2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Novel
Novel is a work of fiction that reveal aspects of a deeper humanity and
presented smoothly. Novel only tells one of the facets of the lives of the people
who are truly exceptional, which resulted in the change of fate. Novel as a work of
fiction offers a world, a world contains life model, imaginative world, which built
through as instrinsic view, and others, all of which is narrative. Novel is a work of
prose that is the story, which tells of remarkable events from the lives of the
people (of the story). Said to be an incredible event because this event was born
from a conflict, a contention, which turned the fate of major characters.
Peck and Coyle (1984:102) says, “the novel reflectsa move away from an
essentially of religious view of life towards a new internet in the complextion of
everyday experience. Most novel are concerned with ordinary people and their
problem in the societies in which the find themselves.
Novel is literature which tells about narrative fiction or nonfiction.
Novels are concerned with ordinary people and their problems in the societies in
which they find themselves. Novel is fictitious prose narrative of volume length
portraying characters and action representative of real life in continuous plot.
Taylor ( 1981:460) says, “Novel is a form of literary work. Novel is
normally a prose work of quite some length and complexity, which attempts to
reflect and express something of the quality or value of human experience or
Rees (1973:106) says, “ Novel is a fictitious prose narrative of
considerable length in which characters and action representative of real life are
portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.
Novel has some kind of genres, such as: Picaresque Novel, Epistolary
Novel, History Novel, Regional Novel, Satyr Novel, Bildungsroman, Thesis
Novel, Roman Noir (Gothic Novel), Roman Fleuve, Roman Feuilleton, Science
Fiction, New Roman, and Fact Fiction. From all that kind of novels, we can
conclude that the novel is divided into fiction and true story.
Watson (1979:3) says, “Novel is the name of a literary kind, and there is
a story tell about how, over the centuries, its substance has widened and its
conventions changed.” It means that novel is literary work of prose fiction, longer
than a short story or a medium-length fiction, called a novelette or novella.
2.2 Character
Characters is the actor or character in a work that moves the story by
fellow character and nature interact. Depiction of character that may be made
directly or indirectly by the authors through action, speech, or related
temperaments.
Robert and Jacobs (1993:131) says, “in fiction, a character may be
defined as a verbal representation of a human being. Through action, speech,
description, and commentary, authors characters who are worth caring about,
rooting, for, and even loving, although there also characters you may laugh at,
The element of character is one of the important elements in narrative as
well as other elements. The character term is usually used in two contexts. The
first context, character refers to individuals who appear in the story. The second
context, character refers to the mixing of different interest, desired, emotions, and
moral principles of those individuals.
Abrahams (1981:20) says that character is presented in a narrative or
dramatic work that is interpreted by the reader ha s a certain moral qualities and
tendencies as expressed in speech and what is done in action.
In the terms of role or level of importance of character in a story, there
are two types of characters. They are main characters and peripheral characters.
Nugriyantoro (1995:165) said the characters are people who appear in a work of
narrative, or drama, which is interpreted by the readers has a certain moral
qualities and tendencies as expressed in speech and what is done in action. In this
case a figure closely associated with his personal qualities in admissions readers.
Character in fiction has always had personality traits, attitudes, behaviors or
certain temperamental.
Taylor (1981:62) says that a character in a novel or play is not real
human being and has no life outside the literary compositions; however well the
illusions of reality has been created by the author.
2.3 Theme
Theme is the common idea based that sustains a work of literature and
are contained in the text as a semantic structure and related equations or
Peek and Coyle (1984:141) says, “theme of work is the large of idea or
concept it is dealing with. In order to grasp the theme of work, we have to stand
back from the text and see what sort of general experience or subject links all its
detail together.” It means that theme is a large idea, to be able to understand a
theme, we must to see from the next or general experience of the author.
Staton (2007:7) stated that theme gives a strong explained about the unity
of what is happening in the story, and tell about the story of life in a common
context. The purpose of theme is to give a shape and effect in our mind, so make
the story to remember.
Theme must be related to other elements in a novel to build a good story,
because frome theme story is developed. Elements in a novel is based on theme so
it should be solid each other. Karl (1967:323) said, “Theme is a kind of composite
statement which requires our comprehension of numerous other elements. The
theme can not be anything you choose to make it. Every interpretation must be
consistent with what the author has provided. If you defend a particular meaning
that you feel deeply about, remember that it must coincide with every element of
the story.
2.4 Plot
Yelland (1983) defines this plot by "a story or series of events. In other
words, the plot is a story or sequence of events that regular and organized. Plots in
this sense can be found in the novel rather than in a reasonable life. Life has a
narrative of events arranged in order of time, while the plot is the narration of
events with emphasis on quality.
Plot is literary term defined as the events that make up a story,
particulary as they relate to one another in a pattern, in a sequence, through cause
and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence. According to
Robers and Jacobs (1993:52) says, “The plot is based on the interactions causes
and effect as they as develop sequentially or chronologically.” It means that the
plot is relation between causes and effects that develop into well organized. Plot is
really related to the conflict. Plot will be organized if the causes and effect are
connected to become the conflict.
Plot is series of stories. Abrams in Siswanto (2008:159) says, “that the
plot is a series of stories that formed by the stage of events that weave a story
presented by actors in a story. Goodman (2003:19) says, “The plot important even
stahtaccour in a story, the narrator makes the plot.
The plot is a story that contains the sequence of events, but each event is
only connected by cause and effect, and event which caused or led to other
events.
Stanton (1965:14) says that the plot is a story that contains the sequence
of events, but each incident was only connected in cause and effect, the events
that caused one and also cause the occurrence of other events. Appearance of
events for events that only based on the order of times is not necessarily a plot. To
2.5 Setting
Background related to elements that gives the impression of an abstract
about the environment, both place and time, where the characters perform its role.
This setting is usually realized by creating conditions that complement the story.
Both in the dimension of time and place, a setting can be created from the place
and time of imaginary or factual. And the most decisive for the success of setting,
in addition to the description, is how novelist combine characters with background
in which they carry out their role.
Taylor (1981:69) says that setting is major factor in the formulation of
subject matter and directed influence on the expression theme. As in the case of
the other factors, however, setting needs to be realistic, nor, in fact, even physical.
Historical time (past, present or future) is very effective for certain narratives and
an accurate geographical location advisable, but is also possible to set a fiction in
some vague undertermined time, omitting historical references altogether in order
to achieve a sense of timelessness and universality. Physical setting may be
localizes in a particular and known place or an unspecified and unfamiliar region,
depending on the author’s particular need.
Setting is background of story that describe place, time, and atmosphere
in a novel. Abrams in Siswanto (2008:173) says, “Setting is general local,
historical time, and social circumstance in every episode or part of place. But
Hamalian in Siswanto (2008:149) says, “that setting in fiction not just place, time,
athmosphere related attitudes, way thingking, and lifestyle of a community in
response to particular problem.
Hamalian (1967:59) stated the setting is not only a perticular time and a
particular place, or a very substance of a region, but also how the people things,
how the react, their prejudices, their insanities, and their lifestyle with all elements
that related indirectly.
Conflict is dramatic struggle between two forces in a story. Without
conflict, there is no plot. Conflict has become a broad term in literary works and it
now includes almost any problem the protagonist may have. It can encompass a
struggle between the protagonist and another creature, obstacles society puts in
the protagonist’s way, a battle againts nature, a mystery unraveled, or internal
and emotional issues being solved.
Conflict is considered an important event which is a supporting element
of the plot in the plot development. Nurgiyantoro (1995:122) says, “Conflict is
something, refer to the action and retaliation.” It means conflict is something that
is dramatic, referring to the struggle between two forces are balanced and suggest
the action and counter action. Given the conflict of the plot will be more easily
determined.
2.6 Point of view
Point of view is one of the elements of fiction that is classified as a
means of story. Point of view in a work of fiction describes who is told, from a
It is way or the view that the author used as a means to present the characters,
action, background, and various events that make up the story.
In a work of fiction to the reader Abrahams (1981:42) says that Point of
view is the way the author puts himself in the story or from the point which the
author looked at the story.
According to Peck (1994:68) stated that Point of view is a technique that
is used by author to find tell the meaning of his artistic work to readers. The
author expects that the readers can accept his technique. Point of view has
psychological connection to the readers, and readers need clear perception about
the point of view. The readers understanding about the novel will be influenced by
a clear point of view. Point of view is not only considered as the way dramatic
limitation but also considered a serving the the thematic definition, because a
novel offers values, attitude, and life perception which is controlled and served by
the author intentionally through point of view.
Point of view is the way of author see the character, events, places, and
time by his/her own style. Roberts and Jacobs (1995:180) says, “that point of view
refers to the position and stance of the voice, or speaker, that authors adopt for
their works. Kinds of point of view: narrator omniscient, narrator observer,
