C_DISKUSI GEOKIMIA.pptx

 TU

 TU

GA

GA

S

S

DIS

DIS

KUSI

KUSI

GE

GE

OK

OK

IMI

IMI

A

A

DISUSUN OLEH : KELAS C DISUSUN OLEH : KELAS C

FAKULTAS TEKNIK FAKULTAS TEKNIK

GEOLOGI GEOLOGI

M. FARID RAMAD

M. FARID RAMADHANI (HANI (27012701101500110150011)1)

FAHMY SANJAYA (270110150012)

FAHMY SANJAYA (270110150012)

FA

FATHURROCHMAN THURROCHMAN ALI ALI (2701(270110150013)10150013)

DENNY H

DENNY HERMAWERMAWAN (AN (2701270110150014)10150014)

NAUFAL ISLAH

NAUFAL ISLAH (270110150015)(270110150015)

ILHAM D

ILHAM DARMAWARMAWAN (AN (2701270110150051)10150051)

IMAM JAFAR SODIQ (270110150052)

IMAM JAFAR SODIQ (270110150052)

RIFQI ANDRIANTO (

RIFQI ANDRIANTO (2701270110150053)10150053)

ZULFAAR IQDAM

ZULFAAR IQDAM (27011(270110150054)0150054)

DANELLA R

DANELLA RACHMATIA (2701ACHMATIA (270110150055)10150055)

WIRY

WIRYADI RADI RIZI IZI !UTRA (2701101500"1)!UTRA (2701101500"1)

WILDANI SU!RIADI (2701101500"2) WILDANI SU!RIADI (2701101500"2) M. AMMAR AZZAM M. AMMAR AZZAM (2701(2701101500"3)101500"3) DHANU ELFITRA (2701101500"4) DHANU ELFITRA (2701101500"4)

IRSAN INDRA !RA#OWO (2701101500"5)

IRSAN INDRA !RA#OWO (2701101500"5)

MARTHIN LUTHER IN$ (270110150131)

MARTHIN LUTHER IN$ (270110150131)

FAIZAL INSAANUL H

FAIZAL INSAANUL H (2701(270110150132)10150132)

AZA WIDADI MULYA (270110150134)

AZA WIDADI MULYA (270110150134)

ATIQA RUMAISYA $OCIE (270110150135)

ATIQA RUMAISYA $OCIE (270110150135)

MUHAMMAD FAUZI (

ISOTO!ES

ISOTOP

ISOTOP

 Atom-atom dari elemen dap

 Atom-atom dari elemen dapat berbeda dalam maat berbeda dalam massassa

dari satu sama lain karena mereka memiliki jumlah

dari satu sama lain karena mereka memiliki jumlah

neutron yang berbeda. Mereka dengan neutron yang

neutron yang berbeda. Mereka dengan neutron yang

lebih banyak akan menimbang lebih dan menjadi lebih

lebih banyak akan menimbang lebih dan menjadi lebih

besar. Massa atom (sering disebut sebagai berat atom)

besar. Massa atom (sering disebut sebagai berat atom)

unsur dihitung dengan menambahkan bersama jumlah

unsur dihitung dengan menambahkan bersama jumlah

proton dan jumlah neutron.

proton dan jumlah neutron.

CONTOH ISOTOP :

CONTOH ISOTOP :

•

• Isotop stabilIsotop stabil

H-1, H-2 (), H-! (") H-1, H-2 (), H-! (") (or(or 11_H,H, 2 2 _H,H, 33_H)H) #-12, #-1!, #-1$ #-12, #-1!, #-1$ (or(or 12 12 _C,C, 1313_C,C, 1414_C C )) %-1&, %-1' %-1&, %-1' •

• Isotop radiogenik :Isotop radiogenik :

e-$, e-& e-$, e-& *-2!, *-2!' *-2!, *-2!'

+%"%

+%"%

Symbols and numbers

•

•

&''*++, -++ /& -'-/// '/-&++, ++-

&''*++, -++ /& -'-/// '/-&++,

++-+,6 ''*+. S'+6+/ ,8 ""839 '++ ++-/

+,6 ''*+. S'+6+/ ,8 ""839 '++ ++-/

':+*/ +*++ ;+,/;-. ;+,/;-<23=8 0879 ;+,/;-<

':+*/ +*++ ;+,/;-. ;+,/;-<23=8 0879 ;+,/;-<

2358 *+, +,+ :':+ ;+,/;-<234.

2358 *+, +,+ :':+ ;+,/;-<234.

•

•

I,/ +,6 ''*+ :;6+ -'-/// +//+ +,6 ''*+

I,/ +,6 ''*+ :;6+ -'-/// +//+ +,6 ''*+

•

•

/>+</>+ ,;/ +- '6+,;,6 &+*+ :;-+ &,

/>+</>+ ,;/ +- '6+,;,6 &+*+ :;-+ &,

*+, ,';, &+*+ /,/

*+, ,';, &+*+ /,/

•

•

,;'/* +*++ /,/ +- *',6+, :;-+ &, *+,

,;'/* +*++ /,/ +- *',6+, :;-+ &, *+,

,';, +,6 */',;+,

,';, +,6 */',;+,

•

•

/,/ +,6 +*/+/> +,6 */'; +*/,;'/*

/,/ +,6 +*/+/> +,6 */'; +*/,;'/*

TIN$A

TIN$A

T DARI

T DARI

!ELURUHAN

!ELURUHAN

RADIOATIF

RADIOATIF

•

RATA<RATA !ELURUHAN WATU !ARUH

RATA<RATA !ELURUHAN WATU !ARUH

•

• R+*/ +/> +*++ &' /,'/ *' &'+-+ (1)R+*/ +/> +*++ &' /,'/ *' &'+-+ (1) •

• S';+ &' /,'/ *' &'+-+ -'-/// //<// S';+ &' /,'/ *' &'+-+ -'-/// //<// ?+; &+;?+; &+; '',*// '',*// • • W+; &+; +*++ ?+; +,6 */;;+, ;,; -'-'/+,W+; &+; +*++ ?+; +,6 */;;+, ;,; -'-'/+, ;+,/ ++; -';; /,66+ ':+*/,+ '+/ ;+,/ ++; -';; /,66+ ':+*/,+ '+/ •

• _{C, /& ?+; &+; @C, /& ?+; &+; @}

• • W+; &+; *+/ ,/;-<"0 +*++2=.= . :/+ /+ -',6+?+/W+; &+; *+/ ,/;-<"0 +*++2=.= . :/+ /+ -',6+?+/ *',6+, 10.0 6 *+/ S<"08 +,+ 5.0 6 *+/ /& +,6 +,+ *',6+, 10.0 6 *+/ S<"08 +,+ 5.0 6 *+/ /& +,6 +,+ '/+ ''+ 2=.= 8 2.5 6 ++, '/+ +6/ ''+2=.= 8 *+, '/+ ''+ 2=.= 8 2.5 6 ++, '/+ +6/ ''+2=.= 8 *+, '';,+ '';,+

TIN$AT DARI !ELURUHAN RADIOATIF

• S,/;-<"0 *'+  /;-<"0@ !';;+, ,;/ /*+ */&',6+;/ ' >+ '',+ Y+/;@ '-&'+;'8 '+,+, *+, '+*++, *+/ ,*// ',+?+ /-/+

A!LIASI ISOTO! $EOIMIA

Metode isotop dan geokimia memiliki peran penting dalam eksplorasi dan eksploitasi energi panasbumi serta pengembangannya. Metode geokimia menyediakan berbagai informasi penting antara lain sifat kimia fluida reservoir, temperatur reservoir, rasio uap – air (fraksi uap) dalam reservoir, kesetimbangan mineral serta potensi korosi dan scaling

D++- ++& '&+/ ','6/ &+,+;-/8 -'*' /& *+, 6'/-/+ *+&+ */-+,>+++, ;,;@

1. M'-&'/++, '-&'+; +?+ &'-;++, (''/) *',6+, &',66;,++, 6''--'' /-/+ *+, /&

++-A!LIASI ISOTO! $EOIMIA

D++- ++& &',6'+, ;-; &*;/8 -'*' 6'/-/+ *+, /& '-+,>++ ;,; -'-&'' /,>-+/@

1. L'' ('*++-+,) +;/>' +,6 &*;/> *+, '-&'+;,+ 2. !'+,*/,6+, +/ *+, ;+& +/ ('+- >+/,) *++- ''/

3. M',/+/ ;+/+ +/ *+, ;+& +/ *++- ;;,6+,,+ *',6+, &*;/ *+, /,6;,6+, 4. M'-&'/++, '',*';,6+, *'&// (+/,6)8 +/ *++- ;-; &*;/8 ;-;

A!LIASI ISOTO! $EOIMIA

D++- ++&+, '&/+/ *+, &*;/8 ;*/ &'-+,+;+, 6'/-/+ */>;+, &+*+ -&// >;/*+ ;-; &*;/ +,6 '+ -',6++-/ '+6+/ &' '&'/ &',*/*/+, *+, &',+-&;+, *++- ''/. S'++ &/,/&8 ;*/ ''; */6;,++, ;,;@

1. M',6/*',/>/+/ -+;+, >;/*+ *+/ +/ +,+ *+,6+ +,6 */,6/, -+;&;, *+/ -+;+, >;/*+ &+,+ *+/ ;-' +,6 '/

*++-2. M'-+,+; &' &',*/*/+, *++- +;/>' &*;/>

3. M',6/*',/>/+/ &';++, ,/;/ +;/>' &*;/> '+*+& ';++, ;-; 4. M',6;+,/>/+/ &';++, *++- '',*';,6+, +/,6

5. M',6;+,/>/+/ &';++, ;+/+ +/ *+, ;+& %. M''// -*' ,'&;+ ''/

WATU !EM#ENTUAN #ATUAN SERTA

!ERISTIWA $EOLO$I ($EOCHRONOLO$Y)

M'*' @

• W+; '+/' @ -'-+,*/,6+, +,++ +;+, -;*+ *+,

+;+, ;+

• H;;- ;&'&//

• H;;,6+, +,++ cross-cutting

• H;;- ''+*++, >+6-',

• W+; -;+@ -',',;+, ;-; +;+, -'+;/ ++

+*/-'/

• $',6/ -';&++, /-; ;,; -',',;+, ;-; +; +;+,8 >/8 *+, • '*/-',8 *++- ;+; /,6+ '/*+&+/+, '',; +,6 -''+ *++- -'*' +,6 • */6;,++,. #'+6+/ -++- -'*' &',',;+, ;-; */6;,++, ' +/ 6'6/ ;,; -',+&+/ + '';.

$EORONOLO$I

• $',6/ ''*+ &',66;,++,,+ *',6+, /+/6+>/8 +,6 -';&++, /-; ;,; -','-&++, +;+, '*/-', *++- ;+; &'/*' 6'6/ '',; -'+;/ &',*'/&/+,8 &',6++6+, *+, &'-+,*/,6+, ;-&;+, >/ >+ *+, >+;,+.

• #/+/6+>/ /*+ '++ +,6;,6 -'-'/+, ;+;

&',',;+, ;-; +; *+/ +;+,8 +,+ -','-&++,,+ *++- ;+; /,'+ ?+; */-+,+ ;-&;+, >/ ''; '+ */'+;/ &',+ /*;& '+-+.

• S'+6+/ ,8 *',6+, '>'',/ &+*+ ++ ?+; $'6/8 !'-/+, A+ (L&/,6/+,) '+,6;,6 ':+ 2708% B< 087 M+ +-&+/ +,++ '/+ 25081 B< 084 M+ (T/+/ ';+ +,6 */'+;/) *+, 2%084 B< 087 M+ (L&/,6/+, '-;*+ +,6 */'+;/)  ';+ ',6+, *++- ;-&;+, >/ +,6 ;*+ */',;+, ;-;,+8 */'+;/ +-&/ -',+&+/ 10 M+. • S'-',++ ;-; /+/6+>/ *+/ +&/+, !'-/+, A+ *+&+

-',;,:;+, L&/,6/+,8 &',',;+, ;-; '',+,+ *+/ +&/+, ''; *+&+ '+*+ */-+,+&;, +,++ 270 +-&+/ 251 M+.

• !+*+ // +/,8 ';+ 6+,/' +,6 */',;+, ';-; 25"85 B< 085 M+ *+&+ '++ '+++, */'; !'-/+,8 ++; '/ '&+,+8 '+ -',6/,;/ &+*+ ?+; !'-/+,. • I-; 6',6/ -';&++, ++ ;+-+ +,6 */6;,++, *++-/*+,6 ,+/6+>/8 +,6 ';++ ;,; -',*+&++, ;-; +; ;,; '-;+ ;-&;+, >/ *+, -',',;+, ':++ 6'6/ #;-/ '+ +6/+, ;+ &'-;++, ;-/

METODA !EN$UURAN UMUR #UMI

• #+,+ >/ +,6 -'-;/+, '/*+',++, '/ ';/ */'-;,/+, ' &++ ';/,/ (&',*;;,6 '/ ';/) *+, ++, */&+;+,

;,; '&',/,6+, -''+. H+ +,6 &+/,6 -',+/ *+/ ',+/ &++ ';/,/ +*++ ;-; *+/ >/<>/ /,/.

• E;/,/ -',+++, +?+ A+'&'G /*;& 150 :;+ +;, +,6 +;8 -+,;/+ L; 3 :;+ +;, +;8 *+, '&/ &'+-+ /*;& 250 :;+ +;, +,6 +;. A+, '+&/8 &','//+, +,6 */+;+, '+*+& >/<>/ /,/

-',;,:;+, ',+++, +?+ ;-; +,6 */';+, -'-&'/++, /+ *+, /,'&'+/ +,6 -',/&;

• ',+++,,+8 '-;+ +,6+<+,6+ :;++, +;, +,6 */'/+, &++ ';/,/ '+*+& ;-; >/ /,/ +-+ '+/ /*+ /+ */&'+,66;,6:+?++,. M'*+ ;,; -',',;+, ;-; >/ /,/ +,6+ &';+/>. L'/ :+;8 -'*+ &',',;+, ;-; +,6 +/, /*+ */'/-+ ' ';/,/8 +',+ /+ -'-;/+, +?+ ;-; >/ ',++ :+; '/ -;*+

• S'',+,+ &'+,++,,+ +*++ -',6',+/ ;-; ;-/8 ;+, +,+ ;-; >/. E;/,/ '&',*+&+ +?+ ;-; ;-/ +*++ 485 -//+ +;,.

A,6+ /,/ */6;,++, ' '+6+/ -'*/+ '+ *+, '',/8 /'+; +/, *+, ;-'<;-' +,6 +/,.

• #+,+ +,6 &'++ &+*+ &',*+&+ ''; +,6 -',+++, +?+ ;-/ ;-;,+ ''+&+ -//+ +;, *+, -','/-+,+ +,&+ &'-;/+, +,6 ,++.

• !',*+&+ /,/ '+& '++, +,&+ +*+,+ +,6+ ,++ ;,; -'-;/+, '',++,,+. T'-+; +,6+<+,6+ &'/++, +,6 */'/+, ' &++ ';/,/ '+*+& ;-; >/ &+*+ ',+++,,+ +,6+ -'+6;+,

• '-;*/+,8 +&++ &',/,6,+ -',6'+;/ ;-; ;-/ ;*+ ;+ (485 -//+ +;,) ++; -+/ -;*+ (/;+, +;,) • $'6' *' #;>>,8 ++ +; &/,/ '/ ';/8 &'+-+ +/ -',+++, +?+ ;-; ;-/ '/ ;+ *+/ =0 /; +;,. $'6/ J+-' H;, *+, C+' L' -',;,:; &+*+ ;-; +,6 '/ ;+ +6/. D',6+, ''-+,6,+ '/ ';/8 &'/++, ;-; ;-/ -',:+*/ '-+/, ;+. !++ &',*;;,6 ';/ -','/-+ +?+ ;-; ;-/ +*++ 485 -//+ +;, *+, -+; /*;& &'+-+ +*+ 385 -//+ +;, +;

TEORI EOLUSI

• A&+ +++, &++ ';/,/ '6/; -'-+++, + /,/ M',6+&+ '/ /,/ -',+ -',+/+, ;-; ;-/ *+/ '-',:+ &'+-+ '/ ';/ */';+, • A++,,+ +*++ @ &' ';/ -'-';+, ?+; +,6 +,6+ +-+ ;,; /+ ':+*/. +/- +?+ '-;+ -+; +*+ +',+ &''-+,6+, '++ '++& *+/ +; ' -+; /*;&8 ',; +:+ ++, 6+6+ *+, /*+ '+/ +&+<+&+  :/+ ;-; ;-/ -+/ -;*+  +,+ ''+&+ /; +;, +;. T'+&/ :/+ /+ */;/+, +?+ ;-; ;-/ +*++ ''+&+ -//+ +;,8 -++ ?+; +,6 */&';+, ;,; ':+*/,+ &' ';/ /+ */&',;/ -',;; '/ /,/

TES RADIOMETRI

Z+-+, '++,6 /,/ +*+ *;+ -++- ' ;,; -',',;+, ;-; ;-/. • Pertama berdasarkan observasi (pengamatan)

T' +,6 */+;+, '+*+& ':+*/+, ++- +,6 +*+ */ -;+ ;-/. J/+ */+-+/ +?+ ''+&+ &'//?+ 6'6/ ':+*/ &+*+ -++ '',;8 -++ /+ */+;-/+, *',6+, -'-&'6;,++, *++ /,/8 ':+*/+, +,6 +-+ '+ ':+*/ *++- ;;, ?+; +,6 +-+ */ -++ +;.

M',6+; &+*+ &/,/& /,/8 /+ &'/++, ;-; ;-/. S'+6+/ ,8 */+;-/+, +/ ,',+/ 6++- */ +; ,+/ 100 , *++- ';+,. #'*+++, +/ /,/8 -'*+

&',',;+, ;-; */+;+, *',6+, ++ @ M'-&'/++, :;-+ 6++- +,6 +*+ */ '-;+ +;+,8 '+,:;,+ */+6/ *',6+, :;-+ +/ &',/,6++, +,6 ;*+ */',;+,

'';-,+. A,6+ +,6 */&'' ++, -',6/,*/+/+, :;-+ ;+, +,6 */'?+/ +-&+/ '++,68 *+/ ':+ &'+-+ +/ +*+,+ +;+, (*',6+, +;-/ /*+ +*+ +,*;,6+, 6++-*/ +; -;+<-;+).

• Yang kedua adalah tes Radiometrik

T' /,/ */'-;+, +?+ ++* 20 *+, -',:+*/ +,6+ &&;'. T',/ ' R+*/-'/ ''+ &+*+ &/,/& +?+ +- /*+ +/ */ -+'/+ +*/+/> ++, ';+ -',:+*/ +- +/ *++- +; /,'+ ?+; ' ',;. ',+++, +?+ &';++, /,/ ':+*/ *',6+, :;-+ +,6 ;*+ */&+/+, *+, :;6+ *++- &'/*' ?+; +,6 '',;8 -'-;+ /-;,+ 6+6++, ;,; -'-&'6;,++, *++ /,/ '+6+/ &',',; *+/ ;-; >/ *+, ;-; ;-/. T' +*/-'/ */6;,++, ;,; -',6/;,6 ;-; +;+, ';+/ *',6 +, &/,/& '',6+<;-;8 +/;@ +*+ ':;-+ ''-', +*/+/> */ +;+, ;+,/ */ ;-/. +,*;,6+, +*/ +/> */ +;+, /,/ '++ ++-/ /+,6 *+, ';+ -',:+*/ ',; +,6 +/. D',6+, -'/+ &' /,/8 -',6/;,6 :;-+ +*/+/> *+, -+'/+ +/8 /+ */',;+, '+&+ +,+ -+'/+ +*/+/> +,6 ';+ ' *++- ',; +/ */ *++- ',+,6 ?+; '',;. S'/,66+ ;-; +;+, /,/ +*++ *;+ +/ *+/ :;-+ -+'/+ +*/+/> ';+ -',:+*/ '',6+<;-;.

U-; ;-/ :;6+ */',;+, *',6+, -'*+ +,6 +-+. #+;+, +,6 */&++/ ;,; -'-&'/++, ;-; ;-/ +-+ *',6+, *',6+, -'' ++; +,+ */ ;+,8 +,6 */+;-/+, *//&++, &+*+ ?+; +,6 +-+ *',6+, ;-/.

S+-&' *+/ +;+, /,/ */+;-/+, '+6+/ +;+, +,6 ';+8 *+, */6;,++, ;,; -',',;+, ;-; ;-/. S';+/ *',6+, *++ /,/8 ;-; ;-/ +*++  48% -//+ +;,

APLIKASI GEKR!LGI

• M+,>++ *+/ '+:+ 6',6/ +6/ 6'>//+?+, +*++ &++ 6'>//+?+, *+&+ -',',;+, '++ '+/' ;-; *+/ ;+; +;+, '',;. !',',;+, ;-; '++ '+/' *+&+ */',;+, *',6+, ++ &++ 6'>//+?+, -'-++-/ ',+,6 &/,/& *++ 6',6/.

#E#ERA!A !RINSI! ITU ANTARA LAIN@

• 1. U,/>-/+/+,/-'

'/+ */'-;+,,+ >/ '+,6 */ &;,+ E''. D+/ + ''; *+&+ */'+;/ +?+ /*++ -;,6/, '+,6 *+&+ /*;& */ 6;,;,6. '-;*/+, *+&+ *//-&;+, +?+ 6;,;,6 E'' '',; +/+ +++, '-&',6 ',;+ +,6 -',6+,6+ *++ +;+, /,66+ '&'/ '++,6.

2. O/6/,+ /,+/

• D++- ;+; &'-',;+, +;+, '*/-',8 */&';+, '-&+ '+-&;,6,+ &+/'<&+/' '*/-',. #/++,+ */+?+ ' +/. +',+ />+ +/ +,6 -'-/// '/,66/+, +-+8 -','++, +&/+, &',6',*+&+, /; /,+.

3. S;&'&//, • M',+++, +?+ *++- ;+; ;;+, &'+&/+, +,6 ';-'6+,66;8 +&/+, +;+, +,6 '/ ;+ ++, '+*+ */ +?+ +&/+, +,6 '/ -;*+. H+ /,/ ?+:+ +',+ ;+; +&/+, '',; */ ++ +&/+, +/, +,6 '+ '',; '';-,+.

4. C<;/,6 '+/,/&

• S;+; ;,/ +;+, ++; '+ +;+, '/ -;*+ *+/ ;,/ +;+, +,6 */&,6. H+ /,/ *+&+ */;-&+-++, '+6+/ '&,6 ;' +&/. ;' /; *+&+ */&,6 :/+ ;' /; ;*+ +*+ *+;;. T/*+ -;,6/, ;' /; '&,6 *+;; +;

5. F+;,+ ;'/, • +',+ ';/8 >/ -++ +,6 '+?'+, *++- ;+; ;;+, +;+, '++ '6+*+/ ';+ ',+-&++, >//,+ ';+/ *',6+, ?+;. • M',;; '/ ';/ (<;+, -',;;;  +<)8 +?+ '/*;&+, */-;+/ *',6+, -+; '' +;8 '-;*/+, '' +,+8 /,66+ '++,6 '',; -+; /*;& *',6+, /'- +,6 -&'. M+; /*;& +,6 -+/ '-;*/+, -'->/8 *+, '/-;, *++- +&/+, ;-/ ';+/ +-+, /*;&,+. S'/,66+ *',6+, -',6'+;/ ;-; >/ /; *+&+ */'+;/ ;-; +&/+, +;+,.

%. !/,/& I,;/

•

_{#+;+, +,6 -',:+*/ /,;/ +;+, +/, '',;}

'/ *+;; *+/&+*+ +,6 -',6/,6;/,+. H+-&/

+-+ '&'/ &/,/& <;/,6. S;+; >+6-',

(+,6 */'++,) *++- +;+, '*/-', '+; '/

;+ *+/ '-', (&''+,+).

!EN$ERTIAN MA$MA

• M+6-+ +*++ +/+, ++; +;+, //+ &/:+ +,6 '',; '++ /-/+8'',; +/+ -',+/,+ +;+, */ *++- ;-/ '/,66+ -',6+/+, &+,+. M+6-+ -'-/// ;; +,++ "00  1200 0C *+, '/>+ -/' ++; -;*+ '6'+ *+, '',; ++; '++ *+/ '+ ;-/ +6/+, +?+ /,66+ ';;,6 ;-/ +6/+, ++. • C,*/' (1"=2) -',';+, +?+ '+,++, '-;,;+, -+6-+ */+/+, */++ '-&',68 ';+/ &+*+ '+ +,>- +,6 /+-+,+&;, +*+ */+/+, -+6-+ *++- :;-+ '*//.

MA$MA

• '++ /-/+<>//+ -+6-+ +*++ /'--&,', 6+,*+ (-;/ -&,', '-) *',6+, >++ +/+, *+, ':;-+ /+ +,6 -',6+&;,6 */ *++-,+ '+6+/ -&,', ;+-+8 */+-&/,6 >++ 6+ &+*+ '+*++, '',;.

• #''+&+ +++, *+, /&'/ -+6-+ '+ */'/+, ' &++ +/ '&'/ $; (1"47)8 T;,' K '6', (1"%0)8 T+,'*+ (1"70) *.

HI!OTESIS MA$MA !RIMER MENURUT DALLY

(1"33).

• M+6-+ +,6 '/+/ &+*+ '+<'8'/>+ ''6', *+, *+&+ */+++, -'?+// '+*+++, ;-/ '-;+. • M+6-+ +,6 '/>+ -6',8-/+,+ ++ +;+, ++;, '6/ +,6 -'''8&';++, ++/ *;/'; -',:+*/ /;+ /';

• M+6-+ &/-' +,&+ &'/>/+/ +?+8+/; -+6-+ 6+,// *+, -+6-+ ++/.

UNSUR IMIA MA$MA

• S',+?+ /-/+?/ -+6-+8+,6 */+,+// -'+;/ +/ ,/*+/,+ */&'-;++, *++- ',; +;+, 6;,;,6 +&/8*+&+ */'-&+, -',:+*/ @ • S',+?+<',+?+ +/' +,6 ';+-+ '*// *+/ >+' 6+8'&'/ CH4 8CO28 HCL8 H2S8 SO28NH38*. • S',+?+<',+?+ +,6 '/>+ ,, +/' *+, -';&++, ;,;<;,; /*+ *++- -+6-+. S/O28A2O38FE2O3 8F'O 8M,O 8M6O 8C+O8 N+2O 82O8T/O28*+, !2O5.

• U,; +/, +,6 */'; ;,; :':+ ++; +' ''-',8*+, -';&++, -/, ''-',. U,;<;,; /,/ '*+&+ /*+ '+6+/ /*+ *+, /*+ *+&+ */6;,++, '+6+/ *++ ;,; &',66,6+, -+6-+8 ;,;<;,; /,/ +,6+ -'-+,; *++- -',',;+, 6','+ -+6-+.

!ENDA!AT YAN$ #ER#EDA TENTAN$ MA$MA

!RIMER

• D+ 1"338 W/,' (/*' W. T. H;+,6 1"%2) '&',*+&+ +/, +/; -+6-+ +/ (&/-') +*++ '/>+ ++ +,6 '+,:;,+ ++, -',6++-/ &' */>'',/+/ -',:+*/ -+6-+ +,6 '/>+ +/,. • #;,', (1"518 W. T. H;+,68 1"%2) -'-&;,+/ &+,*+&+ +?+ +*+ *;+ :',/ -+6-+ &/-'8 +/; ++/ *+, 6+,// *+, +;+, '; -';&++, +/ +-&;+, *+/ *;+ -+6-+ /,/ +,6 '-;*/+, -'-&;,+/ -&// +/,.

• M+6-+ &+*+ &':++,+,,+ *+&+ -',6++-/ &';++, ++; */'; *',6+, ';/ -+6-+. !' &';++, /,/ -','++, -+6-+ ';+ -',:+*/ -+6-+ +,6 '/>+ +/, ' &'<&' '+6+/ '/; @

• H//*+/ • S/,'/ • A,+'/

MA$MA DIFFERENTIATION.

• D/>'',/+/ -+6-+ +*++ ;+; ++&+, &'-/++, ++; &',6'-&+, -+6-+ */-+,+ -+'/+<-+'/+ +,6 -'-/// '+-++, />+ >//+ -+;&;, /-/+ ++, -',6'-& *+, -'-',; ;+; ;-&;+, -/,'+ '',*// +,6 ,+,/,+ ++, -',6;+ -&// -+6-+ ';+/ &',66,6+,,+ '*+++, +,*;,6+, -+6-+.

• &' */>'',/+/ -+6-+ '+6/ -',:+*/ @ • F+/,+/ (F+/,+ C+/+/,)8 &' &'-/++, /+</+ *+/ +;+, -+6-+ • C+ S'/,6  6+/+/,+ '/,68 &',6',*+&+, /+ ' 6+/+/ *+/ /+</+ '+ +,6 -',6+,*;,6 ;,; C+8 M68 F' +,6 ++, -'-&';+ -+6-+ &+*+ +6/+, *++ -+6-+ +-' • L/;/* I--///8 L+;+, -+6-+ +,6 -'-/// ;; ',*+ ++, &'+ -',:+*/ +;+, +,6 -+/,6<-+/,6 ++, -'-',; ;+; ++, +,6 ''6',. • C+ F+/,8 !',6'-+,6+, /+ /,6+, *+/ */;- *+, &+/;-++, ,+/ ' +6/+, ++ -+6-+ +',+ -'-/// *',/+ +,6 '/ ',*+ *+/ +;+, '-;*/+, ++, -',6+-+,6 *+, -'-',; +&/+, &+*+ +6/+, ++ -+6-+. • '/;+/,

RISTALISASI MA$MA

• /+/+/ +*++ &' &'-',;+, ++, &+*+ *+/

&',6',*+&+, +;+,8 -' (+-&;+, '')8 ++; '/ :++,6 &',6',*+&+, +,6;,6 *+/ 6+.

• !',*/,6/,+, -+6-+ +,6 +-+8 /,</, -'-&;,+/

''-&++, ;,; -',6'-+,6+, *//,+8 -',6+/+, ',; /+ +,6 '+.

• !',*/,6/,+, +,6 '&+8 /,</, /*+ -'-&;,+/ ''-&++, -'-',; /+8 '/,66+ +/ &'-';+,,+ /*+

'+;+, (+;)8 +,6 */,+-++, *',6+, -/,'+ 6'+ (6+).

• J',/ /+/+/ #'*+++, !' U+-+  D/&+,*+,6 *+/ ++,+8 /+/+/ *+&+ */+6/ -',:+*/ 3 &' ;+-+ @

• /+/+/ *+/ +;+, ( ;/, ) @ -';&++, &' /+/+/ +,6 ;-;- */:;-&+/ */ /*+,6 T',/ /-/+ @

&'-;++, &*;<&*; /+ ',+?+ +,6+,/ -+;&;, 6+,/ '&'/ ;'+8 6;+ &+/8 */;- 6;+-+8 ++- /+8 6++- *+&;8 +?+8 >' ;>+ *.

• /+/+/ *+/ ''+, ( -' ) @ */'-+,6+, ;;,+ ;,; &'-;++, //, /,6' /+ +,6 '+,:;,+ */;+ //, ?+' +,6 -';&++, ++, *++ &'-;+, /&</& /,'6+'* /;/ ( IC ).

• /+/+/ *+/ >++ U+& @ +*++ &' ;/-+/<*';/-+/ */-+,+ ;+; ',+?+ *++- >++ ;+& */;/-+/+,

ASIMILASI MA$MA

• T':+*/ &+*+ ++ '*+&+ -+'/+ +/,6 *++- ;; -+6-+ '&'/ +*+,+ +;+, */'/+ -+6-+ +,6 '-;*/+, '+-&;8 -''' *+, ''+/ *',6+, -+6-+ /,*; *+, '-;*/+, ++, -',6;+ -&// -+6-+. • D++- &' +/-/+/8 '+*+,6 +;+,<+;+, +,6 +*+ */ '/+ -+6-+ +-' +,6 '-;*/+, -+; ' *++--+6-+ -'-'; '+6+/ +; ',; /,;/ +;+, +,6 */'; *',6+, G',/. • N+-;, ',;+, /,;/ /,/ :;6+ *+& '',; '+6+/ ;+; /,;/ /+ +,6 */'; *',6+, G',.

MA$MA MIIN$

•

_{T':+*/ ++ *;+ :',/ -+6-+ +,6 ''*+ ''-;}

*+, '-;*/+, '+-&; -',:+*/ +; -',6+/+,

+; :',/ -+6-+ +/, +,6 -6', +,6 */';

*',6+, -+6-+ ;;,+,.

•

_{S'+6+/ ,8 -+6-+ +,*'// *+, *+//}

'-;,6/,+, +*++ -+6-+ /,'-'*/' +,6

'',; *+/ +/ &',+-&;+, -+6-+ ++- *+,

-+6-+ ++.

)

MATERI

#+;+, #';

M+6-+

D'' #?',

(#?',

R'+/, S'/')

+/>/+/

#+;+, #';

#ATUAN #EU

• "atuan beku  +*++ +;+, +,6 '',; *+/

-+6-+ +,6 -',*/,6/, *+, -',6'+8 *',6+, ++;

+,&+ &' /+/+/8 +/ */+?+ &'-;++,

'+6+/ +;+, /,;/> (&;,/) -+;&;, */ ++

&'-;++, '+6+/ +;+, ';/> (;+,/)

•

M+6-+ +,6 -',*/,6/, *+, -',6'+ *+&+ '++

*+/ +;+, '',6+ +/ ++;&;, +;+, +,6 ;*+

+*+

#ATUAN #EU

MA$MA

• M',;; &++ +/ +,/ #urner *+, $erhoogen (1"%0)8 %& % Ground (1"47)8 #akeda  (1"70)8 -+6-+ +*++ +/+, //+ ',+ +,6 &/:+ '',; '++ ++-/+8 ''-&'+; /,66/ +,++ 1.500  2.500_{C *+, '/>+ -/' (*+&+}

'6'+) '+ '*+&+ &+*+ '+ ;-/ +6/+, +?+

• M+6-+ -',6+,*;,6 ''+&+ ++, +; +,6 '/>+ volatile (+/8 CO₂8 /,'8 >;/,'8 /,8 ;&; *+, +/,<+/,) +,6 -';&++, &','+ -//+ -+6-+ '+ non volatile (,, 6+) +,6 -';&++, &'-',; -/,'+ +,6 */:;-&+/ &+*+ +;+, ';

DERET #OWEN (#OWENS REACTION

SERIES)

•

_{D'' ?', +*++ *'' &'-';+, -+6-+ +,6}

*/;;, '

!orman& L "o'en

*',6+, *++

&',*/,6/,+, -+6-+

•

_{'/+ -+6-+ -',6++-/ &',;;,+, ;; +/+}

&':++,+, ' &'-;++, ;-/8 -++ ++, '',;

-/,'+<-/,'+ +,6 */:;-&+/ &+*+ +;+, ';

•

-&,', /-/+ +,6 '*+&+ *++- -+6-+

'+/+, *',6+, -&// +/ +;+, '; +,6

'',;

D'' #?', (#?', R'+/, S'/')

• D'' #?', -',:'++, +?+ &+*+ ++ &' &',*/,6/,+, -+6-+8

'',+,+ -+6-+ /*+ +,6;,6 -'-'; '-;+,+8 '+&/ ':+*/ &' &'-',;+, -/,'+ '++ &'++, *+, &+*+ /+& &',;;,+, ;; '',; -',6+/+, :',/ -/,'+ +,6 ''*+

• M/,'+ +,6 '',; &'+-+ +,/ Olivine8 Anortit  *+, +/,<+/, -';&++, -/,'+ +,6 '/>+ ++ *+, -'-/// /+ +,6 ';;+, '+ +',+ +-+,+ &' &'-';+,

• M/,'+ +,6 '',; */ +/ '+/ '&'/ Muscovite *+, Quartz -';&++, -/,'+ +,6 '/>+

++-• S'-+/, ++- -/,'+ -++ +,*;,6+, ;,; //+ ++, '-+/, +,+ • +,*;,6+, ;,; //+ -',:+*/ -&,', +,6 */&'/;,6+,

*++-&',6+/>/+/+, +;+, ';

•

_{'+*/+, -/,'+<-/,'+ '',; -',',;+,}

,+-+ +;+,8 -&// /-/+ '+ 6+-++,

&' &'-',;+, +;+, /; ',*//.

• A*+&;, +/>/+/ +;+, '; '*+++, +,*;,+, ',+?+ /-/+,+ (+,*;,6+, //+) +*++ '+6+/ '/; @ • 1. #+;+, '; ++- @ S/O₂  P %59 • C, +;+, @ 6+,/8 /'. • 2. #+;+, '; -',6',6+ @ S/O₂  52  %59 • C, +;+, @ *//'8 +,*'/'. • 3. #+;+, '; ++ @ S/O₂  45  529 • C, +;+, @ ++8 6+. • 4. #+;+, '; ;+++ @ S/O₂   459 • C, +;+, @ &'/*/'8 *;,/.

+/>/+/ #+;+, #';

$EOIMIA LARUTAN

• L+;+, '',; '/+ ;+; + '*/&'/ '++ '+6+-*++- + +/,. L+;+, *+&+ ';&+ 6+8 +/+, ++; &+*++, • '-+-&;+, ;+; + ;,; -'-',; +;+, '6+,;,6 *+/ 2 >+8 +/;@ • J',/ /,'+/ /,'-';' +,6 '/+ *++- &' +;+, • '',*';,6+, ++-/ *+/ ;+; + ;,; -','+ ' ;-' +,6 '/ '+ '/+ /*+ +*+ +,6 -',++,

D/;/ L+;+, '',; '/+ '+ 6++ ++/> +,++ + '+; *+, &'+; '+,*/,6 ++; '/ '+ +,++ &+/' &'+; /; ',*//. ,@ N+C '+; *',6+, -;*+ *++- +/ +',+ 6++ ++/ +,6 ':+*/ +,++ /,</, N+ *+, C *',6+, -'; H2O &+ '/ '+ *+/ ++/ +,++ /,</, *',6+, &+*++, N+C

ELARUTAN

• '+;+, +*++ :;-+ -+/-;- *+/ + '+; +,6 /+ +; *++- ':;-+ '',; &'+; &+*+ ;; '',;. • ,@ '+;+, N+C *++- +/ &+*+ ;; 00 C +*++ 3587 6+- &' 100 -L +/. J;-+ 3587 6+- +*++ :;-+ -+/-;- N+C +,6 /+ */+;+, *++- +/ ;,; -'-'/+, +;+, +,6 +/ *++- ''/-+,6+, &+*+ ;; 00 C

FATOR YAN$ MEM!EN$ARUHI ELARUTAN

• /,'+/ + '+;<&'+; '-+/, '+ 6++ ++/ +,++ + '+; *+, &'+;8 -++ '+;+, ;+; + ++, '-+/, /,66/ • S;; '+;+, ;+; &+*++, *++- &'+; (';+-+ +/) ++, '-+/, /,66/ *',6+, /,66/,+ ;; • '+,+, '+;+, ;+; &+*++, *++- +/+, /*+ */&',6+;/ ' '+,+,8 '-',++ '+;+, ;+; 6+ &'+; +&+&;, ++, '-+/, /,66/ *',6+, /,66/,+ '+,+,

!H

&H  < 6 HB8 */-+,+ HB +*++ +/>/+ HB *++- ;+; +;+, HB  10<&H +/>/+ +*++ ,',+/ '>'/> + /,/ *+&+ */+/+, +?+ '''*/++, HB *++- ;+; /'-8 -'/&;, /*6', /*+ ''*/+ *++- ',; &, '+. *++- ',+++,,+8 H B '*//+/ *6 -'; +/ ;,; -'-',; H3OB

REASI REDUSI<OSIDASI (REDOS)

• O/*+/@ • D/+/+, '+6+/ '+/ *',6+, /6', (, '+/ &'-+++,) • '++ '/ ',6+&8 /+ */:'++, '+6+/ ;+; '+/ +,6 -'/++, '&+,+ '', • ':+*/ ++ +*+ +6', &',6/*+/ +,6 *+&+ -','/-+ '', +,6 */'&++, • R'*;/@ •  */+/+, '+6+/ ;+; '+/ +,6 -'/++, &',+-++, '', •  ':+*/ ++ +*+ +6', &''*;/ +,6 -','*/++, '', +,6 */;;+,

EH

(!OTENSIAL OSIDASI !OTENSIAL REDUSI)

• -',66+-++, '';;+, />+ /*+/ '*;/ *+/ ;+; +;+, • /++,+ */;; *',6+, ++ -'-+;+, +; ' ''*+ +,6 -'-+,*/,6+, ;+; +;+, *',6+, ;+; '>'',' '',6+ '+/ (H2  P 2 HB B 2'< ) • E -'-/// ,/+/ B +,6 '/ '+ :/+ +6', &',6/*+/ ''*/+ -'/-&+ (,@ &+*+ +;+, +,6 -'-/// />+ /*+ ;+) • E -'-/// ,/+/ < +,6 '/ '+ :/+ +6', &''*;/ -'/-&+ •  *+&+ */+++, '+6+/ ;+; ++ ;; '''*/++, '',

• +6', &',6/*+/ /*+ '+-+,+ /6',8 -++ ,/+/ E B +,6 '+ /*+ '+; -',6/,*/+/+, -'/-&+,+ /6', '+;

!ROSES YAN$ MEN$ONTROL NILAI EH DI ALAM

• !' /6/ (>/,'/8 '&/+/8 &'-;;+,) • R'+/ '* +,6 -'/++,@

•  F'8 , '''*/++, F'2B . F'3B • S8 , ?'+'/,6 ;>/*+

•  N8 , N2O8 NO2< (,//)8 NO3< (,/+)8 NH4B 8 N<6+,/ • C8 , &'-;;+, -+'/+ 6+,/

R/>/ *+, F+/*

!EN$ERTIAN #ATUAN SEDIMEN

• M';&++, +;+, +,6 '',; '+6+/ +/ &'-+*++, ',*+&+, +,6 ';&+ ++, '&+. #/+ '++ *+/ +;+, ';8 '*/-',8 -'+->8 *+, /+ :;6+ '',; +,6;,6. M',;; T;' (1""1)8 709 +;+, */ &'-;++, ;-/ -';&++, +;+, '*/-',8 ,+-;, +,+ 29 *+/ ;-' ';; '+ ;-/ *',6+, ''++, +,6 '+/> /&/.

MATERIAL SEDIMEN

•

_{F+6-', *+, -/,'+<-/,'+ *+/ +;+, +,6 ;*+}

+*+. M/+,+ '// */ ;,6+/8 &+/ */ &+,+/ *+,

;-&; */ +; ++; */ *+,+;. M+'/+ 6+,/ '&'/

';-; + */ +;8 /+</+ +,6+,6 6+,/-' +/

*+, '6'+/ */ +?+<+?+. H+/ &',6;+&+, *+,

&' /-/+ '&'/ 6++- */ *+,+; &++; *+,

+/;- +,+ */ +; *+,6+.

JENIS #ATUAN SEDIMEN

•

_{+/  #';/8 '',; -'+;/ &'}

'*/-',+/

•

_{N,<+/  /*+ ';/8 '',; '++}

+,6;,6 *',6+, /*+ -'+; &'

'*/-',+/8 '',; '+6+/ +/ &',6;+&+,

;+; +;+, ++; &',6',*+&+, -+'/+ */

'-&+ /; :;6+

!ROSES !ADA #ATUAN SEDIMEN LASTI

• !' '*/-',+/ -'+,/8 */-+,+ ;/<;/ '*/-', '+,&+/ /,66+ */',*+&+, */ ;+; '-&+8 *+&+ */&',6+;/ ' +/8 6+/+/8 +,6/, *+, '. • !' '*/-',+/ /-/+?/8 +/; ':+*/ ++ &/<&/ +,6 '// >;/*+

-','-; ++; -',6// &/<&/ +;+,.

Sedimentasi mekanik Sedimentasi Kimiawi

• Arus Turbidit •   Dissolution • Grain flows •   Cementation • Liquified sediment flows •   Authigenesis • Debris flows •   Recrystallization

•   Replacement •   Compaction •   Bioturbation

TESTUR !ERMUAAN

•

_{++8 /+ &+*+ &'-;++, ;/ '/+ -';,/,6}

*+, '++

+:+-•

S'*+,68 :/+ &'-;++, ;/,+ +6+ -';,/,6

+-&+/ +6+ ++

•

H+;8 /+ &+*+ &'-;++, ;/ ;*+ +; *+, ++.

STRUTUR DALAM #ATUAN

•

_{S;; &'+&/+, /-&+,6 /;}

•

_{S;; &'+&/+, &//+,}

STRUTUR !ERMUAAN

•

_R/&&'

•

_{F&/, > +/; ?+/,6 +,/-+}

•

_{T+ +,* +/ > ?/,6 +,/-+}

•

_{M;* +8 &6,+ +}

•

_{D;,'8 +,/*;,'}

STRUTUR EROSI

•

_{F;' -+8 6' -+8 /,'+ /*6'}

•

_{I-&+ -+}

•

_{C+,,' +,* ;}

•

_{S; +,* >/}

CONTOH #ATUAN SEDIMEN LASTI DAN NON

LASTI @

$EOIMIA #ATUAN SEDIMEN

•

_{A&/+/ ++; , ,++ +,6 *+&+ *//+ *+/}

6'/-/+ ++ +;,+ +*++ -'*' +,6 */6;,++,

' '*/-',6/ *++- -',6;-&;+, *++ *+,

;/ &+*+ />+ *+, ,*// *'&//,+ +;+, '*/-',8

+/; +,+// /-/+ *+/ +;8 -'/,6;&/ 6'/-/+

/&8 '-+; &',66;,++, &',+,66++,

+*/-'/8 ;,; -',',;+, ;/+ +;8 *+, '-//&+,

*',6+, *+'+ ;-'. M'*' /,/ &'+-+ +/ */&++/

&+*+ +;, 1"70+, */-+,+ &','//+, '*/-',6/

-;+/ '+/ *+/ -+&/ *+, >// ' ++

-/&/ *+, /-/+.

$EOIMIA #ATUAN SEDIMEN

•

_{D',6+, &''-+,6+, ',/ +,+/+ *+, &',66;,++,}

++*;-/,/', *+, -/& '',

-'-;,6/,+, &++ +/ '*/-',6/ -',6'+;/

'/ +/ ',+,6 6'/-/+. !''-+,6+, +,6 &'+

/,/ -'-+; /+ ;,; -',6'+;/ ;;,6+, +,++

*/+6','+8 &/<&/ *+, &',6+;,+ '+*+& ';/

&/+ *',6+, ';;+, +;&+/ *+,

$EOIMIA #ATUAN SEDIMEN

• S++ /,/ ''-+,6 &''*++, +,++ -+'*/-',6/ *+, -/'*/-',6/. M+'*/-',6/ '/+ ;*/ >+/' '*/-', +-&+/ ' ;; '*/-',. D/ +/, >/+8 -/'*/-',6/ -'/&;/ ;*/ +;+, '*/-', */ +?+ -/& ++; '/ */',+ *',6+, &'6+>/

CONTOH A!LIASI

• '*+++, +,+// /-/+ //, +,6 +*/ *++- /*+ //+ (S/O2) -';&++, -&// '+,+ +,6 +*+ */ +;&+/. '-',++ +;-;,/;- (A2O3) -'-///

'/-&++, '*+,6 *++- +;&+/ +,6 -',6+,*;,6 ++ >'*&+ ++;  >+6-', '+ +;&+/ ++ -+/ '-&;,6. *+, ;+,6 +,+ *++- +;&+/ ++ ;++8 +,6 ;-;-,+ /*+ -'-/// -+/.

• ++ ++ '/8 -+6,'/;-8 +/;-8 */;-8 *+, &+/;- ;+,6 +,+ *++- +;&+/ */+,*/,6/, +,*;,6+, +;-;,/;-. ,',+/ '+/> *+/ ;,; ;,; /,/ '+6+/ >;,6/ *+/-/,'+6/ ;/+, ;;+, &+/ *+, /&' '-&;,6 *+, '-', &*; */+6',/

*++-+;+,. '+6+/ , +;&+/ ++ '-', +/;- +,+ ++; >/

+,+ +,6 *+&+ '++ +,-+/ -'-'/+, &',6+++, (-',;-+,6+,) ;,; +/;- *++- +,+// /-/+.

• ;,; +/>/+/ +;&+/ /,/ '++ >;,*+-',+ */+6/ '*+++, &',6+-++, ';+ *+, -/,'6/8 +/; >+-'? +,*;,6+, &'',+' >+6-', &',;;,,+ (',+ -/,'+8 ',+ >+6-', // ',+ >'*&+ +,6 -';&++, -&,', &+/,6 *-/,+, *++- +;&+/)

• D'>/,// #+;+, M'+->/ #+;+,

-'+->/ +*++ +;+, +,6 '',; *+/

&'. -'+->/-' +;+,<+;+,

'';-,+ +',+ &';++, '-&'+; *+,

'+,+,.

• M'+->/-' ':+*/ &+*+ '+*++, &+*+ (&+*+

' &+*+) -'/&;/ &' /+/+/8 '/',+/

*+, &'-',;+, -/,'+<-/,'+ +; '+

':+*/ *++- /,6;,6+, +,6 +-+ '+/

''*+ *',6+, /,6;,6+, +;+,

•

++'// #+;+, M'+->/

•

#+;+, -'+->/ -'-/// '+6+- ++'//.

++'// /,/

•

_{*/&',6+;/ ' ''+&+ >+ *++- &'-',;+,}

+;+, ''; 

•

_{< -&// -/,'+ +;+, ++}

•

_{< T'+,+, *+, '-&'+; ++ &' -'+->/-'}

•

_{< !',6+; 6++ ',/}

•

+/>/+/ #+;+, M'+->/

•

_{!+*+ &',6+/>/+/+,,+ '*+++, ;;8}

+;+, -'+->

•

*/+/>/+/+, -',:+*/ *;+8 +/; @

•

F/+/8 ;; &+,+ &+*+ +;+, -'+-> '+6+/

+/+ *+/

•

_{&',6+; '+,+, */>'',/+ (''*+) &+*+ ++}

&' -'+->/-'.

•

_{N, >/+/8 ;; +;+, -'+-> +,6 /*+}

-'-&'/++,

•

&',:+:++, -/,'+<-/,'+ *++- +;+, '';.

•

SLATE

• S+' -';&++, +;+, -'+-> '',; *+/ &' -'+->/-' • +;+, '*/-', S+' ++; M;*,' (+;'-&;,6) &+*+ '-&'+; *+, • ;; +,6 ',*+. M'-/// ;; >/+/ (+ '++6') *+, ';;, • ++ ;/<;/ +,6 +,6+ +; (' >/,' 6+/,'*). • A+ @ M'+->/-' S+' *+, M;*,' • W+,+ @ A;<+;8 /+-8 /:+;8 -'+ • U;+, ;/ @ ' >/,' 6+/,'* • S;; @ F/+'* (S+ C'++6') • -&// @ Q;+8 M;/'8 I/' • D'+:+ -'+->/-' @ R',*+ • C// + @ M;*+ -'-'+ -',:+*/ '-++, /&/

FILIT

• M';&++, +;+, -'+-> +,6 ;-;-,+ ';;, ++ ;++8 '//' • -/+ *+, /. T'',; *+/ '+,:;+, &' -'+->/-' *+/ • A+ @ M'+->/-' S+' • W+,+ @ M'+8 '/:+;+, • U;+, ;/ @ H+; • S;; @ F/+'* (>//<S/') • -&// @ M/+8 ;++ • D'+:+ -'+->/-' @ R',*+  I,'-'*/+' • C// + @ M'-'+ -',6/;/ &'-;++, 6'-+,6

$NEISS

• M';&++, +;+, +,6 '',; *+/ +/ -'+->/-' +;+, '; • *++- '-&'+; *+, '+,+, +,6 /,66/. D++- $,'/ *+&+ */&'' • '/+/+/ *+, >/+/ *+/ ;++8 >'*&+8 -/+ *+, +-&/

• A+ @ M'+->/-' '6/,+ /,'8 +'8 6+,/ • W+,+ @ A;<+;

• U;+, ;/ @ M'*/;-  C+' 6+/,'* • S;; @ F/+'* ($,'//)

• -&// @ ;++8 >'*&+8 +-&/'8 -/+ • D'+:+ -'+->/-' @ T/,66/

• C// + @ ;++ *+, >'*&+ ,+-&+ ''+,6<'/,6 • *',6+, +&/+, /&/ ++ +-&/' *+, -/+.

MINERAL DALAM #ATUAN METAMORFOSIS

• K'arsa  @ ',; +6+ &/&/ ++; -',6/+ + '+; '?+,+ +6+ -',6/+&8 &;/ :',/ ++; &;/ '/:+;+,.

• Klorit  @ '?+,+ /:+;8 +8 ++; + '/+-+,8',; '&//, ++; ',68 '&'/ +,+. /+ /';8 ''++, 1<285.

• %eldsar @ #',; *+, />+,+ +-+ *',6+, >'*>+ *++- +;+, '; ++; +6+ &/&/ +/+ '+,+,.

• ika   @ ',; '-+<'-+ +;8 *+&+ -'-'/+, ?+,+ -',6/+&8 T'*+&+ +,+ &+*+ '/ *+, 6,'/.

• Andalusit  @ &/-+/ ++8 '?+,+ &;*+8 -'+ :+-; +-&+/ /'. /+ /';8 ''++, 5<7.

• Glaukoan @ /+ -,/,8 &'/-+/ '&'/ '+8 ++,6 ++; ;/+,8 &'++, ,/*+8 ?+,+ /; +;<+;8 /; '/+-+,. • Kianit  @ ',; /+ //,8 -'-+,:+,6 ++; '-&',6<'-&',68 ?+,+ /; +;8 /+ /';8 ''++, 4<7. • Aktinolit  @ -',:+;- +; ++; ';&+ '+<'+8 ?+,+ /:+; ++; +;<+; '/:+;+,8 /+ /'; '&'/ ;+. • Garnet  @ /+ /'- '6;'8 '',; ;;8 ?+,+ -'+ :+-; /,66+ -'+ '+ ++; -'+ ;+8 /+ /';8 +,&++, /,66+ &+.

• Serpentin  @ ',; '++, &/&/ ++; '++, >'/' ?+,+ -'+ '++, *+, /:+; ';,/,6+,8

• #alk @ '',; 6+,;+8 /&/</&/ '-++- '+;8 >'/'8 ?+,+ /:+; -;*+ +-&+/ /:+; ;+8 /+ -;/++8 ''++, 1<2

• Kordierit  @ &'/-+/ &',*'8 -&+ ++; 6+,;+8 ?+,+ +; +; '/;+,8 /:+; ;,/,6 ++; + '?+,+8 /+ /';.

• Silimatit  @ &+,:+,6<&+,:+,6 /&/ '&'/ :+;- +*+,6<+*+,6 ',68  ?+,+ +;<+;8 &;/ ++; ;,/,6 &;+. /+ /';.

• #remolit @ '-&',6<'-&',6 ''+ '&'/ +'8 6+,;+. W+,+ &;/8 +;<+;8 /:+;8 ++; ;,/,68 '++, &/-+/8 /+ /';.

• *olanstonit @ +;+ ++; &/-+/8 ''+<'+ &++'8 -','+ ++; 6+,;+. W+,+ &;/ '+;<+;+, ++; /*+ '?+,+8 /+ ;'+.

• Piroksin @ &'/-+/ &',*'8 ?+,+ + /,66+ /+-8 '++, *;+ ++. • livine @ '?+,+ /:+;8 ;,/,6 '++,. ''++, % /,66+ 7.

• Amphibole  @ &'/-+/ &+,:+,6 '// %8 ?+,+ /:+; '/+-+,8 /+ /';8 ''++, 5<%.

JENIS<JENIS METAMORFISME

FISME DAN

FACIES METAMORFISME

@ • M'+->/-' ,+'-+ M'+->/-' ' '-&'+; /,66/ &+*+ /,;/ -+6-+ ++; ';/++. • M'+->/-' '6/,+ M'+->/-' ' ',+/+, '+,+, *+, '-&'+; +,6 '*+,68 *+, ':+*/ &+*+ *+'+ +,6 ;+. • M'+->/-' D/,+-/ M'+->/-' +/+ '+,+, */>'',/+ +,6 /,66/ +/+ &'6'++, &+++, '-&',6.

F+/' -';&++, ;+; &',6'-&+, -/,'+<-/,'+ -'+->/ '*+++, '+,+, *+, '-&'+; *++- &'-',;+,,+ &+*+ +;+, -'+->. S'/+& >+/' &+*+ +;+, -'+-> &+*+ ;-;-,+ */,+-++, '*+++, :',/ +;+, (;-&;+, -/,'+)8 '+-++, />+</>+ >// ++; /-/+.

$EOIMIA OR$ANI

• $'/-/+ 6+,/ +*++ ++ +; ++,6 *//&/, /-; /-/+ 6+,/ +,6 -'-&'+:+/ ',+?+<',+?+ 6+,/ +,6 ;*+ -',:+*/ >/ (/-++) +,6 '*+&+ */ /,6;,6+, ;-/. • S;*/ ',+,6 /; +, &+,' S'++ ;-;-8 6'/-/+ 6+,/ -',+;& &'+, +, (D++- '-;+ ',; /-/+) *++- /'- #;-/ (/& *+, /&8 2005)

MEN$A!A AR#ON !ENTIN$ 

• +, *+&+ -'-',; '+6+/ -++- ',+?+ *',6+, ';+-+ ;>;8 /6',8 ,/6', ;,; -'-',; '-;+ ',+?+ ++-/ • S',+?+ -'-/// +,+ />+ +,6 ''*+8 +,6 -'-;,6/,+, -''+ ;,; -',:+*/ *++ *++- &',/&++, *+, &'-'/+++, '/*;&+, • ';++, ',+?+ +, '6/; ;+ *+, ',*+ &+*+ ++ +,6 +-+ ;,; ;:;+, +,6 ''*+

OM!OSISI IMIA DARI OR$ANISME

HIDU!

• O6+,/-'  ;-' ++, 6+,/ *++- '*/-',

!RODUSEN !RIMER CAR#ON OR$ANI

!*;', +,6 &+/,6 &',/,6 '++ ;+,/+/> +*++@ • #+'/ • T/,66/ +,+-+, • F/&+,, • Z&+,,

ONTRI#UTOR UTAMA UNTU #AHAN OR$ANI SEDIMEN (SETELAH CLAYTON8 1""5)

CHEMICAL COM!OSITION OF !ETROLEUM

(CLAYTON8 1""5)

Gas+ C+-&;+, ;;& '*'+,+ ',+?+. H+ /,/ /++,+ '*// *+/ -'+,+8 '+,+8 ;+,+ *+, &',+,+ '+-+ *',6+, ''+&+ 6+ +,6+,/ in,ak+

L'/ +-&;+, -&' *+/ ',+?+8 */*-/,+/ ' /*+, '+&/ *',6+,  :;-+ +,6 '+/+/ *+/ ',+?+ -',6+,*;,6 ;>;8 ,/6',8 /6', *+,

6+-'&'/ +,+*/;-. -&,', -/,+ *+&+ */+6/ -',:+*/ 4 ;+-+ '-& ',+?+@  :',;8 +-+/8 NSO8 +&+','...

SENYAWA NSO

SENYAWA NSO

SENYAWA NSO

!EM#AHASAN

• $'/-/+ O6+,/ @

1. H/*+, (!'';-) 2. U,; +, (#+;++)

E#ERADAAN MINYA #UMI @

1. #ATUAN INDU

•. #ATUAN YAN$ MEN$HASILAN HIDROAR#ON •. AYA OR$ANI8 #ER#UTIR HALUS

E#ERADAAN MINYA #UMI @

2. #ATUAN RESEROAR  WADU

•. #ATUAN TEM!AT AUMULASI HIDROAR#ON •. !OROSITAS DAN !ERMEA#ILITAS TIN$$I •. ,,+ #ATU!ASIR8 #ATU$AM!IN$

• !ERAN$A!

SISTEM Y$ MEN$HALAN$I HIDROAR#ON LOLOS E !ERMUAAN