CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Theoretical Background 1. Perception
a. Nature of Perception
Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of information through sensory sense. By perception, we know and understand about the kinds of phenomenon which exist in our environment. People have different perceptions on an object. It can be in positive or negative perceptions.
Perception is a process which starts from the sense of organ. It is a process which related to the acceptance of information by human brain which happens during the process of interaction which is done by people with his or her environment (Slameto, 2010).
People have different perceptions toward an object that will be discussed in this research is about the use of Quipper School, and the respondents who give the perceptions are students. Therefore, it can be conclude that perception is a process of human thinking about phenomenon after they get sensation from environment through the sense of organ.
b. Process of Perception
Perception is a process where the information enters to human brain. Through perception, people connect with the environment. It‟s done through five senses. The following steps show the process of perception by Walgito (2010):
1. Stimulus
Perception appears because of response to the object or stimulus. The first step of perception is sensation. All of the sensation enters through humans‟ senses. Sensation will influence the stimulus.
2. Registration
The stimulus will be transferred by nerve to brain. Then it will be processed by brain. In this process, human being recognizes the stimulus.
3. Interpretation
Stimulus entering into the brain interprets what the individual see, hear, feel, etc. Relation in this research is the perception given by the students as a result of stimuli.
c. The Supporting Element of Perception
1. Object that is perceived
An object will cause stimulus and it will be received by human‟s sensory device.
2. Receptor/Human sense/Sensory Device
Human sense or receptor is the device to receive stimulus. Besides that, there should be sensory nerve as a tool to continue every stimulus to the core of nerve composition called brain. 3. Attention
Attention is needed to do perceptions. An individual has to focus on that particular object which may be different with other individual‟s concentration. By having different focus on the object,
individual can have various perceptions.
Those three things take important role in perception; object, receptor, and attention. If those things are not complete, there will no perception come to the individual itself.
d. Factors Affecting Perception
Everyone has different impression in seeing the same thing. The differences can be affected by many factors, including the internal and external factor. In addition, Slameto (2010) suggests the factors that influence the student‟ perceptions into two following categories,
a. Internal factors
Internal factor is a factor which comes from an individual. This factor is divided into two factors. Those are physical factors and psychological factors.
1) Physical Factors a) Health Factor
Health means that the people are in good conditions in which the body is free from disease. Learning process will be disturbed if someone suffers from disease. In order to make the students study well, they must keep their health. In line with that statement, health conditions also influence students‟ perceptions. If students healthy
there is possibility that they will give positive perceptions. Someone perceptions depends on his health conditions.
b) Physical defect
Physical defect is something causing our body uncompleted. This defect can disturb the students to study or influencing their perceptions.
2) Psychological factor a) Intelligence
learn quickly. If students have good intelligence they will see something in the positive way.
b) Attention
Attention is a factor that supports teaching learning process. This process will be effective if students have a good attention during teaching learning process. If the teacher wants to get good attentions from students, he/ she have to design the teaching materials as effective as possible. If students have good attention on something, they will focus on it and will easy to give perceptions toward it. c) Interest
Hilgrad in Slameto (2010) defines interest is persisting tendency to pay attention and enjoy some activities or contents. Interest has big influence in using media in teaching and learning process because when a student‟s lack of interest of the media that is
used in the classroom, they will feel bored to study, for that reason a teacher should use interesting media and deliver such kind of activity related to the teaching materials based on the students‟ interest.
d) Aptitude
Aptitude is the ability to learn that will develop after they learn and practice certain skill. If teaching material suitable with students‟
aptitude, they will motivate to study hard. In line with that statement, if something suitable with students‟ aptitude, they will give good
e) Motive
James Drever as cited in Slameto (2010) defines motive as the effective factors which determine the direction of an individual‟s behavior towards a goal. Students will give positive perceptions toward media if they feel that media will help them to reach their goals.
f) Readiness
Readiness is preparedness to respond or react. The students‟ readiness is based on their maturity. Furthermore, if they have readiness to study they will get better learning achievement. Same with perceptions, they will easy to give perception if they are ready to accept the media and use it based on procedure.
b. External factors
It is a factor which comes from outside of an individual. There are several external factors which influence the students to learn. Those are:
1) Family factor
Family is the first place for children to get education. Family condition, parents‟ affection, cultural background, economic matter
can influence the students‟ future education and how they will learn.
some facilities at home that the students need in learning process. Students will give good perception toward media or something if their family or parents support them to use that media, including give some facilities to operate the media. Because of that, they will feel easy to use the media.
2) School factors a) Teaching method
Method is the decision at which choices are made about the particular skill to be taught, the content to the taught, and the order in which the content will be presented (Richards, 2006). There is no best teaching method but the used of varied teaching method will increase students‟ motivation to learn harder. Students will give good
perceptions if the teaching method that is used by the teacher suitable with them.
b) Curriculum
c) The teacher
Teacher as a facilitator is a factor for success of teaching and learning process, because a teacher mostly decides what is actually done in the classroom. The decision includes the selection of teaching methods, teaching techniques, teaching procedures, learning materials, and the use of media or teaching tools.
d) Relationship between students
Creating a good relationship between students will give positive effect among students in learning stage.
e) Media
Instructional media are important things in learning activity. Without media, learning is not complete yet. Instructional media have close relationship with the students‟ strategy because media used by
the teacher in delivering the material are also used by the students in accepting the material.
f) Homework
This is very important in order to make students to study at home.
g) School atmosphere
Creating good atmosphere is important to support teaching and learning activity. It will disturb teaching learning activity if teachers do not create a good learning atmosphere.
e. Student’s Perception
Students are the main and the most important resource in the teaching and learning process. Students‟ perception is necessary in a
teaching and learning situation, it occurs when the teacher interprets a given meaning to stimuli their classroom environment or in the students‟ classroom behavior (Ahmad, 2009). Several past research
2. Quipper School
a. Definition of Quipper School
Quipper School is one of the new e-learning media. This media was launched and could be accessed by teacher and students since 2014. Masayuki Watanabe as the CEO of Quipper School said that Quipper is the powerful, exciting and simple application that is designed for teachers and students.
Quipper school is an online learning application originally developed by Quipper LTD in London. Mostly, countries in this world use Quipper as e-learning media including Indonesia, Philippines, Mexico, Japan, the United Kingdom, India, Russia and Turkey. Therefore, there are some languages which are available on Quipper school including English, Japanese, Filipino, Bahasa Indonesia, Mexican-Spanish, and Thai. The user can understand the language easily because language in Quipper School is simple and adjusted.
This application is very friendly and ready to use. The process of registration and sign up are very easy with clear instruction. If the teacher and the student have Facebook accounts they can sign in with Facebook, if they don‟t have Facebook they can sign in with e-mail.
b. The Basic Operation and Features of Quipper School
registered in the Quipper database, teachers can request to the Quipper ambassador at the school to assign their account into the virtual school classroom.
Quipper school has three main features “creation”, “assessment”,
and “learning”. “Creation” is for setting up the learning classroom, question mark as a help facility.
The features in Quipper school are divided into two roles, role for teacher and role for student. Each role has different main menu.
Here are the explanations of the features teacher role ( Mulyono, 2016): a. Overview contains of overview and performance, this feature provide the
brief information of the assignment that will be collected by the students. b. Assignment contains of assignment and examination, the teacher can
create the question and time allocation of examinations, share and monitor the progress of the students.
c. Curriculum feature, in this feature there are two options for the teacher regarding the materials. The teacher can use the material that provided or the teacher creates the material by her or himself.
d. Message contains of personal message and announcement, this feature has two functions. The first is personal message is for receive the message from the student. The second is announcement, the teacher can use this submenu to send the information, announcement or note to all students. e. Manage with submenu students, groups, teachers, it has a function to make
a group which the teacher has the authority for make another groups. There are three features for the students, assignment, messages, and study notes.
b. Message contains of message and notices. It allows the students interact with their friends and the teacher. It is for the students who do not understand with the material or making discussion with their friend.
c. Study notes are for making personal note based on the material or
assignment. In this features can only be accessed when the teacher provide it.
c. The Strengths of Quipper School
According to Katz (2009), every year the students show the interesting of using technology in academic context. Furthermore, the students‟ responses while using Quipper school in class are very positive.
The students are comfortable learning with technology and also prefer to use IT in the class.
The fact today, the students are more enjoy in using technology and also they are indicating to use technology inside or outside classroom (Katz, 2009). Most of the students like using digital in studying. Many schools also provide the things are needed in operating technology that makes the students easier to access the online class.
The teacher has to consider the advantages the use of media. Surely, quipper school has many advantages. Here are the advantages of quipper school based on Rachmawati (2015) It provides the material and exercises with the interesting display and understandable for students. 2) It provides all the material of Senior High School students with the curriculum needed. 3) It can monitor all the activities including the score of the students. 4) The students can review the material whenever and wherever they are. 5) Teacher and students can interact directly through the massage that provided by Quipper school. 6) It can change the passive students to be the active students. 7) It is easier, cheaper and simple.
Unlike other similar web-based learning management plat forms as Moodle, ATutor, Omeka and Dacebo that need installation on an existining a web server, Quipper provides teachers and students with a ready to use web based learning application (Mulyono, 2016). It is also supports teachers via virtual storage to give the material in form of Power Point presentations, PDF files, pictures and videos. Furthermore, it helps teacher maintain their teaching and learning activity and monitor their students‟ learning without the problem of time and place. It is interesting
that the use of the facilities in Quipper is completely free. d. The Weaknesses of Quipper School
one of the obstacles of using e-learning media in learning process. Sulistyo-Basuki said in his journal, there are 6 lacks in Indonesia. Those are: e-learning can directly deliver in face-to-face without digital, e-learning will isolate the students, e-e-learning needs the master from teacher and students, the teacher has to expert in IT, e-learning makes the students are uncontrolled, and e-learning is expensive learning. The lacks of technology will balance with the human perception.
The other obstacles faced to Indonesian students are low independence level, connection problem and difficulties in understanding the material (Nawang, 2012). From those obstacles can be divided into two major problems of using technology during learning process. There are infrastructure problem and cultural problem. Infrastructure problem is the tool that is used for e-learning and the problem of connection, the quantity of computer and the knowledge of the technology is still minimize. The cultural problem is the willingness of the students or teacher in using technology.
According to Bullen and Beam in Muhammad Yazdi (2012), beside the obstacles that faced by Indonesian students, there are eight weaknesses of e-learning.
a. E-learning can make less interaction between student and student. b. It can make the students ignore the academic and social attitude. c. Process learning will incline in training than education.
d. The teacher will have added obligation, the teacher has to empower the material and also the technique of ICT (Information Communication Technology)
e. The student who has no motivation for learning will be less motivation. f. Limit internet signal.
g. Limit people who have the knowledge of technology. h. The language of computer is quite difficult.
B. Previous Studies
Here, the researcher reviews some researches which were related to this research, as follows:
1. Keefektifan Penerapan E-Learning- Quipper school Pada Pembelajaran Akuntansi Di Sma Negeri 2 Surakarta by Rizki Rahmawati, Sudiyanto and Sri Sumaryati (2015).
The researcher said that the technology used as learning media can be used by the teacher in learning process to overcome the students‟ learning problem is e-learning. Quipper School is a new
e-learning media with open source and it is launched since 2014.
The researcher in this previous study used experimental research through simple random sampling technique with the students in twelfth grade of social class SMA Negeri 2 Surakarta as the population. Techniques for collecting data that the researcher used are test, observation, interview and documentation. The result of this research based on T-test showed that Quipperschool is effective for media in learning accountancy.
The similar thing between the current research and this previous was both researches discuss about the use of Quipper School. The purpose of both researches was quite different, the aim of the previous research was to investigate the effectiveness of e-learning- Quipper School application on the accounting learning but the current research has aim to know students‟ perceive about the use of Quipper
2. Effects of Quipper School Program based on Local Contentsin Surat Thani Province to Enhance English Listening Skill of Matthayomsuksa V Students by Supawadee Bang in 2016.
The purpose of this research were to develop Quipper School program based on local contents in Surat Thani province, to compare students‟ English listening ability before and after using
Quipper School program and to study the motivation of the students on Quipper School Program.
The methodology used by this research is a quasi-experimental research in form of one group pretest and posttest design. The participants of this research were 30 Mattayomsuksa V students who study English for tourism at Bangsawan wittayakom school, Phrasaeng District Surat Thani province, in the first semester. The instruments used by this research were Quipper School Program, Pretest and Posttest, and motivation questionnaire.
The research findings indicated that the efficiency of Quipper School program based on local content in Surat Thani province was at 80.3/82.88. The students‟ achievement after learning
by using Quipper School Program based on local contents in Surat Thani province was significantly higher than before. The motivation of the students on Quipper School Program was at a high level.
research discussed about the effectiveness of using E-learning- Quipper School in accountancy program. The research did not relate with language even it was about education. Different with this current research had aim to know student perceptions toward the use of Quipper School in their English subject. Research methodology that used in both researches also different, this current result used Survey study but the previous research used quasi-experimental research. C. Basic Assumptions
