THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirments for Literary Degree
at English Literature Department
by
HERTINA PERAWATI AI.140235
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2018
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ييتاَئيِيَس ْمُهْ نَع َّنَريِفَكَُلَ اوُليتُقَو اوُلَ تاَقَو ييلييبَس يفِ اوُذوُأَو ْميهيرَيَيد ْنيم اوُجيرْخُأَو اوُرَجاَه ٍ اَّنَج ْمُهَّ نَليخْدَُلََو ْم
يَّللَّا يدْنيع ْنيم ابًاَوَ ث ُراَهْ نَْلَا اَهيتَْتَ ْنيم ييرَْتَ
يباَوَّ ثلا ُنْسُح ُهَدْنيع َُّللَّاَو :نارمع لآ﴿
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Terjemahan:
“Maka Tuhan mereka memperkenankan permohonannya (dengan berfirman): “Sesungguhnya Aku tidak menyia-nyiakan amal orang- orang yang beramal di antara kamu, baik laki-laki atau perempuan, (karena) sebagian kamu adalah turunan dari sebagian yang lain.
Maka orang-orang yang berhijrah, yang diusir dari kampung halamannya, yang disakiti pada jalan-Ku, yang berperang dan yang dibunuh, pastilah akan Ku-hapuskan kesalahan-kesalahan mereka dan pastilah Aku masukkan mereka ke dalam surga yang mengalir sungai-sungai di bawahnya, sebagai pahala di sisi Allah. Dan Allah pada sisi-Nya pahala yang baik”.1
The Meaning:
And their Lord hath heard them (and He saith): Lo! I suffer not the work of any worker, male or female, to be lost. Ye proceed one from another. So those who fled and were driven forth from their homes and suffered damage for My cause, and fought and were slain, verily I shall remit their evil deeds from them and verily I shall bring them into Gardens underneath which rivers flow – A reward from Allah.
And with Allah is the fairest of rewards.2
1 AL QUR’AN AL KARIM DAN TERJEMAHNYA. Al Imron ayat 195, hal 76 C.V. TOHA PUTRA:
Semarang
2 AL-QUR’AN TERJEMAH, Surah Al Imron Ayat 195,
http://ayatalquran.net/2015/01/surah-ali-imran-the-family-of-imraan-terjemah-bahasa-inggris/.
Accesed on Sunday 12 November 2018 at 13.45
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DEDICATION
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin...
In the name of Allah SWT most gracious merciful and the Prophet Muhammad SAW, the inspiration of Moslem’s life, I dedicate this thesis to my beloved father, Heryadi and my beloved mother Siti Fatimah, you are my hero and thanks for your praying. My beloved brother Evan Hermadi and my beloved sister Anatri Islamiyah you are my strength. I do love you all. I feel so prestigious
because living around the super skillful and wise people as you are all.
For my friend Muhammad Parmadi and other friends who cannot be said one by one. I would like to say thanks a lot for your care and suggestion that are
given to me as long as my journey in writing this thesis. The last for all people who have helped me in writing this thesis, I would like to say thank you so much. I
love you all as always.
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Firstly, I would like to say Alhamdulillahirabbil’ alamin, all the prise to Allah subhanahu wata’ala the lord of all creatures, because of His Blessing from the starting point of my study until now at the end of my study. Peace be upon to our Prophet Muhammad shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam, hopefully we will get His syafa’at later at the last day.
Secondly, I would like to say thanks a lot to people who helped the writer to write this thesis. I would like to say thanks to my supervisors Dr. H. M. Yusuf, M.Ed, Minsakutra, SS, M.Hum who have helped me, guided, supported and suggested me in writing this thesis. I also would like to say thank a lot to my classmate E-LITE 2014 who have given suggestion and support to finish this thesis.
To accompolish this thesis I would like to give one great deal to many people. I would like to say thanks for their contribution, they are:
1. Dr. H. Hadri Hasan, MA as a Rector of Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
2. Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd.I as the dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.
3. Dr. Alfian, S.Pd, M.Ed as the First Dean Deputy of Adab and Humanities Faculty. Dr. H. Muhammad Fadhil, M.Ag as the Second
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English Literature Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, The State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
Supervisor : 1. Dr. H. M. Yusuf, M.Ed 2.Minsakutra, SS, M.Hum
The writer choose to analyze feminism in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg besides being interested, the writer also found that there was an element of women oppression by men where men wanted to control women. This research is entitled "Feminism in Maleficent Film by Robert Stromberg". The purpose of this research are; 1) to know the kind of feminism in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg, 2) to know the factors causing the appearance of feminism in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg, 3) to know the influence of feminism on the main characters in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg.
The writer used the mimetic approach by Abrams and feminism theory by Rosmarie Putnam Tong to support the writting of this thesis. Qualitative research and descriptive method have been used to describe and analyze the data. The data in this research are Maleficent scripts and films.
The results of this research, the writer had found one kind of feminism that existed in the Maleficent film, namely ecofeminism. For the factors that led to the appearance of feminism in the Maleficent film, the writer had found, namely:
ecological protection factors and ending domestic violence and abuse factors. The writer also found the influence of feminism on the main character, namely:
Women and nature are dominated and thus stresses the need for a more interdependent worldview and All living things are essential to the well being of the planet and that humans are not separate or superior.
x ABSTRAK
Hertina Perawati, 2018: Feminism in Maleficent Film by Robert Stromberg, English Literature Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, Universitas Islam Negeri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
Supervisor : 1. Dr. H. M. Yusuf, M.Ed 2. Minsakutra, SS, M.Hum
Penulis memilih menganalisis feminisme yang ada pada film Maleficent oleh Robert Stromberg, selain tertarik penulis juga menemukan ada unsur penindasan terhadap wanita yang dilakukan laki-laki, dimana laki-laki ingin mengontrol wanita. Penelitian ini berjudul "Analisis Feminisme Dalam Film Maleficent oleh Robert Stromberg". Tujuan penelitian ini adalah; 1) untuk mengetahui jenis feminisme dalam film Maleficent oleh Robert Stromberg, 2) untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab munculnya feminisme dalam film Maleficent oleh Robert Stromberg, 3) untuk mengetahui pengaruh feminisme pada karakter utama dalam film Maleficent oleh Robert Stromberg.
Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan mimesis oleh Abrams dan teori feminisme oleh Rosmarie Putnam Tong untuk mendukung penulisan thesis ini.
Penelitian kualitatif dan metode deskriptif telah digunakan untuk memaparkan dan menganalisa data. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah naskah dan film Maleficent.
Hasil dari penelitian ini, penulis menemukan satu jenis feminisme yang ada pada film Maleficent, yaitu ekofeminisme. Untuk faktor penyebab munculnya feminisme dalam film Maleficent, penulis telah menemukan yaitu: faktor perlindungan ekologis dan juga faktor mengakhiri kekerasan dan penyiksaan domestik. Penulis juga menemukan pengaruh feminisme terhadap toko utama yaitu: Perempuan dan alam didominasi dan dengan demikian menekankan perlunya pandangan dunia yang lebih saling bergantung dan Semua makhluk hidup penting bagi kesejahteraan planet dan bahwa manusia tidak terpisah atau lebih unggul.
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PAGE OF TITLE. ... i
APPROVAL...ii
LETTER OF RATIFICATION ... iii
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT ... iv
MOTTO ... v
DEDICATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...vii
ABSTRACT ... ix
ABSTRAK ... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ... xi
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Problem ... 1
1.2 Formulation of the Problem ... 6
1.3 Limitation of Problem ... 6
1.4 Purpose of the Research ... 6
1.5 Significant of the Research ... 7
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 8
2.1 Mimetic Approach ... 8
2.2 Feminism Theory ... 9
2.2.1 Kinds of Feminism ... 12
2.2.2 Factors Causing of Feminism ... 17
2.2.3 Influence of Feminism ... 20
2.3 Definition of Film ... 22
2.4 Character and Characterization... 23
2.4.1 Major and Minor Characters ... 24
2.4.2 Dynamic and Static Characters ... 24
2.5 Review of Related Research ... 25
CHAPTER III : METHOD OF THE RESEARCH ... 28
3.1 Design of Research ... 28
3.2 Source of Data ... 30
3.3 Technique of Data Collecting ... 30
3.4 Technique of Data Analyzing ... 31
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CHAPTER IV : FINDING ANALYSIS ... 33
4.1 The Kind of Feminism in Maleficent Film by Robert Stromberg 33 4.2 The Factors Causing the Appearance of Feminism in Maleficent Film by Robert Stromberg ... 42
4.3 The Influence of Feminism on The Main Character in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg ... 50
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 59
5.1 Conclusion ... 59
5.2 Suggestion ... 59
REFERENCES ... 61
APPENDIX I... xiii
APPENDIX II ... xvi
APPENDIX III ... xx
APPENDIX IV ...xxii
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Problem
Literature in any current encyclopedia and you will be struck by the vagueness of its usage as well as by an inevitable lack of substance in the attempts to define it. In most cases, literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word. The definitions, therefore, usually include additional adjectives such as “aesthetic” or “artistic” to distinguish literary works from texts of everyday use such as telephone books, newspapers, legal documents, and scholarly writings. Underlying literary production is certainly the human wish to leave behind a trace of oneself through creative expression, which will exist detached from the individual and, therefore, outlast its creator. The earliest manifestations of this creative wish are prehistoric paintings in caves, which hold “encoded” information in the form of visual signs.3
It is only in drama that the union between the spoken word and visual expression survives in a traditional literary genre, although this feature is not always immediately noticeable. Drama, which is traditionally and without hesitation viewed as literature, combines the acoustic and the visual elements, which are usually classified as non literary. Even more obviously than in drama, the symbiosis of word and image culminates in film. This young medium is
3 Mario Klarer, An Introduction to Literary Studies,(Routledge: New York, 2004), p.14
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particularly interesting for textual studies, since word and picture are recorded and, as in a book, can be looked up at any time. Methodsof literary and textual criticism are, therefore, frequently applied to the cinema and acoustic media. Computer hypertexts and networks such as the Internet are the latest hybrids of the textual and various media; here writing is linked to sounds, pictures or even video clips within an interdependent network.
As early as Greco-Roman antiquity, the classification of literary works into different genres has been a major concern of literary theory, which has since then produced a number of divergent and sometimes even contradictory categories.
Among the various attempts to classify literature into genres, the triad epic, drama, and poetr has proved to be the most common in modern literary criticism.
Because the epic was widely replaced by the new prose form of the novel in the eighteenth century, recent classifications prefer the terms fiction, drama, and poetry as designations of the three major literary genres. The following section will explain the basic characteristics of these literary genres as well as those of film, a fourth textual manifestation in the wider sense of the term. We will examine these types of texts with reference to concrete examples and introduce crucial textual terminology and methods of analysis helpful for understanding the respective genres.4
From statements above that means literature has wide meanings as written expression as an art in the life to reflex feeling into literary work, every person can defined what is literature, based on the both of statements literary works such
4Mario Klarer, An Introduction to Literary Studies,(Routledge: New York, 2004),p. 22
as: Drama, Poetry, Novel and also Film which became the focus of the author who made the film as the object of research in this thesis. How the film inflences the viewers in psychological condition, such as happy, sadness, fear, regret, laughter, encourage and hopes all of them representing of feeling as human.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, it is impossible to neglect film as a semi-textual genre both influenced by and exerting influence on literature and literary criticism. Film is predetermined by literary techniques; conversely, literary practice developed particular features under the impact of film. Many of the dramatic forms in the twentieth century, for example, have evolved in interaction with film, whose means of photographic depiction far surpass the means of realistic portrayal in the theater. Drama could therefore abandon its claim to realism and develop other, more stylized or abstract forms of presentation. Photography and film have also had a major influence on the fine arts; novel, more abstract approaches to painting have been taken in response to these new media. The same can be said for postmodern fiction, which also derives some of its structural features from film.5
Maleficent film is an American fantasy film directed by Robert Stromberg from a screenplay by Linda Woolverton. Produced by Joe Roth for Walt Disney Pictures, principal photography took place between June and October 2012.
Maleficent live on EI Capitan Theater in Hollywood on May 28, 2014, and released in the UK in the same year. The film was released in the US on May 30, 2014 in Disney Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats, as well as in
5Mario Klarer, An Introduction to Literary Studies,(Routledge: New York, 2004), p. 69
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conventional theaters. The film was commercially successful after earning $ 758 million worldwide, becoming the fourth grossing film of 2014. The film received an Academy Award nomination for best costume design at the 87th Academy Awards, and the film also looks feminism so the author feels interested to analysis this film.
Feminism comes from the Latin word, femina or female. This term began to be used in the 1890s, referring to the theory of equality of men and women and the movement to obtain women's rights.6 Today many define it as a differentiation of women's rights based on the equality of women and men.
Feminism is a notion to awaken the low position of women in society, and the desire to improve or change the situation.7 The position of women so far in society is always below or behind men. A position that is very unfavorable for women to develop themselves. Feminism is a move for the changing position of women in society.
The writer chose to analyze feminism in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg besides being interested, the writer also found that there was an element of women oppression by men where men wanted to control women, the emergence of feminism in this film was caused by several factors such as;
ecofeminism protection and ending domestic violence and abuse.
Mimetic approach and feminism theory also used by the writer to analyze this Thesis. Based on the observations by the writer in the Maleficent film, the
6 Asmaeny Azis, Feminisme Profetik (Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana, 2007), 78.
7Ratna Saptari dan Brigitte Holzner, Perempuan Kerja Dan Perubahan Sosial, (Jakarta : PT Pustaka Utama Grafiti, 1997) , 47
writer founds the factors of conflict that led to the emergence of feminism in this film, such as the conflict between Maleficent and King Henry, Maleficent and Stefan. Conflict factors that cause the emergence of feminism are political factors and revenge factors.
To get better understanding of the analysis. Firstly, writer writes about the conflict of Maleficent and King Henry in Maleficent film. The example of conflicts are :
Picture 18 Maleficent: Go no further!
King Henry: A king does not take orders from a winged elf.
[his soldiers laughs]
Maleficent: You are no king to me!
[Henry stares at Maleficent for a moment then addresses]
King Henry: Bring me her head.9
From the above dialogue, the writer sees the conflict between Maleficent and King Henry, where it appears that Maleficent want to save her place from king Henry. Maleficent is not afraid to losing the battle with King Henry and his army, and Maleficent bravely challenged King Henry.
Based on the explanation above, to find out the feminism in the Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg, writer wanted to analyze : “Feminism in Maleficent Film by Robert Stromberg”
8 Duration 00:10:59
9Duration 00:10:59-00:11:22
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1.2 Formulation of the Problem
Based on the background of the problem, the formlation of problem in this research are :
1. What is the kind of feminism in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg?
2. what are the factors causing the appearance of feminism in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg?
3. How are the influence of feminism on the main character in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg?
1.3 Limitation of the Problem
Based on the problem, so the writer limits this research only concerning about the main character of Maleficent in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg and the factors that cause the appearance of feminism in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg.
1.4 Purpose of the Research
The purpose of this research are :
1. To know the kind of feminism in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg.
2. To know the factors causing the appearance of feminism in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg.
3. To know the influence of feminism on the main character in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg.
1.5 Significant of the Research
The writer hopes that this research will add to benefit both academic and also practice, this research will give additional academic reference in enlarging the english term catalog, it can be used as the reference for other studies in the case of feminism. The readers can know the struggle and power of women and to inform readers about the ability of women which is can be same event more than man
8 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Mimetic Approach
From the initial position that are imitates the world of appearance and not of essence, it follows that works of art have a lowly status in the realm of ideas is the ultimate locus not only of reality but of values, the determination that art is at second remove from the truth automatically establishes it is equal remoteness from the beautiful and good. The mimetic orientation is the explanation of art as essentially an imitation of aspects of the universe.10
According to Abrams, the mimetic approach is the most primitive aesthetic approach. Its historical roots are contained in the views of Plato and Aristotle.
According to Plato, the basis of his consideration is the world of experience, that is, the literary work itself cannot represent the real reality, but only as an imitation. In a hierarchical manner, artwork is under reality. This view was rejected by Aristotle with the argument that the work of art tried to purify the human soul, as katharsis. Besides that, artwork also tries to build its own world.11
The mimetic approach is an approach in studying literary works in the form of understanding the relationship of literary work with reality or factuality. In this approach literary works are considered as imitations of nature or lif
10Abrams, Orientation of Critical Theories, pdf books, p.8
11 Prof. Dr. Nyoman Kutha Ratna, Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra, (Pustaka Belajar:Yogyakarta, 2004), p. 69-70
2.2 Feminism Theory
The term ‘feminism’ was derived from the Latin word ‘Femina’ meaning
‘woman’ and was first used with regard to the issues of equality and Women’s Rights Movement. Ever since antiquity, there have been women fighting to free their half of the total population of the world from male oppression. Feminism is neither a fad nor a logical extension of the civil rights movement, but the protest against the legal, economic and social restrictions on the basic rights of women which have existed throughout history and in all civilizations. Naturally, the principles of feminism have been articulated long ago.12 Wilfred al Guerin said:
“Feminism has often focused upon what is absent rather than what is present, reflecting concern with the silencing and marginalization of women in patriarchal culture, a culture organized in the favor of men, feminism is an overtly political approach and can attack other approach for their false assumption about women.”13
The definition of the term ‘feminism’ differs from person to person.
Chaman Nahal in his article, “Feminism in English Fiction”, defines feminismas
“a mode of existence in which the woman is free of the dependencesyndrome.
There is a dependence syndrome: whether it is the husband or the father or the community or whether it is a religious group, ethnic group. When women free
12 Shodhganga, “Concept Of Feminism in Literature”, http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in /bitstream/10603/44108/7/07_chapter%202.pdf, on March 15, 2018 at 14.05
13 Wilfred L. Guerin, et.al, A Handbook of Critical Approach to Literature Fifth Edition New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, p. 222
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themselves of the dependence syndrome and l ead a normal life, my idea of feminism materialises.14
Feminism is a movement influenced by the ideas postulated, popularized and precipitated by thinkers and authors like Alice Walker, Naomi Littlebear, Judith Felterbey, Michele Wallace, Lillian Smith, Elaine Showalter, Simone de Beauvoir, Kate Millett and others. It is a modern movement expressing protest against the male domination. It provides strategies for change. The aim of feminist is to understand women’s oppression keeping in mind race, gender, class and sexual preference.15
The impact of feminism on literary criticism over the past thirty-five years has been profound and wide-ranging. It has transformed the academic study of literary texts, fundamentally altering the canon of what is taught and setting a new agenda for analysis, as well as radically influencing the parallel processes of publishing, reviewing and literary reception. A host of related disciplines have been affected by feminism literary enquiry, including linguistics, philosophy, history, religious studies, sociology, anthropology, film and media studies, cultural studies, musicology, geography, economics and law.16
The overview begins with the first two chapters, Carolyn Dinshaw’s
‘Medieval Feminism Criticism’ and Helen Wilcox’s ‘Feminism Criticism in the Renaissance and Seventeenth Century’, which together establish the
14 Wilfred L. Guerin, et.al, A Handbook of Critical Approach to Literature Fifth Edition New York: Oxford University Press. 2005,p. 53
15 Wilfred L. Guerin, et.al, A Handbook of Critical Approach to Literature Fifth Edition New York: Oxford University Press. 2005,p. 54
16 Gill Plain and Susan Sellers, A History of Feminist Literary Criticism, Cambridge University Press: New York, 2007, p. 1
conditions of pre Enlightenment female subjectivity. These chapters illustrate that ‘woman’ was a site of intense literary and critical activity that examined the power of the feminine as symbol even as it worked to contain and constrain women in practice. For Dinshaw, the tension between literary embodiments and lived reality is at the heart of the often fraught debates that surrounded narrative practice. These debates in many cases prefigured the concerns of contemporary feminist enquiry, but ultimately Dinshaw con-cludes that ‘medieval critical gestures’ cannot straightforwardly be regarded as
‘protofeminism’. Nonetheless, there are important historical continuities that need to be acknowledged, and a recognition of the relationship between gender and textuality is integral to understanding the literature and culture of the medieval period, from Chaucer’s iconic Wife of Bath to Margery Kempe’s autobiographical acts of self construction.17
Nasaruddin umar stated:
“ Kaum perempuan sejajar dengan laki-laki dalam potensi intelektualnya, mereka juga sebagaimana laki-laki, dapat berfikir, mempelajari kemudian mengamalkan apa yang mereka hayati dan zikir kepada allah serta apa yang mereka fikirkan dari alam raya ini”18
In oxford advance learner’s dictionary, feminism is belief in the same right as men.19 Based on some definition above, the writer can take the conclusion that feminism is a movement for social, cultural, political and economic equality of
17 Gill Plain and Susan Sellers, A History of Feminist Literary Criticism, Cambridge University Press: New York, 2007,p. 6-7
18 Nasarudin Umar. Argumen Kesetaraan Gender Perspektif Al-Qur’an. Jakarta:
Paramadina.1996.p xxxii
19 Bull Victoria, Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, Forth Edition, New York: Oxford University Press.2008, p. 163
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men and women. It is a campaign againts gender inequalities and it strives for equal rights for women.
2.2.1 Kinds of Feminism
According to Rosemarie Putnam Tong in her book there are some kind of feminism, those are :
a) Liberal feminism
Liberalism, the flow of political thought which is the origin of liberal feminism, is in the process of reconceptualization, rethinking and restructuring. Although liberals define reason in general in moral and prudential terms, they agree that a just society will allow an individual to show his autonomy, and also to satisfy himself. According to liberals,
"rights" must be given priority over "good" in other words, the whole system of individual rights is justified, because this right produces a framework, which is the basis for us to choose what is the best for each of us, as long as we don't take away the rights of others.
Liberal feminism wish to free women from oppressive gender roles, that is, from the roles used as reasons or justifications for giving a lower place, or not giving a place at all to women, both in academies, forums and markets.
In a discussion of attitudinal and structural barriers that hinder women's progress, contemporary liberal feminism often disagree about steps to overcome this difficulty. Classical liberal feminism believe that
after discriminatory laws and policies are eliminated, women have been formally enabled to compete equally with men. Discussions on gender differences, gender roles and androgyny have helped to focus liberal feminism drive on freedom, equality and justice for all.
b) Radical Feminism
To understand the radical-libertarian and cultural radical feminism views, it is important to first define the sex / gender system. The sex / gender system is "a series of arrangements, which are used by society to transform biological sexuality into a product of human activity. Among other things, radical-libertarian feminism reject the assumption that there is or should be a definite relationship between the sex of a person (male or female). Instead, they claim that gender is separate from gender, and patriarchal society uses rigid gender roles, to ensure that women remain passive (loving, obedient, responsive to sympathy and approval, cheerful, kind and friendly) and men stay active (strong, aggressive, curious, ambitious, full of plans, responsible, original and competitive). In the opinion of socialist feminism like Ann Ferguson, libertarian and radical- cultural feminism need to improve their divisions to avoid unnecessary polarization. As emphasized earlier, Ferguson emphasized that instead of their objections regarding man and women sexual relations, radical libertarian feminism believe that consensual heterosexuality (not compulsory) can be equally pleasing to women, as it is pleasing to men.
c) Marxist Feminism
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Like the liberal concept of human nature present in liberal feminism thinking, the Marxist concept of human nature is also present in Marxist feminism thought. Marxists reject the liberal conception of human nature, and emphasize that what makes us human is that we produce our ways to stay alive.
For liberals, individual ideas, thoughts, and values can change over time. For Marxists, the impetus for the material production and reproduction of social life is the main driver of history. Marxist feminism believe that social existence determines consciousness.
d) Psychoanalysis and Gender Feminism
Contrary to liberal, radical and Marxist feminism, psychoanalysis and gender feminism believe that fundamental explanations for women's ways of acting are rooted in women behavior, especially in women's ways of thinking. Unlike psychoanalysis feminism, gender feminism tend to argue that there may indeed be biological differences as well as psychological differences, or cultural explanations of male masculinity and female femininity.
e) Existentialist feminism
In the beginning, narcissism was beneficial for women. As someone who is experiencing puberty, she can build from worship of her ego, a courage to face a very unpleasant future. In the end, narcissism hinders women's progress. She becomes bound by the need to fulfill male desires and to adjust to people's tastes. Narcissistic self-esteem depends
on the approval of the man and the community towards her. She is only beautiful if the community states that she is beautiful. She has no power or sway to express her beauty.
f) Postmodern feminism
Because the relationship between postmodernism and feminism is rather difficult, feminism which clarifies itself as a postmodern feminism, often finds it difficult to explain how they can become postmodern and at the same time, feministm. Postmodern feminism, trying to avoid every action that will restore fologocentric thinking, every idea that refers to the word (logos) whose style is "male" thus, postmodern feministm view suspiciously every feminism thought that seeks to provide a certain explanation, concerning the causes of oppression against women, or ten specific steps that women must take to achieve freedom. Postmodern feminism invite every woman who reflects on her writing to be feminism in the way she wants. There is no one formula to be a "good feminism".
Even if you think that all postmodern feministm are interested in feminism theory in ways that marginalize feminism practices is wrong, it must be admitted that most postmodern feminism are very skilled in the field of theory. Because postmodern feminism insist that their goal is to write something new about women.
g) Multicultural and Global Feminism
Multicultural and global feminism share similarities in their way of looking at the Self, that is, the Self is divided. Nevertheless, for
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multicultural and global feminism this division is more of a cultural, racial, and ethnic nature than sexual, psychological, and literary. There are many similarities between multicultural and global feminism. Both oppose "essentialism of women", namely the view that the idea of
"women" exists as a platonic form, which as if by every woman with blood and flesh, could fit into that category. Both of these feminism views also deny the "women chauvinism" which is the tendency of a few women, who are benefited because of their race or class, for example to speak on behalf of other women.
Instead of important similarities linking multicultural and global feminism, there are some major differences that distinguish them.
Multicultural feminism is based on the view that even in one United States, for example all women are not created or constructed equally.
Depending on race and class, as well as sexual tendency, age, religion, educational attainment, occupation, marital status, health conditions, etc., every woman in the United States will experience operations as a different American woman. Enriching a multicultural feminism viewpoint, global feminism further emphasize that depending on whether a woman is a first or third world citizen, an advanced or developing country, a country that is colonized or colonized will experience oppression differently.
h) Ecofeminism
Like multicultural and global feminism, ecofeminism seeks to show the relationship between all forms of human operation, but also focuses on human efforts to dominate the world rather than humans, or nature. because women are culturally associated with nature, ecofeminism argue that there is a conceptual, symbolic, and linguistic relationship between feminism and ecological issues. According to Karen J. Warren, the basic beliefs, values, attitudes, and assumptions of the western world for themselves and their people are shaped by an oppressive, partiarch conceptual frame of mind that aims to explain, justify, and maintain the relationship between domination and subordination in general and male domination of women in particular.20
Ecofeminism emerged in the 1970s with an increasing conscious-ness of the connections between women and nature. The term,“eco-feminisme,”was coined by French writer Francoise d’Eaubonne in 1974 who called upon women to lead an ecological revolution to save the planet. Such an ecological revolution would entail new gender relations between women and men and between humans and nature.21
20 Rosemarie Putnam Tong, Feminist Thought; A More Comprehensive Introduction, Second Edition, Yogyakarta: Jalasutra. 1998
21 Ecofeminisme, http://www.vedegylet.hu/okopolitika/Merchant%20-%20Ecofeminism.
pdf. P. 184
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2.2.2 Factors Causing of Feminism
Feminism are as diverse as any group of people. Values, beliefs and causes vary from person to person. Below are just a handful of the many items that feminism have been known to concern themselves with. Also, included are links to organizations that work to solve these issues.
a. Ending Domestic Violence and Abuse
You may not realize it, but the vast majority of people know a women who has been the victim of domestic violence. And because this is such as widespread issue that disproportionately affects women (yes, men can also be victims of spousal abuse) it is one that receives a lot of attention from the feminist community. Amnesty International is one of the many organizations that deals with domestic abuse towards women.
b. Reproductive Rights
Ensuring that every woman was the ability to make the best decisions for herself and her family regarding reproduction is a big issue in the feminist community. This doesn't mean that every feminist wants free abortion parties for all women, but instead being able to consider all available options without restriction from the government or anyone else.
The Center for Reproductive Rights is one group that is working to advance reprooductive rights for women nationally and internationally.
c. Equal Pay and Maternity Leave
It doesn't seem to make much sense that two people who do the exact same work, in equal conditions with identical experience may not make the same amount of money. And while there are a ton of variables that can be considered when looking at a situation like this, most of the time the difference boils down to gender. Also, workers in fields that are typically dominated by women, like cleaning services, nursing and food service; are more likely to be low-wage, no-benefit, underappreciated jobs.
This is despite that fact that they are services that nearly everyone utilizes.
To learn more about this issue, check out The National Committee on Pay Equity.
d. Ecological Protection
Also known as eco-feminism, this is a movement that connects the subordination of women with the deprivation of nature. The ideology claims that patriarchy has oppressed not only women and minorities, but also the environment and even men. The current system, it says, treats people, land and animals only as resources available for consumption.
The Web site for the Women's Environmental Network has a lot of great information on eco-feminism.
e. Legal and Economic Autonomy
This is less of a concern in the United States now than in other regions, specifically in Asia, South America and Africa. But there are several organizations in Europe, North America and even in these other regions that are dedicated to providing women with more rights to
20
property and in marriage, access to health care and legal representation.
These are just a few of the many issues that The National Organization for Women deals with.22
So the factor causing of feminism is by the injustice against women. such as domestic violence and abuse, reproductive rights, equal pay and maternity leave, ecological protection, legal and economic autonomy. So women struggle to free themselves from these injustices. The women wanted to show their ability and their power in front of society, and broken dwon the term that women's place is in 'kitchen' at the time.
2.2.3 The Influence of Feminism
Equality of women and men is an issue that never stops being discussed among women activists. Feminists take advantage of the term "human rights" and
"empowerment" of women to voice the movement of feminism. At first glance, the concept of feminism is not problematic because it aims to uplift women who have been considered discriminated against and violated by men. But the concept of feminism that in fact comes from the West and uses the standards of life of Western women who tend to be free.
Later it was known that many problems for women themselves. They are unhappy in their lives, even among women who are caught in crime. Sahar El- Nadi said :
22 Shanon Parrish, A Guide to Feminism: Causes, Concerns and Movements,
http://iml.jou.ufl.edu /projects/fall09/parrish_s/issues.html. Accesed on 31 October 2018, at 11.50 am
“konsep feminisme jadi problem karena dengan alasan persamaan hak dan kesetaraan, sadar atau tidak sadar perempuan ditanamkan pemikiran dan pandangan bahwa kaum lelaki adalah manusia yang agresif, emosional, memonopoli lapangan kerja dan menutup kesempatan bagi kaum perempuan untuk memiliki banyak pilihan selain hanya mengurusi urusan rumah tangga.”
Equivalence according to the concept of feminism, that men and women must have the same life, equal responsibility and ultimately experiencing the same pressures of life. Does the concept make women happy? Apparently not. The more women feel that they are able to live up to the standards of feminism, the more they feel miserable. The Institute of General Social Survey has conducted research on this subject among US society. They examined how the mood of US society from 1972 until now, and the result, the women of the United States who in fact embraced the concept of feminism, their life more bleak than the men.
Women experience worse conditions, because they are asked to play two roles rather than one role that women's duties within the home and men's duties make a living outside. Carried by the 'feminist revolution' women are victorious in gaining so-called freedom in the world of men, while many men experience a crisis of identity. So no wonder if now many men are 'feminine', dress and behave like a woman. This kind of change can be understood, because of the concept of equality, since girls are encouraged to learn bold and aggressive children like boys. Educational style like this will be carried away until the girl was an adult.
They will grow with an approach to become the "selfish man" in the world.
The concept of feminism is now developing, making women, especially in developed countries undermine the role of women as wives and mothers. Many of them do not want to be bothered with obligations as wives and mothers so they
22
tend to vote for free sex without commitment, choosing to raise children without the presence of a father and even same-sex marriage. It is all done in the name of
"women's rights." If so, then the women's wars in society disappear.23
According to Karren J warren, there are two influence of ecofeminism:24
1. Women and nature are dominated and thus stresses the need for a more interdependent worldview.
2. All living things are essential to the well being of the planet and that humans are not separate or superior.
2.3 Film
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, it is impossible to neglect film as a semi-textual genre both influenced by and exerting influence on literature and literary criticism. Film is predetermined by literary techniques; conversely, literary practice developed particular features under the impact of film. Many of the dramatic forms in the twentieth century, for example, have evolved in interaction with film, whose means of photographic depiction far surpass the means of realistic portrayal in the theater. Drama could therefore abandon its claim to realism and develop other, more stylized or abstract forms of presentation. Photography and film have also had a major influence on the fine arts; novel, more abstract approaches to painting have been taken in response to
23 Viska, Muslimah dan Feminisme, https://renares.wordpress.com/tag/pengaruh- feminisme/. Accesed on April 27,2018 at 16.34
24 Karren J Warren in Susan Dobscha Journal, Women and the Environment: Applying Ecofeminism to Environmentally-Related Consumption, (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University:1993), p. 36-40
these new media. The same can be said for post-modern fiction, which also derives some of its structural features from film.25
Film is one of literary works, it needs and interested to analyze. Film communicates information and ideas that contains in it. According to Andrew Bennett and Nicholas Royle in their book, film is neverthless, inextricably tied in with the study of literature. Thinking about film provides innovative ways of thinking about literature, and vice versa.26
Film was designed to have effects on viewers. late in the 19th century, moving picture emerged as a public amusement. They succeeded because they spoke to the imaginative needs of broad based audience. All the traditions that emergedtelling fictional stories, recording actual events, animating objects or pictures, experimenting with pure form aimed to give viewers experiences they could not get from other media. The men and woman who made film discovered that they could control aspects of cinema to give their audience richer, more engaging experiences. learning from one another, expanding and refining the options available, film makes developed skills that became the basics of film as an art form.27
2.4 Character and Characterization
Character is fiction of the players in a very important story and a picture of real people who are involved in the story. It is another window for determining
25 Mario Klarer, An Introduction to Literary Studies,(Routledge: New York, 2004),p 56
26 Bennet, Andrew, and Nicholas Royle, Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory third edition. Britain :Pearson Longman.2004, p. 142
27 Kristin Thomson and David Bordwell, Film art: An Introduction, New York:
McGrawhili.2008, p.28
24
and comprehending the story within. Characterization is the means by which writers present and reveal character28. It is mean that characterization depicts of character in a fiction. There are four types of character. They are major and minor characters, dynamic and static characters.
2.4.1 Major and Minor Characters
Major character is an important figure at the center of the story’s action or theme. It is sometimes called a protagonist whose conflict with an antagonist my spark the story’s conflict.29 It means the story will be blank and uninteresting without this character, until each character is different personality depending on the family background, education, region and setting that differentiate between one character and another.
Minor character is supporting the major character whose fiction is partly to illuminate the major character. It could be divided into two or more characters.
2.4.2 Dynamic and Static Characters
Dynamic character exhibits some kinds of change of attitude, of purpose, of behavior as the story progress. And static character is character that unchanging.
Minor character is often static. But, someone should be careful not to automatically equate major characters with dynamic ones or minor character with static ones.
28 Robert Di Yanni, Literatre ; Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Essay (United State of America : McGraw-Hill Pblishing Company, 1990 ) p. 36
29 Robert Di Yanni, Literatre ; Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Essay (United State of America : McGraw-Hill Pblishing Company, 1990 ) p. 36
2.5 Review of Related Research
The writer finds some researches that has same topic like this research.
First, Dewi Hegarsari a student of Syarif Hidayatullah University on her thesis with the title ‘An Analysis of Female Main Character in Maleficen (2014) Film Viewed by Ecological Feminism' the thesis analyzed (1) How is Maleficent character described in the Maleficent film. (2) How is Maleficent as the main character reflect ecological feminism in the Maleficent film. In this research she use ecological feminism theory to analyze her thesis and use descriptive method to analyze and find character of Maleficent. The result show that in Maleficent film the ecological feminism is one of the theories related to nature also women, and better explain the result of action oppression conducted by a person.
Second, Aenun Nahdiyati the student of University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta on her thesis with the title “An Analysis On Liberal Feminism Values Of The Main Character In The Film “Miss Potter”.30 The purpose of this research is to explores the concepts of liberal feminism to express women’s idea through the film which appears in the film Miss Potter. This research use qualitative descriptive analysis as the method to analyze the relationship between the main character and the liberal feminism values which are appeared in the main character of the film. The writer search and collect some reference for documents like books, film, articles, and journals. The result for the analysis are; the
30 Aenun Nahdiyati, An Analysis On Liberal Feminism Values Of The Main Character In The Film “Miss Potter”.(Thesis: Syarif Hidayatullah University of English Liters Department), 2009,p.1
26
characteristics of the main character which reflects the liberal feminism values and the main character applies androgyny in her life like liberal feminists suggest.
Third, Rahma Ayu Dwi Jayanti a student of STAIN Tulungagung on her thesis title “An Analysis Of Feminism Portrayed In The Main Character, Elizabeth Bennet, In Jane Austen’s Pride And Prejudice”31 The purpose of this research are 1) describe the character of the main character, Elizabeth Bennet presented in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. 2) reveal feminism portrayed through the main character, Elizabeth Bennet. In writing this thesis the writer conducted a library research to answer all the questions that are presented in the problem formulation. There are two kinds of sources that are used in this thesis.
The primary source is obtained from the novel itself, Pride and Prejudice. The secondary source is obtained from the books related to the theories and other sources are from the internet. Based on the analysis, the results of the study are follows. First, the writer can conclude the Elizabeth is describes as a person who is intelligent, brave, sharp tongue, independent and family lover in the novel.
Second, the feminism is clearly portrayed through Elizabeth’s character. Elizabeth reflected the Marxist feminism, which this type of feminism shows the woman’s problems within the framework of capitalism. From her intelligent, brave and independent she dares to turn society’s image for woman’s role in a family and she can change the view for marriage under capitalism in Pride and Prejudice period.
31 Rahma Ayu D,An Analysis Of Feminism Portrayed In The Main Character, Elizabeth Bennet, In Jane Austen’s Pride And Prejudice, (Thesis: STAIN Tulungagung of English Education Department), 2013, p.1
Meanwhile, the authors lifted the title of a film focusing on Maleficent as the main character of her strength and courage as a woman who is not afraid of anyone including men. The author uses feminist theory and psychological approach to analyze it. Dewi Hegarsari, Aenun Nahdiyati and Rahma Ayu Dwijayanti use the same object with the author, but using different approaches and theories
28 CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
This chapter describes about the procedure of the writer used in analyzing this thesis includes design of research, source of the data including primary and secondary data, technique of collecting data, and after that technique of analyzing data.
3.1 Design of Research
In this research, the writer uses qualitative research method, because qualitative method is suitable with the aim of this research. Qualitative research may be in descriptive form. The data were collected in the form of word as a descriptive method explanation than a number. Descriptive is : "data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata-kata, gambar dan bukan angka-angka. Hal itu disebabkan oleh penerapan metode kualitatif".32 In this theory,Moleong explains that qualitative research is research procedures which produce descriptive data as spoken words of the person or behavior being researched.
It means that descriptive research is a research which aims describe a phenomenon accurately based on the characteristic of research. One of the characteristic of qualitative is analytic descriptive, which means the result of the
32Lexi J Moleong, (2005). Metodologi Penelitian Kalitatif. ( Bandung: PT. Remaja Roda Karya), p.11
research will give the description of research phenomena. According Sukmadinata in Nisaul Fadhilah’s book stated that :
“penelitian kualitatif adalah suatu penelitian yang di tujukan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis fenomena, peristiwa, aktivitas sosial, sikap, kepercayaan, persepsi pemikiran orang secara individual maupun kelompok”33
Base on the quotation above, it can conclude that qualitative descriptive research to describe and analyze phenomena in the society. An according to Nyoman Kutha Ratna stated that :
“penelitian kualitatif memberikan perhatian terhadap data alamiah, data dalam hubungannya dengan konteks keberadaanya. Cara-cara inilah yang mendorong metode kualitatif dianggap sebagai multi penelitian sebab penelitian pada giliranya melibatkan sejumlah besar gejala sosial pengarang, lingkungan sosial di mana pengarang berada, termasuuk unsur-unsur kebudayaan.”34
Base on the quotation above, the qualitative this research can be used in this research due to the qualitative method not only involves the intrinsic aspect in literary work, but it also can be related with the extrinsic aspect in the literary itself, so, that is why, the qualitative method also can be said as multi method.
Because, the relating of the intinsic aspect and extrinsic aspect in the literary itself. From those statements, it can conclude that qualitative research is analyzing about the descriptive data such as writer or spoken, by using this qualitative method make the writer easy to answer the problem formulation in “Maleficent Film”
33 Nisaul,f, (2005), Metodologi Penelitian, Publishers MISYKAT Anggota IKAPI. P . 34
34 Nyoman Kutha Ratna. (2015). Teori, Metode, Dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Cet. Ke-1 edisi (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar), p. 47
30
3.2 Source of Data
Source of data in this research is taken from Maleficent Film. Maleficent film is an American fantasy film directed by Robert Stromberg from a screenplay by Linda Woolverton. Produced by Joe Roth for Walt Disney Pictures, principal photography took place between June and October 2012. Maleficent live on EI Capitan Theater in Hollywood on May 28, 2014, and released in the UK in the same year. The film was released in the US on May 30, 2014 in Disney Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats, as well as in conventional theaters. The film was commercially successful after earning $ 758 million worldwide, becoming the fourth grossing film of 2014. The writer took the data from the dialogues in the script and also the picture in the Maleficent Film by Robert Stromberg.
3.3 Technique of Data Collecting
In other to get the information in this study, the writer uses qualitative research. The writer also used documentation technique to get the data. Sugiyono stated that “Dokumen merupakan catatan peristiwa yang sudah berlalu dan dokumen ialah setiap bahan tertulis, film ataupun dari record yang dipersiapkan karena adanya permintaan seorang penyidik”.35 It menas tha in qualitative
35 Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, DAN R&D.
(Bandung:Alfabeta), P.240
research, the writer uses some documents that have correlation to get the data, because this research is descriptive, so that why the writer described and analyzed the data that has been found in Maleficent Film to answer of the problems that has been formulated in the formulation of the problem.
There are some steps of the technique of data collecting in doing this research :
a) Collecting the data are getting from Maleficent Film directed by Robert Stromberg from a screenplay by Linda Woolverton. Produced by Joe Roth for Walt Disney Pictures, principal photography took place between June and October 2012.
b) Reading the script and watching the film, after collecting all the data, the writer watching the film carefully and repeatedly to find the point in the film, and read the script to make sure that is have correlation to this research.
c) Marking on the words or sentence and all the important statements and information in this research. Then marks some dialogue, in Maleficent Film, and made a note of the data.
d) After finding all data completely, the writer processes and analysis all the data and the last, arrange the thesis as the end of this research.
3.4 Technique of Data Analyzing
After collecting the data the writer going to next step that is analysis the data using qualitative research method and the technique analysis data is applied
32
to answer formulation of the problem in analysis data, in this research the writer uses technique descriptive analysis, in order to make this research more specific.
According to Bogan state in Sugiyono’s book :
“ Data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcript, field notes and other materials that you accumulate to increase your own understanding of them and to enable you to present what you have discovered to other”36
In this research the writer will describe, analyze the data that has been found in the script Maleficent film to find the answer of the problem have been formulated in the formulation of the problem. The writer had several techniques from the data analysis, in order to make this research more specific following are :
a) Identifying
The writer identify the data and make the assumptions or finds the feminism of the main character in Maleficent film.
b) Classifying the data
The writer classified the data which has correlated with the topic of the research, the source are taken from Maleficent film.
c) Analysis
The writer analysis the data based on the theory that is use to find the answer for the feminism that have been formulated.
d) Conclusion
After all the things above done well, then the writer makes conclusion from the finding of the analysis.
36 Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, DAN R&D.
(Bandung:Alfabeta),p.244
33 CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND ANALYSIS
4.1 The kind of feminism in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg
In this chapter the writer showed the finding and analysis of problem formulation number one using feminism theory by Rosemarie Putnam Tong.
There are eight kinds of feminism based on her statement; Liberal Feminism, Radical Feminism, Marxist Feminism, Psychoanalysis and Gender Feminism, Existentialist Feminism, Postmodern Feminism, Multicultural and Global Feminism, Ecofeminism.37 Based on Maleficient film by Robert Stromberg, the writer found one kind of feminism there was Ecofeminism.
Ecofeminism showed the relationship between woman to all forms of human being, but focuses on woman efforts to dominate the world rather than others, or nature. The ecofeminism is theory that explained about the relationship between woman with nature.38 Because women are culturally associated with nature, ecofeminism argued that there was a conceptual, symbolic, and linguistic relationship between feminism and ecological issues.
In this analysis the writer had analyzed about the ecofeminism issues that rised in Maleficent film by Robert Stromberg. Maleficent as the main characters of this film told as the fairy who loved Moors which was her nature. She would do everything to save the Moors from human. Such as in this scene at duration below
37 Rosemarie Putnam Tong, Feminist Thought; A More Comprehensive Introduction, Second Edition, Yogyakarta: Jalasutra. 1998
38 Rosemarie Putnam Tong, Feminist Thought; A More Comprehensive Introduction, Second Edition, p. 359
34
the wrtier had found the relationship between Maleficent to the nature as her society.
Picture 239
Picture 340 Young Maleficent : There you go.41
The film started with the scenes when Young Maleficent took a rest in the big tree. She lie down in the big tree and played a doll which made from stem of tree with her magic. Suddenly she saw a broken tree branch. Then, she repaired the broken tree branch become good as before used her magic also.
Based on the explanation above the writer has analyzed that it is include to ecofeminism. Because the scene above told about the relationship between Young Maleficent with nature. Young Maleficent as the fairy has responsibility to save the nature and make good relationship with the nature also. And this situation has related with the definition of ecofeminsm.
39 Duration 00:01:53
40 Duration 00:02:04
41 Duration 00:01:53-00:02:04
The other relationship between woman and nature have writer found in the other scene. Such as in the duration 00:03:08-00:03:29
Picture 442
Picture 543
Young Maleficent : What’s all the fuss about?
Knotgrass : The border guards…
Flittle : Why’d you get to tell her? I want to tell her!
Thistletwit : I want to tell her!
Knotgrass : There are rules, Flittle. I tell this time, you tell next time. The border guards…
Flittle : No, you told last time. So I should tell this time and Thistletwit next time.
Young Maleficent : Tell me what?
Knotgrass : Fine!
Flittle : Ah, thank you. Maleficent, the border guards…
Thistletwit : The border guards have found a human thief at the Pool of Jewels
Thistletwit : I’m sorry.44
In these scene above happened when Young Maleficent was flown around the Moors. She saw there were commotion happened among the fairies, then she asked to the another fairy about what happened in there. The three of fairies said
42 Duration 00:03:08
43 Duration 00:03:29
44 Duration 00:03:08-00:03:29
