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s nd help in ifnishing thi sthesis .My advisor ,Dew iWidyastu it ,S.Pd. , g
n it c e r r o c d n a g n i d a e r s r u o h y n a m o s t n e p s g n i v a h r o f . m u H .
M thist hesis ,and
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e fi l y m
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I al lmy firends Engilsh Letters 2008 ,especiallyGusitn ,Riirs , s
y a d y m g n i d n e p s d e y o j n e I . p e J d n a t u l a P , a ti V , g n e J , b e
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y Al lo fthemaregreatf irend .s ,
y ll a n i
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ii i v
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
E G A P E L T I
T ... i E
G A P L A V O R P P
A ... ii E
G A P E C N A T P E C C
A ... iii I
S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L ... vi
E G A P O T T O
M ... v E
G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ... vi S
T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ... iv i S
T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... iiv i T
C A R T S B
A ... x K
A R T S B
A ... xi N
O I T C U D O R T N I : I R E T P A H
C ... 1 .
A Backgroundoft heStudy... 1 .
B ProblemFormulaiton... 4 .
C Objecitve soft heStudy... 4 .
D De ifniitono fTerms... 5 W
E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T : I I R E T P A H
C ... 7 .
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies... 7 .
B Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires... 9 .
1 Theo ire so fSetitng... 9 .
2 Theoryoft heRelaitonbetweenLtieratureandSociety.... 1 3 .
C ReviewonHistory... 31 .
D Theoreitca lFramework... 02 Y
G O L O D O H T E M : I I I R E T P A H
C ... 12 .
A Objec toft heStudy... 12 .
B Approachoft heStudy... 12 .
C Methodoft heStudy... 22 S
I S Y L A N A : V I R E T P A H
C ... 42 .
A TheDescirpitonoft heSetitngi nFlorence............................. 42 .
1 Setitngo fPlace... 42 .
2 Setitngo fTime... 72 .
3 Atmosphere... 82 .
4 Socia lCondiiton .s... 92 .
B Racia lDiscirminaitont oward stheAf ircanAme ircan saround .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. s 0 5 9 1 e h
t 43
.
1 PubilcPlace .s... 43 .
2 Educaiton... 73 .
3 Occupaitons... 93 .
4 Economy... 14 .
x i .
6 NegaitveStereotyping... 34 N
O I S U L C N O C : V R E T P A H
C ... 45 Y
H P A R G O I L B I
B ... 48 X
I D N E P P
x T C A R T S B A
E N I L E G N A A K S I
S . Racia lDiscrimina iton stoward sAfrican American sin ’
s s e r d li h C e c il A n i g n it t e S e h t h g u o r h t d e t c e lf e R s 0 5 9 1 e h
t Florence .
a m r a h D a t a n a S , s r e tt e L f o y tl u c a F , s r e tt e L h s il g n E f o t n e m tr a p e D : a tr a k a y g o Y
. 2 1 0 2 , y ti s r e v i n U
r e ti r w e h
T analyze sa play ,Florence, w irtten by Ailce Chlidress ,an n
a c ir f
A -Ameircan wrtier .Chlidress ’work susually talk abou tracia lissue sand e
v il o t e l g g u rt s s ’ e l p o e p k c a l
b . Through he rworks ,she wanted to descirbe .
y t e i c o s k c a l b e h t d r a w o t y ti l a u q e n
i Thi s play contain s an issue abou t
y r o t s i h n i s e i s r e v o rt n o c t s e g g i b e h t f o e n o s i fl e s ti n o it a n i m ir c s i D . n o it a n i m ir c s i d
. e fi l s ’ n a m u h f
o Slavery and racia ldisc irminaiton a re moslty caused by the e
c a r e h t f o s e c n e r e f fi
d .Slavery and racia ldiscirminaiton become t wo i mpo tran t i
h e h t f o s tr a
p storyo fAmeirca
n i s n o it s e u q e h t o t n o it a n a l p x e f e ir b a e v i g o t s i y d u t s e h t f o e v it c e j b o e h T e h
t problem formulaiton .The quesiton sare abou tthe setitngs and the racia l n
o it a n i m ir c s i
d s int hi splay .Int hef ris tquesiton,t hewrtieri denitife sthesettingo f d
n a e m
it place in thi splay and wha ti simpiled by ti .Fo rthe las tquesiton, t he i
c a r e h t l a e v e r o t y rt l li w r e ti r
w a ldiscirminaiton stowardsblack people ,whichi s g
n it t e s e h t h g u o r h t, y d u t s s i h t f o t n i o p n i a m e h
t int hi splay.
d o h t e m e h
T used to analyze thi sstudy is ilbrary research method. The r
e ti r
w used t wo kind so fsource .Thep irmary sourcei st he play tisefl ,Florence , e
c r u o s y r a d n o c e s e h t d n
a sare taken from some books ,undergraduatet hesi sand l
e v o n s i h t e c n i
s had neve rbeen analyzed before,t hewrtie rused no tonly sources o
s l a t u b , y r a r b il m o r
f someothe rsourcesfromi nternet. Theapproachoft hestudy d
e s
u in thi sthesi si ssociocutlura lhisto irca lapproach a si tgive ssocia lcu tlura l .s
0 5 9 1 e h t f o s t c a f l a c ir o t s i h d n a
t s ri f e h t n
I par toft heanalysi sthediscirminaiton scanbeseen throught he g
n it t e
s .Through many separated place sbetween wh tie sand black sand t he law e
h t r e d n u s k c a l b d e ll o rt n o c h c i h
w powe ro fwhties , ti i scleart hat t herei sagap s
k c a l B . m e h t n e e w t e
b are discriminated i n t hei rsocial l fie ,also t hey are rteated s
n o it a p p u c o n i y ll a u q e n
u which in lfuence stheri economic lfie .Those unequa l s
t n e m t a e
rt make them ilve miserably .Fo rthe second par to fthe analysis ,the r
e ti r
w ifndsr acismi ssue sexpeirencedbyblackstha tareseent hrough t hesetitng . l a i c o s , y m o n o c e , n o it a p p u c o , n o it a c u d e , s e c a l p c il b u p n i s n o it a n i m ir c s i d e r a y e h T
. g n i p y t o e r e t s e v it a g e n d n a s s a l
c The analysi salso discover sthat b oth setitng in e
h t d n a n o it i d n o c l a e r e h
t setitngi n t hi splayhavesomesimliairite saccordingt o s
d r o c e r l a c ir o t s i h e h
t . So i twa sno doub ttha tthe play re lfected the racis t .
i x K A R T S B A E N I L E G N A A K S I
S . Racia lDiscrimina iton stoward sAfrican American sin ’ s s e r d li h C e c il A n i g n it t e S e h t h g u o r h t d e t c e lf e R s 0 5 9 1 e h
t Florence .
, a m r a h D a t a n a S s a ti s r e v i n U , a rt s a S s a tl u k a F , s ir g g n I a rt s a S n a s u r u J : a tr a k a y g o Y . 2 1 0 2 s i s il a n a g n e m s il u n e
P sebuah drama Florence nya g dtiu il s oleh Ailce i
h
C ldress , seorang penu il s berkebangsaan Afirka-Ameirka . Sebagian besar u s i i a n e g n e m s a h a b m e m a y n a y r a
k -isu rasia ldan pejruangan orang kuil thtiam n i g n i s s e r d li h C , a y n a y r a k i u l a l e M . p u d i h k u t n
u mengungkapkan keitdaksetaraan
. m a ti h t il u k t a k a r a y s a m p a d a h r e
t drama in ibeirsi isu disk irminasi .Disk irminas i i ri d n e s u
ti adalah salah satu konrtovers i terbesa r dalam sejarah kehidupan s a r i s a n i m ir k s i d n a d n a k a d u b r e P . a i s u n a
m i al sebagian besa rdisebabkan oleh . s a r n a a d e b r e
p Perbudakandan disk irminasimenjad iduabagianterpenitngdalam . a k ir e m A h a r a j e s e p n a u j u
T neilitan in iadalah untuk menjawab permasalahan yang telah r e P . n a k s u m u ri
d masalahan tersebu tmengena ilata rdan disk irminas ira sdalam a
m a r
d ini .Dalam perumusan masalah yang petrama, penuil smengiden itifkas i , i n i a m a r d i r a d t a p m e t n a d u t k a
w dan apa yang t ersria tda irl atar t ersebut .Untuk i s a n i m ir k s i d n a k p a k g n u g n e m a b o c n e m n a k a s il u n e p , a u d e k h a l a s a m n a s u m u r e p s a
r i al terhadap orang berkuil t htiam , yang mana menjad i tujuan pokok dar i e
p neilitani ni ,berdasarkananailsi slata rdar idramai ni . e
d o t e
M yang digunakan dalam menganailsa studi ii n adalah metode n a it il e n e
p pustaka. Penuils menggunakan d ua macam sumber . Sumbe r yang a
m a t
u adalahdrama uti sendiir ,Florence,d ansumbersekunde ryangdiambli ird a a p a r e b e
b buku , sk irpsi , dan karena sandiwara ii n belum pernah dianailsi s s il u n e p , a y n m u l e b e
s juga menggunakan sumbe rlain dar iinternet .Pendekatan n a k a n u g i d g n a y n a it il e n e
p dalam studi ii n dalah pendekatan sosial-budaya nd a j
e
s arah ,karenamembahastentangfakta- faktasosial ,budaya nd a sejarahpadaera . 0 5 9 1 n u h a t n a g n e D . r a t a l i u l a l e m t a h il r e t t a p a d i s a n i m ir k s i d , a m a tr e p s i s il a n a m a l a D t a p m e t a y n k a y n a
b -tempa tyangdipisahkanantaraorangkuil th tiamdan puith,dan , h it u p t il u k n a a s a u k e k h a w a b i d m a ti h t il u k g n a r o r u t a g n e m g n a y m u k u h a g u j a s i m e p a d a a w h a b s a l e j t a g n a
s h diantara mereka . Orang berkuil t htiam a m a s k a d it n a k u k a lr e p i d n a d a k e r e m l a i s o s n a p u d i h e k m a l a d n a k i s a n i m ir k s i d i d a y n a a jr e k e p m a l a
d ngberpengaruhpadakondis iperekonomianmereka .Pelrakuan n a a d a e k m a l a d p u d i h a k e r e m n a k b a b e y n e m t u b e s r e t a m a s k a d it g n a
y yang sanga t
e m s i s a r u s i a w h a b n a k u m e n e m s il u n e p , a u d e k s i s il a n a m a l a D . k u r u
b yangdialam i
i d i s a n i m ir k s i d n i a l a r a t n a , r a t a l i r a d t a h il r e t t a p a d m a ti h t il u k r e b g n a r o h e l o e s il k n a d l a i s a o s s a l e k , n a i m o n o k e r e p , n a a jr e k e p , n a k i d i d n e p , m u m u t a p m e t A . fi t a g e
n nailsi sin ijuga menemukan bahwa ba ik lata rdrama ataupun dalam i s i d n o
k sesungguhnya terdapat beberapa kesamaan menurut catatan sejarah. u ti a n e r a
K itdak driagukan l agi bahwa sandiwara ii n mencerminkan pelrakuan s u r a h g n a y s i s a
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
y d u t S e h t f o d n u o r g k c a B . A
Before analyzi ng a ltierary work ,i ti sbette rfo ru st o understand m ore m
a h a r G . s i e r u t a r e ti l t a h
w Ltilte,i nhi sbookApproacht oLtieraturesays: f o d r o c e r e h t s n i a t n o c t I . e r u tl u c a f o t n e m e l e e l p i c n ir p e h t s i e r u t a r e ti
L the
s ’ e l p o e
p values ,thei r thoughts ,thei r problem sand confilcts ,tha tare h c u s h ti W . s d r o w n e k o p s r o n e tt ir w h g u o r h t r e h ti e d e tt i m s n a rt
o t a s a s d n a t s e r u t a r e ti l ,t n e m e g d e l w o n k c
a ol t o pass t heexpeirence from f o n o it a t n e s e r p e r a s a s n o it c n u f , n e h t , e r u t a r e ti L . t x e n e h t o t n o it a r e n e g e n o
d n a e m it f o g n it t e s n i a tr e c a n i g n i n e p p a h s t h g u o h t e h t d n a n o it a u ti s e h t
( e c a l
p Ltilte ,1963 :1).
, t n e m e t a t s t a h t m o r
F i ti sclea rtha tltierature is par to fcutlure .I ti sno t n
i e d a m y l n
o thew irtten form ,bu talso i n spoken words .I tcan beat oo lwhich o
t s i h e h t s d r o c e
r ry o fthe pas tand the present tha tcan be used fo rthe nex t L
. n o it a r e n e
g tieraturei st herecord fo people’sf eeilngs da rn p oblems. Itr epresents ,
e fi l s ’ y t e i c o
s socia lcondiitona ndrealtiy. k
r o w y r a r e ti l
A can bearepresentaiton o frealtiy .Through t hework, t he o
t s e ir t r o h t u
a ciritcizet he confilct t ha thappensi n t he real l fie .A l tierary work .
y ti l a e r d r a w o t m s i c it ir c a s a d n u o f e b n a
c In thi sstudy the wrtie ruse sa play , n o d e s a b s r e t c a r a h c e h t e e s s r e d a e r e h t e s u a c e b d o o t s r e d n u e b o t r e i s a e s i h c i h w
a , g n it t e s e h t , n o it a u ti s e h t , o s l a . h c e e p s r i e h t y b y lt s o m d n a s t c a r i e h
t tmosphere ,
. li a t e d e r o m d e b ir c s e d e r a n o it i d n o c e h t d n a
n a m u h f
o ’ slfie .Slavery and racial discirminaito n were mostly caused by the f o s e c n e r e f fi
d erac .Theybecomet woi mpo tran tpatr soft hehistoryo fAmeirca .I t e l c it r a r e h n i n e w O a n a i D y b d e t a t s s
i Ame ircan Identtiy , Ciitzenship and m s il a r u tl u c it l u M . e v e il e b s n a c ir e m A f o % 5 9 t a h t e t a c i d n i a t a d y e v r u
S thatt heUntiedState s
e b n a c s e ir t n u o c l l a m o r f e l p o e p e r e h w t o p g n it l e m t s e t a e r g s ’ d lr o w e h t “ s i n i d e t c u d n o c y d u t s A . ) 6 9 9 1 , n a m w o B d n a r e t n u H ( ” n o it a n e n o n i d e ti n u d l u o h s s t n a r g i m m i t a h t e v e il e b s t n e d n o p s e r f o % 7 6 t a h t d n u o f , 5 0 0 2 , e n u J a c ir e m A t p o d a
“ ’ scutlure,l anguage ,andhertiage,”wh lieonly17%beileve ” . y rt n u o c e m o h r i e h t f o e r u tl u c e h t n i a t n i a m “ d l u o h s y e h t t a h t
(http://www.civiced.org/pdfs/germanPaper0905/DianaOwen2005.pdf).
a c ir e m
A i s a very big counrty , which ha smany cutlural and social . y ti s r e v i
d Thosef actor scaneasliyl eadt or acism ,disc irminaiton ,segregaiton ,and t I . n o i s s e r p p
o a lso happens because there are some groups who feel themselves n a h t r e tt e
b others.
s t n a r g i m m i s a a c ir e m A n i d e v ir r a e l p o e p k c a l
B .Some o fthem were
e h T . s r e d a rt e h t y b t h g u o r
b rtadersw enttoAf ircaandboughtAf ircanslave sfrom m t u b , s r e d a rt n a c ir f
A os toft hemwerekidnappedf romt herif amliyandf orcedt o . s e v a l s e b d a h s n a c ir f
A been brought t o Jamestown A sealry a s1619 bu tasl ate a s n o it a l u p o p l a t o t a f o t u o ( a i n i g ri V n i 0 0 0 2 t u o b a y l n o d e r e b m u n y e h t 0 7 6 1 e h t n i e l p o e p 0 0 0 . 0 5 e h t f o % 7 t u o b a d n a ) s n o s r e p 0 0 0 . 5 3 e m o s f o s e v a l s e h t f o t s o M . e l o h w a s a s e i n o l o c n o it a t n a l p n r e h t u o
s who reached
a e r a e h t g n i d u l c n i a c ir f A f o t s a o c t s e w e h t m o r f e m a c a c ir e m A h tr o N , y d e n n e K d n a y e li a B ( a l o g n A o t l a g e n e S y a d t n e s e r p m o r f g n i h c t e rt s ) 2 4 : 7 8 9 1 . s k c a l
B were separated from the society wtihou texcepiton .They had a m a x e r o F . t h g ir d e ti m il y r e
y e h t ,t i e k o r b y e h t fi d n a , s i h t s e l u r w a l a y d a e rl a s i e r e h T . s k c a l b r o f d e d i v o r p
r e v o g e h T . s t n e m h s i n u p e m o s t e g l li
w nmen twa spowered al lby wh ties .There e t o v o t t h g ir o n d a h o s l a y e h t d n a t n e m n r e v o g n i k r o w d l u o c k c a l b o n s a
w .The
o t e d a m e r e w s e l u
r providea smuchprofti to wh tiepeople.I tmadeblack sbecame .
r e r o o p
r a e y e h
T when the play Florence wa sw irtten ,1950 , sw a a dfiifcul tand r
o f e m it d r a
h blacks in Ameirca . There was a very clear separaiton between s
e ti h
w da n blacks . tIi salsoexplainedi nKarenga’sIntroducitont oBlackStudie .s ; s e il i m a f p u g n it ti l p s , n o it a e r c e r r o r e tl e h s , g n i h t o l c , d o o f f o s l a i n e d …
; g n i d n a r b ; s k c o t s n i g n i c a l p ; s li a j n o it a t n a l p e t a v ir p n i t n e m n o s ir p m i
3 9 9 1 , a g n e r a K ( … r e d r u m d n a ; n o it a li t u m ; e r u tr o t ; s g n i p p i h
w : 126).
y a l p s i h
T w as w irtten by Ailce Chlidress ,an Af ircan-Ameircan wrtier . ’
s s e r d li h
C work susuallyt alke d abou tracial sis ue sand blackpeople’ ssrtugglet o .
e v
il Through he rworks ,she wanted to desc irbe inequaltiy toward the black .
y t e i c o s
0 2 9 1 ( s s e r d li h C e c il
A -1994)i sanautho rwhosewiritngi scharacteirzedby d
n a s k o o b r e h e s u a c e B . s e u s s i l a i c a r f o t n e m t a e rt k n a r f s
ti play so tfendea l
k r o w r e h , n o it c i d d a g u r d e g a n e e t d n a n o it a n e g e c s i m s a s t c e j b u s h c u s h ti w
.l a i s r e v o rt n o c e b n a
c (http://www.answer .scomt/opic/ailce -4
B v 8 e f 3 T 1 z z x i # s s e r d li h
c )
c il
A e Ch lidress wrote many conrtoversia lworks ,such a sA Hero Aint' ,
h c i w d n a S a t u b ' n i h t o
N a soneo fhe rmos tpopula rwork .Atlhough someo fhe r d
e n n a b e r e w s k o o
b insevera lilbraires ,shedid on tstopw iritng .Sheusedwork sa d
n a n r e c n o c r e h w o h s o t m r o f
a alsot oc iritcizewha thappenedaroundhe.r h
T e yp , la Florence, descirbe sastoryabou tanoldblackwomanwho wa s .
s s e rt c a n a s a m a e r d s ’ r e t h g u a d r e h t r o p p u s o t d e z i m it p
r e h d n u o r a e l p o e p e h t m o r
f who are pesimisitc wtih he rbeilef ,because a ttha t s
a w b o j d o o g a g n i v a h , e m
it such an impossible dream ,especially fo rblack .
e l p o e p
e c n e r o l
F i savery interesitngplay t o beanalyzedand tii ssutiablef orthe y
d u t s s i h t n i c i p o
t because the racia ldiscirminaiton can be seen very clea lry g
n it t e s s ti h g u o r h
t and also tir epresentst he rtueevent sand condiitonst hatr eally n
e p p a
h e dint hewo lrdaroundtheautho ratt ha titme .
s t n a w r e ti r w e h t e s u a c e b c i p o t s i h t s e s o o h c r e ti r w e h
T tounderstandmore
n o it a n i m ir c s i d f o e h t t u o b
a s and the impac to fslavery tha texis tin Southern n
i a c ir e m
A the 1950s .Being touched and impressed wtih the srtuggle of black s
’ e l p o e
p lfiebecomes onemainr easonf o ranalyzi ngthiss torydeeper.
n o it a l u m r o F m e l b o r P . B
e h t e z y l a n a o t r e d r o n
I topic o fthi sstudy ,the wrtier formulates two d
e t n e s e r p e r a y e h T . d e r e w s n a e b o t s m e l b o r
p asf ollow .s
.
1 Howi sthes etitngdescirbed? .
2 Howa reracia ldisc irminaitons reveale dthrought hes etitngint hi splay?
e v it c e j b O .
C s oft hes tudy
n i s n o it s e u q e h t o t n o it a n a l p x e f e ir b a e v i g o t s i y d u t s e h t f o e v it c e j b o e h T
. n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r
p The quesiton s are abou t the setitngs and the racia l n
o it a n i m ir c s i
d s in t hi splay .In t hefris tquesiton, t he wrtie ridentfii es where t he g
n it t e
n o it s e u
q ,the wrtie rwli l rty to revea lthe racia ldisc irminaitons ot wards black e
l p o e
p ,whichi st hemainpoin toft hiss tudy,throught hes etitngs int hi splay.
s m r e T f o s n o it i n if e D . D
d i o v a o t r e d r o n
I the misconcepiton and to make a clea runderstanding ,
s i s e h t s i h t t u o b
a therearesomei mpo trant t ermst ha tneed t o bedeifned in orde r n
o it a n a l p x e r a e l c e v i g o
t .Theterm sare:
.
1 Racism
o w e h t m o r f d e v ir e d e r a ” m s i c a r d n a l a i c a r “ d r o w e h
T rd “race” .Thoma s
k o o b s i h n i l e w o
S Race and Cutlure :A World View statest hatt he t erm s“race” , r o l o c n i k s n i g n ir e f fi d y l p r a h s e r o m s p u o r g h s i u g n it s i d o t d e s u y l e d i w e n o s a w
) 6 : 4 4 9 1 ( e k il d n a e r u t x e t ri a
h .
o t g n i d r o c c a ” m s i c a r “ d r o w e h t e li h
W F .Merli landH .Wentwo trhElderge d
e lt it n e k o o b r i e h t n
i Cutlureand Society :An I ntroduciton t o Sociology ,racism a
h t a h t s e d u ti tt a m o r f s e m o
c s a irsen fo rthe physica ldfiferences ,and i tha s )
1 3 2 : 2 5 9 1 ( g n i e b n a m u h f o s p u o r g e m o s d e t a r a p e
s .
.
2 Discrimina iton
In The Internaitona lEncyclopedia o fEthnics ,discirminaiton mean sthe ) 6 5 1 : 5 9 9 1 , h t o R ( n o it a il if f a l a i c o s d n a l a c i s y h p n o d e s a b t n e m t a e rt l a it n e r e f fi
d .
a r o e n o e m o s g n it a e rt f o e c it c a r p e h t o t s r e f e r o s l a n o it a n i m ir c s i d , e s a c s i h t n I
r a l u c it r a
n a c i r e m A n a c i r f A . 3
o t g n i d r o c c
A The Longman Dicitonary o fContemporary Engilsh ,the n
a c ir e m A n a c ir f
A refer sto an Ameircan whose famliy o irginally came from s
e v a l s s a y ll a i c e p s e , a c ir f
A .I nt hi sstudy,t hewrtie rdeifnest heAfircanAme ircan a
c ir e m A n i e v il o h w n a c ir e m A s k c a l b e h t s
a becauseo fslavery rtading .They ilve ti
n u m m o c d e t a g e r g e s a n
7 CHAPTER II
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T
s e i d u t S d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R . A
e c n e r o l
F i sa play which contain sabou tracism issues .I ttell sabou ta o
h w , e c n e r o l F d e m a n l ri g k c a l
b goes to New York t o catch he rdream t o be an S
. t s it r
a h ae h s tired fo rmany years , tb u ha sn ot been successfu la swell. He r r
e h t o
m ,Mama, w s ant to b irng he rhome, bu tsuddenly Mama changes he rmind a
h e h s r e tf
a d been aware o fthe racia lstereotype spu tby a whtie woman .She l
e c n a
c s to takeFlorence ,bu tshesend he ral ette rcontaining messagenott o give e
il e b e h S . e r e h t p
u v etha ttii spossiblef o rblackpeoplet obes uccee d . o
b a l o f o m
O Ajayi-Soyinka ,an Assistan tProfesso ra tthe Universtiy o f ,
s a s n a
K in t hearitcle BlackFeminis tCriitcism and Drama :Thought son Double y
h c r a i r t a
P ,s ays: h n
I e rfris tplay ,Florence (1949) ,Ailce Chlidres sdemonsrtates how a g n i v il a e k a m o t tl u c if fi d t i s d n if r e t c a r a h c e lt it e h t n i n a m o w k c a l b g n u o y
y b n e v e g n i p y t o e r e t s t s i c a r f o m it c i v a s i e h s ; r e m r o fr e p a s a e rt a e h t e h t n i
fl e s
a -styled ilbera lwhtie woman, and nobody see sa profession fo rhe r k
o o c r o d i a m a s a t p e c x
e (Ajayi- Soyinka, 1993).
m o r
F t hisstatement ,ther eadercanseet ha tChlidresss'f ris tplay Florence s
l a e v e r o s l
a oneo fthedfi ifculitest ha tblackaritstsf acedi n thepast ,which ist he b
o j d n if o t y tl u c if fi
d s.I nt hi scase, toj ointhewh tie-dominatedt heatirca lwo lrd.I t d so e no tonly happen in t he t heatirca lwo lrd ,bu t ti i s j us tan example t hat t hey
e l c it r a r e h n i , b r u C y r a m e s o
R An Unfashionable Tragedy o fAme ircan m
s i c a
R statedasf ollow. e
n o e h
T -ac tplay ,se tin a Jim Crow rairload staiton in the deep South , a d n a n a m o w k c a l b a n e e w t e b r e t n u o c n e n a s e r u t a e
f wh tiewomanacros sa
r e h e t a rt s n o m e d o t s t p m e tt a n a m o w e ti h w e h T . m e h t g n it a r a p e s e c n e f e lt ti l f o t o l p e h t g n it n u o c e r y b s e o r g e N s d r a w o t e c i d u j e r p f o k c a l d n a y ll a i d r o c t s e b s ’ r e h t o r b r e
h -selilng nove labou ta “rtagic mulatto” gri l(a favortie o e r e t s k c a l
b type fo rwhtie wrtier so fthe thriite sand forites )bu tshe n o i s n e c s e d n o c t s i c a r r e h k s a m n
u (Curb ,1980).
e t a c i d n i b r u C y r a m e s o
R d tha tAilceChlidress’ swork saremosltybasedon y r o t s e u rt e h
t .In t hi scase , ti t alked abou tthepracitce so fJim Crow Laws .The d e s u e H . e c i R y d d a D d e ll a c n a i d e m o c e ti h w y b d e t a e r c r e t c a r a h c a s i w o r C m i J m i J m r e t e h T . k a e p s d n a t c a y e h t y a w e h t m o r f k c a l b f o n u f e k a m o t r e t c a r a h c s i h t . k c a l b t s n i a g a t l u s n i n a s a d e s u e b o t e m o c w o r C s ’ s s e r d li h
C lfieexpeirencea sablackwomanmayi n lfuencehe rwork .She e s i n e D . y t e i c o s e h t n i y ti l a u q e n i d n a m s i c a r e h t e z i c it ir c o t l o o t a s a e r u t a r e ti l d e s u r e h n i r e u a
B aritcleA ilceNee’l sFeminis tandLefits tPortra ti so fWomenstates: ... Ailce Chlidres s(1951) ,whose work addressed dispairite sbetween the
f o n e m o w r o o p r o f m s i x e s d n a m s i c a r f o s n e d r u b e h t d n a r o o p e h t d n a h c ir r o l o
c . ..and becameani mpo trantr olemode landsuppo tre ro fea lry r adica l .t n e m e v o m s ' n e m o w e h t g n ir u d s t s i n i m e
f ..one o fhe rbest-known plays , i m e s a , e c n e r o l
F -autobiographica l drama abou t a Black mothe r who r e h o t e c n e r e f fi d n i s' d lr o w e h t f o e ti p s n i r e t h g u a d r e h t r o p p u s o t s e l g g u rt s .t h g il
p ..Ch lidres si sclealry depicted a sa woman o fthe theater (Bauer , 0
2 20 .)
e h
T statemen tabove showstha tAilce Chlidres si sa feminist ,she i sa s o h w n a m o w k c a l b t s ri f e h t s i e h s d n a t n e m e v o m s ’ n e m o w f o r e tr o p p u
s e play
o r p n a c ir e m A n o d e c u d o r
p fessionals tage .Florence si oneo fhe rbes tknownplay s s i t i d n
r c s i d l a i c a r f o s e c it c a r p e h t t u o b a s n r e c n o c s i s y l a n a e h
T iminaiton tha t
e c a f t s u m s k c a l
b almosti nallt hei raspects ofl fie .Thi sstudyexplorest hesetitng l
A y b e c n e r o l F y a l p a f
o iceChlidress ,an Afircan-Ameircan wrtier .Thi sanalysi s t
c e lf e r g n it t e s e h t w o h l a e v e r l li
w the condiiton o fblack sa sthe impac to f s i t s a p e h t n i d e n e p p a h y ll a e r e r e w h c i h w s t c a f l a c ir o t s i h e h t d n a s n o it a n i m ir c s i d
. y a l p s i h t h g u o r h t d e l a e v e r o s l a
.
B Reviewo fRelatedTheories
e z y l a n a s u p l e h o t r e d r o n i s e ir o e h t e m o s e s u s r e ti r w e h
T the problems .
f o y r o e h t e h t e r a y e h
T setitng ,theory o frelaiton between l tierature and society , .
n o it a n i m ir c s i d l a i c a r f o y r o e h t e h t d n a
.
1 Theorie sof Setitng
c it a m a r d e h t s s u c s i d o t t n a tr o p m i s i t i , g n it t e s g n i s s u c s i d e r o f e B
n o g n it t e s e h t , s n o it n e v n o c c it a m a r d n o y r o e h t e h t o t g n i d r o c c A . s n o it n e v n o c
. y ti l a e r e h t e r u t c i p o t e c i v e d a y l n o s i e g a t s
k o o b e h t n
I AHandbooko fLtieraturew irttenbyHolmanandHarmon,t he s a d e y o l p m e e r a t a h t s e c i v e d s a d e b ir c s e d e r a s n o it n e v n o c c it a m a r d m r e t
e h T . l a e r s a t i s t p e c c a e c n e i d u a e h t t a h t o s , a m a r d a n i y ti l a e r r o f s n o it u ti t s b u s
e b t s u m e g a t s e h t d n a y r o t s e h t f o s n o s r e p e h t s a n e k a t e b t s u m e g a t s e h t n o s r o t c a
a d e d r a g e
r sthe actua lscene o rgeographica lsetitng o fthe aciton (Holman and 3
6 1 : 3 0 0 2 , n o m r a
H - 164) .In drama ,there are some device sused to substtiute d n a y r o t s e h t f o s n o s r e p e h t s a s r o t c a e h t t p e c c a n a c e c n e i d u a e h t t a h t o s y ti l a e r
e c s l a u t c a e h t s a e g a t s e h
n i e k s a e R m o r f n e k a t s a w e c r u o s d n o c e s e h
T How to Analyze Drama ,
d e t p m e tt a t i d n a , n o it c a n a f o n o it a t n e s e r p e r a y l n o s i y a l p a t a h t d e n i a l p x e h c i h w
n i s g n i h t n i a tr e c t p e c c a o t g n il li w e b t s u m e c n e i d u a e h t o s , e fi l l a e r f o e li m i s c a f
e h
t imaginaiton .Theconven iton hasfunciton t o help visuailzementally t he way a y l n o s i y a l p A . ) 4 1 : 6 6 9 1 , e k s a e R ( e g a t s n o d e m r o f r e p n e h w s k r o w y a l p e h t
, s n o it n e v n o c e h t h g u o r h t d n a , e fi l l a e r s e t a ti m i h c i h w n o it c a n a f o n o it a t n e s e r p e r
p l e h s a w e c n e i d u a e h
t edt ovisuailzecetraint hingsi nt hei maginaiton. n
i n o s n h o J g e r G d n a p r A . R s a m o h
T Perrine’ sLtierature :StuctureSound e
s n e S d n
a said tha tdrama attempt sto imtiate the sight sand sound o frea llfie , m
n I . e g a t s a n o d e t n e s e r p e r e b n a c e s e h t s a r a f o s n
i os tplay ,st hewo lrdwhich we
fl e s s a d e t a e rt s i tI . e b y a m t i l a e r n u r e v e w o h , n e k a t e r
a - contained ,and we are
o t t p m e tt a h c u m d i d s y a l p e m o S . d lr o w l a e r a s a y li r a r o p m e t ti d r a g e r o t d e k s a
i m i n a n e v e t o n s i y a l p A . y ti l a e r f o n o i s u ll i n a k r o w r i e h t e v i
g taitonofr ealtiy ,bu t
( . ti f o n o it a t n e s e r p e r c il o b m y s
a Arp and Johnson ,2006 :1076-1078) .A drama e g a t s n o t i t n e s e r p e r d n a , e fi l l a e r f o s d n u o s d n a s t h g i s e h t e t a ti m i o t t p m e tt a t s u m
a s a y li r a r o p m e t ti d r a g e r n a c e c n e i d u a e h t li t n u e b n a c t i s a r a f s
a rea lwo lrd .
n i d n a ll e
Y A Handbooko fLtieraryTerms ,added someoft heconveniton s .
d e t a t s s a , t p e c c a o t n w o r g o t e v a h e w
Thet elescoping o f itme- af ewhour so faperformancemayr epresen tastory .s
r a e y r e v o c d l u o w y ti l a e r n i h c i h w
Transferenceofs cene- theoneplaftormmays howacitoni nva irou splace .s
The absence o fthe “invisible” fou trh wall- three wall sbeing accepted a sa .
The stage could besymboilc representaiton o fscenery .Weaccept t he stage m r u O . y ti l a e r s a ” y ti l a e r f o n o i s u ll i
“ ind sjudging i tto be a forest ,bu ta . ” t s e r o f a t o n s i ti t a h t e g d u j s t n e m g d u j f o n o i s s i m e r
Conven itonailzed dialogue- e.g . Hamlet , the Dane .Excep t in naturailsitc e h t o t d e t a n i d r o b u s s i t u b e fi l o t e u rt t o n s i e g a t s e h t f o e u g o l a i d e h t , a m a r d f o e s o p r u
p dramaits.t
Technica ldevicesf o rproducingstageandoff-stageeffect swhichweknowt o 5 5 : 0 5 9 1 , d n a ll e Y ( l a e r s a t i t p e c c a s s e l e h tr e v e n t u b , l a e r n u e
b -5 6 .)
d n a , e fi l l a e r e h t g n it a ti m i s i y a l p a r o a m a r d a t a h t s e d u l c n o c r e ti r w e h T li m i s s a t i t n e s e r p e
r a rasi tcanbeon astage .Theunrea lset sonstagearedevice s d e p l e h s a w e c n e i d u a e h t , e g a t s a o t n i y ti l a e r e t u ti t s b u s o t e l c i h e v a s a d e s u e r a t a h t . n o it c a f o e n e c s l a e r e h t s a y li r a r o p m e t ti s e e s d n a n o it a n i g a m i ri e h t e z il a u s i v o t it t e s e h t , e r o f e r e h
T ngons tagedepictst hes etitngi nr ealtiy.
g n i d r o c c A . k r o w y r a r e ti l a n i s t n e m e l e t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t f o e n o s i g n it t e S f o n o i s s e r p m i t c a rt s b a n a r e d a e r e h t e v i g t a h t s t n e m e l e e h t s i g n it t e S , d n a ll e Y o t s r e t c a r a h c e h t h c i h w n i t n e m n o ri v n e e h
t ilve .Thesetitng i susually provided by , y r e s i m a n i g n i v il r e t c a r a h c e h t fi e l p m a x e r o F . y r o t s e h t f o s n o it i d n o c l a r e n e g e h t : 0 5 9 1 , d n a ll e Y ( t h g ir b s i g n it t e s e h t , n o it a u ti s l u f r e e h c n i d n a b a r d s i g n it t e s e h t .) 4 8 1 k o o b s i h n i s m a r b A . H . M o t g n i d r o c c
A AGlossaryo fLtieraryTerms ,the l a i c o s d n a e m it l a c ir o t s i h , e c a l p l a r e n e g e h t s i k r o w c it a m a r d f o g n it t e s l l a r e v o e n e c s r o e d o s i p e e l g n i s a f o g n it t e s e li h w , s r u c c o n o it c a s ti h c i h w n i s e c n a t s m u c ri c s e k a t ti h c i h w n i n o it a c o l l a c i s y h p r a l u c it r a p e h t s i k r o w e h t n i h ti
e h t g n it a r e n e g n i s t n e m e l e t n a tr o p m i e r a s g n it t e s l a u d i v i d n i d n a l l a r e v o , s m a r b A ( s k r o w e h t f o e r e h p s o m t
a 2003 :330) .From thi sdeifniiton ,the wrtie r t u b , r u c c o s n o it c a e h t n e h w e m it d n a e c a l p t u o b a y l n o t o n s i g n it t e s t a h t s e d u l c n o c o s l
a the socia lcondiiton i n t he story .Those element sand t he i ndividua lsetitng . k r o w e h t f o e r e h p s o m t a e h t g n it a e r c n i tr a p t n a c if i n g i s d l o h t e s d n i m e h t d n a s r o i v a h e b e h t e c n e u lf n i n a c t i e s u a c e b t n a tr o p m i s i g n it t e S e l p o e p n e v E . s r e t c a r a h c e h t f
o whohavegoodatttiude silvi nginbadenvrionment , . e d u ti tt a d a b o t n i e d u ti tt a d o o g r i e h t e g n a h c y a m n
I Wriitng abou tLtierature ,Cohen says t ha tplace and itme are patr so f n o it a r e d i s n o c t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t f o e n o e t u ti t s n o c s t n e m e l e e s e h t d n a g n it t e s e h
t s
. e r u t a r e ti l g n i z y l a n a n i s n o it c n u f y n a m s a h g n it t e s t a h t s i n o s a e r e h T . e r u t a r e ti l n i g n i d n a t s r e d n u n a t r o p p u s y a m t i t a h t s i g n it t e s e h t f o s n o it c n u f e h t f o e n O r i e h t h ti w s t c il f n o c e v a h y e h t n e h w y ll a i c e p s e l e v o n a n i s e it il a n o s r e p s ’ r e t c a r a h c d n u o r r u
s ing sandt heys houldf acet hes ocia lcricumstances( Cohen ,1963 :28 .) t u o b a n o it a m r o f n i f o t o l a s u e v i g y a m g n it t e s t a h t s t n i o p o s l a n e h o C s u t a t s l a i c o s r o n o it i s o p l a i c o s t s e g g u s y a m g n it t e s t a h t , y t e i c o s a n i e fi l f o s t c e p s a a e t a c i d n i y a m n r u t n i h c i h
w character’ smadeo fdres sandhi smanne ro fspeech . n i a l p x e l li w s e t a r e p o r e t c a r a h c a h c i h w n i t n e m n o ri v n e r o g n it t e s e h t s e m it e m o S .) 9 2 : 3 6 9 1 , n e h o C ( s e t a r e p o e h h c i h w y b e d o c s n o i g il e r r o l a r o m , l a i c o s e h t .
2 TheRela itonbetweenLtieratureandSociety n
e r a e r e h T . y ti l a e
r manyproblemst ha tarediscussed by l tierary studyabou tsocia l o i c o s , c i m o n o c e e l p m a x e r o f , y ti l a e
r -cutlural ,andpoilitca lproblem .s
e e r h t o t n i d e d i v i d s i y t e i c o s d n a e r u t a r e ti l n e e w t e b n o it a l e r l a u t c a e h T r a f w o h t u o b a g n i n o it s e u q s m e l b o r p f o s n o i s i v i
d ltieraturei sactuallydetermined e r a y e h T . t n e m p o l e v e d d n a s e g n a h c l a i c o s n o , n o it i d n o c l a i c o s n o t n e d n e p e d r o y b f o s e c n e u lf n i e h t d n a f l e s ti k r o w e h t f o t n e t n o c l a i c o s e h t ,r o h t u a e h t f o e fi l l a i c o s 6 5 9 1 , n e r r a W d n a k e ll e W ( y t e i c o s e h t n o e r u t a r e ti l e h
t : - 94 96) .Ltieraryworkcan
a e
b document t hatr ecord socialr eailites ,happeni n society ,which i saritsitcally t a h t h t u rt l a c ir o t s i h d n a l a i c o s e h t s e s s e r p x e r o h t u a e h T . s r o h t u a e h t y b d e y a rt r o p a k e ll e W ( k r o w y r a r e ti l h g u o r h t d lr o w t c a x e e h t n i s n e p p a
h ndWarren ,1956 :102 .)
r o t s i H n o w e i v e R .
C yo fBlackPeoplei nAmericaaroundthe1950s k o o b s i h n i l l e w o S s a m o h
T Race and Cutlure :A World View argued tha t e h t n i e l o r r o j a m a y a l p s e l p o e p g n o m a s e c n e r e f fi d l a r u tl u c d n a , c i n h t e , l a i c a r e m it r u o f o s t n e v
e ,s i n counrty around t hewo lrd ,and have played a majo rrole o i c o s p u o r g r e t n i h t o B . e c a r n a m u h e h t f o y r o t s i h g n o l e h t h ti
w -economic
e g a t s d lr o w a n o s e c n e r e f fi d r e g r a l d n a y rt n u o c n e v i g a n i h ti w s e c n e r e f fi d l a r u tl u c s n o it a z il i v i c e l o h w r o s n o it a n n e e w t e
b dfiference stha thave covered
h c i h w m e l b o r p r o j a m d l o n a n e e b e v a h s e u s s i l a i c a R . ) 1 : 4 9 9 1 , ll e w o S ( y r o t s i h s t c e p s a y n a m n i d e n e p p a h t I . e c a r n a m u h f o y r o t s i h g n o l e h t n i d e t s i x e n e e b s a h . d lr o w e h t n i s n o it a z il i v i c e l o h w d n a s i ” l a i c a r “ d r o w e h t s
e c r o f l u fr e w o p a s i t p e c n o c l a i c o s a s a e c a r , y ti l a e r l a c i g o l o i b e h t r e v e t a h W e c a f r u s l a c i s y h p e h t n o e l b i s i v r e h t e h w . e l p o e p g n i d i v i d r o g n it i n
u ors imply
h c i h w n i s g n i p u o r g e v i s e h o c e h t s e d i v o r p e c a r ,s h t p e d l a n o it o m e e h t n i tl e f n e e b e v a h s e r u tl u
c concenrtated , rtansmitted ,andcariredaround t hewo lrd . r e v e w o
H ,t heerosion o fbothr acia landcu tlura ldisitncitvenes sha sbeena s r e p r i e h t s a l a e
r sistence( Sowell ,1994 :6).
e l p o e p g n it i n u n i n o it u b ir t n o c r o e c n e u lf n i t a e r g a s a h e c a r t a h t r a e l c s i ti o S m o r f e r a y e h t fi e l p o e p g n it a r a p e s n i o s l a t u b , e c a r e m a s e h t m o r f e m o c y e h t fi t u b y ll a c i s y h p y l n o t o n e l p o e p e t a r a p e s n a c e c a R . s e c a r t n e r e f fi
d also
. y ll a n o it o m e w o n k o t s u r o f d o o g s i ti , y d u t s s i h t t u o b a g n i d n a t s r e d n u r e tt e b a e v a h o T e l g g u rt s s ’ e l p o e p k c a l b e h t o t d e t a l e r e r a h c i h w y ll a i c e p s e , a c ir e m A f o y r o t s i h e h t . e m it t a h t t a y ti l a u q e n i d n a n i ll a H . E d l a n o
R An Hsitorica lAnaly is so fSkin Colo rDiscriminaiton i n a c i r e m
A said tha tslavery i sone o fthe crueles tform so foppression known to . d n i k n a
m The slave rtade paritcipaiton o f ilght-skinned Afircan-Ameircan si sa m it c i v f o n o it a rt s u ll i l a c ir o t s i h c it a m a r d t s o
m -group discirminaiton .Atlhough no t r i e h t n i l e u r c s s e l o n e r e w s r e n w o e v a l s k c a l b h c u s m u ll e b e t n a e h t g n ir u d , s y a w l a l a c it il o p d n a e r u tl u c y B . s tr a p r e t n u o c e ti h w r i e h t n a h t s e v a l s k c a l b f o t n e m t a e rt a t a d s u s n e C . o tt a l u m e h t s a s e ti h w m o r f e l b a h s i u g n it s i d n i e r e w y e h t , n o it a ri p s a s e ti h w n o il li m 7 2 y l e t a m i x o r p p a e r e w e r e h t t a h t t c a f e h t s w o h s t n e m u c o d 0 6 8 1 r o f e h T . h t u o S e h t n i s e t a t s g n i d l o h e v a l s n i d e d i s e r n o il li m 8 y l n o d n a a c ir e m A n i e s e h t e ti p s e D . s e v a l s d e n w o o h w s n o s r e p 0 0 0 , 5 8 3 d e d r o c e r o s l a s u s n e C 0 6 8 1 a p k o o t o h w l l a , a t a
d r a w o t n o it a n i m ir c s i d f o m r o f r e h t o n a s a w e r e h t , y b s e o g e m it e h t s A g n ir u d s e t a t S s e ti n U e h t n i s k c a l
b the 1930 sun it lthe 1940 scalled segregaiton . e fi l f o s t c e p s a l l a d e r e v o c t s o m l a n o it a g e r g e s e h
T – from educaiton t o t heuseo f
m o rt s n r e h T ( s e c a l p d n a s e it r e p o r p c il b u
p and Thernsrtom ,1997 :61 .)Segregaiton . e fi l s ’ s k c a l b n i s t c e p s a y n a m d e r e v o c d e t a l e r y l e s o l c s a w n o it a g e r g e
S t o Jim Crow Law ,alaw which separated n i n a s a k c a l
b feiro rclas sciitzen .Ass tatedbelow.
s n o it c a r e t n i l a i c o s g n it a l u g e r y l e r e v e s s e t u t a t s d e s s a p s e t a t s w o r C m i J , s n i a t n u o f r e t a w e v o b a d e c a l p e r e w s n g i s w o r C m i J . s e c a r e h t n e e w t e b f o t n o r f n i d n a , s ti x e d n a s e c n a rt n e r o o
d pub ilc faciilites .There were c il b u p e t a r a p e s , s n o s ir p e t a r a p e s , s e ti h w d n a s k c a l b r o f s l a ti p s o h e t a r a p e s e t a r a p e s , s e ir e t e m e c e t a r a p e s , s e h c r u h c e t a r a p e s , s l o o h c s e t a v ir p d n a , s e c n a t s n i t s o m n I . s n o it a d o m o c c a c il b u p e t a r a p e s d n a , s m o o rt s e r c il b u p a l b e h
t ck f aciilite sweregrossly i nfeiro r– generally ,olde,rl ess-w -ellkept . s e it il i c a f k c a l b o n e r e w e r e h t , s e s a c r e h t o n
I – no coloured pubilc
t a e r o t i s o t e c a l p o n , h c a e b c il b u p o n , s m o o rt s e
r (Schramm-Pate and
.) 9 5 1 : 8 0 0 2 , s e ir f f e J d e ll o rt n o c w a L w o r C m i
J where whtie and black should be .No tonly s s e l o s l a s e it il i c a f s ’ k c a l b t u b , d e t a r a p e
s -w -ell kept .As i thad been ruled by l aw , s e c n e u q e s n o c d r a h e b t s u m e r e h t n e h
t ilke being rteated harshly ,lynching by t n e m t a e rt l a u s u e h t s a g n i n r u b d n a g n it o o h s , g n i g n a
h fromwhtiest oward sblack s
e k o r b o h w e s o h t r o
f o rdisobeyedther ules . n
I The Shaping o f the Ame ircan Past , Kelley wrote tha t Altanta e t a r a p e s d a h s m o o rt r u o
c d Biblesf o rBlack sandWhties .Sincet heJimCrowl aw f n i s e m o c e b y ll a g e l s a w k c a l b y r e v e , n a g e
b eiro ro fevery wh tie person (Kelley , . ). 8 0 5 : 6 8 9 1 m o rt s n r e h
T and Thernsrtom also explain Jim Crow eitquette norms , ilke s e ti h w h ti w s d n a h s i h r e f f o t o n d l u o c k c a l
l a u q
e .Th eyw erenots upposedt oeatt ogether ,becausei twa sconsideredast aboo . e s u t o n d i d s e ti h w , o s l A . s k c a l b o t s e ti h w r e v e n , s e ti h w o t d e c u d o rt n i e r e w s k c a l B
y n
a itlte swhen r eferirngt o blacks , ilke ,M.r ,Mrs. I nstead ,black swerecalled by s
e m a n t s ri f ri e h
t no r ormallyaddresseda s“boy”eventoadul tblackmen. Black s s
e lt it y s e tr u o c e s u o t d a
h o frespec twhen referirng to whties ,and were no t s
e m a n t s ri f r i e h t y b m e h t l l a c o t d e w o ll
a .Such kind of eitquettes were a-mus t e
h t n i s m o t s u
c South .Black swerepu tasid e no tonly i n thewhtie man’ ssociety t
u
b also fromt heway t hey had t o uset hesesymbol so frespec t(Thernsrtom and ,
m o rt s n r e h
T 1 9 : 099 4 - 14 ). n
I Race and Cu tlure Contact sin the Modern World ,Frazie rdesc irbed f
o t n e m p o l e v e d t x e n e h t s a n o it a g e r g e
s racism .I tconsist so fsegregaiton in , s n o it a d o m o c c a c il b u p n i ,s n o it u ti t s n i c il b u p r e h t o , n o it a c u d e n i ,s a e r a l a it n e d i s e r
n o it a g e r g e s e h T . s l a ti p s o h d n a , s m e t s y s s u b , r a c , s e n il p i h s m a e t s ,s d a o rl i a r s a h c u s
m y o l p m e d n a y r o t c a f , h c r u h c n i d e n e p p a h o s l a e r
a en toppo truniite ,s i n l ega land e t a v ir p r e h t o n i d n a , s t n e m h s il b a t s e s s e n i s s u b e t a v ir p n i , s u t a t s l a c it il o p
g n i k a tr e d n u , e r o t s t e n e m tr a p e d s a h c u s , s e c i v r e s l a n o i s s e f f o r p d n a l a i c r e m m o c
n i n o it a g e r g e s o s l a s i e r e h t n e v E . s e c if f o s ’ r o t c o d d n a t n e m h s il b a t s
e graveyard
1 8 2 : 7 5 9 1 , r e i z a r F
( - 282) .In sho tr ,segregated ha stotally ilmtied the lfie o f .
e fi l f o s r o t c e s ri e h t ll a t s o m l a n i ,s k c a l b
e m a s e h t e s u o t d e w o ll a t o n e r e w s k c a l b s e it i c d n a s n w o t n r e h t u o s t s o m n I
s e it il i c a f l a n o it a e r c e r h c u s , s k r a p , s e ir a r b
il asr o lle rskaitng irnks ,bowilng alleys , n
o s e ti h w r o f e r e w t r u o c s i n n e t c il b u p , l o o p g n i m m i w
s ly .A si tdid in heatlh
, t c e p s
n e v e , t s ri
f i fblacksarirved frist .Whtie faciilites were nealry alway so fa much r
e h g i
h qualtiy ,moremoney spen ton making ti .In rtanspo traitonmatter, t hebus’ e h t f o k c a b e h t o t g n it a e s f o s w o r e v if r o r u o f e h t n e tf O . d e l e b a l n e e b d a h s t a e s
t s t a e s f o r e b m u n g n i n i a m e r e h t d n a d e r o l o c d e l e b a l e b d l u o w s u
b owardst hef ron t
e l p o e p e ti h w e h t r o f tf e l s a w s u b e h t f
o .Black swerer equ riedt osi tort o standa t n o it c e s d e r o l o c e h t n i s t a e s y t p m e o n e r e w e r e h t f i s u b e h t f o k c a b e h t
(ThernsrtomandThernsrtom ,1 9 :99 40&43). n
e r d li h c k c a l b f o s l o o h c s e h
T were no tonly infeiror tb u they were also e
r e w h t u o S e h t f o s l o o h c s w o r C m i J e h T . w a l y b d e t a g e r g e
s verypatheitc .Studen t
t h g u a t , m o o r s s a l c e l g n i s a o t n i d e d w o r c e r e w n e e t n e v e s o t x i s m o r f e g a n i g n i g n a r
d l o s r a e y y t n e w t a y
b teache rwtih only ahighschoo leducation .Even no oneo f w
e n k s t n e d u t s e h
t whot hepresiden toft heUn tiedState swas .Theschoo landt he s
r e h c a e
t were no t equipped to provide a quail ifed educaiton and i t i s no t g
n i s ir p r u
s a ttha t itme .Ameircan ssaw school sa sthe soluiton to almos tevery r
p oblem i n the society ,bu tthey worired tha teducaitng Af ircan Ameircan swli l e
s u a
c more harm t han good .For t hi sreason, i twas l ate before etihe rwhtie so r e
r e w s k c a l
b suppo tredt oattendschooli nt heSouth(Thernsrtomand Thernsrtom , 9
9
1 9 : 63 - 93 ). N n
I o trhernand Southernciites ,black ilved i nasegregated neighborhood y ll a n i g r a m g n il l e w d d r a d n a t s b u s o t n i d e d w o r c s e c i v r e s l a it n e s s e d e k o o l n e tf o t a h t
d e r e f f u s s k c a l b n a b r u r o o p , d e y o l p m
e shockingly high death rate s from y
r o t a ri p s e
r disease ilke tuberculosis .In 1910 ,there wa sa high rate o finfants’ 6
, 5 3 y l n o s a w h tr i b s k c a l b f o s n o it a t c e p x e e fi l e h T . y ti l a tr o
3 , 0
5 percentfo rwhtie .Blacks’neighborhood,i naddiiton ,wassubjectt ot hei ll so f l
a r e n e g d o o h r o b h g i e n r o o
p ly ,such a shigh rate so fdrug use ,cirme ,and vice (ThernsrtomandThernsrtom ,1997 :28).
s k c a l
B were also segregated in job oppo truntiy. Ange lKwolek-Fo lland n
o s k c ir E d e t o u
q ’ sstatements in he raritcle The African Ame ircan Financia l f
o s e u s s I : s e i r t s u d n
I Class , Race and Gende r in the early 20th Century a s d
e li p m o
c in the book Busines sand Economic History by Wliilam J .Hausman , n
i a l p x
e e tdt ha bussinessj obandconsume rmarketsi nt heUntiedState shavebeen f
o t r a p e h t n o s e d u ti tt a t s i c a R . e c a r y b d e d i v i
d whtie sand a l tieracy rate among
e ti h w t s o m f o t u o s n a c ir e m A n a c ir f A t p e k s e ti h w g n o m a t a h t n a h t r e w o l s k c a l
b
-( k r o w e c if f o d e ll o rt n o
c Hausman , 91 9 94 3 : ) .I tshow stha tblack people w ere s
e it i n u tr o p p o e m a s e h t t e g o t tl u c if fi
d in getitng a good j ob than whtie sbecause y
e h
t d di on thaveabette reducaitont hanwhtie .s y
o l C c
M in Goalsf o rAmerican sstated t hati n 1929 untli t heea lry 1940s , n
a s a w e r e h
t e rawhen t hewors tand t hel onges teconomiccollapsed calledGrea t p
e
D ression ( McCloy ,1960 :35) . tIi sacondiiton when peoplel ost t herij ob sand f
o d n e e h t r e tf a e d a c e d a l it n u n e v E . s g n i v a
s the Grea tDepression wa spast , n e v e S . e l p o e p k c a l b f o y ti r o j a m t s a v e h t f o t o l e h t ll it s s a w n o it a v ir p e d c i m o n o c e
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l u c n i n a c ir e m A n a c ir f A n i d e n e k a w a e
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