE SCRUBB’S CHARACTER
IN C.S. LEWIS’S
THE
CHRONICLES OF NARNIA: THE VOYAGE OF THE DAWN
TREADER
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Elok Wahyu Sari
Reg. Number: A33212076
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
EUSTACE SCRUBB’S CHARACTER IN C.S. LEWIS’S THE CHRONICLES OF NARNIA: THE VOYAGE OF THE DAWN TREADER
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letter and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
The Advisor
Wahju Kusumajanti, M.Hum
NIP. 197002051999032002
Elok Wahyu Sari
Reg Number: A33212076
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Sari, Elok Wahyu. 2016. Eustace Scrub’s Character in C.S. Lewis’s
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Adab and Humanities. State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
The Advisor: Wahju Kusumajanti, M.Hum
This thesis attempts to analyze C.S. Lewis’s novel The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. This novel tells about King Caspian to find the seven Lords and find the end of the world. This study focuses on analyzing that boy character, Eustace Scrubb and his big transformations. The aims of this thesis are to describe the characteristics of Eustace Scrubb in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader novel and to reveal Eustace Scrub’s as one of the characters which are who big transformations. Since studying on character, this thesis basically uses character and characterization. New Criticism theory is also used by the writer. Then the method of analysis is qualitative method. As the conclusion in three points, first is about character and characterization Eustace Scrubb. Secondly, about the causes Eustace Scrubb transforms into a dragon. And third, the effects Eustace Scrubb transforms into a dragon in the novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.
INTISARI
Sari, Elok Wahyu. 2016. Eustace Scrubb’s Character in C.S. Lewis’s
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Adab and Humanities. State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
The Advisor: Wahju Kusumajanti, M.Hum
Skripsi ini mencoba untuk menganalisis novel dari C.S. Lewis yang berjudul The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Novel ini menceritakan tentang perjalanan Raja Caspian untuk mencari 7 Raja dan menemukan ujung dunia. Fokus dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menganalisis karakter anak lali-laki yang bernama Eustace Scrubb dan menganalisis perubahan besar yang terjadi kepada dirinya. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk mendiskripsikan karakter Eustace Scrubb dan mengungkapkan perubahan besar yang terjadi pada Eustace Scrubb sebagai salah satu karakakter yang mengalami perubahan besar. Sejak belajar tentang karakter, Tesis ini menggunakan karakter dan karakterisasi. Teori new criticism juga digunakan oleh penulis. Tesis ini menggunakan kualitatif metode. Tesis ini memiliki tiga kesimpulan pertama adalah tentang karakter dan karakterisasi Eustace Scrubb. Kedua, tentang sebab Eustace Scrubb yang berubah menjadi naga. Dan ketiga adalah efek Eustace Scrubb yang berubah menjadi naga.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ……….... i
Declaration Page...ii
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ...iii
Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page………...…. iv 1.1. Background of the Study...1
1.2 Statement of the Problem...5
1.3 Objective of the Study...6
1.4 Scope and Limitation...6
1.5 Significance of the Study...6
1.6 Method of the Study...7
1.7 Key Terms ...8
CHAPTER 2: LITERARY REVIEW 2.1. Theoretical Framework ………...…….9
2.1.1. New Criticism……….………...9
2.1.2. Character and Characterization ……...………...…….…11
2.2. Review of Related Study ……….……….…….….13
CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS 3.1Character and Characterization of Eustace Scrubb………...………15
3.1.2 Vegetarian……….…...………...………....……….………….……16
3.1.3 Taxidermist……….……….….………17
3.1.4 Heckler………….……….…...….18
3.1.5 Care……….…….….19
3.1.6 Diarist……….……….….……….20
3.1.7 Careless………….………....21
3.1.8 Greedy………...………22
3.1.9 Jealous……….…….24
3.1.10 Brave……….….……….24
3.2 The Causes Eustace Scrubb Transforms into Dragon in the Novel……....….26
3.3 The Effects Eustace Scrubb Transform into Dragon in the Novel….……..….31
3.3.1The End of Being Dragon……….……….34
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION...38
WORKS CITED...39
APPENDIX SYNOPSIS...42
S a r i | 1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
The word ‘literature’ is derived from the word ‘litera’ in Latin which
means letter. It refers to the written or printed words. However, now, the term
‘literature’ is more focused and restricted to merely imaginative works, which
comes up from the imaginative mind of the story writers. (Klarer1) says that in
most cases, literature is referred to as entirety of written expression, with the
restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the
more exact sense of the word. The definitions, therefore, usually include
additional adjectives such as aesthetic or artistic to distinguish literary works from
texts such as newspaper, scientific textbooks, magazines, legal documents,
brochures, and so on. Literature then can be said as a creative writing by an author
with aesthetic values which makes literature regarded as an art. Literature as a
writing form differentiates its form from other art product, and its aesthetic or
artistic values make it different from other writings. The term literature seems best
if we limit it to the art of literature, that is, to imaginative literature. Literature is
also produced by imagination of the author. Literature is not just a document of
facts, it is not just the collection of real events though it may happen in the real
life. Literature can create its own world as product of the unlimited imagination
S a r i | 2
Literature has in it an element of entertaining display, and surely literature
is expected to be in some sense entertaining or, to put it in slightly different
terms, to afford pleasure (Robert Frost, qtd in Barnet 1). In the book, An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama, X.J. Kennedy also stated, “Literature is a kind of art, usually written, that offers pleasure and
illumination” (Kennedy v). From this explanation, it is clear that one of the
purpose of literature is to give some kind pleasure, to delight its readers.
Literary work can be used like anything, simply as a device for imaginative
stimulation, a way to find out what we are thinking or feeling or who we are
or can be read as the precise record of a unique and special experience
(Wellek and Warren 1).
Literature has three general genres, they are drama, poetry, and prose. The
word ‘drama’ is derived from the Greek word ‘dran’ means ‘to do’ or ‘to act’.
Poetry is created in various forms and the classification is based either on
technique of writing or content. The word ‘prose’ is derived from the Latin
prosa, which literally translates to ‘straightforward’. Prose is the ordinary
form of written language. Prose is adopted for the discussion of fact and
topical reading, as it is often articulated in free from writing style. (Edgar V.
Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs 2) classify prose into two, fiction prose and
nonfiction prose. Fiction originally meant anything made up or shaped, is
prose stories based on the author’s creation and imagination. It includes
myths, parables, novels, romances, and short stories. On the other hand,
S a r i | 3
and opinions. It consists of news reports, essays, magazines, newspapers,
encyclopedias, broadcast media, films, letters, historical and biographical
works and many other forms of communication.
A novel (from the Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for “new”, “news” or “short story of something new”) today is a long narrative in
literary prose. A novel is defined as a fictitious prose narrative of considerable
length and complexity, portraying characters and usually presenting a
sequential organization of action and scenes. In the book Understanding the Elements of Literature, explains that a novel is normally a prose work of quite some length and complexity which attempts to reflect and express something
of the equality which or value of human experience or conduct (Taylor 46).
There are various types of novel: mysteries, fantasy, horror, romance,
detective, etc. But the thesis focuses to use fantasy novel. Fantasy is about
imaginary worlds. But the imaginary part of fantasy novels usually involves
magic.
A fantasy novel is a genre of literature which features fantastical elements.
The stories categorized in this genre often feature mythological creatures and
magic. Depending on the type of subgenre the novel, the setting of the story
can be in an alternate universe, the past or even the present. The universal
factor in all these stories is, however, the fact that the events that happen in the
story could not happen in real life. In addition, it may also feature a mythical
creature such as a dragon, fairy, or elf. Several subgenres of fantasy novels
S a r i | 4
commonly characterized by good fighting against evil. Dark fantasy novels
usually include elements of horror. Comic fantasy is a form of fantasy that
involves humor. Settings in fantasy novels can vary drastically depending on
the subgenre of the novel. High fantasy usually takes place in an alternate
world. However, other forms of fantasy can take place in a modern setting, the
past, the future or in an alternate dimension. Some forms of fantasy novels
take place in medieval times. Another subgenre, urban fantasy, will take place
in a contemporary setting—either real or imagined—and feature fantastical
events or people. (M.R. Anglin 1).
The Chronicles of Narnia is a novel. It is a series of seven high fantasy novels for children written by C.S Lewis. Written by Lewis between 1949 and
1954 and illustrated by Pauline Baynes. One of the series entitled The Voyage of the Dawn Treader is a high fantasy novel published by Geoffery Bles in 1952. It was the third of C.S. Lewis’s Narnia chronicles to be issued,
following The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe in 1950 and Prince Caspian
in 1951.
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader is the story of Edmund Pevensie, Lucy Pevensie and their priggish cousin Eustace Scrubb journey in Narnian after
their looking at a painting in Lucy’s room. Edmund, Lucy, and Eustace
Scrubb very surprise found themselves floating beside the Caspian’s ship. And
then there Edmund, Lucy and Eustace Scrubb accompany King Caspian X on
voyage to find the seven lords who banished when Caspian’s uncle Miraz
S a r i | 5
fantastic places and dangers that hinder their progress, to find seven lords and
the end of the world or Aslan’s country. The Voyage of the Dawn Treader is special novel with an amazing journey, which all of story is spent at beautiful
sea Narnia. Unlike two previous novels The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
and Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia which the story always happens the war to seize the throne.
The Chronicles of Narnia is a novel which has a series of seven high fantasies. It is considered a classic children’sliterature and the author’s best
-known work, having sold over 120 million copies in 41 languages. The
Chronicles of Narnia have been adapted several times, complete or in part, for radio, television, stage, and cinema. Based on explanation background of
study, the researcher is really interesting to analyze the novel of C.S. Lewis
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. And then the interesting comes from the one of character in novel, Eustace Scrubb.
1.2Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the researcher tries to analyze the
problem of this study is formulated as follows:
1. How is Eustace Scrubb described in the novel?
2. What the causes Eustace Scrubb transforms into a dragon?
S a r i | 6
1.3Objectives of the Study
According to the problem statements, the main objectives in this research
as follows:
1. To describe character and characterization of Eustace Scrubb
2. To describe the causes Eustace Scrubb transforms into a dragon
3. To describe the effects Eustace Scrubb transforms into a dragon
1.4Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this study discusses about character and characterization of
Eustace Scrubb in the novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. The description will be based on his action, speech; verbal and nonverbal which reflect his
character. Moreover, the researcher limits her study on the part of story which
shows the causes and the effects Eustace Scrubb transforms into dragon in the
novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.
1.5Significance of the Study
The researcher expects that this study will enrich the reader’s knowledge,
especially for the English Department. First all, this study is meant to
encourage the student to study more about literature. And this study gives
information concerning the novel through the role of ply based on the
character and characterization of the story. Then, give the information to the students to study the novel as one of literary works. And the most important
S a r i | 7
1.6Method of Study
This sub chapter discusses about the way how the researcher describes and
analyses the problem. The researcher applies descriptive qualitative method to
describe and uncover the data which is related to the statement of problems.
Qualitative method is kind of methods that tries to extend and develop our
understanding about in what way things experience themselves in this social
world, when a research tries to explore in what way people experience
something, or the way people view something, discover new thing which
related to unsolved problems or in other word to understand the unidentified
issues, evaluating whether the new examination is able to complete, observe
the real life context, or such a complex issues which needs flexibleness
(Hancock, Ockleford& Windridge 4). Thus, the main data is C.S.Lewis The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and the secondary data from e-book, e-journals, magazines, articles and other online resources. Besides, the process of analysis
is presented as follows:
1. Reading and understanding the whole of novel entitled The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C.S. Lewis.
2. Reading and understanding some books about new criticism theory to
support the analysis.
3. Selecting and collecting the data from narration and conversation
S a r i | 8
4. Analyzing the data collected by firstly categorizing them in three
points, dealing with the problem statements and each point is analyzed
using the theory which refers to the object of study.
5. Making the conclusion based on the result of analysis.
1.7Key Terms
To avoid any differences perception between the study and the readers in
understanding. It is essential to give some definition of key terms used in this
study.
Character: is generally known as a person in a literary work or character is
only the figure person that created by the author.
Characterization: refers to the certain of images of imaginary person which
are so conceiving that they exist for the readers as real within the
limits of fiction
New Criticism: (also called formalist criticism) because the emphasis is on
the form of the work, the relationships between the parts—the construction of the plot, the contrasts between characters, the
S a r i | 9
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 New Criticism
This second chapter consists of the theory explanation that will be
used to analyze the novel, C.S Lewis’s The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. The analysis focuses on the character and characterization. So, the
researcher chooses New Criticism as the main theory to analyze the novel
as Tyson said, New Criticism is the main tool in an analysis to reveal the
true meaning of a text based on the text itself (136). It means that New
Criticism does not need both the author ‘s background and intention or the
reader ‘s response to get the meaning of the text. New Criticism is clearly
characterized in principle and practice. Its concern is not with context–
historical, biographical, intellectual and so on, and its interest is not in the
‘misconceptions’ of ‘intention’ or ‘affect’, but its concern is exclusively
with the ‘text in itself’, with its language and organization. It does not seek
a text’s ‘meaning’, but how it ‘speaks itself’ (Selden Widdowson &
Brooker 19).
“Closely read” is the only way we can know if a given author’s
intention or a given reader’s interpretation actually represents the text’s
S a r i | 10
by the language of the text itself including its images, symbols, metaphors,
rhyme, meter, point of view, setting, characterization, plot, and so on
(Tyson 137). In the other word, closely reading to examine carefully is the
way to understand the literary text’s meaning.
Searle also stated that the new critics that job was practical
criticism or "close reading," in which the poem or literary text is treated as
a self-sufficient verbal artifact. In this general orientation, the literary text
as such was generally viewed as a privileged site for shaping and
disseminating cultural values held to be essential attribute of the aesthetic
specificity of poetry. Opponents of the New Critics have frequently
charged that they ignore history, ideology, politics, philosophy, or other
factors that shape literary experience. While such charges are not entirely
fair, they arise because New Criticism in practice came to focus almost
exclusively on problems of interpreting individual texts (1)
All in all, New Criticism is useful for students in doing literary
studies including to analyze prose fiction. It focuses on the “text itself”
and provides the evidences through the language of “text itself” including
its images, symbols, metaphors, rhyme, meter, point of view, setting,
characterization, plot, and so on. Therefore, in order to analyze Eustace
Scrubb characterization. This research will use new criticism theory as
supporting theory to analyze it concerning on his character and
S a r i | 11
2.1.2 Character and Characterization
Character is the life of literature. It is the object of curiosity and
attraction, liking and dislike, respect and blame (Bennet & Royle 60). A
character may represent people or members of the ruling elite, and another
may represent the poor and the oppressed that are often at the mercy of the
rich and powerful. It is because characteristic of characters are meant to
represent certain categories of people in society. There are characters that
act prominent roles. These are called major characters. The others are
called minor characters (Ade & Okunoye 40-41).
Richard Gill stated that character is generally known as a person in
a literary work. In this case, character is only the figure person that created
by the author (127). Besides, Kelley Griffith also stated that a character is
the people in the text. There are two main classifications of character in a
literary work according to Griffith, those are flat character and round
character. Flat character is a character when it has a few personalities
while round character is a character when it has more personality and it
more complicated to understand than a flat character (33). Griffith also
stated a theory that can be used to analyze the character and
characterization of a literary work it is called as direct and indirect
method. While in the direct method the author only describes the
appearance of the character, what the character is like, in the indirect
method the author describes the character through what they say, thought,
S a r i | 12
According to Gill, there are two ways in how characters are
depicted in a text, it is called telling and showing (133). Telling a character
is when the author describes the character by its physical appearance such
as the dress, age, how the character looks like, while showing a character
is more complex than telling because the author tries to show the character
by its way to behave and think. The author tries to get the reader ‘s
response to judge the character ‘s trait, it is good or bad, or maybe the
character has other traits by showing the character ‘s way of behave and
think in some condition (134).
The word ‘characterization’ refers to the certain of images of
imaginary person which are so conceiving that they exist for the readers as
real within the limits of fiction (Holman 72). Characterization is very
important since the readers can explore the novel by paying attention on
the characters’ speeches action and comment of the other characters in
order to understand more about the idea of the story (Holman 81-82).
Characterization is a name for the methods a writer uses to reveal a
character’s values, feelings, goals, etc. to readers. When revealing a
character’s traits, a writer can do so using direct characterization or
indirect characterization. Direct characterization is when a writer conveys
information about a character by telling the information directly to the
reader. This is done through narration when the author comes right out and
S a r i | 13
when the author shows the character in action, and lets the reader interpret
what these actions reveal about the character (Bacon 1).
All in all, character and characterization is important thing in
literature. Particular characters are called major character because its act
exists in the most of story, and some others are minor character because its
act is only on particular part of the story. And the characterization is the
pattern adapted in the creation of characters in a work. Character and
characterization in literary work can be used in the real life as a symbol of
particular context.
2.2Review of Related Study
The researcher has found that there are some students who had used
the novel from C.S. Lewis. This part contains related studies that deal with
The Chronicles of Narnia. There are some related studies that have been done previously.
Dia Rahkma in her undergraduate thesis in Gadjah Mada University
Yogyakarta which is entitled Character Development of Edmund’s Pevensie as Depicted in C.S Lewis Works The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (2014) analyzes Edmund Pevensie, one of the characters in the novel who had the hardest struggle between
S a r i | 14
he is a ten years old. The objective in her thesis is explanation covers
Edmund’s plot in order to find out Edmund’s behaviors in the story and
his relationship with the other characters. Dia Rakhma also uses a
descriptive analyzing method and objective approach to achieve accuracy
in carrying out the analysis.
Inwan Hadiansyah in his undergraduate thesis in Airlangga University
which is entitled The Representation of Aslan as Jesus Christ in Lewis’
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (2007) analyzes the character of Aslan as Jesus Christ. The writer uses theories of
representation from Stuart Hall to analyze him work.
From two studies that had been done by Dia Rakhma and Inwan
Hadiansyah, the researcher can conclude that this study has both
similarities and differences from what they have done. The differences
from the novel, because the novel is different series. Dia Rakhma and
Inwan Hadiansyah uses first series with entitled The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe. And this thesis the researcher uses third series with entitled
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. And the similarities from what they have done and the researcher is focus to analyze the characters and
S a r i | 15
CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS
3.1 Character and Characterization of Eustace Scrubb
3.1.1 Eustace Scrubb has two names
In the novel of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Eustace is one of the characters who represents as a boy. Eustace Scrubb has two nicknames i.e.
Eustace Clarence and Scrubb. It can be proved from the quotation below: THERE
was a boy called Eustace Clarence Scrubb, and he almost deserved it. His parents
called him Eustace Clarence and masters called him Scrubb. (1)
It can be interpreted that Scrubb stands for Eustace Clarence Scrubb.
Eustace Clarence is the nickname from his parents, while his masters called him
Scrubb. The name here is important to introduce because Scrubb family used to
call each other by name directly. It can be identified from quotation below: He
didn't call his Father and Mother "Father" and "Mother", but Harold and Alberta.
They were very up-to-date and advanced people. (1)
It means that Scrubb family used to call each other by name directly. For
example, Eustace Scrubb calls his parents with the name, Harold and Alberta. It
can be proved from the quotation, which is taken from the diary Eustace Scrubb:
"7 August. . . . . All the others pretend to take no notice of this, either
S a r i | 16
ordinary people do is to shut their eyes to facts. It's madness to come out
into the sea in a rotten little thing like this. (12)
From the quotation above, it can be seen although Eustace Scrubb is in
Aslan’s Country, he writes a diary by using his father's nickname directly, Harold.
It means that Eustace Scrubb is modern family, which Eustace Scrubb calls his
father’s nicknames.
3.1.2 Vegetarian
Eustace Scrubb is a boy who has a healthy lifestyle. Eustace always cares
of what he wants to eat; he chooses vegetables as his daily meals. He does not
smoke and does not like drinking alcohol. This is seen in the following passages:
They were vegetarians, non-smokers and teetotallers and wore a special kind of
underclothes. (1)
From the quotation, it is seen that Scrubb’s family is a healthy family,
where their choices contain of vegetables. They choose to not smoking or
drinking alcohol. This healthy lifestyle of Scrubb’s family also encourages his
son, named Eustace Scrubb to do the same. He starts eating food especially
vegetables, no smoking, and no drinking alcohol. By the character above, it can be
S a r i | 17
3.1.3 Taxidermist
This novel tells that Eustace Scrubb is a boy who collects dead animals,
especially for beetles. As his love is so big with this animal, he collects a dead’s
beetles to be a card. If the beetles die, Eustace Scrubb will not bury it. He chooses
to pin them to be used as a card collection. It can be seen from this quotation:
Eustace Clarence liked animals, especially beetles, if they were dead and pinned
on a card. (1)
From the quotation above, it is known that Eustace Scrubb feels fun with
beetles. He likes to make the beetles as the card rather than burying beetles if it
dies. As a taxidermist, not all animals he chooses to be used as a card collection.
Eustace Scrubb obviously hates to mouse. When Eustace Scrubb comes in Aslan’s
Country, he meets Reepicheep. Reepicheep is a mouse on its hind legs and stood
about two feet high. Then Eustace Scrubb screams and says that he not like a
mouse. it can be identified from this quotation: “Ugh, take away.”wailed Eustace.
“I hate mice. And I never could bear performing animals. They’re silly and vulgar
and –and sentimental.” (6)
From quotation above, when Eustace Scrubb in Aslan’s Country he meets
Reepicheep, and actually Reepicheep is a mouse. In the first meeting with this
animal, he does not look cheerful with this mouse. He sets the mouse is the animal
S a r i | 18
3.1.4 Heckler
Eustace Scrubb feels happy to mock his two brothers, when two brothers
were talking about Narnia. Eustace Scrubb assumes that Narnia is like a silly
rhyme. It can be seen from their conversation:
"Still playing your old game?" said Eustace Clarence, who had been
listening outside the door and now came grinning into the room. Last year,
when he had been staying with the Pevensies, he had managed to hear
them all talking of Narnia and he loved teasing them about it. He thought
of course that they were making it all up; and as he was far too stupid to
make anything up himself, he did not approve of that. "You're not wanted
here," said Edmund curtly. "I'm trying to think of a limerick," said
Eustace. "Something like this: "Some kids who played games about
Narnia Got gradually balmier and balmier-". "Well Narnia and balmier
don't rhyme, to begin with," said Lucy. "It's an assonance," said Eustace.
"Don't ask him what an assy-thingummy is," said Edmund. "He's only
longing to be asked. Say nothing and perhaps he'll go away." (2 – 3)
From the quotation above, Eustace Scrubb gives a comment on his
brother’s talking about Narnia, which he called as an old game. He could say that
as the old game because he heard the same discussion last year. Eustace Scrubb
S a r i | 19
Limerick is a form of poem or rhyme, usually funny or clever. And this is making
Lucy Pevensie feels fed up. Lucy Pevensie said that Narnia is not crazy or funny
rhyme in the poem. It means that Eustace Scrubb have the habits to talk about
unimportant things, just to tempt two his brother Lucy and Edmund.
3.1.5 Care
Eustace Scrubb is described by the author as an obnoxious boy, but he still
cares about the other people. It can be seen in the following quotation, which is
taken from the diary Eustace Scrubb wrote on 6 September:
"6 September. A horrible day. Woke up in the night knowing I was
feverish and must have a drink of water. Any doctor would have said so.
Heaven knows I'm the last person to try to get any unfair advantage but I
never dreamed that this water-rationing would be meant to apply to a sick
man. In fact I would have woken the others up and asked for some only I
thought it would be selfish to wake them. So I got up and took my cup and
tiptoed out of the Black Hole we slept in, taking great care not to disturb
Caspian and Edmund, for they've been sleeping badly since the heat and
the short water began. (29)
From the quotation above, it can be realized that although Eustace Scrubb
is an obnoxious boy, he still cares to others. His care comes when he wakes up in
S a r i | 20
But when he wants to drink, he gets that King Caspian and his brother Edmund is
sleeping. Then he decides to go out from his bed with tiptoed, in order to not
disturb the King Caspian and Edmund.
3.1.6 Diarist
In the novel tells that Eustace Scrubb likes writing so much. He likes to
write about his experience and everything he feels. Eustace always carries a small
black notebook and pencil to write. It can be seen from quotation below:
. . , he at once got out a little black notebook and a pencil and started to
keep a diary. He always had this notebook with him and kept a record of
his marks in it, for though he didn't care much about any subject for its
own sake, he cared a great deal about marks and would even go to people
and say, "I got so much. What did you get?" But as he didn't seem likely to
get many marks on the Dawn Treader he now started a diary. (11 – 12)
From the passage above, writing is the other fun activity he likes besides
playing with a beetle. He always carries a little black notebook and a pencil to
write diary. He likes to write of what he feels. By writing a diary, he can express
many things he did and passed at the time. This quotation is one of the diaries
which Eustace Scrubb writes in his diary while he is in Aslan’s Country:
"7 August. Have now been twenty-four hours on this ghastly boat if it isn't
S a r i | 21
seen the boat nearly go under any number of times. . . . Not much bigger
than a lifeboat. And, of course, absolutely primitive indoors. No proper
saloon, no radio, no bathrooms, no deck-chairs.. . . I tried to tell him
what real ships are like, but he's too dense. E. and L., of course, didn't back
me up. I suppose a kid like L. doesn't realize the danger and E. is buttering
up C. as everyone does here. They call him a King. (12)
From this passage above, the diary of Eustace Scrubb tells how he comes
in Aslan’s Country with two brothers. He writes in the diary if he comes in
Aslan’s Country from a rotten picture. Then Eustace Scrubb is shocked and
realizes that it is not dreaming. Eustace Scruub spends all time with a terrible
tornado and big waves. And in the diary, Eustace Scrubb gives a statement if
Narnia ship is not much larger than a lifeboat. Because in Narnia ship nothing bar,
nothing radio, nothing toilets, and nothing deck-chairs. And Eustace Scrubb,
writes a diary using the acronym of their name. For example, L for Lucy, E for
Edmund, and C for Caspian.
3.1.7 Careless
In the novel, the author also describes Eustace as a careless child. It can be
seen when the others start to rest, Eustace Scrubb strolls down to the valley
carelessly. This is seen in the following quotation:
At that very moment the others were washing hands and faces in the river
S a r i | 22
cask of wine ashore, strong wine of Archenland which had to be mixed
with water before you drank it, so there would be plenty for all. The work
had gone well so far and it was a merry meal. Only after the second
helping of goat did Edmund say, "Where's that blighter Eustace?"
Meanwhile Eustace stared round the unknown valley. It was so narrow and
deep, and the precipices which surrounded it so sheer, that it was like a
huge pit or trench. The floor was grassy though strewn with rocks, and
here and there Eustace saw black burnt patches like those you see on the
sides of a railway embankment in a dry summer. (32 – 33)
From this passage above, it is known that Eustace Scrubb is a careless
child which is the other want to break and start to dinner, accidentally Edmund
Pevensie ask to other about the existence of Eustace Scrubb. But the other not
know where is Eustace Scrubb, because he enjoys walks into the valley. Where
the valley is so narrow and deep, and then the cliffs which surrounded it so sheer,
that it was like a giant pit or drain. The surface was grassy though sprinkled with
rocks, and he sees dark burnt patches like a railway embankment in a dry
summertime.
3.1.8 Greedy
In the novel, Eustace Scrubb finds so many treasures in the unknown
cave’s name. Treasure abundance makes Eustace Scrubb crazy and he also wants
S a r i | 23
Parts of it were too prickly to be stones and too hard to be thorns, and
there seemed to be a great many round, flat things, and it all clinked when
he moved. There was light enough at the cave's mouth to examine it by.
And of course Eustace found it to be what any of us could have told him in
advance - treasure. There were crowns (those were the prickly things),
coins, rings, bracelets, ingots, cups, plates and gems. I wonder how much I
can carry? That bracelet now - those things in it are probably diamonds -
I'll slip that on my own wrist. Too big, but not if I push it right up here
above my elbow. Then fill my pockets with diamonds - that's easier than
gold. (34)
From the quotation above, it can be seen that Eustace Scrubb wants to
move from the cave, before he to move, he sees a bright at the cave’s mouth, there
are crowns, coins, rings, bracelets, ingots, cups, plates, and gems. And that’s all
makes Eustace Scrubb wants to bring all of the treasure. Eustace Scrubb chooses
to bring diamonds and packs it in his pocket. He also finds the bracelet, and then
he wears the bracelet in his hand, although Eustace Scrubb knows that the bracelet
is too big. But Eustace Scrubb doesn’t know if the treasures make him becomes
unfortunate. Eustace Scrubb transforms into the dragon cause the bracelet in his
S a r i | 24
3.1.9 Jealous
The author describes that Eustace Scrubb as a child who is jealous. He was
jealous of his brother Lucy Pevensie. While on board the Dawn Treader, Lucy
Pevensie gets a comfortable room, while Eustace Scrubb gets a room that is far
from comfortable. It can be seen in the following quotation, which is taken from
the diary Eustace Scrubb:
Needless to say I've been put in the worst cabin of the boat, a perfect
dungeon, and Lucy has been given a whole room on deck to herself,
almost a nice room compared with the rest of this place. C. says that's
because she's a girl. (12)
From the identified above, it is seen that Eustace Scrubb is a child who is
jealous or envious. He was jealous of his sister, Lucy Pevensie because she gets a
full area on deck to herself, almost an enjoyable area compared with the relaxation
of this place. Meanwhile, Eustace Scrubb gets in the bad cabin of the boat, a
dungeon. In addition, C for Caspian argues that if Lucy was female, so he's
getting its own proper beds for women.
3.1.10 Brave
In the end of this novel, the writer tells that Eustace Scrubb back into a
human. He also changes his bad personality became a brave child. It can be seen
S a r i | 25
Eustace (who had really been trying very hard to behave well, till the rain
and the chess put him back) now did the first brave thing he had ever done.
He was wearing a sword that Caspian had lent him. As soon as the
serpent's body was near enough on the starboard side he jumped on to the
bulwark and began hacking at it with all his might. It is true that he
accomplished nothing beyond breaking Caspian's second-best sword into
bits, but it was a fine thing for a beginner to have done. (48)
From this identified above, it is seen that Eustace Scrubb’s courage is
proved by his turned into a good boy. Because for the first time, he helped King
Caspian and the others for fight the serpent. Eustace Scrubb also gets rented
weapon from King Caspian for hacking the serpent’s body. And then Eustace
Scrubb realizes that bad character can make people around will be uncomfortable
S a r i | 26
3.2 The Causes Eustace Scrubb Transforms into Dragon in the Novel
In the novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Eustace Scrubb is one of the characters who have an experience a big transformation. It starts when Eustace
Scrubb wants to drink in the pool, but he hears some crawling sounds at the
bottom of the cliff. It can be seen from the quotation below:
He turned round again, thinking that at any rate he'd better have a good
drink from the pool first. But as soon as he had turned and before he had
taken a step forward into the valley he heard a noise behind him. It was
only a small noise but it sounded loud in that immense silence. It froze
him dead-still where he stood for a second. Then he slewed round his neck
and looked. At the bottom of the cliff a little on his left hand was a low,
dark hole - the entrance to a cave perhaps. And out of this two thin wisps
of smoke were coming. And the loose stones just beneath the dark hollow
were moving (that was the noise he had heard) just as if something were
crawling in the dark behind them. (33)
From the quotation above, it is known that Eustace Scrubb realized that he
is in the dragon nest. Eustace Scrubb heard something crawling at the bottom of
the cliff. And then in dark hole – the entering to a cavern out of wisps of smoke.
Suddenly, Eustace Scrubb shocks because he sees a dragon with bad condition. It
can be seen from this passage:
. . . before it had drunk there came from it a great croaking or clanging
S a r i | 27
lay perfectly still with one claw in the air. A little dark blood gushed from
its wide-opened mouth. The smoke from its nostrils turned black for a
moment and then floated away. . . . He took a step nearer, then two steps,
and halted again. The dragon remained motionless; he noticed too that the
red fire had gone out of its eyes. At last he came up to it. He was quite sure
now that it was dead. (34)
From this quotation, it is seen that Eustace Scrubb is in a dragon nest. He
sees the dragon with a bad condition. Eustace Scrubb sees the dragon trundled
round on its side and lay with one nail in the air. And then a dusky blood gushed
from its wide – opened mouth. And smoke from its nostrils turned dark for a
moment. And not too long, the dragon was dead. After that Eustace Scrubb tries
to get out from the cave. Before getting out, he sees something glowing at the
cave’s mouth. Surprisingly, Eustace Scrubb finds the treasure in dragon nest. It
can be identified below:
. . . There was light enough at the cave's mouth to examine it by. And of
course Eustace found it to be what any of us could have told him in
advance - treasure. There were crowns (those were the prickly things),
coins, rings, bracelets, ingots, cups, plates and gems. I wonder how much I
can carry? That bracelet now - those things in it are probably diamonds -
I'll slip that on my own wrist. Too big, but not if I push it right up here
above my elbow. Then fill my pockets with diamonds - that's easier than
S a r i | 28
From the quotation above it is seen that Eustace Scrubb finds the awesome
things, this is a treasure. He has never thought that there is treasure in dragon’s
nest. It is makes Eustace Scrubb wants to bring all of the treasure, but he only
brings a diamond that he had been packed in his pocket. Then, he finds the
bracelets with a diamond. Scrubb wears the bracelet but it is too big bracelets. So,
Eustace Scrubb wears the bracelets on his right elbow.
After Eustace Scrubb brings the diamond in his pocket and wears the
bracelet, he leaves dragon’s lair. Then something happens to him, he falls asleep.
It happens until the beam from the moon is shining at the mouth of the cave.
When Eustace Scrubb awakes from a long sleep, he fells pain on his arm. Then,
Eustace Scrubb realizes that he transforms into dragon. It can be identified below:
Meanwhile Eustace slept and slept - and slept. What woke him was a pain
in his arm. He was puzzled by the pain in his arm at first, but presently it
occurred to him that the bracelet which he had shoved up above his elbow
had become strangely tight. . . . , where the moonlight fell clear on the
floor of the cave, he saw a hideous shape moving. He knew that shape: it
was a dragon's claw. He had turned into a dragon while he was asleep. The
claws to right and left had been his own right and left claw. The two
columns of smoke had been coming from his own nostrils. As for the pain
in his left arm (or what had been his left arm) he could now see what had
happened by squinting with his left eye. The bracelet which had fitted very
S a r i | 29
throbbing bulge on each side of it. He tore at the place with his dragon's
teeth but could not get it off. (36)
From this passage above it is certain that Eustace Scrubb transforms into
dragon. At first Eustace Scrubb woke up because he felt hurt in his arm. Because
a hurt in his arm is the bracelet which he had shoved up above his elbow had
become weirdly tight. And then when the moonshine fell perfect on the floor of
the cave, Eustace Scrubb sees a beastly shape moving. Eustace Scrubb realized
that a beastly is the dragon’s nail. Yes, Eustace Scrubb transform into dragon
when he long sleeps. And then the nails to right and left have been his owned
right and left nails. And also smoke had been out from his own nostrils. And now
the bracelet is too small for the thick, short foreleg of a dragon. The bracelet also
sunk deeply into the scaly skin but the dragons cannot damage the bracelet
although uses dragon’s teeth.
Meanwhile Edmund, Lucy Pevensie, King Caspian, Lord Drinian, and
Reepicheep decide to find Eustace Scrubb. They do not find Scrubb but they find
the dragon. Then, Lucy sees something strange in a dragon. She wants to help the
dragon because the dragon was crying. The strange thing in the dragon is the
bracelet in his arm. It can be seen from the quotation below:
"Oh look," said Lucy, "there's something wrong with its leg. The poor
thing - that's probably what it was crying about. Perhaps it came to us to
be cured like in Androcles and the lion." "Be careful, Lucy," said Caspian.
S a r i | 30
run forward, followed by Reepicheep, as fast as his short legs could carry
him, and then of course the boys and Drinian came, too. "Show me your
poor paw," said Lucy, "I might be able to cure it." (39)
From the quotation Lucy Pevensie tries to waive the bracelet from
dragon’s foot. But King Caspian gives an attention to Lucy for carefully, because
according to King Caspian the dragon is a clever animal and liar. And then Lucy
can waive the bracelet from dragon’s foot. After that, Lucy Pevensie gives the
bracelet to King Caspian. And then King Caspian surprise because the bracelet
has Lord Octesian. it can be seen the passage:
"Seen it!" said Caspian. "Why, of course you have. It is the sign of a great
Narnian house. This is the Lord Octesian's arm-ring." "Villain," said
Reepicheep to the dragon, "have you devoured a Narnian lord?" But the
dragon shook his head violently. "Or perhaps," said Lucy, "this is the Lord
Octesian, turned into a dragon - under an enchantment, you know." "It
needn't be either," said Edmund. "All dragons collect gold. But I think it's
a safe guess that Octesian got no further than this island." "Are you the
Lord Octesian?" said Lucy to the dragon, and then, when it sadly shook its
head, "Are you someone enchanted - someone human, I mean?" It nodded
violently. And then someone said - people disputed afterwards whether
Lucy or Edmund said it first - "You're not - not Eustace by any chance?"
And Eustace nodded his terrible dragon head and thumped his tail in the
S a r i | 31
not put down in writing) to avoid the enormous and boiling tears which
flowed from his eyes.
From the quotation it is seen that Eustace Scrubb doesn’t know if he takes
the bracelet is had Lord Octesian. And then Reepicheep accuse the dragons if it
had been gobbled Lord Octesian. But different from Edmund Pevensie, he gives
another argument that the dragon is Lord Octesian. And the other reason that
according to Edmund if the habits dragons collect gold. And this is a safe guess
that Lord Octesian got no further than this island. However, Eustace and
Reepicheep try to complete the puzzle who the dragon, the dragon gives answer
no with nodded. And when someone shout to the dragon, what is the dragons is
Eustace Scrubb, surprisingly the dragons nodded his terrible dragon head and
thumped his tail in the ocean. So, it is makes clear to everyone that Eustace
Scrubb transform into a dragon because he takes the arm-ring had Lord Octesian
when he in dragon’s nest. And it is a reason that why Eustace Scrubb character
had been improved by becoming a dragon.
3.3 The Effects Eustace Scrubb Transform into Dragon in the Novel
When Eustace Scrubb realized that he transforms into a dragon, there are
S a r i | 32
Scrubb transforms into dragon, he cannot eat vegetables but meats. It can be seen
from the quotation:
He flew over the whole island and found it was all mountainous and
inhabited only by wild goats and droves of wild swine. Of these he
brought back many carcasses as provisions for the ship. He was a very
humane killer too, for he could dispatch a beast with one blow of his tail
so that it didn't know (and presumably still doesn't know) it had been
killed. He ate a few himself, of course, but always alone, for now that he
was a dragon he liked his food raw but he could never bear to let others
see him at his messy meals. (41)
From the quotation above it is seen that Eustace Scrubb likes to unripe
food. Eustace Scrubb gets the unripe food with one blow of its tail. It means that
unripe food is meats from wild goats and pigs that have died because a blow of its
tail. So, Eustace Scrubb cannot eat vegetables but meats.
Eustace Scrubb feels uncomfortable with this condition, he really wants to
be good person. He misses when he laughs, talks, and share about anything. It can
be seen from the quotation below:
He wanted to be friends. He wanted to get back among humans and talk
and laugh and share things. He realized that he was a monster cut off from
the whole human race. An appalling loneliness came over him. He began
to see that the others had not really been fiends at all. He began to wonder
S a r i | 33
longed for their voices. He would have been grateful for a kind word even
from Reepicheep. (37)
From the quotation, it is seen that Eustace Scrubb actually now he
transforms into the dragons want to be kind to other people. He hopes he can
become to be humans and can laugh, talk, and share. And also Eustace Scrubb
feels loneliness. Finally, Eustace Scrubb thinks that bad personality can make
people around will be uncomfortable. So, with this condition where Eustace
Scrubb changes into dragon make he realizes that he must be nice person. The
other side, when Eustace Scrubb transforms into dragon, he cannot speak. He only
uses his dragon’s head when communicates with each other. It can be seen from
this quotation:
"Do you think it understands what we're saying?" asked Lucy. The dragon
nodded its head violently. Reepicheep slipped off Lucy's shoulder and
stepped to the front. "Dragon," came his shrill voice, "can you understand
speech?" The dragon nodded. "Can you speak?" It shook its head. (39)
From quotation above it can be seen that when Eustace Scrubb transforms
into dragon, he only nods his dragon’s head for communicates. Even when Lucy
asked, he only nods and cannot speak although he understands what is being said
S a r i | 34
3.3.1 The End of Being a Dragon
A long ago after six days all people landed on Dragon Island, there is a
miracle. When Edmund Pevensie wakes up in earlier he looks something strange.
It can be seen from the quotation:
About six days after they had landed on Dragon Island, Edmund happened
to wake up very early one morning. As he woke he thought he heard
something moving, so he raised himself on one elbow and looked about
him: and presently he thought he saw a dark figure moving on the seaward
side of the wood. The idea that at once occurred to his mind was, "Are we
so sure there are no natives on this island after all?" Then he thought it was
Caspian - it was about the right size - but he knew that Caspian had been
sleeping next to him and could see that he hadn't moved. He came down
softly to the edge of the wood and the dark figure was still there. He saw
now that it was too small for Caspian and too big for Lucy. It did not run
away. Edmund drew his sword and was about to challenge the stranger
when the stranger said in a low voice, "Is that you, Edmund?" "Yes. Who
are you?" said he. "Don't you know me?" said the other. "It's me Eustace."
"By jove," said Edmund, "so it is. My dear chap -" "Hush," said Eustace
and lurched as if he were going to fall. "Hello!" said Edmund, steadying
him. "What's up? Are you ill?" Eustace was silent for so long that Edmund
thought he was fainting; but at last he said, "It's been ghastly. You don't
S a r i | 35
Edmund. "We can go and sit on the rocks over there. I say, I am glad to
see you - er - looking yourself again.” (42)
From the quotation above Edmund Pevensie sees someone, he thinks if
stranger is King Caspian, but not. Then he thinks if stranger is Lucy Pevensie, but
is not too. And then Edmund surprise because the stranger is Eustace Scrubb, his
cousin is back to be human. And then, Eustace invites his brother, Edmund to talk.
But they converse on the rock, where far from the other people. Because Eustace
Scrubb doesn’t want to meet the others just yet. And from their conversation can
be seen that Edmund is happy to see and meet again with his cousin, Eustace
Scrubb.
Then, Eustace tells about how his back into human to Edmund Pevensie.
He tells that Eustace Scrubb sees a huge lion coming slowly towards him, when
he becomes the dragon. Then, the huge lion said something but Eustace Scrubb
doesn’t know about it. Actually, a huge lion who meets Eustace Scrubb is Aslan.
Aslan is a great lion, the son of the Emperor beyond the sea. Aslan has ever saved
Narnia Country. It can be seen from this quotation:
"Then the lion said - but I don't know if it spoke - "You will have to let me
undress you." I was afraid of his claws, I can tell you, but I was pretty
nearly desperate now. So I just lay flat down on my back to let him do it.
"The very first tear he made was so deep that I thought it had gone right
into my heart. And when he began pulling the skin off, it hurt worse than
S a r i | 36
I thought I'd done it myself the other three times, only they hadn't hurt -
and there it was lying on the grass: only ever so much thicker, and darker,
and more knobbly-looking than the others had been. And there was I as
smooth and soft as a peeled switch and smaller than I had been. And then I
saw why. I'd turned into a boy again. "After a bit the lion took me out and
dressed me -" "Well, I don't exactly remember that bit. But he did
somehow or other: in new clothes - the same I've got on now, as a matter
of fact. And then suddenly I was back here. "What do you think it was,
then?" asked Eustace. "I think you've seen Aslan," said Edmund. "Aslan!"
said Eustace.
From the quotation, it is seen that Eustace Scrubb tells to Edmund, how he
is back to be human. At first, when he becomes the dragon, he meets a huge lion.
And then when the lion said something, Eustace Scrubb doesn’t understand what
the lion speaks. Then let the lions does magic to the dragon it is pulling of scales
skin up to three times. And the pull that makes Eustace Scrubb fells much pain he
never imagines. Until not hurt anymore, then Eustace lying on the grass. And then
feeling of dragon skin is thick and dark, and the numbers of bumps now become
smoother and softer and smaller. Then he changes into a boy again. So, from the
passage knows that, Eustace Scrubb is visited by Aslan, who completes his
transformation by helping him shed his dragon’s exterior and baptizing him.
S a r i | 37
After that, Eustace Scrubb really begins to change as a good person. By the end of
the novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Eustace Scrubb is gives proved if
now he is brave and loyal to King Caspian, Edmund and Lucy Pevensie. Finally,
S a r i | 38
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION
Based on the previous chapter, it can be concluded in three points. First is
about character and characterization Eustace Scrubb. Secondly, about the causes
Eustace Scrubb transforms into a dragon. And third, the effects Eustace Scrubb
transforms into a dragon in the novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.
Eustace Scrubb’s characters shown in the story are: a boy has two
nicknames i.e. Eustace Clarence and Scrubb. He is vegetarian, care, jealous,
careless, and brave. On the other hand, he is a taxidermist, dead animal’s
collector, especially beetles, and pin them to be used as a card. Eustace Scrubb
loves teasing his two brothers, Edmund and Lucy. Eustace Scrubb is a diarist, he
likes writing so much. Eustace Scrubb is one of the characters who experiences
big transformations.
The novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader tells that Eustace Scrubb transformed into a dragon. He transforms into a dragon because he is not aware of
taking a bracelet owned by Lord Octesian. Eustace Scrubb feels uncomfortable
with this condition. He hopes he can become human again. When Aslan comes, it
helps Eustace Scrubb to become human again. By the end of the story in the novel
S a r i | 39
WORK CITED
Abrams, M.H. and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms.
Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009.
Anglin, M.R. What are Fantasy Novel ?. Conjecture Corporation, 2016. Web. 25 April. 2016 <www.wisegeek.com/what-are-fantasy-novels.htm>
Bacon, Francis. Literary Element Characterization. Web. 10 April. 2016
<www.ocontofalls.k12.wi.us/faculty/cincho/litelements/Characterization.p
df.>
Barnet, Sylvn. An Introduction to Literature. Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1963.
DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. USA: McGraw Hill Companies Inc., 2000.
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.7th ed. New York, United State of America: The Modern Language Association of
America, 2009.
Gill, Richard. Mastering English Literature. Second Edition. New York: Palgrave Master Series, 1995.
S a r i | 40
Hancock, Beverley, Windridge K., and Ockleford E. An Introduction to
Qualitative Research. The NIHR RDS East Midlands / Yorkshire & the Humber, 2007.
Holman, C. Hugh. A Handbook to Literature. Indianapolis: ITT Bobbs-Merrill
Educational Publishing Company, Inc., 1985.
Kennedy, X.J. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama.
Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1983.
Lewis profile, Biography, n.d. Web. 19 July. 2016
<http://www.biography.com/people/cs-lewis-9380969>
Lewis, C.S. The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. United Kingdom: Geoffrey Bles,
1952
Richard, Taylor. Understanding the Elements of Literature. New York: St.
Martin’s News, 1981.
Robert, Edgar V & Henry E. Jacobs. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and
Writing. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989.
Searle, Leroy. New Criticism. Web. 10 April. 2016
<www.asiancha.com/NewCriticism>
The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis - Official Site. Harper Collins Publishers.
S a r i | 41
The Chronicles of Narnia. Narniawikia, n.d. Web. 13 March. 2016
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia>
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Summary. Web. 15 July. 2016
<http://www.shmoop.com/voyage-dawn-treader/summary.html>
Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today. Second Edition. London: Routledge, 2006.
