2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Novel
Eagleton (1983:1) says, “There have been various attempts to be define
literature. You can define it, as “imaginative” writing in the sense of
fiction-writing which is not really true. But even the briefest reflection on what people
commonly include under the heading of literature suggests that this will do.”
Literature as imaginative writing plot is reflected from people thought, that is not
true. Types of literature in the fiction genre include the novel, short story, and
novella.
Novel is one form of a literary work which is the story fiction in form of
writings or words and had instances of instrinsik and extrinsic. In a novel author
make a a bouquet having a groove broader and clearly and containing the urethane
story someone and people around him with accentuating dispositive deeper and
setting being diverse. Hence can be concluded that novel is a fictitious tales that
seeks describing or delineating life the characters by using grooves. Fictional
story not only as mere fantasy, but an imagination that is produced by the author
is reality or phenomenon that is seen and perceived. Edgar. V Robert and Henry
E. Jacob in their literary books: An Introduction to Reading and Writing (1995;49)
says that they are some aspects of fiction (novel) from french and Italy to discribe
about, there are : character (the people that goes along in the story), plot ( the
development and the organization of stories), structure (the way a plot is
assembled), theme (the meaning and the whole idea of the story), point of view (
The word “novel” comes from the Italian, Novella, which means the new
staff that small. The novel was originally developed in the region from other
forms or narrative nonfiction, such as letters, biographies, and history. But with a
shift in society and development time, the novel is not only based on data
nonfiction, author of novel can change according to the desired imagination.
From the statement, Novel, that gives you imaginative, is a fictional long
prose work that adopted from french and Italy to describe about the element prose.
2.2 Plot
Plot is a literary term defined as the events that make up a story,
particularly as they relate to one another in a pattern, in a sequence, through cause
and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence. A plot
"insures that you get your character from point A to point Z". Plot according to
Roberts and Jacobs in their book literature (1995;88) said that plot is all the
actions or incidents, speeches, thoughts, and observations are linked together to
make up an entirety, sometimes called an organic unity. The essence of this unity
is the development and resolution of a conflict in hich protagonist, or central
character. The plot is interactions of causes and effects as they develop
sequentially or chronologically. Plot is stories are made up mostly of actions or
incidents that follow each other sequentially. Finding a sequential or narrative
order, however, is only the first step toward the more important consideration.
The plot is the controls governing the development of the actions. In a well-
plotted story , things precede or follow each other not simply because time ticks
Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the characters
and settings are built around. It is meant to organize information and events in a
logical manner. When writing the plot of a piece of literature, the author has to be
careful that it does not dominate the other parts of the story.
There are five main elements in a plot. The first is the exposition or the
introduction. This is known as the beginning of the story where characters and
setting are established. The conflict or main problem is introduced as well. The
second element of a plot is known as the rising action which occurs when a series
of events build up to the conflict. The main characters are established by the time
the rising action of a plot occurs and at the same time, events begin to get
complicated. It is during this part of a story that excitement, tension or crisis is
encountered. The third element of a plot is known as the climax or the main point
of the plot. This is the turning point of the story and is meant to be the moment of
highest interest and emotion. The reader wonders what is going to happen next.
The fourth element of a plot is known as falling action or the winding up of the
story. Events and complications begin to resolve and the result of actions of the
main characters are put forward. The last element of a plot is the resolution or the
conclusion. It is the end of a story and ends with either a happy or a tragic ending.
From the above statement, plot is the parts that the conflict raising is
climax in a story, but this paper explained that the plot has mixed time. The novel
story in future time , then flashback and repeat again until finally the plot finished
2.3 Character
Character is a person who is responsible for the thoughts and action
within a story, poem, or other literature. Characters are extremely important
because they are the medium through which a reader interacts with a piece of
literature. Every character has his or her own personality, which a creative author
uses to assist in forming the plot of a story or creating a mood. The different
attitudes, mannerisms, and even appearances of characters can greatly influence
the other major elements in a literary work, such as theme, setting, and tone. With
this understanding of the character, a reader can become more aware of other
aspect of literature, such as symbolism, giving the reader a more complete
understanding of the work.
Roberts and Jacobs (1995;51) said that character is natural facsimile from
the human with all good and bad characteristics. A story is usually related to big
conflict of the character. It probable to involve interaction with another character
in complicated situation, or with idea or ordinary condition. The character may
win,lose,or relevant. He or she can learn and become better for experience or
maybe lose point and no change.
Abram (1981:76) says that character is people who are appeared in a
narrative prose or novel and it is interpreted by the readers as a person who has
moral quality and certain tendency such as being expressed in what they say and
what they do.
E.M. Foster (1927) says, “There are two basic types of characters “round
Round character is a major character in a work of fiction who encounters conflict and is changed by it. Round characters tend to be more fully
developed and described than flat, or static, characters. If you think of the
characters you most love in fiction, they probably seem as real to you as people
you know in real life. This is a good sign that they are round characters. A writer
employs a number of tools or elements to develop a character, making him or her
round, including description and dialogue.
Flat character is a minor character in a work of fiction who does not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Also referred to as
"two-dimensional characters" or "static characters," flat characters play a
supporting role to the main character, which as a rule should be round. Though we
don't generally strive to write flat characters, they are often necessary in a story,
along with round characters.
From the statement, Character is a person who is responsible for the
thoughts and action within a story. And he or she can learn and become better for
experience or maybe lose point and no change.
2.4 Setting
Roberts and Jacobs (1987: 230) says that the setting is the natural, manufactured, political, and temporal environment, including everything that
characters know and own. Setting is divided into three types : natural and
outdoors, the object of human manufacture and construction , and cultural
condition and assumptions. Background / setting is something or state of being
is a wherein the offender was or story occurring (in school in the city in the room
etc.), (2) a time,is when that story occurring (morning, afternoon, night, yesterday,
etc), (3) theatmosphere, is in a state where the story going on. (sad, excited, cold,
peace, desolate etc.). Background formed of some respects, namely: (1) the
geographical. The setting provides the historical an cultural context for characters.
It often can symbolize the emotional state of characters. Stories actually have two
types of setting: Physical and Chronological. The Physical setting is of course
where the story takes place. Likewise, the chronological setting, the “when” can
be equally general or specific.
From the above statement, Setting is including everything that characters
know and own. And three types that is divided natural and outdoors, the object of
human manufacture and construction , and cultural condition and assumptions.
2.5 Intrinsic Approach
Wallek and Warren (1977:75) says that the approach is based on the
intrinsic structural point of text and literature. This means the intrinsic approach
emphasizes the intertext analysis by describing the elements of prose that
described previously. The study of literature with intrinsic approach usually
concern with the content and the form of the works itself. According to Rene
Wellek (1997: 158) many novel studies not only see the relations of literature
with the social structure, but also study of the artistic, perspective or point of
view and narrative techniques. The basic elements to analyzing literary works
These elements will help the student in analyzing literary works based on intrinsic
approach.
Furthermore Wallek and Warren says, one approach is to find the
purpose and theory of the artist creator. A more useful is based on the comparison
of work of art, social and cultural background the same, can unravel the
background of time , place setting, and social background art and literature.
Furtthemore, it Wallek and Warren said that the golden age of literature
in the days of Elizabeth is not matched by progress in the field of fine arts. The
various branches of art which Platis art, literature, music has the evolution of each
with a different tempo and it has elements of different structures.
From the statement that approach of interpretation and analysis of the
work itself. Performed with several stages of the process in order to get a perfect
result, among others, describe, criticize, analyze and interpret the situation
occurring in the present.
2.6 Phone Syndicate
Phone is An instrument that converts voice and other sound signals into a
form that can be transmitted to remote locations and that receives and reconverts
waves into sound signals. A mobile phone is a wireless handheld device that
allows users to make calls and send text messages, among other features. The
earliest generation of mobile phones could only make and receive calls. Today’s
mobile phones, however, are packed with many additional features, such as Web
browsers, games, cameras, video players and even navigational systems. A mobile
When the first mobile phones were introduced, their only function was to
make calls, and they were so bulky it was impossible to carry them in a pocket.
Later, mobile phones belonging to the Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM) network were capable of sending and receiving text messages. As these
devices evolved, they became smaller and more features were added, such as
multimedia messaging service (MMS), which allowed users to send and receive
images. Most of these MMS-capable devices were naturally equipped with
cameras, which allowed users to capture photos with the built-in camera, add
captions, and send them to friends and relatives who also had MMS-capable
phones. A mobile phone with highly advanced features is called a smartphone,
while a regular mobile phone is known as a feature phone. A mobile phone
typically operates on a cellular network, which is composed of cell sites scattered
throughout cities, countrysides, and even mountainous regions. If a user happens
to be located in an area where there is no signal from any cell site belonging to the
cellular network provider he or she is subscribed to, calls cannot be placed or
received in that location.
Syndicate is an outstanding, incredibly atmospheric action-strategy game
by Bullfrog, one of the best of its kind. The game is set in a bleak future where
"Syndicates" control the world. You're a young executive in a small European
based syndicate, you must perform a series of tasks to subdue the major
population centres one by one until you have driven the forces of the rival
Mariam said that phone syndicate is to sell (something, such as a piece of
writing, comic strip, or photograph) to many different newspapers or magazines
for publication at the same time. Syndicate is group of people or business
companies combined to pursue a commoninterest. And publish an article in many
different newspapers or magazines by making it available to a central organization
that distributes it. His column is syndicated throughout the world. Although there
are many legal syndicates formed around the world, the usage of the term "the
syndicate" in colloquial English often refers to one involved in illegal activities.
The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines syndicate as a group of people or
businesses that work together. This may be a council or body or association of
people or an association of concerns, officially authorized to undertake a duty or
negotiate business with an office or jurisdiction. It may mean an association of
racketeers in organized crime.
From the statement, Phone Syndicate is group of people or business
companies combined to pursue a commoninterest and His column is syndicated
