i
© 2009 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali*
Katalog dalam Terbitan
Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global.
Prosiding Seminar/Agung Kurniawan, Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta, I Putu Agus
Hendra Wibawa, I Gede Tirta, Wawan Sujarwo (Ed.). – Jakarta: LIPI Press, 2009.
xx + 738 hlm.; 21 x 29,7 cm
ISBN
978-979-799-447-1
1. Konservasi
2. Keanekaragaman Hayati
2. Flora Indonesia
4. Pemanasan Global
333.95
Penelaah
: Bayu Adjie, Dedy Darnaedi, Sutrisno, Joko R. Witono,
Pande Ketut Sutara, Eniek Kriswiyanti, Teguh Triyono,
Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa
Setting dan Layout
: I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa
Desain Sampul
: Gede Wawan Setiadi
Penerbit
: LIPI Press, anggota Ikapi
*UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan
Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali – LIPI
Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali 82191
Telp. : +62368 21273; Fax.: +62368 22051
E-mail: kebunrayabali.yahoo.com
ii
PROSIDING
Seminar “Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia
Dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global”
Bali, 14 Juli 2009
ISBN : 978-979-799-447-1
Penelaah :
Bayu Adjie
Dedy Darnaedi
Sutrisno
Joko R. Witono
Pande Ketut Sutara
Enik Kriswiyanti
Teguh Triyono
Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa
Penyunting :
Agung Kurniawan
Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta
I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa
I Gede Tirta
Wawan Sujarwo
Penyelenggara :
UPT BKT Kebun Raya ‘Eka Karya’ Bali - LIPI
bekerja sama dengan
iii
PROSIDING
Seminar “Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia
Dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global”
Bali, 14 Juli 2009
Tidak dibenarkan mengutip ataupun memperbanyak seluruh maupun sebagian isi buku
ini kemudian mendistribusikannya, tanpa ijin tertulis dari penerbit.
Diterbitkan oleh :
UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya ‘Eka Karya’ Bali – LIPI
Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali 82191
website : www.kebunrayabali.com
e-mail : [email protected]
cetakan 2009©
ISBN : 978-979-799-447-1
Penelaah :
Bayu Adjie, Dedy Darnaedi, Sutrisno, Joko R. Witono, Pande Ketut Sutara,
Eniek Kriswiyanti, Teguh Triyono, Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa
Penyunting :
Agung Kurniawan, Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta, I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa,
I Gede Tirta, Wawan Sujarwo
Setting & Layout :
I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa
Desain Sampul :
iv
KATA PENGANTAR
Seminar Nasional Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia Dalam Mengatasi
Dampak Pemanasan Global telah diselenggarakan pada tanggal 14 Juli 2009 di Kebun
Raya “Eka Karya” Bali - LIPI. Dipilihnya tema tersebut didasari oleh rasa kepedulian
kita terhadap perubahan iklim yang mulai tidak menentu akhir-akhir ini, yang membawa
konsekuensi secara global umat manusia di seluruh belahan dunia, terlepas dari apakah
daerah tersebut berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya perubahan iklim atau tidak. Indonesia
sebagai negara kepulauan yang beriklim tropis membuatnya berada dalam posisi yang
sangat rentan terhadap perubahan iklim.
Ide pelaksanaan seminar ini sebenarnya didorong oleh tugas dan rasa tanggung
jawab kami sebagai lembaga konservasi ex-situ tumbuhan tropika khususnya
pegunungan kawasan timur Indonesia, dan tuntutan peran serta kami untuk turut
berpartisipasi dalam mengatasi pemanasan global yang semakin ramai dibicarakan.
Seminar ini terlaksana atas kerjasama antara UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun
Raya “Eka Karya” - LIPI dengan Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Udayana beserta
Penggalang Taksonomi Tumbuhan Indonesia (PTTI) dan Badan Lingkungan Hidup
Provinsi Bali. Seminar ini diikuti oleh 165 orang, yang mewakili 16 instansi, termasuk
lembaga penelitian, universitas dan lembaga swadaya masyarakat. Dalam seminar ini
akan dipaparkan 1 makalah kunci, 4 makalah utama, 5 makalah terpilih, dan diikuti oleh
120 makalah yang tersaji dalam bentuk poster.
Pada kesempatan ini kami mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya
kepada panitia pelaksana dan seluruh pihak yang telah secara langsung maupun tidak
langsung membantu terselenggaranya seminar ini. Besar harapan kami bahwa prosiding
ini dapat bermanfaat bagi upaya konservasi flora Indonesia dalam mengatasi dampak
pemanasan global yang terus berlangsung.
Ir. I Nyoman Lugrayasa
Kepala UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan
v
DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR ...
iv
REKOMENDASI ...
xv
SAMBUTAN KEPALA UPT BALAI KONSERVASI TUMBUHAN
KEBUN RAYA “EKA KARYA BALI” LIPI ...
xvi
SAMBUTAN DEPUTI ILMU PENGETAHUAN HAYATI – LIPI ...
xix
MAKALAH KUNCI
Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan
Global
Endang Sukara ...
1
MAKALAH UTAMA
Pembangunan Kebun Raya Daerah dan Peran Strategisnya dalam Menghadapi
Dampak Perubahan Iklim Global
Mustaid Siregar, Hendrian dan Sutrisno ...
7
Kedalaman Informasi dan Kelembagaan Taksonomi Menghadapi Perubahan
Iklim Global
Dedy Darnaedi ... 14
Pemanasan Global Sebagai Akibat Ulah Manusia Diplanet Bumi
I Wayan Kasa ...
15
Bali dalam Menghadapi Dampak Perubahan Iklim
Ketut Suryadarmadi ...
22
MAKALAH ORAL
Impact of Climate Change on Distribution of Elatostema (Urticaceae) In
Indonesia
Barry J. Conn dan Julisasi T. Hadiah ...
31
Menyusun Prioritas Koleksi Bagi Kebun Raya Baru di Indonesia
Irawati ...
40
Perubahan Iklim dan Pemanasan Global di Indonesia; Dampaknya terhadap
Kondisi Biogeofisik
Rachmat Fajar Lubis dan Robert Delinom ...
45
Peran Hutan Masyarakat Adat dalam Menjaga Stabilitas Iklim Satu Kajian
Perspektif Deep Ecology (Kasus Masyarakat Desa Adat Tenganan, Bali)
I.G.P.Suryadarma ...
50
New cpDNA Sequences Of The Tree Fern Dicksonia From Indonesia
vi
MAKALAH PENUNJANG
Inventarisasi dan Eksplorasi Anggrek di Wamena-Papua
I Gede Tirta dan I Nyoman Peneng ... 61
Keanekaragaman Anggrek di Kawasan Sungai Busang, Kalimantan Tengah
Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas ...
66
Eksplorasi Flora di Kawasan Hutan Komara oleh Kebun Raya Purwodadi
Esti Endah Ariyanti ... 75
Konservasi Tumbuhan Secara Ex Situ Langkah Awal Domestikasi
Subekti Purwantoro ... 81
Beberapa Jenis Pohon yang Menjadi Inang Anggrek Pteroceras javanicum
(J.J.Sm.) Bakh.F. di Twa Lejja Kab. Soppeng Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan
Suhartono ... 85
Kantong Semar (Nepenthes ampullaria Jack) di Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain
Kabupaten Balikpapan Propinsi Kalimantan Timur
Suhartono ... 88
Peranan Konservasi Tumbuhan Warna Alam di Kab. Gianyar dalam Mengatasi
Dampak Pemanasan Global
Pande Ketut Sutara ... 91
Konservasi Nipah (Nypa fruticans) Sebagai Alternatif Desa Banjarasem dalam
Kaitannya dengan Penekanan Pemanasan Global
I Gusti Ngurah Puger ... 99
Eksplorasi Begonia di Cagar Alam Pulau Batanta Barat, Propinsi Papua Barat
I Made Ardaka, I Wayan Mudarsa dan I Nyoman Sudiatna ... 110
Kerapatan dan Keanekaragaman Jenis Pohon pada Perbedaan Status
Kepemilikan Lahan Garapan di Lampung Barat
Indriani Ekasari ... 119
Anggrek Epifit di Twa Bukit Kelam, Kecamatan Kelam Permai, Kabupaten
Sintang, Propinsi Kalimantan Barat
Pa’i Dan Esti Endah Ariyanti ... 128
Digitalisasi Data Konservasi dan Penelitian Tiga Jenis Anggrek Langka di
Jawa Timur Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografi
Diah Harnoni Apriyanti dan Nina Dwi Yulia ... 133
Identifikasi Dendrobium Spp Daun Pipih dari Seksi Aporum (Orchidaceae) di
Kebun Raya Purwodadi
vii
Eksplorasi dan Penelitian Tanaman Upacara Agama Hindu di Kecamatan
Kintamani, Bangli – Bali
I Made Sudi ... 145
Eksplorasi Flora di Bukit Silangjana Singaraja-Bali
I Made Sudi, I Gusti Putu Wendra dan Ketut Sandi ... 149
Taman Begonia Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali : dalam Tinjauan Analisis
I Made Ardaka dan I Dewa Putu Darma ... 154
Biologi Konservasi Tumbuhan Holoparasit : Percobaan Kultur Invitro Rafflesia
patma dan R. meijerii .
Sofi Mursidawati dan Elizabeth Handini ... 158
Studi Pertumbuhan Anthurium x. ferriense dan Philodendron wendlandii
Schott di Dalam Ruangan pada Intensitas Cahaya yang Berbeda
Siti Fatimah Hanum ... 162
Manipulasi Warna Bunga Hortensia (Hydrangea macrophylla)
dengan Pengaturan pH Tanah
Made Ria Defiani dan Ni Luh Suriani ... 170
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Pupuk Organik Cair dan Jenis Media Terhadap
Pertumbuhan Bibit Anggrek Epidendrum (Epidendrum radicans Pav.)”
Gede Lemes ... 175
Studi Penyimpanan Biji Anggrek Cymbidium finlaysonianum
Elizabeth Handini dan Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas ... 183
Pelestarian Majegau (Dysoxylum caulostachyum) Flora Identitas Propinsi Bali
Yunita Hardini dan Hartutiningsih M. Siregar ... 191
Masa Berbunga Beberapa Jenis Rhododendron spp. (Sub Sect. Vireya) Koleksi
Kebun Raya ’Eka Karya’ Bali
Dyan Meiningsasi Siswoyo Putri ... 196
Kultur Daun Phalaenopsis sumatrana Korth. & Rchb.f. Asal Kalimantan Barat
Elizabeth Handini dan Yupi Isnaini ... 206
Isolasi Bakteri Dari Bunga Bangkai (Amorphophalus titanium Becc.) di Kebun
Raya Bogor
Sri Hartin Rahaju, Novik Nurhidayat dan Yuzammi ... 211
Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Kelompok Pseudomonas “Fluoresens” dari
Bunga Bangkai Amorphophalus paeoniifolius
viii
Keanekaragaman Isolat Bakteri dari Bunga Bangkai Amorphophalus titanum
Becc. di Kebun Raya Cibodas
Sri Hartin Rahaju dan Novik Nurhidayat ... 220
Perbanyakan Baccaurea dulcis dengan Cara Cangkok dengan Pemberian Zat
Pengatur Tumbuh
Reni Lestari ... 227
Aplikasi Bahan Organik untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Tanaman dan
Populasi Cacing Tanah di Sumberjaya Lampung Barat
Agus Karyanto, Sri Murwani, Rusdi Evizal dan Sugiatno ... 232
Perkecambahan Biji Beberapa Jenis Tumbuhan Berpotensi
Tri Handayani dan Melani Kurnia Riswati ... 240
Daya Hidup Biji Majegau (Dysoxylum caulostachyum Miq) dan Rijasa
(Elaeocarpus grandiflorus JE.Smith).
Dewi Lestari ... 244
Kajian Tumbuhan Endemik Kalimantan: Osmoxylon borneense Seem.
Hary Wawangningrum dan Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas ... 249
Manfaat Aren, Arenga pinnata Wurmb. Merr. dan Potensinya Sebagai
Tanaman Reintroduksi di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS)
I Made R. Pendit, Ni Putu Sriasih, dan I Made Sumerta ... 254
Pemanfaatan Gatep (Inocarpus fagiferus (Parkinson) Fosb.) Sebagai
Penghijauan Lahan Marginal
I Made Sumerta, I Made R. Pendit dan I Made Suja ... 258
Averrhoa spp. di Kebun Raya Bogor dan Upaya Konservasinya
Inggit Puji Astuti dan Rugayah ... 261
Keanekaragaman Flora di Kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Danau Pulau Besar -
Danau Bawah - Jamrud, Riau.
Esti Munawaroh ... 265
Studi Populasi Jenis-Jenis Bambu Alam di Kawasan Hutan Palungan Batu,
Kabupaten Jembrana-Bali.
Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa ... 271
Reintroduksi Palem Nyabah (Pinanga arinasae J.R. Witono) Jenis Endemik di
Bali
Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa ... 276
Inventarisasi Tumbuhan di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Togean
ix
Analisa Kromosom dan DNA Serta Diversifikasi Morfologi; Studi Kasus pada
Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae)
Sudarmono dan Izu A. Fijridiyanto ... 295
Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon spp.; Lamiaceae) di Indonesia dan Indikasi Jenis
Baru dari Pulau Waigeo, Papua Barat
Sudarmono dan Izu A. Fijridiyanto ... 303
Studi Pendahuluan Deteksi Keragaman Populasi Jati (Tectona grandis L.)
dengan Marka RAPD
Made Pharmawati ... 307
Taman Panca Yadnya Kebun Raya ”Eka Karya” Bali Suatu Konsep Konservasi
dan Budaya Dalam Harmoni
I Dewa Putu Darma ... 312
50 Tahun Peran Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan
Siti Fatimah Hanum dan Wenni Setyo Lestari ... 316
Inventarisasi Jenis Tanaman Pekarangan yang Berpotensi Obat di Desa
Sukajadi Kabupaten Bogor
Siti Fatimah Hanum ... 328
Potensi Ficus benjamina L. sebagai Tanaman Konservasi di Bali
I Nyoman Peneng ... 337
Peranan Ecopark dalam Pengembangan dan Pelestarian Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan
Berpotensi di Indonesia
Tri Handayani, Sugiarti dan Ika Sartika ... 344
Keanekaragaman Jenis Araliaceae di Cagar Alam Sago Malintang, Sumatera
Barat
Hary Wawangningrum ... 353
Kekayaan Sumber Daya Alam di Cagar Alam Dolok Sibual-Buali, Sumatera
Utara
Rismita Sari ... 359
Keanekaragaman Spesies Burung dan Habitatnya di Kebun Raya Eka Karya
Bali
Sudaryanto ... 365
Keanekaragaman Hayati Tumbuhan Buah di Kalimantan Tengah dan Habitat
Tumbuhnya
Reni Lestari, Rismita Sari, Didit Okta Pribadi dan Andy Bhermana ... 370
Potensi dan Konservasi Genitri (Elaeocarpus sphaericus Schum) di Bali
x
Eksplorasi Tumbuhan di Kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Tangkoko, Bitung,
Sulawesi Utara
Agung Kurniawan dan I Made Raharja Pendit ... 386
Pematahan Dormansi Biji Kedawung (Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.) dengan
Larutan H2SO4
Sri Wahyuni dan Syamsul Hidayat ... 396
Perkecambahan Palem Endemik Sulawesi Pigafetta elata (Giseke) Becc.
Kebun Raya Purwodadi
Rony Irawanto ... 404
Biji dan Perkecambahan Typhonodorum lindleyanum Schott Kebun Raya
Purwodadi
Rony Irawanto dan Abban Putri Fiqa ... 410
Studi Perilaku Perkecambahan Biji Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.)
Merr.)
Abban Putri Fiqa dan Dewi Ayu Lestari ... 416
Teknik Perbanyakan Konvensional dengan Spliting Batang pada Beberapa
Media Tanam Anggrek Dendrobium macrophyllum A. RICH.
I Gede Tirta ... 420
Efektivitas Media Tanam dan Perlakuan Pratanam pada Perkecambahan Biji
Tanjung (Mimusops elengi L.) dan Trengguli (Cassia fistula L.) sebagai
Tumbuhan Penyerap Karbondioksida
Winda Utami Putri ... 424
Analisis Kandungan Klorofil Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh Ditinjau dari
Aspek Fisiologis dan Ekologis
Ni Wayan Sri Ika Yadnyasari dan Ni Putu Adriani Astiti ... 430
Palem Marquesas (Pelagodoxa henryana Becc.;Arecaceae), Salah Satu Koleksi
Kritis di Kebun Raya Bogor dan Perbanyakannya
Sumanto ... 433
Induksi Pembentukan Kantong Tanaman Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack pada
Berbagai Konsentrasi Media dan Ukuran Wadah Kultur
Eka Martha Della Rahayu dan Yupi Isnaini ... 436
Perbanyakan Syzygium cumini dan Syzygium polyanthum di Kebun Raya
Purwodadi
Deden Mudiana ... 442
Kegiatan Perbanyakan Tanaman di Kebun Raya Purwodadi
xi
Variasi Konsentrasi Giberelin (GA3) terhadap Pertumbuhan Planlet
Dendrobium conanthum Secara In Vitro
Destario Metusala dan Fajar Nurrachman ... 451
Efektifitas Beberapa Tanaman Penyerap Timbal (Pb) pada Kawasan Pabrik dan
Padat Lalu Lintas di Kawasan Singosari, Kabupaten Malang
Agung Sri Darmayanti dan Siti Sofiah ... 456
Kondisi Fisiologis Daun Puring (Codiaeum variegatum) pada Tingkat Cemaran
Timbal (Pb) yang Berbeda
Agung Sri Darmayanti ... 461
Perkecambahan Biji Kantong Semar (Nepenthes ampullaria Jack.) pada
Berbagai Media In Vitro dan di Rumah Kaca
Yupi Isnaini ... 465
Biologi Konservasi Tumbuhan Holoparasit : Inokulasi Biji Rafflesia patma
Secara In-Vivo
Sofi Mursidawati dan Melani Kurnia Riswati ... 472
Pemekaran Bunga Hibiscus Di Kebun Raya Cibodas
Sumanto ... 476
Sempupu Island Nature Reserve : A Contribution To Small Island’s Plant
Diversity And Karst Ecosystem Conservation As A Potential Investment In
Climate Change Mitigation And Adaptation Activity
Rosniati A. Risna and Dwi Narko ... 481
Keberadaan Pulai (Alstonia spp.) di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon dan Upaya
Perbanyakannya untuk Bahan Baku Kerajinan Maupun Obat Tradisional
Syamsul Hidayat dan Sutrisno ... 491
Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali dan Begonia Sewindu Perjalanan Konservasi,
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Begonia
Hartutiningsih - M. Siregar, I.M. Ardaka, G. W. Setiadi, I.N. Lugrayasa dan
Mustaid Siregar ... 497
Konservasi Tanaman Upacara Agama Hindu Bali dari Kecamatan Bebandem,
Kabupaten Karangasem, Bali
Agung Kurniawan, I Gusti Putu Wendra dan I Ketut Sandi ... 505
Pembuatan Arang Aktif dari Limbah Kulit Suren (Toona sureni Merr.) dalam
Upaya Konservasi Bahan
xii
Karbon Aktif Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) dalam
Memperbaiki Kualitas Air
Wawan Sujarwo ... 517
Potensi Obat Tumbuhan Benalu di Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Cani Sirenreng
Dusun Maningo Desa Tellu Boccoe Kecamatan Ponre Kabupaten Bone
Sulawesi Selatan
Sri Wuryanti dan Deden Mudiana ... 521
Inventarisasi Tumbuhan Obat di Beberapa Daerah di Kabupaten Banyuwangi
Sri Wuryanti dan Esti Endah Ariyanti ... 527
Potensi Baccaurea spp. : Studi Kasus di Kebun Raya Bogor
Popi Aprilianti, Reni Lestari dan Winda Utami Putri ... 534
Pemanfaatan Bahan Tumbuhan dalam Tradisi Nginang Sirih pada Perayaan
Sekaten di Keraton Kasultanan Jogjakarta
Destario Metusala ... 545
Studi Potensi Beberapa Jenis Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) di
Kebun Raya Purwodadi sebagai Tumbuhan Epifit Penyerap CO
2Destario Metusala ... 550
Pendugaan Nilai Keindahan Tanaman Palem Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi
Dendik Subekti dan Rony Irawanto ... 554
Etnobotani Sirih ( Piper betle.L.) sebagai Pelengkap Canang untuk Sarana
Upacara Yadnya
Cornelius Sri Murdo dan Pande Kadek Ayu Suarsini ... 557
Skrining Tumbuhan Yang Berpotensi Sebagai Pestisida Ramah Lingkungan
Untuk Meminimalisir Penyebab Pemanasan Global
I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa ... 562
Pemanfaatan Gleditsia assamica Bor. Sebagai Tanaman Reboisasi
I Nyoman Peneng dan Dyan Meiningsasi Siswoyo Putri ... 569
Diversifikasi Pangan Sebagai Salah Satu Alternatif untuk Mengurangi
Pemanasan Global
Joko Ridho Witono dan Yuzammi ... 573
Fenologi Empat Jenis Tumbuhan Akumulator Merkuri
Syamsul Hidayat, Titi Juhaeti dan Nuril Hidayati ... 579
Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografis dalam Evaluasi Pemilihan Lahan Tanam
xiii
Murraya sp. dari Cyclops : Karakteristik Morfologi dan Persebarannya
I Nyoman Lugrayasa, Inggit Puji Astuti dan Sutrisno ... 590
Beberapa Tanaman Penyerap Polutan di Kebun Raya Purwodadi
Dewi Ayu Lestari dan Siti Sofiah ... 595
Kadar Karbon Pohon Manii (Maesopsis eminii Engl.) di Kecamatan
Cangkringan, Kabupaten Sleman, DIY
Wawan Sujarwo ... 600
Studi Habitat Dan Populasi Ascocentrum Miniatum (Lindl.) Schltr di
Kabupaten Malang
Pa’i, Siti Nurfadilah dan Nina Dwi Yulia ... 603
Ki Calung (Diospyros macrophylla Blume) di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon
Banten
Dodo ... 608
Analisis Kebutuhan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Perkotaan untuk Menciptakan
Kenyamanan Klimatik di Jakarta Pusat
Imawan Wahyu Hidayat ... 612
Estimasi Stok Karbon Tanaman Penyerap Polutan di Kebun Raya Purwodadi
Siti Sofiah dan Dewi Ayu Lestari ... 621
Peran Masyarakat dalam Penurunan Efek Global Warming: Studi Kasus Pada 5
Desa di Kecamatan Bebandem, Kabupaten Karangasem, Bali
Ni Luh Watiniasih, N. L. P. Eswaryanti K., I. A. Astarini, Retno Kawuri dan Ni
Made Suartini ... 626
Analisis Pemanfaatan Digital Library: Hubungannya dengan Konservasi
Tumbuhan dan Isu GlobalWarming
Diah Harnoni Apriyanti, Patmiati ... 630
Digitalisasi Data Keragaman dan Penelitian Tiga Jenis Anggrek Langka di
Jawa Timur Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografi
Diah Harnoni Apriyanti dan Nina Dwi Yulia ... 634
Keragaman Vegetasi di Plot Permanen Cibogo, Kawasan Hutan Kebun Raya
Cibodas: Studi Awal Dinamika Populasi
Anggun R. Gumilang ... 640
Potensi Hutan Pinus Sebagai Penyimpan Karbon di Kecamatan Ngantang,
Kabupaten Malang
xiv
Estimasi Sumbangan Karbon, Serasah, dan Hubungannya dengan Keberadaan
Cacing Tanah pada Sistem Agroforestri
Amir Hamzah dan Rossyda Priyadarshini ... 650
Persebaran dan Pemanfaatan Ketak [Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw.] di
Gunung Pusuk, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat.
I Dewa Putu Darma dan Ida Bbagus Ketut Arinasa ... 658
Peranan Pertanian Organik dalam Mencegah Pemanasan Global
Solikin ... 664
Sistem Bertanam untuk Meningkatkan Penyerapan CO2 dan Cadangan Karbon
: Kajian Pada Pekarangan
Solikin ... 670
Evaluasi Kualitas Visual Arsitektur Pohon untuk Desain Lansekap
Dwi Setyanti dan Aris Munandar ... 675
Peranan Kawasan Hutan Mangrove Perapat Benoa sebagai Kawasan
Konservasi Flora di Daerah Kota Denpasar
A. A. Ketut Darmadi ... 684
Penurunan Keragaman Pohon dan Nematoda Akibat Alih Guna Hutan Menjadi
Lahan Pertanian Memacu Munculnya Masalah Nematoda
I G. Swibawa, R. Evizal, F.K. Aini, F.X. Susilo, K. Hairiah dan D. Suprayogo ... 688
Could The Antagonistic Plants In Rubber Plantation Save The Natural Carbon
Dioxide Sequestration?
Joko Prasetyo and F.X. Susilo ... 698
Jenis-jenis Lygodium dari Cagar Alam Bukit Bungkuk, Riau dan
Pertumbuhannya di Kebun Raya Bogor
Sri Hartini ... 702
Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forster) Trevisan: Potensi Pemanfaatan, Keberadaan
di Alam dan Konservasinya di Kebun Raya Bogor
Sri Hartini ... 707
Konservasi dan Pemanfaatan Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Lahan Kering
I Gede Tirta ... 711
Cadangan Karbon pada Sistem Penggunaan Lahan Kopi : Apakah Umur
Tegakan Mempengaruhi Besarnya Karbon Tersimpan?
Rossyda Priyadarshini, Titut Yulistyarini dan Enny Dyah Yuniwati ... 716
Pelestarian Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan Berguna Melalui Kearifan Lokal Di Desa
Adat Tenganan Pegringsingan, Kabupaten Karangasem, Bali
Nyoman Wijana ... 724
DAFTAR PESERTA ... 732
xv
REKOMENDASI
Konservasi Flora Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global
Peserta seminar lebih lanjut menyampaikan beberapa rekomendasi sebagai berikut :
1. Konservasi ex situ flora dalam bentuk kebun raya mempunyai peluang untuk
dijadikan model mitigasi dan adaptasi terhadap pemanasan global.
2. Konservasi harus diimbangi dengan kegiatan riset mendasar baik untuk menggali
nilai ekonomi tumbuhan maupun untuk mempelajari sifat tumbuhan dalam
kaitannya dengan adaptasi dan mitigasi terhadap pemanasan global
3. Penerapan hasil riset diharapkan dapat menekan laju kepunahan jenis akibat dampak
pemanasan global sekaligus meningkatkan nilai ekonomi tumbuhan yang
bermanfaat bagi masyarakat untuk pembangunan ekonomi berkelanjutan berbasis
sumber daya keanekaragaman hayati.
4. Diperlukan sosialisasi yang lebih intensif untuk meningkatkan peran serta
masyarakat dalam mengembangkan, menanam dan memelihara tumbuhan untuk
mengatasi pemanasan global tanpa mengabaikan kearifan lokal.
5. Pendirian kebun raya daerah membuka kesempatan pemanfaatan tumbuhan lokal
untuk kegiatan konservasi, penelitian, pendidikan, pembangunan ekonomi serta
perbaikan lingkungan hidup.
Tim Perumus
Ketua
: Ir. Mustaid Siregar, M.Si (Kebun Raya Bogor - LIPI)
Sekretaris
: Wawan Sujarwo, M.P (Kebun Raya ”Eka Karya” Bali – LIPI)
Anggota
: Ir. I Nyoman Lugrayasa (Kebun Raya ”Eka Karya” Bali – LIPI)
: Dr. Irawati (Kebun Raya Bogor - LIPI)
: Prof. Dr. I Wayan Kasa (FMIPA - Universitas Udayana)
: Drs. Pande Ketut Sutara, M.Si (FMIPA - Universitas Udayana)
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SAMBUTAN KEPALA UPT BALAI KONSERVASI TUMBUHAN
KEBUN RAYA “EKA KARYA” BALI - LIPI
Ir. I Nyoman Lugrayasa
Om Swastiastu
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Selamat pagi dan salam sejahtera untuk kita semua
Yth. Bapak Deputi Bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan Hayati - LIPI
Yth. Bapak Kepala Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor - LIPI
Yth. Para Pemakalah Utama dan seluruh peserta seminar
Serta para undangan yang Saya hormati
Pertama-tama mari kita panjatkan puji syukur ke hadapan Tuhan Yang Maha
Esa yang telah memberikan berkah dan anugerah - Nya sehingga di pagi ini kita dapat
bersama-sama kembali di Gedung Serba Guna “Nayaka Loka” ini untuk mengikuti
Seminar Nasional “Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia dalam Mengatasi Dampak
Pemanasan Global.”
Para hadirin yang saya hormati,
Ide pelaksanaan seminar ini sebenarnya didorong oleh tugas dan rasa tanggung
jawab kami sebagai lembaga konservasi ex-situ tumbuhan tropika khususnya
pegunungan kawasan timur Indonesia, dan tuntutan peran serta kami untuk turut
berpartisipasi dalam mengatasi pemanasan global yang semakin ramai dibicarakan.
Sebelumnya, tiga seminar dan simposium yang pernah diselenggarakan oleh
Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali : yaitu yang pertama di tahun 2004, bekerja sama dengan
Universitas Udayana dan Universitas Mahasaraswati, menyelenggarakan seminar
khusus tentang “Konservasi Tumbuhan Upacara Agama Hindu”.
Yang ke dua, di tahun 2005, bekerjasama dengan Badan Pengendalian Dampak
Lingkungan Daerah Provinsi Bali, untuk menyelenggarakan Simposium “Analisis Daya
Dukung dan Daya Tampung Sumber Daya Air di Kawasan Tri-danau Beratan, Buyan
dan Tamblingan.”
Dan yang ke tiga, di tahun 2007 melalui kerja sama dengan Universitas Udayana
dan Universitas Hindu Indonesia - Denpasar menyelenggarakan seminar tentang
tumbuhan usada dengan tema “Konservasi Tumbuhan Usada Bali dan Peranannya
dalam Mendukung Ekowisata”.
Pada tahun 2009 ini Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali menggandeng kembali
Universitas Udayana, beserta Penggalang Taksonomi Tumbuhan Indonesia dan Badan
Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Bali untuk menyelenggarakan seminar dengan tema
“Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia Dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global.”
Dipilihnya tema tersebut didasari oleh rasa kepedulian kita terhadap perubahan
iklim yang mulai tidak menentu akhir-akhir ini, yang membawa konsekuensi secara
global umat manusia di seluruh belahan dunia, terlepas dari apakah daerah tersebut
berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya perubahan iklim atau tidak. Indonesia sebagai negara
kepulauan yang beriklim tropis membuatnya berada dalam posisi yang sangat rentan
xvii
terhadap perubahan iklim. Naiknya permukaan air laut sebagai salah satu dampak
perubahan iklim menyebabkan terancamnya jutaan penduduk yang tinggal di daerah
pesisir pantai. Selain itu para petani dan nelayan yang mata pencahariannya sangat
bergantung pada cuaca dan musim juga rentan terhadap perubahan iklim. Dampak dari
pemanasan global terhadap flora yang ada di dalam kawasan hutan, beberapa juga akan
diperkirakan punah karena tidak mampu beradaptasi, sebaliknya spesies yang mampu
bertahan akan berkembang tak terkendali. Kebakaran hutan juga punya andil besar
terhadap hilangnya berbagai keanekaragaman hayati terutama yang memiliki nilai
ekonomis tinggi, dan diperkirakan setiap tahunnya telah terjadi kebakaran hutan di
Indonesia seluas 5 juta Ha.
Para hadirin yang saya hormati,
Kita menyadari bahwa mengkonservasi tumbuhan bukanlah pekerjaan mudah,
tidak cukup dikerjakan oleh satu instansi dan sekelompok orang. Di sinilah dibutuhkan
kesadaran dan kerja sama semua instansi dan lapisan masyarakat harus terlibat aktif
berperan. Hal ini tidak mudah kita lakukan apalagi harus mengubah suatu kebiasaan. Ini
tantangan untuk kita bersama ke depannya, bagaimana tumbuhan di muka bumi tidak
mudah habis akibat penggunaan yang berlebihan dan akibat degradasi habitat. Sebuah
sumber yang saya kutip dari hasil Konferensi Kelautan Dunia (WOC) di Manado yang
diselenggarakan pada tanggal 11 - 15 Mei 2009, yang mengkaji secara ilmiah tentang
potensi laut dalam menyerap dan melepas karbon, turunnya produksi pangan serta
meningkatnya banjir dan badai karena perubahan iklim. Iklim sudah mengalami
perubahan ekstrim dan jika dibiarkan akan membuat bumi hancur atau bumi tetap ada
tetapi manusia tidak ada/punah. Sebuah peringatan bagi perusak lingkungan, usia bumi
diramalkan tinggal 100 th lagi terhitung sejak terjadinya pemanasan bumi akibat ulah
manusia pada kurun 1990 - 2000 (Sek. Menteri Lingkungan Hidup, Ir. Arief Yuono,
M.A, 16/5, dalam seminar Nasional bertajuk “Strategi Adaptasi dan Mitigasi terhadap
Perubahan Iklim” yang disampaikan di Universitas Kristen Surabaya).
Bapak Deputi Bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan Hayati - LIPI yang saya hormati,
Pada kesempatan ini dapat kami laporkan bahwa target peserta seminar ini
adalah 150 orang. Kini jumlah peserta yang terdaftar di sekretariat adalah 165 orang,
yang mewakili 16 instansi, termasuk lembaga penelitian, universitas dan lembaga
swadaya masyarakat. Dalam seminar ini akan dipaparkan 1 makalah kunci, 4 makalah
utama, 5 makalah terpilih, dan diikuti oleh 120 makalah yang tersaji dalam bentuk
poster.
Kami selaku penyelenggara berharap, semoga seminar ini dapat dimanfaatkan
dengan baik sebagai ajang diskusi dan tukar menukar informasi, mengenai segala
sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan pemanasan global, khususnya mengenai peran serta
konservasi flora dalam mengatasi dampaknya.
Dalam kesempatan ini pula, kami sampaikan terima kasih kepada Bapak Deputi
Bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan Hayati - LIPI atas kehadirannya, dan nantinya kami
mohonkan pula untuk dapat memberi sambutan sekaligus membuka secara resmi acara
seminar ini. Ucapan terima kasih juga kami sampaikan kepada Dekan Fakultas MIPA
Universitas Udayana, Ketua Penggalang Taksonomi Tumbuhan dan Kepala Badan
Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Bali atas kerjasamanya. Semoga kerja sama ini dapat terus
kita jalin.
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Akhirnya, adalah karena keuletan dan kegigihan dari seluruh panitia, seminar ini
dapat terlaksana. Tiada kata yang lebih tepat dalam menggambarkan dedikasi dan jerih
payah Saudara. Dari hati yang paling dalam Saya ucapkan terima kasih atas
kebersamaannya. Akhirnya, kepada seluruh peserta seminar saya ucapkan selamat
datang dan selamat berdiskusi.
Om Shanti Shanti Shanti Om
Wassalamualikum Wr. Wb.
xix
SAMBUTAN DEPUTI ILMU PENGETAHUAN HAYATI - LIPI
Prof. Dr. Endang Sukara
Ass. wr. wb.
Selamat pagi
Salam sejahtera
Om swastiastu
Yth. Bapak Prof. Dr. Suparka
Yth. Bapak Dr. Deddy Darnaedi
Yth. Ibu Dr. Irawati
Yth. Saudara Kepala Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor,
Yth. Saudara Kepala UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Ekakarya Bali,
Para tamu undangan dan sdr peserta seminar yang berbahagia
Pertama-tama, marilah kita panjatkan puji syukur kepada Tuhan yang Maha Esa yang
atas ridhoNYA, kita dapat hadir dalam keadaan sehat walafiat.
Saudara sekalian, kebun raya sebagai mana kita maklumi, memiliki posisi strategis.
Kebun raya adalah tempat untuk konservasi tumbuh-tumbuhan. Di Kebu Raya pula,
tumbuhan diteliti secara mendasar agar potesi tumbuhan cepat terungkap. Melalui
Kebun Raya ini pula pengetahuan tentang tumbuhan ini dapat dikomuniksikan kepada
masyarakat. Kebun Raya mempunyai peran sebagai sarana pendidikan. Karena
keindahannya, kesejukannya, dan kenyamanannya, kebun raya merupakan tempat
rekreasi.
Saudara sekalian yang berbahagia,
Dalam kaitan tema dari seminar ini, peran konservasi flora Indonesia dalam mengatasi
dampak pemanasan global, maka yang menjadi isu penting saat ini meningkatnya
kesadaran publik tentang arti pentingnya tumbuhan untuk menjaga keutuhan bumi shg
dapat dihuni manusia lebih lama lagi.
Saya sangat menghargai usaha yang dilakukan Kebun Raya Bali menggalang kemitraan
menyelenggarakan berbagai kegiatan produktif termasuk menyelenggarakan berbagai
kegiatan seminar melalui kerjasama strategis dengan berbagai pihak seperti Universitas,
pemerintah daerah dan Departemen Sektor.
Aksi nyata untuk merespon isu strategis dapat segera dilakukan dengan penghijauan
untuk menekan laju pendangkalan danau, dengan melaksanakan pelestarian adat dan
tradisi kedekatan masyarakat dg tumbuhan, pembangunan ekonomi berbasis kekayaan
hayati Bali mulai ecotourism industry (keindahan landskap ekosistem dan budaya)
sampai ke industri pharmaceutical berbasis usada.
Saya yakin, melalui usaha positif kita untuk melindungi tumbuhan dan memanfaatkan
tumbuhan akan memberikan sumbangan terhadap penurunan laju pemanasan global.
xx
Dalam kesempatan, perkenankanlah, saya menyampaikan ucapan terimakasih kepada
panitia yang telah bekerja keras dan tekun sehingga acara ini berlangsung dengan baik.
Saudara sekalian, demikian sambutan saya,
Dengan mengucapkan
bimillahirrokhmanirrohim, Seminar Nasional Peranan Konservasi Flora Indonesia
Dalam Mengatasi Dampak Pemanasan Global. Dibuka dengan resmi.
Selamat berseminar
Ass. wr. wb.
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SEMPUPU ISLAND NATURE RESERVE :
A CONTRIBUTION TO SMALL ISLAND’S PLANT DIVERSITY AND KARST
ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION AS A POTENTIAL INVESTMENT IN
CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION ACTIVITY
Rosniati A. Risna
1)and Dwi Narko
2)1)
Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor –LIPI, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 13 Bogor
2)
UPT BKT Kebun Raya Purwodadi – LIPI, Jalan Raya Purwodadi, Pasuruan, Jawa Timur, 67163
ABSTRACT - Plants give us everything - food, medicine, shelter, fiber, fuel, air, and water, not to mention beauty. They are also the foundation of healthy wild ecosystems, providing crucial habitat for wildlife. However, plant diversity resources are already being lost due to human-induced disturbance such as deforestation and natural-induced impacts such as climate change. Small islands and karst ecosystem, with plant diversity they hold, are considered to be vulnerable regions and could experience detrimental impacts from climate change. Sempu Island Nature Reserve (SINR) as an in-situ conservation area has valuable function in conservation and protection not only for plant diversity and its ecosystem uniqueness but blocking adjacent urban area from frequent tidal waves and storm surges from the Indian Ocean as climate change effect as well. This small island was selected as a case study because it represents small islands with excellent plant species richness (H’ = 5.07) and diverse ecosystem types comprising lowland and coastal forest, mangrove, lake and limestone karst ecosystem, leading the island to an important ecological region in Indonesia. Potential adaptation investment for climate change adaptation and mitigation options following the SINR legal protection including tree diversity as well as beneficial and threat factors faced by SINR were also discussed.
Key words : Sempu Island, small islands, climate change, plant diversity, karst
INTRODUCTION
Climate change and habitat fragmentation are considered key pressure and challenge on biodiversity (Opdam & Wascher 2004, Abdulhadi 2008). Significant climate change impact to species is mainly indicated by the change in their distribution range, in reproduction period, and decreasing population size (Abdulhadi 2008). The impact of climate change is projected to affect not to species as biodiversity component, but also individuals, populations, ecosystem composition and functions both directly and indirectly, depends on habitat loss and fragmentation occurred (IPCC 2002). On the other hand, the majority of regions in Indonesia are considered to be vulnerable to potential impact of climate change due to its geographical and socio-economic circumstance (Suroso et al., 2009). To minimize the effects of climate change, IPCC has released mitigation and adaptation programs to conserve biodiversity, including scientific projection on species extinction and habitat destruction and even stress its concern on small island states.
Although it is not categorized as small island states, Indonesia is recognized as an archipelago country which consists of 92 outer
islands (Bakosurtanal 2008). According to IPCC (1996), given the strong influence of the ocean on the climate of islands, and based on projected warming of the oceans (1-2°C for the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans) with a doubling of CO2, small islands
in these regions are predicted to continue to experience moderate warming in the future. With this inferred circumstances, Indonesia’s outer islands, especially small-sized ones directly connected to Indian and Pacific Oceans, will continue to face the risk ofextinction of its plant species and their habitat as well. Without appropriate mitigation and adaptation actions of climate change, it is projected that in 2030 Indonesia will lost its 2000 small islands because of sea-level rise (Ikawati 2008).
According to the definition of small islands stated by the Minister of Ocean and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia in UU No. 41/2000, Sempu Island is classified as a small island. Because of its characteristic species diversity and ecosystem uniqueness in such small area of 877 ha, Sempu Island was appointed as a nature reserve by the decree of Minister of Forestry and Plantation Republic of Indonesia No. 417/Kpts-II/1999 (Rais et al. 2006), so called Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu or
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Sempu Island Nature Reserve (SINR). SINR was chosen as a study case because it represents small islands which could experience damaging impacts from climate change, with biological richness within four ecosystem types, viz. lowland tropical forest that covers most area of the island, mangrove and coastal forest ecosystems, lake ecosystems and natural freshwater spring appears from karst ecosystem. The karst ecosystem as the SINR’s property has put natural ecosystem and its resources conservation and management become more important toward the island in the light of climate change because such ecosystem is vulnerable to disturbance (i.e. human-caused destruction and climate change) and associated to certain plant species especially those which water-reservoir ability. We identified very limited studies on plant diversity of limestone karst ecosystem carried out at SINR. In addition, SINR also has a significant role as a barrier island that protects the adjacent villages at the Java mainland from high tides or storm surge such as Tsunami from Indian Ocean.
Besides looking at advantages in current protection status on the SINR, we studied plant diversity and identified beneficial issues and potential threats of the SINR to provide basic information not only for implementing management and conservation of limestone karst region in small islands, but also presenting potential investments that beneficially affect climate change adaptation and mitigation
options. Furthermore, the results will be very useful to support not only threatened plant conservation programmes both locally and globally as stated in Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (CBD, 2002) but provide data as important source to help strengthening biodiversity protection and maintain vulnerable natural karst landscape as adaptation and mitigating effects of regional climate change as well.
MATERIALS AND METHOD Study Site
This study was conducted in Sempu Island Nature Reserve (SINR), Sendangbiru Village, Malang District, East Java Province in June – July 2007. SINR is located approximately 70 km southern Malang, East Java, and separated by ± 0.5 km wide strait. The total area of the island is 877 ha, stretches 3.9 km from west to east, and spanning 3.6 km from north to south with geographical position of 112040’45” – 112042’45 E and 8027’24” – 8024’54”S. The island has various terrains, from mild slope, undulating to very steep hills at altitude of 0 to 102 m asl and many parts has limestone or karst system with various shapes. SINR has moderate annual rainfall with intensity 20.7 – 27.2 mm/precipitation day (Risna 2009). According to Schmidt and Ferguson method, the climate of SINR is categorized as C-type with annual rainfall 2.132 mm (Tjandra and Rosni 2009).
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Data collection
Vegetation analysis using a systematic parallel lines search (Cropper, 1993; Krebs, 1999) was employed to determine tree species of SINR lowland forest. Ten rectangular plots of 20 x 20 m were established along 200 m base line transect, and total of 150 plots covering 0.68% of SINR total area were laid out in the representative study site. Botanical names, individual number and diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees were recorded in each plot. Plant species at younger stages were also identified. Coordinates (including altitude) of each plot were marked using GPS (GARMIN Ltd.). Some biotic and environmental factors such as forest physiognomy and association, landscape and soil condition, were also recorded through visual estimation. Soil pH, moisture and temperature were measured using soil tester whilst soil colours were identified using Soil Munsell’s Colouring Chart (Takehara 1970). We also identified potential and threats to the nature reserve through general observation, literature study and simple interviews with the local BKSDA staff.
Data analysis
All data recorded in the field were tabulated. Relative density (RD), Relative dominance (RDo) and relative frequency (RF) of each species encountered in each plot were calculated to determine the Importance Value Index (IVI) using formulation in Cox (2002), whilst diversity index was calculated using Shannon-Wiener index after Krebs (1999).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Diversity and Composition of Trees
Total number of species in all plots for all growth stages of SINR lowland forest was 128
species, representing 44 families. They were total 72, 43, 97 and 83 species number of tree, pole, sapling and seedling stage respectively. Twenty seven families in tree stage were determined (Table 1) with overall diversity of tree species is 5.07, determined by H’ or Shannon diversity index following Krebs (1999), indicating excellent species richness and an old growth or mature lowland forests.
In an attempt to study species diversity or particular forest area, the distribution of these species in higher taxa (genus and family) is an important subject (Hikmat et al. 2007). Therefore it is important to reveal the distribution of genera, species and individuals in families as well as the distribution of species in genera. In terms of individual number, the largest family was Sterculiaceae which only consists of 3 genera and 5 species. Euphorbiaceae is also one of the largest families based on its encountered genera and species member but not in individual number.
In general, lowland forest of SINR was in relatively good condition and still has many species with DBH >50 cm. They are Artocarpus
elasticus, Ficus spp. (Moraceae), Bischovia javanica, Dysoxylum spp. and Aglaia spp.
(Meliaceae), Garcinia spp. (Clusiaceae), Knema spp. and Myristica (Myristicaceae),
Pterospermum spp. and Sterculia spp. (Sterculiaceae) to mention some. The most frequent tree species are wadang (Pterocarpus
diversifolium), whilst dominant species
indicated by IVI are wadang (Pterocarpus
diversifolium and P. javanicum), durenan
(Myristica teijsmannii), bendo (Artocarpus
elasticus) and Terminalia bellirica which
generally characterised the lowland forest community in SINR.
Table 1. Family composition of trees in SINR lowland forest (ordered by number of individual).
NO. FAMILY Genus (%) Species (%) No. of individuals (%)
1 Sterculiaceae 3 5.66 5 6.94 153 21.19 2 Myristicaceae 2 3.77 3 4.17 97 13.43 3 Moraceae 2 3.77 6 8.33 47 6.51 4 Annonaceae 3 5.66 4 5.56 56 7.76 5 Euphorbiaceae 9 16.98 10 13.89 55 7.62 6 Meliaceae 3 5.66 5 6.94 49 6.79 7 Combretaceae 2 3.77 4 5.56 32 4.43 8 Myrtaceae 2 3.77 4 5.56 33 4.57 9 Chrysobalanaceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 22 3.05 10 Verbenaceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 25 3.46 11 Clusiaceae 1 1.89 2 2.78 25 3.46
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NO. FAMILY Genus (%) Species (%) No. of individuals (%)
12 Anacardiaceae 2 3.77 2 2.78 19 2.63 13 Sapindaceae 4 7.55 5 6.94 16 2.22 14 Celastraceae 2 3.77 2 2.78 17 2.35 15 Burseraceae 2 3.77 3 4.17 15 2.08 16 Ebenaceae 1 1.89 2 2.78 16 2.22 17 Arecaceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 10 1.39 18 Lauraceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 9 1.25 19 Sapotaceae 2 3.77 2 2.78 6 0.83 20 Tiliaceae 2 3.77 2 2.78 4 0.55 21 Rutaceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 4 0.55 22 Caesalpiniaceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 3 0.42 23 Rubiaceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 3 0.42 24 Bignoniaceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 3 0.42 25 Mimosaceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 1 0.14 26 Rhizophoraceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 1 0.14 27 Leeaceae 1 1.89 1 1.39 1 0.14 TOTAL 53 100.00 72 100.00 722 100.00 Others (8 families) Sapotaceae Lauraceae Arecaceae Ebenaceae Burseraceae Celastraceae Sapindaceae Anacardiaceae Clusiaceae Verbenaceae Chrysobalanaceae Myrtaceae Combretaceae Meliaceae Euphorbiaceae Annonaceae Moraceae Myristicaceae Sterculiaceae 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Importance Value Index (%)
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Table 2. Ten species with high Importance Value Index (IVI) in SINR lowland forest
NO. SPECIES FAMILY RDo RF RD IVI (%)
1 Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Sterculiaceae 9.91 9.11 10.80 29.82
2 Myristica teijsmannii Miq. Myristicaceae 9.63 6.92 11.36 27.91 3 Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. Sterculiaceae 9.42 6.92 8.59 24.93 4
Artocarpus elasticus Reinw.ex
Blume Moraceae 6.55 4.55 3.60 14.71
5
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.)
Roxb. Combretaceae 5.10 4.55 3.88 13.53
6 Maranthes corymbosa Blume Chrysobalanaceae 5.06 3.46 3.05 11.57 7
Acmena acuminatissima (Blume)
Merr.& L.M.Perry Myrtaceae 2.74 4.01 3.60 10.35 8 Vitex glabrata R. Br. Verbenaceae 3.96 2.91 3.46 10.34
9 Aglaia elliptica Blume Meliaceae 2.47 3.83 3.60 9.90 10 Garcinia celebica L. Clusiaceae 2.44 3.64 3.32 9.40
Others (62 species) 137.55
Total 300.00
Notes: RDo= Relative dominance, RD = Relative density, RF = Relative Frequency. The results are limited only in lowland
forest area of SINR, indicating more plant species discovery throughout the area including mangrove ecosystem. According to Tjandra and Rosni (2009), there are plant species inventory study covering about 223 species which representing 144 genera and 60 families.
Environmental Condition
The condition of vegetation and some abiotic factors in SINR lowland forest is summarized in Enclosure 1. The soil type of Sempu Island was classified into calciustolls (Risna 2009). The soil in sampling areas is relatively shallow with 20 – 50 cm depth, and mostly has high clay content with many limestone layers from subsoil, making high soil pH. Overall soil colour of SINR lowland forest was greyish-dark brown, indicating fertile soil because of its high organic matter contents (Hardjowigeno 1992).
Four ecosystem types were found in SINR, which are lowland tropical forest, mangrove and coastal forest ecosystems, lake ecosystems (Telaga Lele, Telaga Sat, Segara Anakan) and natural freshwater spring (locally named Air Tawar) appears from karst ecosystem which lies in the island’s tidal zone.
Beneficial Factors in Conserving Sempu Island
Some benefits in protecting Sempu Island as a conservation area and important ecological region are identified. These advantages can be considered as adaptation investments that can
improve the resilience of biodiversity and supporting ecosystem in response to climate change. They may, in turn, providing a good tropical lowland forest as a source of CO2
sequestration.
Biological factors
Based on the vegetation analysis result, SINR contains one of the most important remaining populations of Myristica teijsmannii in which natural regeneration occurs and which supports a complete growth phases (Risna 2009). This species is considered rare and only reported from a few population spots in East Java so far, supporting the probability of the species’ endemism in Java. Myristica
teijsmannii was widely distributed throughout
the SINR, showing the highest tree density. It means that the species is one of the most dominant plant species in the SINR, together with Pterospermum diversifolium and P.
javanicum (Table 2). This result also indicates
that SINR is a suitable habitat for M.
teijsmannii, providing good habitat for this
threatened species. This is another conservation value for Sempu Island because the species is native to Indonesia and has been categorised as endangered species at EN B1+2C level according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2009), but has not been protected by any national regulations. Other threatened plants found in the SINR are Aglaia
elliptica, Aglaia lawii, Lophopetalum javanicum, Maranthes corymbosa, and Sindora javanica under the IUCN rating. However, the
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species reported by BKSDA II Jawa Timur (Purwanto et al. 2002), which are Kayu Sentigi (Pemphis acidula) and Sempu (Dillenia sp.).
The presence of animal dispersal agents is of significant factor to plant population distribution as well. Therefore, animal species diversity should not be separated from plants diversity conservation in terms of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions, but this issue has not been directly discussed in this paper. However, some studies identified various mammals (Risna 2009; Purwanto et al. 2002) and very vast diversity of birds (Anonymous 2007) showing that SINR acts as a good or suitable habitat for such fauna. But above all, identification of biodiversity conservation together with sustainable use activities and policies that would beneficially affect climate change adaptation and mitigation options is encouraged by the IPCC (2002).
The diversity and forest composition of SINR has to be maintained to avoid disadvantage changes both from human and natural impacts. Changes in biodiversity composition and habitat or ecosystem distribution due to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance may lead to feedbacks that affect regional and global climate (Wheeler 2008).
Geological and Hydrological factors
SINR separated from the mainland island, has limited water resources with relatively narrow watershed, vulnerable to external disturbance both natural (storms and high tides) and human-caused impacts, and has species endemism with important ecological value. These characters are similar to those of other small islands throughout Indonesia in general (Dedi 2009).
Generally, SINR has fertile soil based on dark soil color and other physical and chemical constituents (Risna 2009). SINR also has limestone karst ecosystem that of conservation interest due to its vulnerability against habitat destruction and climate change. The karst ecosystem in SINR is characterized by underground drainage, the rarity of surface water, drying valley (Telaga Sat) and presence of natural caves (i.e. Gua Macan, Gua Air Tawar, Gua Laut) and freshwater spring. These facts also improve conservation value of the SINR in terms of soil conservation.
Natural landscape factors
As stated above, SINR provides some beauty and diverse natural landscapes: lowland
tropical forest landscape including its coastal and mangrove forests, karst landscape with various shapes of towering hills, lakes and lagoon and seascape where we can found sea waves from Indian Ocean as well as coral reef with various coral species. Moreover, southern part of East Java Province in terms of karst region is regarded as critical zone to develop and maintain (Herlambang 2008).
By having limestone karst ecosystem, SINR has put natural ecosystem and its resources conservation and management become more important in the light of climate change because such ecosystem is vulnerable to disturbance (i.e. human-caused destruction and climate change) and associated to certain plant species especially those which water-reservoir ability. In addition, SINR also has a significant role as a barrier island that protects the adjacent villages at the Java mainland from high tides or storm surge such as Tsunami from Indian Ocean.
Human factors
Public awareness of local community concerning the role of SINR as natural resource conservation region is increasing, particularly after the 1994 earthquake and Tsunami hit southern parts of Java. It was reported that the adjacent villages in Java mainland did not much affected by the tide because the blocking of Sempu Island. The improving awareness on the significance of Sempu Island conservation cannot be alienated from actions and perseverance of local BKSDA staff in executed their duties to guard SINR as a protected area including to educate people.
Legal Protection
With its legal protection status as a nature reserve, SINR has been more protected and managed from habitat destruction. Moreover, southern parts of East Java Province in terms of karst region are regarded as critical zone to develop and maintain (Herlambang 2008). Some Identified Threats
Some threats or potential threats were identified by general observation, literature studies and a simple interview to the local Resort staff (Table 3). The results supported that Indonesia in general is very vulnerable in facing the threats and impacts of climate change because of its richness in biodiversity and strong-dependency of its people on its biodiversity resources (Abdulhadi 2008).
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Table 3. Identified Threats toward Sempu Island Nature Reserve Threats or potential threats
Environmental-induced factor
1. Timber species richness (and also protected animals) with high economic value attracts people to illegally timber harvesting and animal hunting
2. The richness of ecotourism potential supporting Sempu Island as a nature reserve. On the other hand, the tourism activity would imperil the island’s nature and native species unless management and maintenance as well as coordination between involved departments would be well applied.
3. The regional local climate which tends to be dry type has made the lowland forest area vulnerable to forest fire.
4. Accessibility is effortless and very affordable so that attract more people to visit and explore the beauty of the island.
5. Geographically restricted ecosystems such SINR are potentially vulnerable to climate change. 6. The ability of barrier reefs to reduce impacts of storms can be adversely affected by sea-level
rise threatening the existence of the whole island and in turn would expose the adjacent villages to high tides and storm surges from the Indian Ocean.
Threats or potential threats
Human-induced factor
1. Illegal wood harvesting for boats / ships, esp. from Garcinia and Vitex sp., although the cases are very rare reported.
2. Enormous limestone karst ecosystem in Sempu Island attracts people. Limestone Illegal limestone quarrying by local people once reported by an NGO in 2007 (Anonymous 2007b). 3. Sempu Island beach in Air Tawar area is frequently used to fix and paint boats by local
fisherman. This activity will caused detrimental effect primarily to coral reef and mangrove ecosystem
4. The open-access ecotourism combined with the weakness of public awareness has made SINR susceptible to habitat destruction in terms of vandalisms.
5. ‘Geographically isolation’ of Sempu Island had become a reason for Military Forces to make the island as a war exercise area in 1998. However, this activity has no longer reported since 1999 as the Minister of Forestry and Plantation Decree appointing the island to be a nature reserve.
6. The very limited budget has been attributed to the weakness of management and monitoring activity by local resort staff.
7. The purposes of nature reserve have been distorted into a recreational site somehow. Tourists are welcome to visit the SINR freely by only pay some amount of money, managed by local government (PEMDA), whilst campers and researchers are managed by a local BKSDA resort under the Ministry of Forestry.
Exploitation through ecotourism is classified as threats due to natural conservation law UU No. 5 Tahun 1990 concerning Conservation of Natural Resources and its Ecosystem. The law stated that in a nature reserve, people are allowed to conduct research and education but not to exploit the reserve’s natural resources. Improving the Contribution of Protecting SINR as investments for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Plant conservationist should be seriously concerned about the implications of climate change for the conservation of plant diversity and ecosystem in Indonesia. The magnitude and extent of increased rate of deforestation and habitat degradation in Indonesia are large. This
may significantly contribute to increase primarily atmospheric CO2 causing more
greenhouse effect that influence climate change. More importantly, analyses of the climate record in Indonesia shows that vanishing small islands under changing climate are occurring now.
It has been suggested that preserving pristine forests may be a win-win solution in combating climate change and conserving biodiversity. Managing forests in order to retain and increase their stored carbon will help to reduce the rate of increase in atmospheric CO2
and stabilize atmospheric concentrations (IPCC 1996). By conserving plant diversity and natural resources in landscape or ecosystem level such Sempu Island and legitimate the protection
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status by the government (in this cased is executed by Forestry Department) we also control deforestation, protect lowland forest which is one of the most vulnerable ecosystem against anthropogenic disturbance as well as control the human-caused disturbance itself. This conservation action is included as conservation practices recommended by the IPCC (IPCC 1996) to mitigate climate change toward our forests. Forest conservation as a technical option can be followed, for example, by regulatory measures through direct action by government for watershed protection, soil conservation and CO2 sequestration. These
would effect CO2 sequestration up to 300 t C/ha
(IPCC 2002).
More importantly, to improve the contribution of protecting Sempu Island as an important ecological region for climate change adaptation investments,it is compulsory that we practice effective plant diversity conservation whereas effective plant diversity requires the protection and appropriate management. The significance of effective plant diversity conservation on the world’s key ecological regions is also encouraged by BGCI (Hawkins
at al. 2008).
CONCLUSIONS
Sempu Island Nature Reserve is one of good models of small island biodiversity and natural landscape conservation, among others, in terms of climate change. This paper considers the current status of legal protection toward the island, including quantitative measures on plant diversity and some qualitative and desk study on fauna diversity, ecosystems and (potential) threats. SINR covers very vast plant diversity and diverse natural landscape ecosystems.
Based on our result and discussion above, many beneficial factors follow the legal protection of the SINR, from plant as a single species to natural landscape diversity including its hydrological characteristics. It has intact forests with excellent tree diversity, categorized as a small island that partly formed by limestone karst ecosystem which is vulnerable to climate change. Those facts indicate that SINR is an important ecological area. Protecting this small island is considered as valuable investment for climate change mitigation and adaptation activities, primarily on atmospheric CO2
sequestration and high tides reduction to the adjacent civilization.
However, the assessment of the impact of SINR plant diversity conservation and its ecosystem on climate change has to be
conducted in more intense and quantitative methods to answer the impact of mitigation and adaptation activities for climate change on plant diversity and its ecosystem. In addition, to answer the potential for conservation of plant diversity to contribute to climate change adaptation measures, it is important that we identify biodiversity conservation and policies that would beneficially affect climate change and mitigation options. Furthermore, the existing or current conservation strategies applied in SINR must incorporate climate change into monitoring and reporting systems and use this information to provide policy advice on climate change-induced effects on conservation in the near future.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was funded by Nagao NEF. Technical assistance from Cecep Suryana (Bogor Botanic Gardens) and Matrani (Purwodadi Botanic Gardens) and Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu Resort staff are also greatly appreciated.
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