TCMP is a joint initiative between the National Environm ent Managem ent Council (NEMC), the University of Rhode Island/Coastal Resources Center (URI/CRC) and the United States Agency for International Developm ent (USAID)
The TCMP Newsletter ISSN: 0856-8375 Issue No. 19 April 2003
Sta tem ent by Hon. Arca do N ta ga zw a (M P) M inister of Sta te
(Environm ent) V ice President’s O ffice
T
he relief ma p of Ta nza nia shows a large a coastal area. The a rea i s end o w ed w i th abundant and unique resources. 2 5 per cent of the country’s population is domiciled in the c o a sta l a rea . O ne o f the unenvia b le d escrip tion of this segment of the population is that of being the poorest of the poor. The abundance of resources in c o a sta l a rea s c o ntri b ute immesenly to the efforts targeted tow ards the betterment of the peoples’ quality of life and their livelihoods.To attest the above one should keep in mind the follow ing. 7 5 per cent of all industries in the country are to be found in the coastal areas. Dar es Salaam, the largest urban centre in the w hole country, is a coastal city. C o a sta l to uri sm need no ela b o ra ti o n. M a ri c ulture development and sea-bed natural gas exploration and exploitation, are activities bound to contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of coastal people in their communities.
The fact that about eight million Tanzanians share the coastal area w ith some of the most diverse and biologically important species on the planet, makes the coast a uniquely productive but fragile part of the environment. This is the place w here land meets the sea; where a multiplicity of human activities occur not forgetting the imperative integrated decision-making requirement. This must be so because existing policies w ith respect to land, fisheries, forestry, w a ter, mi nera ls, a g ri culture, w i ld li fe, i nd ustr y, tra nsp o rt, energy, health, education and human settlement recognize the uniqueness of our coastal areas. It is indeed in view of the above
tha t the N a tio na l Enviro nment Policy spells out-broad guidelines w i th reg a rd to ma na g i ng the environment in general but w ith more specific targets in the question o f co a sta l a nd ma rine a rea s. Eq ua lly so the N a tiona l Vision 2 0 2 5 recog nises the need for quality environment and life as some of the goals and the outcome of sustainable development.
The N ational Integrated C oastal M anagement Strategy provides a fra mew ork und er the N a tiona l Environment Policy that links sectors a t d i stri c t level, a nd c rea tes partnerships among them tow ards sustainable use of coastal resources a nd d evelo p ment. A ltho ug h sectoral policies for many coastal resources are in place, the coastal p eo p le, esp ec i a lly the rura l communities, are still poor. An integrated strategy,that overcomes the fragmentation inherent in single-sector management approach is nec essa r y to a d d ress these p ersi stent b ut ea sy to so lve problems.
C o a sta l reso urc es a re und er increasing pressure from the people that depend on them for food and income. Unless quick action is taken, coastal resources w ill not support future coastal communities. M oreover there are large economic developments being proposed and executed, and more are yet to come. Such developments w ill, positively or adversely, affect many communities and sectors though p a rti c i p a to r y p la nni ng a nd exec uti o n o f the sa me w i ll ameliorate the w ould be negative impacts. Indeed the challenge w e now face is how to harness and manage coastal resources in an equitable and sustainable manner
The challenge calls for a balance b etw een d evelo p ment,
conserva tion a nd utiliza tion of coa sta l a nd ma rine resources; w hich is a chieva b le w hen the people are aw are, respect, value a nd resp o nsi b ly ma na g e the resources. This can be achieved through a w ell coordinated and integrated approach that creates c o nd uc i ve a nd enha nc i ng envi ro nment o f c o lla b o ra ti ve p a rtnershi p b etw een the government and the community. Scientific management of cross-sectoral interests, at both national and local levels, are the key tenets of Integrated Coastal M anagement (ICM )
In recognizing the value of the coast a nd the need to fa c i li ta te susta i na b le d evelo p ment nationw ide, Tanzania is committed to sustainable coastal governance through ICM . Tanzania is signatory a nd ha s ra tified a numb er o f multi la tera l envi ro nmenta l a g reements tha t recog nize the need for an integrated approach for managing the coastal area. Ta nza nia ha s tra nsla ted these i nterna ti o na l a nd reg i o na l agreements into national action p la ns a nd ta ng i b le effo rts to address our coastal problems. The N a ti o na l Integ ra ted C o a sta l Environment M anagement Strategy currently draw s some experience fro m severa l lo c a l IC M p rog ra mmes tha t tra nsla te into action our understanding of the i nterna ti o na l a nd reg i o na l agreements. The IC M seeks to strengthen national programmes a nd i ni ti a ti ves to ensure thei r harmonized implementation.
Finally, I w ould like to state that the N a ti o na l Integ ra ted C o a sta l Environment M anagement Strategy is the result of an open, transparent a nd p a rticip a tory p rocess tha t extended for over tw o years. It needed reflects the collective view s
and interests of a w ide range of stakeholders w ho live and w ork in the coastal area. It is also built on a solid foundation of scientific and technical know ledge. It is ho p ed tha t b y a p p lying the principles and practices of ICM , Tanzania can and w ill realize the benefits of sustainable coastal d evelop ment a nd the overa ll o b j ec ti ve o f the N a ti o na l Environment Policy in this regard.
In conclusion I w ould like to thank and pay tribute by taking liberty in mentioning the US Agency for Interna ti o na l Develo p ment (USAID) and Coastal Resources Center of the University of Rhode Island. And of course this does not belittle in anyw ay invaluable aid and assistance that w e have had from N O RAD, Ireland AID, IUC N , Fi nni sh G o vernment, Dutc h G o vernment, PEW Foundation and W W F. I also w ould like to thank those w ho participated and contributed to the development of this Strategy a nd p a rti c ula rly tho se w ho generously supported the entire p ro c ess w ho m I ma y ha ve omitted to mention.
Issue N o 1 9 Pw a ni Yetu
April
2 0 0 3
2-2
I
mplementa tion mecha nisms of the ICM Stra tegy
F
ollowing the Government’s approval of the adoption of the ICM Strategy, coastal practitioners at both national and local level are expected to undertake the strategy implementation with the goal to preserve, protect and develop the coastal resources for use by the people of today and succeeding generations, to ensure food security and to support economic growth. For the benefit of all coastal practitioners and stakeholders, this special issue is featuring the seven strategic actions and their implementation mechanisms as detailed in the National ICM Strategy.This stra teg y w ill a d d ress the follow ing issues::
i) Imp ro vement o f the environment, well-being and livelihood of all benefici-aries of coastal resources w hich includ e the p o o r c o a sta l c o m m u n i ti e s eng a g ed in sma ll scale-a g r i c u l tu r e , scale-a r ti sscale-a n scale-a l f i sh e r i e s, sma l l -sca le mariculture, use of forests andma n g r o v e s, sma l l -scale business, the informal sector and extraction of coastalresources.
ii) Supporting local initiatives, d e c i si o n -m a k i n g f o r intersectoral d evelo p ment and harmonizing national interests w ith local needs
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n
Str a te g y O ne :
Sup p or t e nv ironm e nta l p la nning a nd inte g r a te d
m a na gem ent of coa sta l resources a nd a ctivities a t the loca l level a nd
provide m echa nism s to ha rm onise na tiona l interests w ith loca l need.
Stra tegy Tw o
: Prom ote integra ted, susta ina ble a nd environm enta lly
friendly a pproa ches to the development of ma jor economic uses of the
coa sta l resources to optimize benefits
expand along parts of the coast. IC M U shall, as resources and capacity allow, work with relevant sectors to convene Issue-Specific W o rking G ro up s to d evelo p integrated sustainable approaches to coastal economic development and ensure that all forms of pollution in coastal areas are properly p revented , co ntro lled a nd managed.
Coa sta l Activity Guidelines
Convene and facilitate interagency Issue-Specific W orking G roups to d evelop g uid elines for ma jor coastal economic development activities. The guidelines shall be in a cco rd a nce w ith na tio na l Environmental Impact Assessment guidelines and shall include precise definitions of w hat constitutes a “major” economic development for
that sector, siting requirements, p ermi t p ro ced ures, g o o d o p era ti o na l p ra cti ces a nd monitoring protocols.
The N SC-ICM shall review and endorse the guidelines. G uidelines shall be implemented through:
• Sectoral agencies, assisted b y IC M U a nd a n Issue-Specific W orking G roup, collaborating with the private sector to voluntarily adopt g o o d ma na g ement practices; and
• Sectoral agencies, assisted b y IC M U, incorp ora ting recommended g uidelines directly into their relevant reg ula ti o ns i n li ne w i th o p era ti o na l na ti o na l Envi ro nmenta l Imp a ct Assessment procedures and
permit approval processes).
Co o r d in a te d Pe r m it Review for M ajor Economic Uses of the Coa st.
M ajor economic uses that require permits from more than one national sectoral agency shall be reviewed and acted on through an open, tra nsp a rent a nd coord ina ted review process (see Strategy 7 for p ub lic inp ut to this p rocess). G uidelines shall specify w hat co nstitutes a ma jo r co a sta l development activity, both in terms of scale and proximity to the coastline, and would therefore be included in the coordinated permit review process. The ICM U, when requested by the responsible sector, shall facilitate a coordinated permit review process using the existing national EIA procedures. The economic op p ortunities
available in the coastal area, both large and small scale, could improve the livelihood and well b eing of the communities if planned and managed taking into consideration environmental concerns. The following issues are addressed by this strategy: i) Environmental Planning
and management of key economic opportunities ii) Improvement of the well
being and livelihoods of all beneficiaries of coastal resources.
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n mecha nisms
Tourism, agriculture, mariculture, industrialization, mining, and gas development are expected to
m echa nism
Di stri c t Integ ra ted C o a sta l M a na g ement A cti o n Pla ns. Create and support a district level ICM process as part of the overall district environmental planning to develop, approve and implement District ICM action plans. N ational IC M g uidelines for preparing district level action plans shall be developed. The guidelines shall encourage each district to focus on their ow n p riority issues a nd areas. The action plans shall sp ecify loca l IC M g oa ls a nd issues, and shall identify how to effec t c ha ng e (i mmed i a te voluntary actions, infrastructure, comprehensive planning, new or revi sed b y-la w s, etc . ). The N a ti o na l IC M Stra teg y recog nizes tha t d istricts ha ve limited technical and financial ca p a ci ty fo r ta ki ng o n new ma na g ement resp onsib ilities. Participation in this program can
be encouraged through a variety of incentives provided by ICM U. These can include support for outreach and aw areness raising, a small grants program, technical a ssi sta nc e, a nd a c c ess to i nfo rma ti o n. Fo r na ti o na l c o nsi stenc y the IC M U sha ll facilitate districts planning and i mp lementa ti o n b y w a y o f providing technical support. The ICM U shall assist districts to tra nsla te the N a ti o na l Environment Policy a nd other related policies and instruments into district ICM action plans. The maximum extent of district ICM action plans includes the full d i stri c t a nd o ffsho re to the sea w a rd ed g e o f terri to ri a l w aters. How ever, District IC M Action Plans can be for smaller g eo g ra p hic a rea s w ithin the district (for example, a sub-district, villa g e, o r b a y a rea ) w here intersectoral coastal issues are
most urgent. If division/ w ard or villa g e a ction p la ns a re prepared, they shall include inputs from the District. Local Environmental committees shall coordinate and execute the d evelo p ment a nd implementation of the action plans.
Issue N o 1 9 Pw a ni Yetu
April
2 0 0 3
3-3
This strategy shall address three issues:
i) Improvement of the well being and livelihoods of
beneficiaries of coastal resources:
M ost rural coastal communities are poor. Their economy depends mainly on small-scale holder farming, subsistence forestry, artisanal fishing, lime and salt production, seaw eed farming, livestock husbandry and small-scale trade. Hence actions need to be taken to increase productivity of current economic activities and to p ro mo te a lterna tive environmentally sustainable livelihoods
ii) Environmental Planning and ma na g i ng key eco no mi c opportunities within the coastal area, i nc l ud i ng to uri sm, agriculture, mariculture, industry and oil and gas exploration:
Stra tegy Three
: Conserve a nd restore critica l ha bita ts a nd a rea s of
high biodiversity w hile ensuring tha t coa sta l people continue to benefit
from the susta ina ble use of the resources
Project (M M P)
• Terrestrial game parks that exist in coastal areas
• W etlands and fragile lands as defined in the Land Act of 1 9 9 9
The ICM U shall work with existing programs and authorities in the strengthening of G eneral Park M anagement Plans, M angrove M a na g ement Pla ns etc. b y providing technical support as specified in the section on duties and responsibilities of the ICM U. District IC M action plans and SAM Ps sha ll id entify loca lly important critical coastal areas and areas of high biodiversity, and specify actions that provide for their conservation, restoration and sustainable use by coastal residents.
Successful development and use of the coastal area w ould need g uid ed p la nning w ith clea r p ri nci p les a nd enfo rcement practices. This strategy w ould address the follow ing issues: (i) Inc re a si ng p re ssure o n
enviro nmenta l reso urces (section 3 .1 and 3 .3 ) (ii) Increa sing resource use
c o nfli c ts o n the c o a sta l environment (section 3 .4 ) (iii) Inadequate environmental
ma na g ement mechanisms (sections 3 .6 and 3 .4 ) (iv) Ina d eq ua te intersectora l
co-ord ina tion for coa sta l environment ma na g ement (sections 3 .4 , 3 .2 and 3 .5 )
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n m echa nism s:
Specia l AreaM a na gement
Pla ns
SAM PS shall be developed for geographic areas of concern, including:
• Areas with existing important e c o no mi c / i nfra struc ture fa cilities w here reso urce degradation and use conflicts are occurring
• A rea s w here ma j o r new economic developments are planned or areas where there is rapid economic transition and substantial resource use conflicts tha t ha ve e nvi ro nme nta l implications
• Pollution hot-spots
• Trans-boundary areas w here significant coastal management issues exist and
• Areas at high envi ro nmenta l risk from the effects of erosion and flooding.
Sp ec i a l a rea ma na g ement planning is a mechanism that a llow s centra l g overnment in partnership with local government to plan and manage geographic a rea s o f p a rti cula r na ti o na l concern or interest. The SAM P p ro cess includ es sta keho ld er input from both local and national levels. For a SAM P site, central g o vernment sha ll w o rk w i th districts and other planning and management functionaries w ithin the sites to complete a detailed environmental management plan tha t a p p ro p ri a tely g ui d es development.
The ICM U, w ith guidance from the N SC-ICM , shall identify areas requiring a SAM P. A SAM P area can encompass multiple districts, be a single district, a district/
w ard or only a village. They sha ll no t, ho w ever, extend beyond the offshore limit of territorial waters and the inshore ed g e of the coa sta l d istrict boundaries.
SA M Ps sha ll i nc lud e management goals, objectives, a nd i mp lementa ti o n
mec ha ni sms a nd a c ti o ns. IC M U shall develop coastal environmental guidelines and provide technical assistance for SAM P preparation. The ICM U sha ll a ssi st the SA M P implementing agents to review national environmental related framew orks for consistency w ith SAM P.
The N SC-ICM shall review and endorse SAM Ps. Central and local g overnments w ill have resp o nsi b i li ty to i mp lement actions specified in the SAM PS. Development and use of the coastal
area is exp ected to i ncrea se, crea ti ng eco no mi c
opportunities as w ell as putting unprecedented pressure on both the people and resources of the coast. Development activities including industry, agriculture, mariculture, tourism and urbanization and other activities are potential sources of pollution.Poor waste management (solid and liquid), and improper dumping has led to air and water pollution.
iii) M anaging geographical areas of concern including and habitats:
Along the coast there are areas that require intensive proactive planning a nd ma na g ement b ec a use o f thei r uni q ue ecological importance and economic- value or because of intense resource use conflicts .
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n mecha nisms:
The ICM U, in collaboration with relevant authorities, shall identify critical coastal areas and areas of high biodiversity that should be included w ithin existing or new protected area programs/ project include:
• M arine Parks and Reserves Unit: The national coastal program shall work with the Board of Trustees and M arine Park and Reserves Unit to esta b lish new ma rine protected areas (M PAs) (under the M arine Parks and Reserves Act) in areas with significant biodiversity and where local co mmunities sup p o rt the concept of a park
• The M angrove M anagement
Issue N o 1 9 Pw a ni Yetu
April
2 0 0 3
4-4
Pwani Ye tu
P.O .Box 71886, D ar e s Salaam Tel:+ 255+ 22+ 2666088/2666190 Fax: 2668611
Email:gluhikula@ epiq.or.tz
Stra tegy Five:
Develop a nd use a n effective coa sta l ecosy stem resea rch,
m onitoring a nd a ssessm ent sy stem tha t w ill a llow a va ila ble scientific a nd
technica l inform a tion to inform ICM decisions
Inadequacy of data on coastal envi ro nment a n d l a c k o f i nd i vi d ua l a nd i nsti tuti o na l ca p a ci ty i s a hi nd ra nce to p ro p er p la nni ng a nd management of resources. This strategy w ill be addressing the issue related to:
(i) Inadequacy of environmental information availability for decision-making.
(ii) Human, institutional capacity a nd a w a reness.
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n mecha nisms :
ICM U shall establish a Science and Technical W orking G roup (STW G ) to facilitate scientific inputs into na ti o na l a nd lo ca l co a sta l programmes. The STW G shall:
• Serve as a bridge between environmental scientists, and re so urc e ma na g e rs a nd decision-makers
• Identify priority management-related research needs w ith na ti o na l a nd lo c a l IC M practitioners and researchers
The stra teg y a d d resses the follow ing issues:
(i) The ra p i d ra te o f unplanned development in critical coastal areas and resulta nt envi ro nmenta l implications .
(ii) The low socio-economic status of coastal inhabitants The strategy seeks to improve the overall w ell being of coastal inha b ita nts throug h their involvement in the planning of resources. This participatory a p p roa ch to environmenta l management requires access to
Str a te g y Six
: Pro v id e m e a n in g f ul o p p o r tun itie s f o r sta k e h o ld e r
involvem ent in the coa sta l developm ent process a nd the im plem enta tion
of coa sta l m a na gem ent policies
N SC-ICM for final review and endorsement. The ICMU shall work with the planning functionaries to respond to ea ch p ub lic comment. Specific review guidelines shall have to be developed that describe this review process.
Special attention shall be given to ensure that those most affected by p rop osed p la ns, a ctions or guidelines, are included in the d evelop ment, review a nd implementation process.
Stra tegy Seven:
Build both hum a n a nd institutiona l ca pa city for
inter-disciplina ry a nd intersectora l ma na gement of coa sta l environment
and ensure that this information is used to drive data acquisition
• M ake information about ICM a nd o ng o i ng mo ni to ri ng available to resource managers and the public
• Recognize the importance of local knowledge and ensure that it is incorporated in the management process
• Recommend conserva tion and restoration techniques for inclusion in local planning.
• Desi g n a mo ni to ri ng
programme that nests local, national and international monitoring efforts that builds on a nd utilizes existing research and monitoring institutions. This programme should seek to incorporate resource users in the effort. STW G sha ll use exi sti ng institutions for full implementation a nd ma y d evelo p p i lo t mo ni to ri ng o r resea rc h programmes as the need arises.
relevant and necessary information in order to make sound decisions that will take advantage of emerging economic opportunities in the coastal areas.
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n mechanisms
This ICM Strategy recognizes that without active participation by the people, the urgent environmental coastal problems will not be solved. This Strategy creates opportunities for participation and empowers people to become active stewards of the coastal environment.
The mecha nisms b y w hich stakeholders shall be involved include:
• Public education and outreach p rog ra mmes to ra ise awareness of the need and for importance of sustainable coastal management
• Input to district action plans, SAM Ps, protected area plans and guidelines
• Initiation of a 4 5 -day public review period for any District Action Plan, Special Area M a na g ement Pla n, or Economic Use G uidelines before they are submitted to the
Implementation mechanisms:
Human and institutional capacity shall b e streng thened p rima rily b y improving the skills, attitudes and knowledge of individuals through the following three primary tools:
• Lea rning -b y-d o ing . Build
capacity of both practitioners (local and national) and resource users to plan for and manage co a sta l reso urces in a n integrated way by providing in-service training and workshops This strategy addresses three broader
issues
(i) The inadequacy of human and institutiona l ca p a city a nd awareness
(ii) La ck of rea d ily a va ila b le information availability for decision-making.
(iii) The need for support for local initiatives as well as increased d ecisio n-ma king fo r intersectoral developments, and harmonizing national interest with local needs
and by providing opportunities fo r lea rning thro ug h experience.
• Information exchange. The
IC M U sha ll serve a s the backbone of a national ICM network where practitioners (local and national) can easily exchange information and ideas.
• Formal curriculum in coastal ma na g ement. Sup p o rt
inco rp o ra tio n o f co a sta l
management-relevant material into educational curricula from p rima ry scho o ls to the university . At the University level, encourage the creation of a formal education track for ICM within existing institutes or universities.
