THE SPEECH ACTS USED BY THE HOST AND PARTICIPANTS
IN THE INDONESIA LAWAK KLUB (ILK)
PROGRAM ON TRANS 7
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
MASNIATI MURNI RITONGA Registration Number: 8136112052
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah SWT, the most gracious and merciful, all praises for His
mercy, guidance and loving care which have been blessed to the writer, so this thesis
entitled “The speech Acts Used by the Host and Participants in the Indonesia Lawak Klub (ILK) Program On Trans7” could be completed. Blessing and peace be upon our prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought human being to become civilized and
educated in terms of science and technology.
This thesis is conducted to fulfill one of the requirements for the degree of
Magister Humaniora at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate
School of State University of Medan. In accomplishing this thesis, the writer wishes to
acknowledge her deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has
been dedicated to her by a lot of closed people, especially for her beloved parents, Alm.
Khairuddin Ritonga and Nurmawarni Br Gultom for their loves, prays and more
supports both moral and material before, during and after her academic years at
Postgraduate UNIMED.
The highest appreciation goes to both of her advisers, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M. Pd
as her first adviser and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M. S as her second adviser for their
guidance all through the completion of this thesis. And the, her appreciation also goes to
Prof. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd. As the head of English Applied Lingustics Program and
Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M. S as the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Program who
have assisted her in processing the administration requirement during the process of her
study in the Postgraduate Program of State University of Medan. And also the greatest
thanks go to her examiners, Pof. Amrin Saragih, M. A., Ph. D., Prof. T. Silvana, Sinar,
ii
improved this thesis. She also would like to express her thankfulness for all lectures
teaching her in LTBI for more two years. Then, her gratitude goes to her friends as well
(Ima, Diana, Fitri) and all students of Executive B2 class XXIII year who had given
such encouragement in accomplishing this thesis.
Finally her special gratitude is dedicated to her beloved siblings (Intan Maya
sari, Am.,Keb, Zulfikar, S. P, Indah and others). Especially thanks to her beloved one;
Dedek Sulaiman, SE who always takes care of her, supports her, facilitates and inspires
her indeed.
Medan, July 9th, 2015 The Writer
Masniati Murni Ritonga Reg. No. 8136112052
ABSTRACT
Ritonga, Masniati Murni 2015. The Speech Acts used by The Host and Participants in The Indonesia Lawak Klub (ILK) Program on Trans7. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan.
This study is concerned with the use of speech acts by the host and five participants of
Indonesia Lawak Klub (ILK) comedy program on Trans7 in three episodes, namely “Buaya Vs Cicak”, “Vicky Prasetyo” and “BATAK” Banyak Taktik Banyak Akal”. The objectives of the study are to discover the types of speech acts deployed by the host and
participants in the ILK comedy program, the most dominant types of speech acts, the
way of the host and participants deployed the types of the speech acts and the reason
they deployed them as they do. The study was conducted by qualitative content analysis
method. The data were taken randomly from the internet and gathered from the host and participants’ utterances in three topics of three different episodes, and then they were transcribed. The transcriptions were analyzed by applying qualitative method. The
findings found that all types of speech acts were deployed by both the host and the
participants. However, not all participants deployed all types of speech acts such as
Komeng, Fitri Tropika, Ronald and Jarwo Kwat. The most dominant types of speech
acts deployed by the host is directive speech acts in form of questioning and
representative speech acts in form of informing deployed by the participant dominantly.
Both the host and participants performed them in four ways, direct, indirect, literal and
non-literal. There were some reasons of deploying the speech acts as he is such as the
host in running his role in the program to gain as many as information from each
participant deployed directive in form of questioning and the participants whose role to
respond what the host asked them and inform their party and their analysis in line with
the issues debated they deployed representative in form of informing. It was found that
there was additional function of this comedy program out of as entertaining and
provoking laughter such as provoking thought and insinuating certain part. Therefore,
context of speech affects the use of certain types of speech acts very much. It means that
everyone (language users) should master a matter of speech acts to understand what
ABSTRAK
Ritonga, Masniati Murni 2015. The Speech Acts used by The Host and Participants in The Indonesia Lawak Klub (ILK) Program on Trans 7. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Trapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... i
ABSTRACT ... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v
LIST OF APPENDICES ... vi
LIST OF TABLES ... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of The Study ... 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ... 7
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 7
1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1Theoretical Framework... ... 9
2.1.1 Pragmatics ... 9
2.1.2 Speech Acts ... 16
2.1.2.1 Kinds of Speech Acts... 19
2.1.2.2 The way of Performing Speech Acts ... 21
2.1.2.3Types of Speech Acts ... 24
2.1.3 Reality Television Program ... 26
2.1.3.1Indonesia Lawak Klub (ILK) Talk show program ... 26
2.1.4 Relevant Studies ... 28
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design ... 34
3.2 Data and Data Source ... 34
3.3 Technique of Data Collection ... 35
3.4 The technique of Data Analysis ... 36
3.5 Trustworthiness ... 37
CHAPTER IV DATA, DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4. 1 Data Analysis ... 39
4.1. 1 Types of Speech Acts Used by the Host and the Participants ... 39
4.1.1.1 Types of Speech Acts Used by the Host ... 39
4.1.1.2 Types of Speech Acts used by the Participants.……… ... 40
4.1.2 The Most Dominant Types of Speech Acts Used by the Host and Participants... 43
4.1.2.1 The Most Dominant Types of Speech Acts Used by the Host ... 43
4.1.2.2 The Most Dominant Types of Speech Acts Used by the Participants ... 44
4.1.3 The Reasons and the Aim of the Host and Participants Deployed Types of Speech Acts ... 44
4.1.3.1 The Reasons and the Aim of the Host Deployed Types of Speech Acts ... 44
4.1.3.2 The Reasons and the Aim of the Participants Deployed Types of Speech Acts ... 49
4.3 Discussion ... 58
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions... 62
5.2 Suggestions ... 63
REFERENCES ... 66
APPENDICES ... 68
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Transcript of the Host Utterances ... 69
Appendix 2 Transcript of the Participants’ Utterances ... 82
Appendix 3 Transcript of Episodes part II 93, 257 and 220 of
Indonesia Lawak Klub Comedy Program ... 99
LIST OF TABLES
Table. 1. The Percentage of Speech Acts Used by the Host ... 40
Table.2. The Percentage of Speech Acts Used by Cak Lontong ... 41
Table.3. The Percentage of Speech Acts Used by Komeng ... 41
Table.4. The Percentage of Speech Acts Used by Fitrop ... 42
Table.5. The Percentage of Speech Acts Used by Ronald ... 42
Table.6. The Percentage of Speech Acts Used by Jarwo Kwat... 43
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the Study
Cultural issues refer to all aspects of society that influence beliefs,
opinions, and choices such as advertising, media, public relations, economic
globalization, religion and politics. Media is becoming one of the most influential
factors in human’s culture now since people or mostly children adopt everything
from media, such as TV for instance. We can see that the actors and artists on TV
are paid much more expensive to evoke children being worse (by watching bad
TV program) but teachers are paid less to educate children being better. In order
to understand the forces that perpetuate in the media such as Indonesia Lawak
Klub (ILK) program, it is crucial to examine the meanings and goal of
communication where culture plays a role in it. Culture and language refer to
integrated pattern of human behavior that include language, thoughts,
communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial
ethnic, religion or rather groups (e.g., gender, gender identity/gender expression,
age, national origin, sexual orientation, disability) (see. Gabriele Kasper, 1996:
149)
Cultural and linguistic competence is a set of congruent behaviors,
attitudes and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among
professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations. Language is
an expression of who we are as individuals, communities and nations. Culture
refers to dynamic social systems and share patterns of behavior, beliefs,
knowledge, attitudes and values. Culture provides the environment in which
2
may find its manifestations in body language, gestures, concept of time,
hospitality customs, and even expressions of friendliness. While all these certainly
reflect the cultural norms accepted in a particular society, the influence of culture
on language use is broader and deeper. To a great extent, the culture into which
one is socialized defines how an individual sees his or her place in society. For
example : ‘comedy talk show’ in Indonesia is known as illocutionary utterances
that have explicit sense and criticize particular part but ‘comedy talk show’ abroad
is known as giving pleasure purely. That’s why it’s very worth to know the
culture when we understand a language. Ultimately, language cannot be separated
from culture since language is part of the culture itself that may influence the
behaviors of individuals’ and their attitudes in speech (speech acts). Language is
the key to a person’s self-identity. The way of speakers in uttering their speech
will be caused by their own language. When a speaker uses a language, he/she is
performing a certain speech act.
Branch of linguistics that investigates about speech act of language used in
communication is called Pragmatics. Pragmatics is the study of how context
affects the meaning of linguistic expression. Pragmatics studies how people
comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech
situation which is usually a conversation. It distinguishes two intents or meanings
in each utterance or communicative act of verbal communication. One is the
informative intent or the sentence meaning, and the other the communicative
intent or speaker meaning (Leech,1983). The ability to comprehend and produce a
communicative act is referred to as pragmatic competence (Kasper, 1997) which
3
speakers involved, the cultural knowledge such as politeness, and the linguistic
knowledge explicit and implicit. Plenty of researches stated that individuals
cannot understand the nature of language itself without understanding pragmatics.
It means that pragmatics is the essential aspect of understanding language.
Applied linguistically, pragmatics concerns with the inextricable
connection between language and socio-cultural norms and frameworks and also
seeks to identify patterns that can lead to an understanding of how members of
particular cultures use language to refer to, describe, or function within social
organizations (speech acts) (see Hinkel, 1996: 2). For example, politeness is
considered to be a universal feature of language use in social organizations, but
pragmatic, linguistic, social, intentional, and conceptual realizations vary
substantially across different languages and/or cultures. Even speakers of the
same language or speakers of different dialects may belong to different
sub-cultures and thus have different concepts of what it means to be polite and how
politeness should be realized in speech and behavior.
Speech acts study about the act performed by speaker in expressing their
thought or ideas through language in certain occasion, such as in apologizing,
complaining, instructing, agreeing and warning. As stated by Searle (000), in his
speech act theory distinguished three different types of act involved in or caused
by the utterance of a sentence: a locutionary act – speaker's production and
hearer's perception of meaningful linguistic expression –, an illocutionary act –
the speaker's intentions of uttering a sentence –, and a perlocutionary act – the
result or the effect of speaker's utterance on the hearer or listener. So, pragmatic
4
saying and recognizing intended illocutionary force conveyed through subtle
“attitudes” in different types of speech acts.
However, the use of speech acts is different in certain settings, such as in
social, science or religion. In social purpose, particularly happened in the reality
TV shows that they are monologue which used as truth-signs of direct access to
the authentic. The power of monologue in the reality genre promotes the
transformation of television from a mass medium to first-person medium
addressing masses of individuals. The power of the monologue in reality TV can
be seen as a parallel to the fascination of the entire genre of its audiences. The
monologue as reality programming in general contains ambiguous interplay of the
pre-scripted and scripted, individual and collective, performed and
non-performed and fake and real. Consequently, the thrill for viewers is to hunt for the
few rare authentic moments when the participant seems to reveal their
‘real-self’(Hill, 2002). The monologue situations hardly resemble any everyday talk
events, but the literary way of talk does not diminish the claim for authenticity.
Rather, the form serves the purpose of giving the viewers the ultimate opportunity
to assess the key characteristic of authenticity: the participant’s integrity and
credibility when it comes to feelings. The paradox of an individualized society is
that while one is talking alone about one’s deepest emotions, at the same time one
is selling one’s authenticity to viewers.
Moreover TV talkshow is becoming one of the focus of being studied in a
research, as done by Muhammad Reza Pahlevi (2014) “Speech Acts in the
Apprentice Asia TV Program” he found that all types of speech acts performed
5
they were. However, in line with this (Lidya Oktoberia, 2012) in her study entitled
“ Types of Directive Speech Acts Used in Harry Potter-The Deathly Hallows and
Bride Wars movie scripts” found that the most frequently directive speech act
used by characters in Bride Wars movie (comedy film) is request type because
requests are generally conceived as polite ways of getting the addressee to do
something (Tsui, 1996: 92). And it is really affected by the genre of the
sociolinguistics where comedy movie is known as more friendly and common
style of language use.
So, the researcher found that speech is used in many different ways among
different groups of people and each group has its own norms of linguistic
behavior where it can not be separated from the sociolinguistics factors. In order
to analyze the language of specific groups, it is necessary to rely on some clearly
defined frameworks for ethnographical study of speech (Hymes, 1974). ILK is
one of comedy program on TV broadcasted by Trans7. The concept of this
program is gathering the Indonesian comedians in a forum to discuss the heated
issues recently. The comedian collaborate talking about a phenomenon and try to
grab a solution or way out in pleasure sounding. This program is actually the
parody of ILC (Indonesia Lawyers Club) showed on TVone. This program also
invites an adviser to give the real conclusion of what have they conveyed
explicitly through jokes.
After watching out this kind of TV program, the researcher thought that
some of the Indonesia native speakers in this comedy deployed unique speech acts
6
For example: S : kenapa disimbolkan dengan cicak dan buaya? (why is
symbolized with a lizard and crocodile?)(directive-questioning)
P : karena ci-cak and bu’aya adalah nama untuk perempuan yang
suka cakar- cakaran dan mata duitan. (since ci’cak and bu’aya
are names for women characterized by fighting and money
oriented. (quoted from
youtubecourtesy)(representative-informing)
The host deployed directive-questioning to direct the participant give the
information he wanted (Yule, 1996: 54), because the host is the one who will peal
the information as much as necessary from the participants through giving
questions, so the speaker (Denny) asks questions to get a lot of information from
the participant (Cak-Lontong) in order to inform audiences and test the
participant’s analysis about this topic through jokes to please audiences and it is
supported by Austin, 1962: 3 that the meaning of a sentence uttered by a speaker
is described in a relation among linguistic conventions correlated with sentences,
the situation where the speaker actually says something to the hearer, and
associated intentions of the speaker. So then, since this is a comedy program, the
participant did not answer it in literal speech act but non-literal speech acts where
the participant (Cak lontong) does not mean by what he said (Grundy, 2000) that
ci-cak and bu’aya are names for women identical with money oriented and
quarrel, but he means that our parliamentary are just like women and they are
money oriented. In the form the speech acts itself, the participant deployed
representative to state his believe and treat that his statement is true and provoke
7
By paying attention at the host, adviser and other participants, the
researcher was interested to investigate further this phenomenon. The researcher
investigated whether the act of each speaker in uttering some utterances occupies
as the function and the character. Then, what makes the Indonesian native
speakers acted the certain speech acts, particularly the host and the participants in
ILK program? Either the host or the participants deployed the speech acts based
on their characters or otherwise. So, in this research the researcher investigated
some of the speakers such as the host (Denny Chandra), cak lontong (participant),
Jarwo kwat (participant), and Fitri Tropica and also the response from an audience
who sent his/her Voice note to ILK.
As stated in the previous section that the use of speech acts is different in
certain setting. Absolutely, this matter is affected by the pragmatic context. That’s
why this research was conducted to see the the speech acts deployed by the host
and the participants in the context of ILK program since Indonesian societies love
this program very much. It means that the audiences accept the speech acts
deployed by the Indonesian native speakers in the ILK.
1.2 Problem of the Study
In line with the phenomena above, the problems of this study are:
1. What types of speech acts are deployed by the host and participants in the
context of ILK comedy program on Trans7?
2. What is the most dominant type of speech acts deployed by the host and
participants in the context of ILK comedy program on Trans7?
3. Why do the host and participants of ILK deploy certain speech acts
8 1.3 Objectives of the Study
Based on the research problems formulated above, this study has some
objectives as follow:
1. To discover the types of speech acts deployed by the host and
participants in the context of ILK comedy program on Trans7.
2. To find out the most dominant type of speech acts deployed by the host
and participants in the context of ILK comedy program on Trans7.
3. To explain the reasons and the aim why the host and the participants of
ILK deployed certain speech acts dominantly in the ways they are.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This research investigates the types of speech acts deployed by the host
and participants of ILK in three episodes (part II 93, 257 and 220). These episodes
peal some fields such as (1) politic; episode 93 (January 29th 2014) in line “Buaya
Vs Cicak”, (2) social; episode 257 (December 29th 2014) in line “Vicky Prasetyo”
and (3) culture; episode 220 (November 6th 2014) in line “BATAK” Banyak
Taktik Banyak Akal”. The focus is on the types of speech acts proposed by Searle
(2000). Furthermore, the investigation is on the realizations of speech acts and
reasons for their occurrences.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research is expected to have both theoretical and practical
significance for the readers, English teachers and also English department
students.
Theoretically, the findings of this research are expected to enrich the
9
understanding and new insight on how speech acts are related to the aspects of
pragmatics study and it is very worth to inform how pragmatics play a fascinating
role in social life of communication since by understanding the pragmatic’s
meaning as well, it’s hoped that there will be no more gaps or debates among
audiences about the speech acts deployed by the host and participants of ILK
program on Trans7.
Practically, it is expected to be guidance for those who are interested in
reality TV program discourse analysis and for those who will be involved in that
setting as well. Eventually, this hopes to the audiences to open their broad critical
thinking in understanding the speakers’ and the participants’ intent meaning.
Furthermore for the audiences, it’s hoped to have a sense of humor, so then they
are able to choose the material which aims to build, and which material is only as
67 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 1.1. Conclusion
After analyzing the data in three topics of different three episodes, namely
Buaya Vs Cicak”, “Vicky Prasetyo” and “BATAK” Banyak Taktik Banyak Akal
in ILK comedy program, some conclusions are drawn as the following:
a) All types of speech acts were deployed in those three topics in different
episodes of ILK comedy Program, namely representative, directive,
,commissives, expressive and declaratives. All those types of speech
acts were not deployed by all participants. Fitri Tropika did not deploy
declarative, Komeng did not deploy declarative and commissive,
Ronald did not deploy declarative and Jarwo Kwat did not deploy
literal and non-literal. When uttering the sentences non-literally, both
the host and the participants tended to deploy allusion to allude or
criticize certain part and a matter of provoking thought. And those
meanings were fully understood by audiences.
c) The directive speech acts in form of questioning deployed by the host
because of his role as the one who had authority to gain as many as
68
audiences. The representative speech acts in form of informing
deployed dominantly by the participants because of their obligation to
answer or inform what the host questioned to them. It was used by the
participants to inform their own party (where they are from) and inform
their analysis about the issues debated.
d) Jarwo Kwat deployed expressive speech acts in form of anger
dominantly because he is the one who was in low level status, who was
always bullied and underestimated purposely.
e) In performing declarative types of speech acts, it was found that only
Cak Lontong and Ronald deployed it. As related with Searle that
declarative is used to change the world with words, it means that the
other three participants have no great power of words to utter powerful
words that can fit the world with their words. They have no enough
authority to utter so even actually they have the same position in ILK
comedy program. It can show their identity and their power of words.
f) In performing non-literal utterances, the participants deployed
indirect-non-literal speech acts to provoke audiences and insinuating certain
part, they provoke audiences to think and understand deeper what they
meant by their words. This becomes additional function of ILK comedy
program except as entertaining public. In short, it can be provoking
thought for audiences about the current issues debated and insinuating
69 5.2 Suggestions
a) The audience of ILK comedy program is supposed to have a sense of
humor and broad thinking in order to understand and get the meaning of
what was provided by the host and the participants. They also must be
able to choose the material which aims to build, and which material is
only as entertainment. Moreover, the participants, the guests and
audience of ILK comedy program should have to possess noble hearts
to take all given statements without being easily offended.
b) Besides the students, everyone is also important to study the matter of
speech acts, because by understanding this material, it would be easier
for them to understand why and for what purpose someone utters an
utterance.
c) It is suggested that the lecturers of pragmatics should develop the theory
of speech acts used by exemplifying the theory with the TV program
discourse by which the lectures can be enlivened and the students’
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