DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE PLATES
AND STEEL ANCHORAGE
TO CONCRETE
OUTLINE
1. Introduction 2. Base plates
a. Material
b. Design using AISC Steel Design Guide
Concentric axial load
Axial load plus moment
Axial load plus shear 3. Anchor Rods
a. Types and Materials
b. Design using ACI Appendix D
Tension
INTRODUCTION
Base plates and anchor rods are often the last structural steel items to be designed but the first items required on the jobsite.
Therefore the design of column base plate and connections are part of the critical path.
Vast majority of column base plate connections are designed for axial compression with little or no uplift.
Column base plate connections can also transmit uplift forces and shear forces through:
Anchor rods,
Friction against the grout pad or concrete,
Shear lugs under the base plate or embedding the column base can be used to resist large forces.
Column base plate connections can also be used to resist wind and seismic loads:
Development of force couple between bearing on
Anchor rods are needed for all base plates to prevent column from overturning during construction and in some cases to resist uplift or large moments
Anchor rods are designed for pullout and breakout strength using ACI 318 Appendix D
Critical to provide well-defined, adequate load path when tension and shear loading will be transferred through anchor rods
INTRODUCTION
(Cont’d)
Grout is needed to serve as the connection between the steel base plate and the concrete foundation to transfer compression loads.
Grout should have design compressive strength at least twice the strength of foundation concrete.
When base plates become larger than 24”, it is recommended that one or two grout holes be provided to allow the grout to flow easier.
BASE PLATE MATERIALS
Base plates should be ASTM A36 material unless other grade is available.
Most base plates are designed as square to match the foundation shape and can be more accommodating for square anchor rod patterns.
A thicker base plate is more economical than a thinner base plate with additional stiffeners or other reinforcements.
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED
BASE PLATES
Required plate area is based on uniform allowable bearing stress. For axially loaded base plates, the bearing stress under the base plate is uniform
A2 = dimensions of concrete supporting foundation
A1 = dimensions of base plate
Most economical plate occurs when ratio of concrete to plate area is equal to or greater than 4 (Case 1)
When the plate dimensions are known it is not possible to calculate bearing pressure directly and therefore different procedure is used (Case 2)
`
1 2 `
max c 0.85 c 1.7 c
p f
A A f
f
Case 1:
A
2 > 4
A
1 1. Determine factored load Pu2. Calculate required plate area A1 based on maximum concrete bearing stress fp=1.7f`c (when A2= 4 A2)
` ) ( 1 7 . 1 6 . 0 c u req f P A A1(req) N 2 8 . 0 95 .
0 d bf
N A B 1(req)
3. Plate dimensions B & N should be determined so m & n are approximately equal:
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED
4. Calculate required base plate thickness:
where
l
is maximum ofm
andn
5. Determine pedestal area,
A
2: 295 .
0 d
N
m
2 8 . 0 bf
B
n
BN F P l t y u 90 . 0 2 min BN A2 4
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED
BASE PLATES
(Cont’d)Case 1:
A
2 > 4
A
1Case 2: Pedestal dimensions known
2 ` 2 1 85 . 0 60 . 0 1 c u f P A
A 1 `
7 . 1 6 . 0 c u f P A
1. Determine factored load Pu
2. The area of the plate should be equal to larger of:
or
3. Same as Case 1
4. Same as Case 1
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED
DESIGN OF BASE PLATES WITH
MOMENTS
Equivalent eccentricity, e, is calculated equal to moment M
divided by axial force P.
Moment and axial force replaced by equivalent axial force at a distance e from center of column.
Small eccentricities equivalent axial force resisted by bearing only.
Large eccentricities necessary to use an anchor bolt to resist equivalent axial force.
If e <N/6 compressive bearing stress exist everywhere
If e is between N/6 and N/2 bearing occurs only over a portion of the plate
AB P f1 2
I Mc BN
P f1,2
DESIGN OF BASE PLATES WITH
1. Calculate factored load (Pu) and moment (Mu)
2. Determine maximum bearing pressure, fp
3. Pick a trial base plate size, B and N
4. Determine equivalent eccentricity, e, and maximum bearing stress from load, f1. If f1 < fp go to next step, if not pick different base plate size.
5. Determine plate thickness, tp:
y plu p F M t 90 . 0 4 ` 1 2 ` 7 . 1 85 .
0 c c
c
p f
A A f
f
DESIGN OF BASE PLATES WITH
MOMENTS
(Cont’d)• Mplu is moment for 1 in wide strip
DESIGN OF BASE PLATE WITH
SHEAR
Four principal ways of transferring shear from column base plate into concrete:
1. Friction between base plate and the grout or concrete surface:
The friction coefficient (m) is 0.55 for steel on grout and 0.7 for steel on concrete
2. Embedding column in foundation.
3. Use of shear lugs. c c u
n P f A
V m 0.2 `
DESIGN OF SHEAR LUGS
1. Determine the portion of shear which will be resisted by shear lug, Vlgu.
2. Determine required bearing area of shear lug:
3. Determine shear lug width, W, and height, H.
4. Determine factored cantilevered end moment, Mlgu.
5. Determine shear lug thickness: ` lg lg 85 . 0 c u f V A 2 lg lg G H W V
M u u
y u F M t 90 . 0 4 lg lg
ANCHOR RODS
Two categories:a) Post-installed anchors: set after the concrete is hardened.
Materials:
Preferred specification is ASTM F1554: - Grade 36, 55, 105 ksi.
ASTM F1554 allows anchor rods to be supplied straight (threaded with nut for anchorage) , bent or headed.
Wherever possible use ¾-in diameter ASTM F1554 Grade 36:
- When more strength required, increase rod diameter to 2 in before switching to higher grade.
Minimum embedment is 12 times diameter of bolt.
ANCHOR RODS
(Cont’d)
CAST-IN-PLACE ANCHOR RODS
When rods with threads and nut are used, a more positive anchorage is formed:
Failure mechanism is the pull out of a cone of concrete radiating outward from the head of the bolt or nut.
Use of plate washer does not add any increased resistance to pull out.
ANCHOR ROD PLACEMENT
Most common field problem is placement of anchor rods. Important to provide as large as hole as possible to
accommodate setting tolerances.
Fewer problems if the structural steel detailer coordinates all anchor rod details with column base plate assembly.
ANCHOR ROD LAYOUT
Should use a symmetrical pattern in both directions wherever possible.
Should provide sufficient clearance distance for the washer from the column.
Edge distance plays important role for concrete breakout strength.
DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR
TENSION
When base plates are subject to uplift force Tu, embedment of anchor rods must be checked for tension. Steel strength of anchor in tension:
Ase = effective cross sectional area of anchor, AISC Steel Manual Table 7-18
fut = tensile strength of anchor, not greater than 1.9fyor 125 ksi
Concrete breakout strength of single anchor in tension:
hef = embedment
k = 24 for cast-in place anchors, 17 for post-installed anchors 2,3 = modification factors
ut se s A f
N
5 . 1 `
ef c b k f h
N
b No
N
cb N
A A N 23
Ano= projected area of the failure surface of a single anchor remote from edges
AN= approximated as the base of the rectilinear geometrical figure that results from projecting the failure surface outward 1.5hef from the centerlines of the anchor. Example of calculation of AN with
2
9 ef No h
A
DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR
Pullout strength of anchor:
Nominal strength in tension Nn = min(Ns, Ncb, Npn) Compare uplift from column, Tu to Nn.
If Tu less than Nn ok!
If Tu greater than Nn, must provide tension reinforcing around anchor rods or increase embedment of anchor rods.
` 4 brg
8
cpn
A
f
N
DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR
TENSION
(Cont’d) When base plates are subject to shear force, Vu, and friction between base plate and concrete is inadequate to resist shear, anchor rods may take shear.
Steel Strength of single anchor in shear:
Concrete breakout strength of single anchor in shear:
6, 7 = modification factors
do = rod diameter, in
l = load bearing length of anchor for shear not to exceed 8do, in b vo v cb
V
A
A
V
6
7 1.51 ` 2
. 0
7 d f c
d l
V o c
o b ut se
s
A
f
V
DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR
Avo = projected area of the failure surface of a single anchor remote from edges in the direction perpendicular to the shear force Av = approximated as the base of
a truncated half pyramid projected on the side face of the member.
Example of calculation of Av with edge distance (c2) less than 1.5c1
2 1 5 .4 c
Avo
) 5 . 1 ( 5 .
1 c1 c1 c2
Av
DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR
SHEAR
(Cont’d) Pryout strength of anchor:
Nominal strength in shear Vn = min(Vs, Vcb, Vcp) Compare shear from column, Vu to Vn.
If Vu less than Vn ok!
If Vu greater than Vn must provide shear reinforcing around anchor rods or use shear lugs.
cb cp cp k N
V
DESIGN OF ANCHOR RODS FOR
COMBINED TENSION AND SHEAR
According to ACI 318 Appendix D, anchor rods must be checked for interaction of tensile and shear forces:
2 . 1
n u
n u
V V N T
REFERENCES
American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318-02.
AISC Steel Design Guide, Column Base Plates, by John T. DeWolf, 1990.
AISC Steel Design Guide (2nd Edition) Base Plate and
Anchor Rod Design.
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