Geografski in okoljevarstveni vidiki razvoja Tolmina
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(19) *HRJUDIVNLLQRNROMHYDUVWYHQLYLGLNLUD]YRMD7ROPLQD. *UDILNRQ.OLPRJUDP]DPHULOQRSRVWDMR7ROPLQ±. 9LUSRGDWNRY023$562 1D ORNDOQR NOLPR LPDMR YHOLN YSOLY QDGPRUVND YLãLQD ORNDOQL YHWURYL SDGDYLQVNH UD]PHUH VOHPHQLWHYNDWHUHSRVOHGLFDVRUD]OLþQLYSDGQLNRWLVRQþQLKåDUNRYPHJODLQSRVHOLWHY 7DNR NRW YHOLN GHO GUåDYH ODKNR WXGL REþLQR 7ROPLQ XYUVWLPR Y REPRþMH V VUHGR]HPVNLP WLSRP SDGDYLQ VDM QDMYHþML GHO SDGDYLQ SDGH Y QRYHPEUX QDMPDQM QDPRþHQ SD MH IHEUXDU *HRJUDILMD 6ORYHQLMH 9]URNH ]D PDNVLPXP SDGDYLQ MHVHQL JUH LVNDWL Y SUHKRGLK VUHGR]HPVNLKFLNORQRYVIURQWDPL 5DNRYHF9UKRYHF =D7ROPLQYREGREMXRG GR YHOMD GD MH SRYSUHþQD OHWQD NROLþLQ SDGDYLQ ]QDãDOD PP OHWR MH SRYSUHþQR LPHOR GQL V VQHåQR RGHMR LQ GQL V SDGDYLQDPL PHJOD SD MH 7ROPLQVNR NRWOLQR SRNULYDODGQLOHWQR 023$562 0HJODMHSRJRVWSRMDYY]DSUWLKGROLQDKLQNRWOLQDKSUHNFHOHJDOHWDSRJRVWHMHSDYMHVHQVNHP LQ ]LPVNHP þDVX NR UD]PHURPD VHJUHWD LQ YODåQD WOD SUHNULMH KODGHQ ]UDN 023 $562 7DVHL]JRUVNHJDVYHWDSRGROLQDK7ROPLQNHLQ=DGODãþLFHVWHNDYREPRþMH7ROPLQVNH NRWOLQH RG NRGHU VH ãLUL SURWL 0RVWX QD 6RþL 0HJOD VH UHGNR SRMDYOMD Y GROLQDK ,GULMFH LQ %DþH 3RPHPEHQ GHMDYQLN SUL REOLNRYDQMX SRMDYD PHJOH MH VWRMHþD YRGQD SRYUãLQD 6RþH Y DNXPXODFLMVNHPMH]HUXSUL0RVWXQD6RþL=]DMH]LWYLMRUHNHSUL3RGVHOXOHWD]DSRWUHEH +( 'REODU MH VWUXJR 6RþH LQ GHOQR ,GULMFH ]DOLOD YRGD LQ XVWYDULOD NP GROJR MH]HUR 3RVOHGLFDMHSRJRVWDPHJODNLSUHGWHPQLELODSULVRWQD 6(1* =D REþLQR 7ROPLQ YHOMD GD QLPD KHOLRJUDPD ]D PHUMHQMH VRQþQHJD REVHYDQMD QDMEOLåML VH QDKDMD Y %RKLQMVNL %LVWULFL NL SD QLPD HQDNLK NDUDNWHULVWLN NRW 7ROPLQ =DUDGL UHOLHIQH UD]JLEDQRVWLREþLQHVHVRQþQRREVHYDQMHVSUHPLQMDQDPDMKQHUD]GDOMH9HOLNHUD]OLNHVRPHG SULVRMQLPLLQRVRMQLPLSRERþMLWDNRVRVVRQFHPQDMEROMREVLMDQDSULVRMQD MXåQD SRERþMDWHU 7ROPLQVNDNRWOLQDQDMPDQMVRQþQHJDREVHYDQMDSDSUHMPHMRREPRþMD]RVRMQROHJRWHUR]NH GROLQH NMHU YHOMD RPHQLWL SUHGYVHP %DãNR JUDSR 7XNDM JUH GRGDWL GD VH VRQþQR REVHYDQMH ]HOR OHSR RGUDåD WXGL QD SRVHOLWYL REPRþMD VDM VR EROM SRVHOMHQD SULVRMQD REPRþMD NDU VH GREURRSD]LSUHGYVHPY%DãNLJUDSL . .
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(22) *HRJUDIVNLLQRNROMHYDUVWYHQLYLGLNLUD]YRMD7ROPLQD. 1D WHP PHVWX JUH RPHQLWL WXGL DNXPXODFLMVNR MH]HUR QD 0RVWX QD 6RþL NDWHUHJD SULPDUQD IXQNFLMD MH ]DGRYROMHYDWL SRWUHEH +( 'REODU VHNXQGDUQL IXQNFLML SD VWD UHNUHDFLMVND LQ WXULVWLþQD 9RGRWRNLQD7ROPLQVNHPNLVR]HORYRGQDWLLQNDNRYRVWQLVRL]UHGQHJDSRPHQDSUHGYVHP ]DUDGL RVNUEH SUHELYDOVWYD V SLWQR YRGR NDNRU WXGL ]D SURL]YRGQMR HOHNWULþQH HQHUJLMH LQ Y WXULVWLþQHQDPHQH 3('2/2â.(=1$ý,/1267, 3UVWL QDVWDQHMR NRW SRVOHGLFD GHORYDQMD UD]OLþQLK GHMDYQLNRY PDWLþQH RVQRYH SRGQHEMD UHOLHID RUJDQL]PRY LQ þORYHND 2EPRþMH Y RNROLFL 7ROPLQD VH SRQDãD V SHVWUR JHRORãNR SRGODJRNLMRWYRULMRSUHWHåQRNDUERQDWQHNDPQLQH5HOLHIQDWHPREPRþMXLJUDSRPHPEQR YORJR VDM YSOLYD QD NROLþLQR VRQþHYHJD REVHYDQMD NL JD GRORþHQ GHO SRYUãMD SUHMPHWHUQD KXPLGQRVW SRGODJH ]DUDGL QDNORQD SRYUãMD 3UDY WDNR SRPHPEHQ MH NOLPDWVNL SHGRJHQHWVNL GHMDYQLN Y RNYLU NDWHUHJD VRGLMR WHPSHUDWXUH SDGDYLQH NL MLK MH QD WHP REPRþMX UHODWLYQR YHOLNR VRQþHYR REVHYDQMH QD NDWHUHJD QD UD]JLEDQHP SRYUãMX REþLQH 7ROPLQ YSOLYD HNVSR]LFLMD /RYUHQþDN 1DIOLãXLQODSRUMXNLMXQDMGHPRQDREPRþMX.RORYUDWD9ROþDQVNLK5XWRY&YHWMD*RGLþH SODQLQ QDG =DWROPLQRP 0HGUMH ýUþH /DãND VHþ LQ Y ]JRUQMHP GHOX %DãNH JUDSH VR VH UD]YLOHNLVOHSUVWL.LVOHUMDYHSUVWLVRSOLWYHGRVUHGQMHJORERNHGRELPRSDMLKQDJUHEHQLKLQ VOHPHQLK LQ VR ] YRGR GREUR SUHVNUEOMHQH .LVOH SUVWL VR VH SUDY WDNR UD]YLOH QD REPRþMX *RUHQMHJD /RJD 'URERþQLND 7ROPLQVNHJD /RPD QD VHYHUQHP UREX âHQWYLãNH SODQRWH QD SRERþMLK 8WUD SRG âHEUHOMDPL LQ QD SRERþMLK OHYHJD EUHJD 7UHEXãþLFH 1D NDUERQDWQHP JUXãþX PRUHQDK YUãDMLKLQUHþQLKVHGLPHQWLKSUHYODGXMHMRQHYWUDOQHLQED]LþQHSUVWLNDUMH ]DVOHGLWL Y 7ROPLQVNL NRWOLQL LQ GROLQL 7ROPLQNH WH SUVWL SD MH QDMWL WXGL QD DSQHQFLK QD VHYHUQHP SRERþMX .RORYUDWD %XþHQLFH LQ Y SUHGDOSVNHP KULERYMX Y ]DOHGMX 7ROPLQD 5HQG]LQHQDDSQHQFXLQGRORPLWXVRQDMSRJRVWHMãDWDOQDHQRWDY%DãNLJUDSLWDPLQGUXJMHY REþLQLSDSUHWHåQRSRNULYDMRVWUPDSRERþMD9RVRMQLKOHJDKVRUHQG]LQHKXPR]QHLQVYHåHY SULVRMQLKSDVXKHLQVNHOHWQH1D]PHUQRVWUPLKLQSRORåQHMãLKUHOLHIQLKREOLNDK REY]QRåMLK SRERþLMYGROLQDKQDSODQRWDK VRVHUD]YLOHSRNDUERQDWQHUMDYHSUVWLNLVRSOLWYHGRVUHGQMH JORERNHSUHSXVWQH]DYRGRELRORãNRVUHGQMHDNWLYQHLQGRNDMKXPR]QH *R]GQRJRVSRGDUVNL QDþUWL*(7ROPLQ0RVWQD6RþL%DãNDJUDSD 9(*(7$&,-6.(=1$ý,/1267, 2EPRþMH MH ]DUDGL YSOLYD UHOLHID NOLPH PDWLþQH SRGODJH LQ SUVWL YHJHWDFLMVNR ]DQLPLYR LQ SHVWUR /HåL QD VWLNX DOSVNHJD LQ SUHGDOSVNHJD ILWRJHRJUDIVNHJD REPRþMD Y MXåQHP GHOX SD SUHYODGXMH VXEPHGLWHUDQVNL YSOLY NL VHJD ãH Y GROLQL 7ROPLQNH LQ =DGODãþLFH *R]GQRJRVSRGDUVNLQDþUWL*(7ROPLQ0RVWQD6RþL%DãNDJUDSD 9 REþLQL 7ROPLQ JR]G SUHGVWDYOMD SRYUãLQH SRYUãLQH REþLQH SD MH Y ]DUDãþDQMX 9LVRN GHOHå JR]GD MH SRVOHGLFD UD]JLEDQHJD UHOLHID V VWUPLPL SRERþML NL RQHPRJRþDMR GUXJDþQRUDERWDO 7DEHOD %ODWQLN 9HþLQD SRERþLM Y REþLQL 7ROPLQ MH WDNR SRUDVOD ] JR]GRP JR]GQH ]GUXåEH NL Y QMHP SUHYODGXMHMR VH SRJRVWR SUHSOHWDMR YHOLNRNUDW MLK ODKNR ORþLPR Y YLãLQVNH SDVRYH 'HOHå .
(23) *HRJUDIVNLLQRNROMHYDUVWYHQLYLGLNLUD]YRMD7ROPLQD. JR]GDYJR]GQRJRVSRGDUVNLKHQRWDK7ROPLQ0RVWQD6RþLLQ%DãNDJUDSDVNXSQR]QDãD NDUMHQDGVORYHQVNLPSRYSUHþMHPNL]QDãD =*6 1DMSRJRVWHMãH]GUXåEHQD WHP REPRþMX VR ]PHUQR NLVOROMXEHQ EXNRY JR]G JR]G EXNYH LQ MHVHQVNH YLORYLQH JRUVNL EXNRY JR]G DOSVNL EXNRY JR]G SUHGDOSVNL SRGJRUVNL EXNRY JR]G SUHGDOSVNL JRUVNL EXNRY JR]GJR]GEXNYHLQþUQHJDJDEUD 7DEHODýOHQLWHYJR]GQHJDSURVWRUDYJR]GQRJRVSRGDUVNLKHQRWDK7ROPLQ0RVWQD6RþLLQ %DãNDJUDSD 7ROPLQ 0RVWQD6RþL %DãNDJUDSD *R]GQRJRVSRGDUVNDHQRWD KD KD KD 3RYUãLQDJR]GQRJRVSRGDUVNHHQRWH 3RYUãLQDJR]GDR]JR]GQDWRVW .PHWLMVNHSRYUãLQHY]DUDãþDQMX 8PHWQRRVQRYDQHSRYUãLQHYJR]GQHP SURVWRUX VHQRåHWLGDOMQRYRGLOD]LLSG 1DUDYQHSRYUãLQHYJR]GQHPSURVWRUX SRERþQLJUXãþLVNDORYMHLSG 3RYUãLQHQDGJR]GQRPHMR 3ODQLQHLQYLVRNRJRUVNLSDãQLNL 'UXJHQHJR]GQHSRYUãLQH 9JR]GQRJRVSRGDUVNLHQRWL0RVWQD6RþLãH]DUDãþDQMH]XQDMJR]GQHJDSURVWRUD. 9LU*R]GQRJRVSRGDUVNLQDþUWL*(7ROPLQ0RVWQD6RþL%DãNDJUDSD .OMXEYHOLNLPOHVQLP]DORJDPSDJR]GRYLQLPDMRSRPHPEQHJDJRVSRGDUVNHJDSRPHQDNDU ODKNRSULSLãHPRSUHGYVHPQMLKRYLWHåNLGRVWRSQRVWL/HVWDNRSRPHQLOHGRSROQLOQRGHMDYQRVW QHNDWHULPNPHWLMDP 9LVRNDJR]GQDWRVWREPRþMDMHHNRORãNR]HORXJRGQDVDMJR]GYDUXMH]HPOMLãþDSUHGHUR]LMR YHWURP SRSODYDPL RKUDQMD QDUDYQR URGRYLWQRVW WDO LQ MH SRQRU &2 *R]GRYL Y RNROLFL 7ROPLQDLPDMRWXGLUHNUHDFLMVNRLQSRXþQRIXQNFLMR JR]GQHXþQHSRWL WHUOHVQRSUHGHORYDOQR LQORYVNRJRVSRGDUQRIXQNFLMR . .
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(25) *HRJUDIVNLLQRNROMHYDUVWYHQLYLGLNLUD]YRMD7ROPLQD. . âWHYLORSUHELYDOFHY. 'DQHV7ROPLQGHOLPRQDQDVOHGQMHGHOH%UHåLþ=DORJ*DVD.ODQHF1D,ORYFL1DWUJX3RG *UDGRPLQ1D/RJX6UHGLãþH7ROPLQDLPDL]UD]LWVUHGQMHYHãNLWORULVNDWHUHJD]QDþLOQRVWLVR VWUQMHQD]D]LGDQRVWR]NH]DORPOMHQHXOLFHWHUãWHYLOQLWUJL *HRJUDIVNLDWODV6ORYHQLMH 7ROPLQMHPDMKQRVWRULWYHQRVUHGLãþH]]PHUQRXVPHULWYLMRYVWRULWYHQHGHMDYQRVWLGUXåEHQR JRVSRGDUVNR MH L]UD]LWR XVPHUMHQR Y SURPHW LQ ]YH]H WHU GUåDYQR XSUDYR ]PHUQR SD Y L]REUDåHYDQMH NXOWXUR ]QDQRVW ]GUDYVWYR VRFLDOQR YDUVWYR JUDGEHQLãWYR JRVWLQVWYR WXUL]HP NRPXQDOQH LQ VWDQRYDQMVNHVWRULWYH*OHGHQDRSUHPOMHQRVWJDODKNRXYUVWLPRPHG QDGSRYSUHþQR RSUHPOMHQD VUHGLãþD WUHWMH VWRSQMH *HRJUDIVNL DWODV 6ORYHQLMH 9 PDQMãLK QDVHOMLK REþLQH MH RSD]LWL ]PDQMãHYDQMH ãWHYLOD SUHELYDOFHY LQ QMHJRYR VWDUDQMH NDU ODKNRSULSLãHPRSUHGYVHPRGVHOMHYDQMXSUHELYDOFHYYYHþMDQDVHOMD]DUDGL]DSRVOLWYHSRJRVW SRMDYMHWXGLRSXãþDQMHNPHWLMVWYDNLMHSRVOHGLFDQHXJRGQLKQDUDYQLKUD]PHU *OHGHSULWLVNRYQDRNROMHMHWXNDMWUHEDL]SRVWDYLWLSUHGYVHPGYHVWYDUL7HåLãþDSRVHOLWYHVR WRþNHNMHUMHWXGLQDMYHþSULWLVNRYQDRNROMH]YLGLNDSRVHOLWYHRQHVQDåHYDQMDLSG/DKNREL WRUHM QDSDþQR VNOHSDOL GD MH ]DUDGL YHOLNHJD ãWHYLOD GUXJLK QDVHOLM VUHGLãþH QHNROLNR UD]EUHPHQMHQR SULWLVNRY YHQGDU PRUDPR XSRãWHYDWL WXGL SRPHPEQR GHMVWYR GD MH YHOLNR QDVHOLMYREþLQL7ROPLQWDNLKNLLQIUDVWUXNWXUQRQLVRQDMEROMHRSUHPOMHQD3UHGYVHPJUHWX]D NRPXQDOQR RQHVQDåHQMH LQ NRPXQDOQR XUHGLWHY QDVHOLM 1HXUHMHQR MH RGYDMDQMH LQ þLãþHQMH RGSDGQLK YRGD VDM QHNDWHUD QDVHOMD QLPDMR ]JUDMHQHJD NDQDOL]DFLMVNHJD RPUHåMD 'UXJD SD QLPDMR SULNOMXþND QD MDYQR YRGRYRGQR RPUHåMH QL WRUHM SRVNUEOMHQR ]D QHPRWHQR RVNUER SUHELYDOFHY]YRGR '(02*5$)6.(=1$ý,/1267, 2EþLQR 7ROPLQ ODKNR XYUVWLPR PHG GHPRJUDIVNR RJURåHQD REPRþMD NDU NDåHMR SRGDWNL R JLEDQMX SUHELYDOVWYD JODYQH UD]ORJH ]D WR SD ODKNR LãþHPR Y QL]NL URGQRVWL JOHGH QD XPUOMLYRVW WHU Y L]VHOMHYDQMX SUHELYDOFHY SUHGYVHP PODGLK NL Y REþLQL QH GRELMR XVWUH]QH ]DSRVOLWYH *UDILNRQ*LEDQMHãWHYLODSUHELYDOFHYYREþLQL7ROPLQ±. 'DWXP. 9LUSRGDWNRY6WDWLVWLþQLOHWRSLV .
(26) *HRJUDIVNLLQRNROMHYDUVWYHQLYLGLNLUD]YRMD7ROPLQD. 0HG OHWRPD LQ VH MH ãWHYLOR SUHELYDOFHY Y REþLQL ]PDQMãDOR ] QD *UDILNRQ NDUSUHGVWDYOMDRGVWRWQR]PDQMãDQMHNLJDJUHSULSLVDWLSUHGYVHPQL]NHPX QDUDYQHPXSULUDVWNXVDMVHãWHYLORXPUOLKSRYHþXMHJOHGHQDãWHYLORåLYRURMHQLK0LQLPDOQR UDVW ãWHYLOD SUHELYDOFHY MH RSD]LWL Y OHWX NDU MH SRVOHGLFD YHþMHJD ãWHYLOD åLYRURMHQLK /HWD VR ]DEHOHåLOL URMVWHY Y OHWX SD NDU ãWHYLOR XPUOLK SD VHQLELVWYHQR VSUHPHQLOR 6856 3ULþDNRYDWLMHGDVHERWUHQGSRYHþHYDQMDURMVWHYQDGDOMHYDOVDMY URGQRREGREMHSULKDMDMRãWHYLOþQRPRþQHMãHJHQHUDFLMHWMOHWQLNL± *UDILNRQ6WDURVWQDSLUDPLGDREþLQH7ROPLQ. 6WDURVWQLUD]UHG. . . . äHQVNH 0RãNL. . . . âWHYLOR. 9LUSRGDWNRY6856 6WDURVWQDSLUDPLGDYREOLNLåDUH *UDILNRQ QDND]XMHVWDUDQMHSUHELYDOVWYDYREþLQL7ROPLQ NDUSRPHQLGDMH]DQMR]QDþLOQRQDJORYHþDQMHGHOHåDVWDULKJRVSRGDUVNRQHDNWLYQLKOMXGLY SULPHUMDYL ] GHOHåHP DNWLYQLK OMXGL SUDY WDNR MH SULþDNRYDWL ]PDQMãDQMH ãWHYLOD SUHELYDOFHY *HRJUDILMD 1D WR GHMVWYR QDND]XMH WXGL W L LQGHNV VWDUDQMD R] LQGHNV VWDURVWL SUHELYDOVWYD 7D SULND]XMH UD]PHUMH PHG GHOHåHPD VWDUHMãHJD LQ PODMãHJD SUHELYDOVWYD ,]UDþXQDPRJDWDNRGDãWHYLORSUHELYDOVWYDQDGOHWSRPQRåLPRVLQGHOLPRVãWHYLORP SUHELYDOVWYDSRGOHW2EPRþMD]LQGHNVRPSUHELYDOVWYDQDGLPDMRåHPRþQRRVWDUHOR SUHELYDOVWYR REPRþMD ] LQGHNVRP SRG SD SRGSRYSUHþQR PODGR SUHELYDOVWYR ,QGHNV SUHGVWDYOMD W L SUDJ þH MH WD YUHGQRVW SUHVHåHQD MH EUH] SULVHOMHYDQMD SULþDNRYDWL OH ]PDQMãHYDQMH ãWHYLOD SUHELYDOFHY *HRJUDIVNL DWODV 6ORYHQLMH 9 REþLQL 7ROPLQ WD LQGHNVQDGDQ]QDãDNDUSRPHQLGDVRREþDQL7ROPLQDSUHWHåQRVWDUHMãL OMXGMH 6856 6WDUDQMH SUHELYDOVWYD SRPHQL GD ODKNR Y SULKRGQMH SULþDNXMHPR QDGDOMQMH ]PDQMãHYDQMH ãWHYLODSUHELYDOFHYVWHPWXGL]PDQMãDQMHãWHYLOD]DGHORVSRVREQLKOMXGLNDUODKNRSRPHQL YHOLNVRFLDOQLSUREOHPLQJURåQMR]DSULKRGQMLUD]YRMREPRþMD.HUQHERJRQLOQLKVLOUD]YRMD ER PDQM ILQDQþQLK VUHGVWHY ]D JUDGQMR UD]OLþQH LQIUDVWUXNWXUH PHG GUXJLP ]GUDYVWYHQLK XVWDQRYWHUGRPRY]DVWDUHMãHSRNDWHULKERGRSRWUHEHYVHYHþMH=DGRVWHQGHOHåPODGLKOMXGL MHSRJODYLWHQGHMDYQLN]DQDGDOMQMLREVWRMQDVHOLM]DWRELYHOMDORXVPHULWLYVRSR]RUQRVWYWR .
(27) *HRJUDIVNLLQRNROMHYDUVWYHQLYLGLNLUD]YRMD7ROPLQD. âWHYLORSUHELYDOFHY. . . . . . . . . âWSUHELYDOFHY. GDYREþLQR7ROPLQSULGHQRYNDSLWDOVþLPHUELVHRGSUODQRYDGHORYQDPHVWD]PDQMãDORSD ELVHRGVHOMHYDQMHPRUGDELVHSRYHþDORWXGLSULVHOMHYDQMH 7DEHOD3UHELYDOVWYRYREþLQL7ROPLQVWDUROHWDOLYHþSRL]REUD]EL 6NXSDM %UH] 2VQRYQD 2VQRYQD 6UHGQMD 9LãMD 9LVRND L]REUD]EH QHSRSROQD 1LåMDLQ 6WURNRYQD VUHGQMD LQVSORãQD 'RGLSORPVND 3RGLSORPVND SRNOLFQD 9LU6856 *OHGHQDL]REUD]EHQRVWUXNWXURSUHELYDOVWYDYREþLQL7ROPLQ 7DEHOD ELODKNRUHNOLGDMH L]UD]LWDSUHGYVHPUD]OLNDPHGãWHYLORPSUHELYDOFHYVVUHGQMRLQYLVRNRL]REUD]ER0HQLPR GD MH WR SUHGYVHP SRVOHGLFD GHMVWYD GD YLãMH L]REUDåHQL Y REþLQL QH GRELMR ]DQMH SULPHUQH ]DSRVOLWYHLQVH]DUDGLWHJDRGVHOLMR *UDILNRQ*LEDQMHãWHYLODSUHELYDOFHYY7ROPLQXRGOHWDGR. /HWR. 9LUSRGDWNRY6856 3RGDWNRPY*UDILNRQXELELORWUHEDSULSLVDWLãHGHMVWYRGDSUYLSRYRMQLSRSLVSUHELYDOVWYD QD WHP REPRþMX Y SULPHUMDYL ] OHWRP NDåH QD PRþDQ XSDG ãWHYLOD SUHELYDOVWYD NL MH SRVOHGLFD L]VHOLWYH YVHK LWDOLMDQVNLK SULVHOMHQFHY RE SRUD]X ,WDOLMH Y GUXJL VYHWRYQL YRMQL L]JXE Y GUXJL VYHWRYQL YRMQL WHU L]VHOMHYDQMD WLVWLK NL VH QLVR VWULQMDOL V SRYRMQR SROLWLþQR XUHGLWYLMR 0LNODYþLþ %UH]LJDU âWHYLOR SUHELYDOFHY Y 7ROPLQX MH RG GUXJH VYHWRYQH YRMQHSDGROHWDVWUPRQDUDãþDORNDUMHSRVOHGLFDSULVHOMHYDQMDOMXGLEOLåMHGHORYQHPX PHVWXY7ROPLQXVHMHQDPUHþ]DþHODUD]YLMDWLLQGXVWULMD 2PHQLWLYHOMDGHMVWYRGDSULKDMDGRYHOLNLKGHPRJUDIVNLKUD]OLNWXGL]QRWUDMREþLQH7UHQGY 7ROPLQVNL NRWOLQL MH SUHGYVHP SUHVHOMHYDQMH SRGREQR YHOMD WXGL ]D 0RVW QD 6RþL =DUDGL RGVHOMHYDQMD LQ ]PDQMãHYDQMD ãWHYLOD SUHELYDOFHY VR SUL]DGHWD RGURþQHMãD REPRþMD 3RPHPEQR EL ELOR GD EL ] GRORþHQLPL XNUHSL SRVNXãDOL ]DXVWDYLWL RGVHOMHYDQMH V WDNLK REPRþLM 6 WHP EL ODKNR SUHSUHþLOL SURSDGDQMH YDVL RSXãþDQMH NPHWLMVWYD WHU ]DUDãþDQMH WUDYQLãNLKSDãQLãNLKLQQMLYVNLKSRYUãLQ]JR]GRP 9HOLãþHN .
(28) *HRJUDIVNLLQRNROMHYDUVWYHQLYLGLNLUD]YRMD7ROPLQD. *RVWRWDSRVHOLWYHYREþLQL7ROPLQ]QDãDSUHELYDOFHYNPNDUMHYHþNRWGYHWUHWMLQLPDQM RGVORYHQVNHJDSRYSUHþMD SUHELYDOFHYNP 7RMHSRVOHGLFDSUHGYVHPQDUDYQLKUD]PHU NL QH RPRJRþDMR JRVWHMãH SRVHOLWYH 3ULþDNRYDWL EL ELOR GD ERGR ]DUDGL PDQMãH JRVWRWH SUHELYDOFHY PDQMãL WXGL SULWLVNL QD RNROMH ]DUDGL SRVHOLWYH 9HQGDU VR JRVSRGLQMVWYD ]DUDGL ãWHYLOQLKRGSDGNRYLQYHþMHNROLþLQHRGSDGQHYRGHYHOLNLRQHVQDåHYDOFLSUHGYVHPQDPHVWLK NMHU MH SRVHOLWHY VWUQMHQD WR VR SUHGYVHP REPRþMD 7ROPLQD 0RVWD QD 6RþL LQ 3RGEUGD 3UREOHPDWLþQD VR WXGL QDVHOMD NDWHULK RGSDGQH YRGH QLPDMR SULNOMXþND QD NDQDOL]DFLMVNR RPUHåMHWDNLKMHYREþLQL7ROPLQNDUSUHFHM ,1'8675,-$ 7ROPLQMHYSUHWHNORVWLGRRVDPRVYRMLWYHOHWDLPHOVWUDWHãNLSRORåDMNLMHELOSRVOHGLFD QHSRVUHGQH EOLåLQH GUåDYQH PHMH3UDYWDYRMDãNDVWUDWHãNDIXQNFLMDNUDMDMH]DYLUDODQMHJRY JRVSRGDUVNLUD]YRM 3RSRSLVXSUHELYDOVWYDOHWDMHELORRGGHORYQRDNWLYQLKSUHELYDOFHY7ROPLQDQDMYHþ ]DSRVOHQLKYQHNPHWLMVNLKGHMDYQRVWLK QHNDMPDQM YVWRULWYHQLKQDMPDQM SDYNPHWLMVNLK 6856 6WRSQMDEUH]SRVHOQRVWLMHY]DþHWNXOHWD]QDãDOD 6/2 GRMXOLMDSDVHMH]QLåDODQDQHNROLNRQLåMRUDYHQRGGUåDYQH 6WDQMH SR JRVSRGDUVNL NUL]L VH WDNR SRþDVL L]EROMãXMH REþLQD 7ROPLQ MH SR GHOHåX EUH]SRVHOQRVWLãHYHGQRSRGVORYHQVNLKSRYSUHþMHP 2319HOLãþHN 9HþMLUD]PDKLQGXVWULMHVHMH]DþHOãHOHSRGUXJLVYHWRYQLYRMQLNDUQDMEROMNDåHLQGXVWULMDNL MHQDVWDODYJODYQHPYWHPREGREMX'DQHVMHYREþLQLUHJLVWULUDQLKJRVSRGDUVNLK]GUXåE NDWHULK JODYQLQD MH Y 7ROPLQX R] QMHJRYL QHSRVUHGQL RNROLFL 3UHGYVHP JUH ]D SURL]YRGQMR HOHNWULþQLK LQ VWURMQLK QDSUDY ,7: 0HWDOIOH[ +LGULD $(7 SURL]YRGQMR åLYLOVNLK L]GHONRY GR QHGDYQHJD 0,3 GDQHV REUDW ]D SUHGHODYR PHVD $OSLND SURL]YRGQMR SHVND NDPQD JUDGEHQHJD PDWHULDOD 6*3 SURL]YRGQMR LQ SUHGHODYR NRYLQVNLK L]GHONRY SODVWLþQLK PDV 7HUD G R R DYWRSUHYR]QLãWYR $YWRSUHYR] G R R ãWHYLOQL VDPRVWRMQL SUHYR]QLNL 9 7ROPLQXVRWXGLVHGHåNRPXQDOQHJDSRGMHWMD6RãNHJDJR]GQHJDJRVSRGDUVWYDHQRWD(OHNWUD 3ULPRUVNHHQRWD=DYRGD]DJR]GRYH56 'DQHVMHJODYQLQDLQGXVWULMVNLKREUDWRYVNRQFHQWULUDQDYGYHKLQGXVWULMVNLKFRQDKY7ROPLQX LQ RNROLFL WR VWD LQGXVWULMVND FRQD 3ROMXELQM LQ LQGXVWULMVNRREUWQD FRQD 1D /RJX = YLGLND NYDOLWHWH ELYDOQHJD RNROMD MH UD]PHVWLWHY LQGXVWULMH SR]LWLYQD VDM LQGXVWULMVNL SURFHV QDQMR QLPDQHSRVUHGQHJDYSOLYD+NUDWLSDVHYVLSULWLVNLQDRNROMHYUãLMRQDHQHPPHVWX 3RGUREQHMHVPRRSLVDOLGYHYHþMLSRGMHWMLY7ROPLQX,7:0HWDOIOH[GRRLQ+LGULR$(7 G R R 3RGMHWML LPDWD QDPUHþ YHOLN SRPHQ ]D ORNDOQR RNROMH Y QMLK MH ]DSRVOHQLK NDU OMXGLSUDYWDNRSDSRPHQLWDNDUYHOLNSULWLVNQDORNDOQRRNROMH .RUSRUDFLMD +LGULD MH HQD L]PHG YRGLOQLK NRUSRUDFLM NL UD]YLMD SURL]YDMD LQ WUåL UHãLWYH QD SRGURþMXNOLPDWL]DFLMH]JUDGELQDYWRPRELOVNLKWHKQRORJLM3RGMHWMH+LGULD$(7NLLPDVHGHå Y LQGXVWULMVNL FRQL Y 3ROMXELQMX GHOD QD SRGURþMX DYWRPRELOVNLK WHKQRORJLM +LGULD (QHUJHQWLNLMLKYSRGMHWMXXSRUDEOMDMRVRHOHNWULNDXWHNRþLQMHQQDIWQLSOLQLQYPDMKQLPHUL WXGL WHKQLþQL SOLQ3RUDEDHQHUJLMHMHYOHWLKLQQHNROLNRQDUDVOD]DUDGLKODGQHMãH ]LPHLQQRYLKGHORYQLKSURVWRURY *UDILNRQ .
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