Language Functions in Student Teachers Utterance
An Analysis of Student Teachers Utterance in Pre-Service Teaching (PPL) 1
Classrooms at English Teacher Education Department of State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya Academic Year 2014-2015
THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in Teaching English
By:
Chabibatul Chasanah
NIM D75211066
ENGLISH TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
Language Functions in Student Teachers Utterance
An Analysis of Student Teachers Utterance in Pre-Service Teaching (PPL) 1
Classrooms at English Teacher Education Department of State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya Academic Year 2014-2015
THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in Teaching English
By:
Chabibatul Chasanah
NIM D75211066
ENGLISH TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
PERNYATAAIY
KEASLIA}I TULISA}[
l.alg beriaricia
ilrigan rii
-i;awair
in.i:
: Chabibatul Chasanah
: D75211A66
: Tarb!;:ah dan
K+guruan,Tendidikan
Bahasa
Inggris
Menyatakan
bahwa
skripsi yang berjudul*language Funcrions
in
Srudenr
Teachers,
!'ltlerafiee
:
Aia
Axs$;sls
.*f
Sla;dt;z!
Tea::k*t;' !/#er*;sc*-
irc
pre-S*r,,,!ee
Teaclei;eg
ippl,)
I
classrooms
ot English reacher
Education Department
of
state
rshmic
universiry
o!
Sunan
Ampel
Surobaya
Academic
Year
2014-2015"
adalah
benar
hasil
karya
penulis,
dan
r,Li:ksi'': i'i-ie,"-*i-.aka,*r
i:e*ge*":h!!-e!i!-:arr
tulisar: at*u
id*
+ra*g
!ai*
;.,ar.rg
i-;err*!is
al:ui
sel;agai !.:asil
karya sendiri.
Segala
materi
dari karya orang
lain hanya digunakan
sebagai
acuan dengan
i-:re;":gil;i;ti
tafa
**r*: d*:," *t!.1;::
ps;.ii.:lisa:.:
*:a,;,:l
ilm!::|": i,::s:g d!tetap,;.;:l.i
+l*h
pr*gr:lr:r
st-*di
Pendidikan Bahasa
Inggris,
UIN
Sunan
Ampel
Surabaya.
Psri^r;,'at*e:'i
i:'ri
dibi;at
de::g*r'r
sehe:':ar-!::e:1a::i.i1"ie..
Ai:abi!::. per::;,ataa:r
in! tidall
sesuci
<lei.:gii:.:
fakta,
penulis
bersedia
menerima sanksi
dari UIN
Sunan
Ampel Surabaya
dan
Undang-I inda-g;.,e:':g
b*rlakr:
<ii l:"rrJ*nesie.
Surabaya,2g
Juli2015
Chabibatul
Chasanah
NIM.
I!?-{211S66
Nama
NIM
Fakiiltas.0rsdi
IV
APPROVAL
SFIEET
The thesis
by
Chabibatul
Chasa
L'Inerance;
An
Anatysis
or
student
,::r:::"':,;,:::::age
Fun*ions in
student reachers,
Ctassrooms
ar
Engtish
reacher
Edr"r;;;';"^::::::':e
.in
Pre-service
reachins
epD
I
.lmpetsurabayadcad,micyearro,o_rlii,:::"ff
:;:":{:_:;:::;"*,**:
Surabaya,
Iuly
2%h2015
Advisor
I,
NIP.
1
9840st42}Asn200s
Advisor
II,
Zulidyana
Dwi
R.
M.
Hum.
--)
(M
/lt'
APPROVAL
SHEET
The
thesis
by chabibatul
chasanah
entitled
"Language
Functions
in
student
Teachers,
utterance:
An
Analysis
of
student
Teachers'
(Jtterance
in
pre-service
Teaching
(ppl)
I
classrooms
at
English
Te:aslxer
Education Department
of
state Isramic university
of sunan
Ampel
surabaya
Academic
Year
2014-2015'has
been examined
on August
6th 2015
and
approved
by the
Board
of
Examiners.
The board
of
examiners
NIP.
31002
122002
196311 r61989031003
Rizka Safrivani.
M.pd
NrP.
1
e840
e
1
4200r12r}0s
ix
ABSTRACT
Chasanah, C. (2015).
Language Functions in Student Teachers Utterance: An Analysis of
Student Teachers Utterance in Pre-Service Teaching (PPL) 1 Classrooms at English
Teacher Education Department of State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Academic Year 2014-2015.
A thesis. English Teacher Education Department, Faculty
of Education and Teacher Training, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Surabaya. Advisor: Rizka Safriyani, M.Pd.
Key words: Language functions, student teachers (STs), PPL 1, students
✁✂ ✄☎
K
✆ ✝✞✟ ✞✠✞ ✝✡ ✆ ☛ ☞ ✌✍ ✎✏ ✑☛ ✒✓ ✔✕ ✖✓✕ ✗ ✘ ✖✔✙✚✛✜ ✔✢ ✛ ✔ ✣✚ ✖ ✤✗✔✚ ✥✗✓✙ ✦✗✧✢ ★✚✚✗✧✓✔✙✗ ✩ ✪ ✔✪✔✓ ✫
y
✢ ✛✢ ✜ ✬✣✚ ✖✤✗ ✔✚✥✗✓ ✙ ✦✗✧ ✢ ★✚✚✗✧ ✓✔✙✗✛ ✔✭✧ ✗
-
✣ ✗✧ ✮✛✙ ✗✥✗✓✙ ✦✛ ✔✕✯✭✭✒)
✰✱ ✫✓✢ ✢ ✧✜ ✜ ✲✢✓ ✚✳ ✔✕✫✛✢✦✥✗✓ ✙ ✦✗✧✳✤✖✙✓ ✚✛✜ ✔✴✗✵✓✧ ✚ ✲✗ ✔✚✜ ✬✣ ✚✓✚✗✶✢ ✫✓✲✛✙★ ✔✛ ✮✗✧✢ ✛✚
y
✜✬✣✖✔✓✔✪ ✲✵✗✫ ✣ ✖✧ ✓✷✓✸✓✪✙✓ ✤✗ ✲✛✙ ✹✗✓✧ ✺✻✰✼
-
✺✻✰✽.
✾✿❀❁ ✿✞❂ ❃❄❅ ❆❇ ✾❈✠❆❇ ❆❇❉✞✠ ❊✞ ✝✞✟✞ ❋✠❁❁✿❇✟ ✡ ●✞❉❅ ❍❄✞✟■✞✿❏❇❑✞ ✝ ❆✞✠ ▲❈❁❅✿❅✞✠ ✡ ▼✠❇◆❈✿✟❇❄✞✟ ❋✟❍✞❂ ❖❈❁ ❈✿❇ ❃❅✠ ✞✠ P❂◗❈❍ ❃❅ ✿✞❏✞❑✞☛
✾❈❂❏❇❂❏❇✠❁❘❙❇❚❉✞❃✞ ❯✿❇❑✞✠❇✡❱☛✾❆☛
▲✞❄✞▲❅✠❲❇❘❳✞✠❁❅✞❁❈❯❅✠❲❄❇ ❀✠✟✡✟❄❅ ❆ ❈✠❄❄ ❈✞❲✝❈✿✟☞❃■ ✟✑ ✡✾✾❳✎✡✟❇✟❨✞
G
❅ ✿❅ ❄ ❈✿❂✞✟❅ ❉ ❂✞ ✝✞✟❇✟❨✞ ❑✞✠❁ ✟❈❆✞✠❁ ◗✿✞❉ ❄❇❉ ❂❈✠❁✞ ❩✞✿ ☞❆✞❍✞❂ ❏✞ ✝✞✟ ✞ ❋✠❁❁ ✿❇✟ ❆❇✟❈❏❅❄✢✚ ✖ ✤✗ ✔✚ ✚✗✓ ✙ ✦✗✧ ✢❬✣✥✢✑ ✟❈✝✞✿❅✟ ✠ ❑✞ ❂ ❈✠❁ ❈❄✞ ✝❅❇ ❯❅✠❁✟❇ ❏ ✞ ✝✞✟ ✞ ❑✞✠❁ ❂ ❈✿ ❈❉✞ ❁ ❅✠✞❉✞✠ ✟ ✞✞❄
❂ ❈✠❁✞ ❩✞✿☛ P❉✞✠❄ ❈❄✞ ◗❇✡❄ ❈✿ ❆✞ ◗✞❄❂✞✟ ✞❍✞ ✝❆✞❍✞❂ ❯❅✠❁✟❇❏✞ ✝✞✟ ✞❑✞✠❁❆❇❁ ❅✠ ✞❉✞✠❀❍ ❈✝❂✞ ✝✞✟❇✟❨✞
✞❄✞❅✢ ✚ ✖✤✗ ✔✚ ✚✗✓✙ ✦✗✧ ✢ ☞❃■✟ ✑❉ ❈❄❇❉✞❂❈✿❈❉✞❂❈✠❁✞ ❩✞✿ ❆❇ ❉ ❈❍✞✟ ✾✾❳ ✎☛ ❱✞✟ ✞❍✞ ✝ ❄❈✿✟❈❏❅❄✞❆✞❍✞ ✝
✞❍✞✟✞✠ ❂ ❈✠❁✞ ◗✞ ◗❈✠❈❍❇❄❇✞✠❇✠❇❆❇❍✞❉ ❅❉✞✠ ☛P❆✞ ❆❅✞✝✞❍❑✞ ✠❁ ❂ ❈✠ ❩✞❆❇❄❅❩❅✞✠ ❆✞✿❇ ◗❈✠❈❍❇❄❇✞✠❇✠❇❘
✎✑ ▼✠❄❅ ❉ ❂ ❈✠❁ ❈❄✞ ✝❅❇ ❯❅✠❁✟❇ ❏ ✞ ✝✞✟✞ ❑✞ ✠❁ ❆❇ ❁❅✠ ✞❉✞✠ ❀❍ ❈✝ ❂✞ ✝✞✟❇✟❨✞ ◗✿ ❀❁✿✞❂ ✟❄❅ ❆❇
✾❈✠❆❇ ❆❇❉✞✠ ❊✞ ✝✞✟✞ ❋✠❁❁✿❇✟ ❆❇ ❉ ❈❍✞✟ ✾✾❳ ✎❭ ❆✞✠ ✌✑ ▼✠❄❅❉ ❂ ❈✠❁ ❈❄✞ ✝❅ ❇ ❂✞✟ ✞❍✞ ✝❑✞✠❁ ❆❇❄ ❈❂ ❅❇
❂✞ ✝✞✟❇✟❨✞ ◗✿ ❀❁ ✿✞❂ ✟❄❅ ❆❇ ✾❈✠❆❇ ❆❇❉✞✠ ❊✞ ✝✞✟ ✞ ❋✠❁❁ ✿❇✟ ✟ ✞✞❄ ❂❈✠❁❁❅✠ ✞❉✞✠ ❯❅✠❁✟❇ ❏ ✞ ✝✞✟ ✞ ❆❇
❉ ❈❍✞✟ ✾✾❳ ✎☛ ■❈❀✿❇ ❑✞✠❁ ❆❇❁❅✠ ✞❉✞✠ ❆✞❍✞❂ ◗❈✠❈❍❇❄❇✞✠ ❇✠❇ ✞❆✞❍✞✝ ❄ ❈❀✿❇ ❪✞❍❍❇ ❆✞❑ ❄ ❈✠❄✞✠❁ ❄❅❩❅✝
❯❅✠❁✟❇ ❆✞❍✞❂ ❏✞ ✝✞✟ ✞☛ ❱❈❄ ❀❆ ❈ ❑✞ ✠❁ ❆❇❁❅✠ ✞❉✞ ✠ ✞❆✞❍✞ ✝ ❫❅✞❍❇❄✞❄❇❯☛ P❆✞ ❆❅✞ ❄ ❈❉✠❇❉ ❅✠❄❅❉
❂ ❈❂◗❈✿❀❍ ❈✝ ❆✞❄✞ ❑✞❇❄❅ ❀❏ ✟❈✿◆✞✟❇ ❆✞✠ ❇✠❄ ❈✿◆❇ ❈❨☛ ■❈❉✠❇❉ ❀❏ ✟❈✿◆✞✟❇ ❆❇ ❁❅✠ ✞❉✞✠ ❅✠❄❅❉ ❂ ❈✠❲✞✿❇
❄✞ ✝❅ ◗❀❇✠ ◗❈✿❄✞❂✞ ◗❈✠❈❍❇❄❇✞✠ ❇✠❇☛ ❃ ❈❆✞✠❁❉✞✠ ❄ ❈❉✠❇ ❉ ❇✠❄ ❈✿◆❇ ❈❨ ❆❇❁❅✠✞❉✞✠ ❅✠❄❅❉ ❂❈✠❲✞✿❇ ❄✞ ✝❅
◗❀❇✠ ❉ ❈❆❅✞ ◗❈✠❈❍❇❄❇✞✠ ❇✠❇☛ ■❈✿❆✞ ◗✞❄ ✟❈❂❏❇❍✞✠ ❃■✟ ❑✞✠❁ ❆❇ ❀❏ ✟❈✿◆✞✟❇ ❆✞✠ ❆❇❇✠❄ ❈✿◆❇ ❈❨ ❆✞❍✞❂
◗❈✠❈❍❇❄❇✞✠ ❇✠❇☛ ❊❈✿ ❆✞✟ ✞✿❉✞✠ ❆✞❄✞❑✞✠❁ ❆❇◗❈✿❀❍ ❈✝✡ ❄ ❈✿❆✞ ◗✞❄ ❆❅✞ ✝✞✟❇❍ ◗❈✠❈❍ ❇❄❇✞✠✟❈❏✞❁✞❇ ❏❈✿❇❉❅ ❄❘
✎✑ ❴✞✿❇ ❄❅❩❅✝ ❯❅✠❁✟❇ ❏✞ ✝✞✟ ✞✡ ❈❂◗✞❄ ❯❅✠❁✟❇ ❆❇❁ ❅✠ ✞❉✞✠ ❀❍ ❈✝ ✟❈❂❅✞ ❃■✟ ✡ ❑✞❇❄❅ ❯❅✠❁✟❇
❇✠❄ ❈✿✞❲❄❇ ❀✠✞❍✡ ❇✠ ✟❄✿❅❂❈✠❄✞❍✡ ◗❈✿✟❀✠ ✞❍✡ ❆✞✠ ✿❈◗✿❈✟❈✠❄✞❄❇ ❀✠✞❍☛ ●❅✠❁✟❇ ✝❈❅✿❇✟❄❇❲ ❆❇❁ ❅✠ ✞❉✞✠ ❀❍ ❈✝
❆❈❍✞ ◗✞✠❃■✟ ☛●❅✠❁✟❇ ✿❈❁❅ ❍✞❄ ❀ ✿❑❆❇ ❁❅✠ ✞❉✞✠❀❍ ❈✝❍❇❂✞❃■✟ ☛❃ ❈❆✞✠❁❉✞✠ ❯❅✠❁✟❇❇❂✞❁❇✠✞❄❇◆❈❄❇ ❆✞❉
❆❇❁❅✠✞❉✞✠ ❀❍ ❈✝✟✞❄❅ ◗❅✠❃■✟✡ ✌✑ ❱✞✟✞❍✞ ✝❑✞✠❁ ❆❇❄ ❈❂❅ ❇ ❆✞✠ ❆❇❂❇❍❇❉❇❃■✟✟✞✠❁✞❄❍✞ ✝❏❈✿✞❁✞❂☛
❱✞✟ ✞❍✞ ✝✟ ✞✞❄❂ ❈✠❁❁ ❅✠ ✞❉✞✠ ❯❅✠❁✟❇ ❇✠❄ ❈✿✞❲❄❇ ❀✠✞❍ ✞❆✞❍✞ ✝❉❅✿✞✠❁✠ ❑✞❉❈❂✞❂◗❅✞✠❃■✟ ❆✞✠✟❇✟❨✞
❆✞❍✞❂❏ ✞ ✝✞✟ ✞ ❋✠❁ ❁ ✿❇✟ ✡ ❆✞✠✟❅✞✿✞❃■ ✟ ☛❃✞✞❄❂❈✠❁ ❁❅✠✞❉✠ ❯❅✠❁✟❇✝❈❅✿❇✟❄❇❲❂✞✟ ✞❍✞ ✝❑✞✠❁❂❅✠❲❅ ❍
✞❆✞❍✞ ✝✟❇✟❨✞ ❲ ❈✠❆❈✿❅✠❁ ❆❇✞❂✡ ❉ ❅ ✿✞✠❁✠ ❑✞ ❉❈❂✞❂◗❅✞✠ ❃■ ✟ ❆✞✠ ✟❇✟❨✞ ❆✞❍✞❂ ❏✞ ✝✞✟✞ ❋✠❁ ❁ ✿❇✟ ✡
❆✞✠ ◗❈✿❄✞✠ ❑✞✞✠ ❆✞✿❇ ❃■✟ ☛ ❱✞✟ ✞❍✞ ✝ ❆✞❍✞❂ ◗❈✠❁❁❅✠ ✞✞✠ ❯❅✠❁✟❇ ❇✠ ✟❄ ✿❅❂❈✠❄✞❍ ✞❆✞❍✞ ✝
◗✿❀✠❅✠❲❇✞❄❇ ❀✠✡❇✠ ✟❄ ✿❅❉✟❇❑✞✠❁❉ ❅✿✞✠❁❩❈❍✞✟ ✡✟❅✞✿✞ ❆✞✿❇❃■✟ ✡ ✿❅❂ ❇❄✠❑✞❇✠✟❄ ✿❅ ❉✟❇✡❉ ❈❄✞❉❅ ❄✞✠✟❇✟❨✞
❂ ❈✠❈✿❇❂✞ ❇✠✟❄ ✿❅ ❉✟❇✡ ❆✞✠ ❇✠✟❄ ✿❅ ❉✟❇ ❑✞✠❁ ❄❇❆✞❉ ❍ ❈✠❁❉✞ ◗☛ ❱✞✟ ✞❍✞ ✝ ❑✞✠❁ ❆❇❄ ❈❂❅ ❉✞✠ ❉ ❈❄❇❉✞ ❃■✟
❂ ❈✠❁❁❅✠ ✞❉✞✠ ❯❅✠❁✟❇ ◗❈✿✟❀✠ ✞❍ ✞❆✞❍✞ ✝ ◗✿❀✠❅✠❲❇✞❄❇ ❀✠ ❆✞✠ ◆❀❲✞❏❅❍✞✿❑☛ ❱✞✟ ✞❍✞ ✝ ✟ ✞✞❄
❂ ❈✠❁❁❅✠ ✞❉✞✠ ❯❅✠❁✟❇ ✿❈◗✿❈✟❈✠❄✞❄❇ ❀✠ ✞❍ ✞❆✞❍✞ ✝ ◗✿ ❀✠❅✠❲❇✞❄❇ ❀✠ ✡ ❉ ❅ ✿✞✠❁✠ ❑✞ ❉ ❀✠✟❈✠❄ ✿✞✟❇ ✟❇✟❨✞ ✡
◆❀❲✞❏❅ ❍✞✿❑✡ ❉❅ ✿✞✠❁✠ ❑✞ ◗❈✿✟❇✞ ◗✞✠ ❆✞✿❇ ❃■✟ ✡ ❉ ❅ ✿✞✠❁✠ ❑✞ ❉❈❂✞❂◗❅✞✠ ✟❇✟❨✞ ❆✞❍✞❂ ❂❈❂✞ ✝✞❂❇
❏✞ ✝✞✟✞ ❋✠❁❁✿❇✟✡ ❆✞✠ ❉❅✿✞✠❁ ❂❈✠✞✿❇❉ ❲✞✿✞ ❂❈✠ ❑✞❂◗✞❇❉✞✠ ❂✞❄ ❈✿❇ ❀❍ ❈✝ ❃■✟ ☛ ❴✞❍✞❂ ❯❅✠❁✟❇
✿❈❁❅ ❍✞❄ ❀✿❑ ❂✞✟ ✞❍✞ ✝ ❑✞ ✠❁ ❆❇✝✞❆✞ ◗❇ ❃■ ✟ ✞❆✞❍✞ ✝ ❂❈✿❈❉✞ ✟❈✠❆❇ ✿❇ ❏❇✠❁❅✠❁ ❏ ✞❁✞❇❂✞✠✞ ❂ ❈✠❁✞❄❅✿
x
T
ABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER
.
i
APPROVAL SHEETS ADVISOR ...
ii
APPROVAL SHEETS EXAMINERS
.
iii
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TULISAN
iv
MOTTO
v
DEDICATION SHEET
.
vi
ACKNOWLED
❵❛❜ENT
.
vii
ABSTRACT .
.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .
.
x
LIST OF TABLE
..
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Research background
. 1
B. Research questions
.
7
C. Objectives of the research
..
7
D. Significance of the research
...
❝E. Scope and limitation of the research
.. 9
F. Definition of key terms
.. 10
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of related literature
13
1. The nature of discourse analysis
13
2. Types of discourse
.
15
3. The nature of classroom discourse
15
xi
5. Recording and transcribing classroom interaction
22
6. Discourse in teaching
25
B. Review of previous study
.. 26
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
A. Approach and research design
..
32
B. Research presence
.
33
C. Research location
..
33
D. Data and source of data
. 34
E. Data collection technique
.. 37
1. Non-participant Observation
3
❞2. Semi-Structured Interview
. 39
F. Research Instrument
.
. 39
1. The Researcher
. 39
2. Observation checklist
...
40
3. Video-Recording
..
41
4. Interview guide
. 41
❡❢
Data Analysis Technique
..
42
H. Checking Validity of Findings
.. 47
I. Research stages
.
4
❞CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Findings
.
.. 52
1. The language functions used by the student teachers
. 53
2. The difficulties experienced in performing the language functions... 94
B. Discussion
.. 99
1. The language functions used by the student teachers
99
2. The difficulties experienced in performing the language functions... 124
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
. 131
B. Suggestion
.. 133
REFERENCES
❤✐❥❦❧ ♠♥♦
♦♣❧♥qrs❤❧ ♦q♣
❥t ♥✉
s
✉ ✈✇ ①②③ ✈ ①k
④✇oun
⑤⑥ ⑦⑧⑨ ⑨ ⑩❶❶ ❷ ❸⑧⑦❹ ❺⑨ ❸⑧❸❻❼ ❽❾ ❿❷ ⑧ ⑩❸ ⑧➀❼ ➁⑧ ⑩⑨➂⑧ ⑦⑦❺ ➃⑨ ➄⑧ ⑩❸ ❶ ➅ ❼ ➃⑨➆❶ ➇ ⑩⑨ ❻ ➈ ➉
➊❸ ➃⑨
❶➀ ❻ ❶ ➅ ❸ ➂❻ ➃❷ ➄❶ ⑩❸⑧➀ ❸ ❻ ⑦❻❷❻➀ ❸⑨ ➃➀ ➆⑦⑧⑨⑨⑩❶ ❶❷ ❼ ➃⑨➆❶ ➇ ⑩⑨ ❻ ➈ ⑥ ⑦⑧⑨⑨⑩❶ ❶❷ ❸⑧ ⑦❹ ➃⑨
➃❷ ➄❶ ⑩❸⑧➀ ❸ ❽❻ ➆⑧➇⑨ ❻ ❸ ➂➃⑨ ➃⑨ ❸ ➂❻ ➆➂⑧➀➆❻ ❸❶ ❻➋ ➄❶⑨ ❻ ⑧ ❸⑧ ⑩➌❻❸ ⑦⑧➀➌ ➇⑧➌ ❻ ➅❶ ⑩ ⑦❻ ⑧ ⑩➀❻ ⑩⑨ ➈
➍➂❻➀ ⑧ ❸❻⑧ ➆➂❻ ⑩ ❸❻⑧ ➆➂❻⑨ ❸ ➂❻ ➅❶ ⑩❻ ➃➌ ➀ ⑦⑧➀➌ ➇⑧➌❻ ❺ ➂❻➎⑨ ➂❻ ➀❶❸ ❶➀⑦❾ ❸❻⑧ ➆➂❻⑨ ❸ ➂❻
⑦⑧➀➌➇ ⑧➌ ❻❽ ➇❸⑧ ⑦⑨ ❶➇ ⑨❻⑨➃❸⑧⑨⑧❷ ❻❼ ➃⑧❸❶❸❻⑧ ➆➂ ➈➏❻⑨➃❼ ❻⑨ ❺➃❸ ➆⑧➀❼❻ ⑦➃➐❻ ⑩➑➂⑧❸ ⑧⑦❻⑨ ⑨❶ ➀
➃⑨⑧ ➃❷ ❻❼ ➈➏❶ ❸ ➂❸❻⑧ ➆➂❻ ⑩⑧➀❼⑨ ❸➇❼ ❻➀❸⑨ ➆⑧➀➇ ➀❼ ❻ ⑩⑨ ❸⑧➀❼ ➑➂⑧❸❸ ➂❻ ➄➇⑩➄❶ ⑨ ❻❶ ➅ ⑦❻⑨ ⑨❶ ➀➃⑨
⑧➀❼ ➑➂⑧❸ ❸ ➂❻ ⑦❻⑨⑨ ❶ ➀ ➃⑨ ⑧❽ ❶➇ ❸ ➈ ➊➀ ❶ ❸ ➂❻ ⑩ ➑❶ ⑩❼ ⑨❺ ❸❻⑧➆➂❻ ⑩⑨ ➆⑧➀ ⑧ ➆➂➃❻➐ ❻ ➄❻❼ ⑧➌ ❶➌ ➃➆⑧ ⑦
➌❶⑧ ⑦⑨❸ ➂ ⑩❶➇ ➌ ➂ ➆⑦⑧⑨⑨⑩❶ ❶❷❸⑧ ⑦❹➈➒➂➇⑨❺ ➆ ⑦⑧⑨ ⑨⑩❶ ❶❷ ❸⑧⑦❹➃⑨ ➆⑩➇ ➆➃⑧ ⑦❽ ❻ ➆⑧➇⑨ ❻➃❸❼➃⑨ ➆➇ ⑨⑨ ❻⑨
➑➂❻ ⑩❻❸❻⑧ ➆➂❻ ⑩⑧➀❼⑨ ❸➇❼ ❻➀ ❸⑨❽ ➇ ➃⑦❼❸ ➂❻➃➀ ❸❻ ⑩⑧ ➆❸ ➃❶➀⑧➀ ❼ ➆❶❷ ❷➇ ➀ ➃➆⑧❸ ➃❶➀➃➀⑧➆⑦⑧⑨ ⑨➈
➓➆➆❶⑩❼ ➃➀ ➌ ❸❶ ➁ ➆⑥⑩❶ ⑨ ❹❻❾ ⑧➀❼ ➔➃➆➂❷ ❶➀ ❼ ❺ ❸ ➂❻ ➆❶❷ ❷➇ ➀ ➃➆⑧❸ ➃❶ ➀ ➃➀ ⑧
➆⑦⑧⑨⑨⑩❶ ❶❷ ➃⑨ ➂⑧ ➄➄❻➀❻❼ ❽❻ ➆⑧➇⑨ ❻ ❸ ➂❻ ⑩❻ ➃⑨ ⑧ ⑩❻ →➇➃⑩❻❷❻➀ ❸ ➅❶ ⑩ ➃➀➅❶⑩❷ ⑧❸ ➃❶➀ ⑧➀❼
➇➀ ❼❻ ⑩⑨ ❸⑧➀ ❼ ➃➀ ➌ ➈ ➣
➊➀ ⑧ ➆⑦⑧⑨ ⑨ ⑩❶❶ ❷ ⑧ ❸❻⑧ ➆➂❻ ⑩ ➃➀➃❸ ➃⑧❸❻⑨ ❸ ➂❻ ➆❶❷❷ ➇➀➃➆⑧❸ ➃❶➀ ⑧➀ ❼
➅⑧ ➆➃⑦➃❸⑧❸❻⑨❸ ➂❻⑦❻ ⑧⑩➀ ➃➀ ➌ ➈ ➊➀⑧❼❼➃❸ ➃❶➀❺⑨❸➇ ❼❻➀ ❸⑨➀ ❻❻❼ ➃➀ ➅❶ ⑩❷ ⑧❸ ➃❶➀⑧➀ ❼ ⑦⑧➀➌ ➇⑧➌ ❻ ➃➀ ➄➇ ❸
➅⑩❶ ❷ ⑧ ❸❻⑧ ➆➂❻ ⑩⑧⑨ ➑❻ ⑦⑦➈ ➊➀ ➆⑦⑧⑨ ⑨ ⑩❶❶ ❷ ❼➃⑨ ➆❶ ➇ ⑩⑨❻ ⑧ ❸❻⑧ ➆➂❻ ⑩ ➆⑩❻⑧❸❻⑨ ➆❶ ❷❷➇ ➀ ➃➆⑧❸ ➃❶ ➀
➑➃❸ ➂ ⑨ ❸➇ ❼❻➀❸⑨ ❸❶ ❼ ❻ ⑦➃➐❻ ⑩ ❸ ➂❻ ⑦⑧➀ ➌➇⑧➌ ❻ ➃❸⑨ ❻ ⑦➅ ⑧➀❼ ⑧➀ ❾ ➃➀➅❶⑩❷ ⑧❸ ➃❶➀ ❼❻⑧ ⑦➃➀ ➌ ➑➃❸ ➂
↔
↕➙➛ ➜ ➝➞ ➟➠➡➢➤➥ ➦
&
↕➝➧➧➨➟➩➢ ➤➫➭➢➛ ➛ ➦➯ ➲➳➥ ➝➤➢ ➵➥ ➜ ➸➳➺ ➝➥ ➻ ➝➝➳➨ ➛ ➢➫➫➤ ➸➸➡➼➜ ➫➵ ➸ ➙➤➫ ➝➦➽➝➢➵➭ ➝➤➾ ➙➝➫➥ ➜ ➸➳➜ ➳➚➦➢➳➪➠➥ ➙➪➝➳➥➨ ➸➚➳➜ ➥ ➜ ➶ ➝➹➳➚ ➢➚ ➝➡ ➝➳➥➜ ➳➩➜➪➪➛ ➝➠➵➭ ➸ ➸➛➠➵➜ ➝➳➵➝ ➘ ➴➷➟ ➬➮➮➱ ✃❐ ❒❮ ❐➱ ❰Ï➱ÐÑ✃❐ ➷❰✃➷➘➷❒ ✃➴➷Ð➮
ÒÓ Ô✃❒❮ ❐➱ ❰➟ÕÖ ×Õ➦Õ➟ Ø
↕➢ ➡➝➫➨ ➟➩ ➟➦Ù➜➤➚ ➜ ➳➜ ➢Ú➟Û➟➦
&
Ü➜➳➪➢Ü➟➩ ➦➬❰Ý❰❮Ð➱ÓÔ✃❮ ❐➱❰❮ ➱Þ➱ßß Ô❰❐✃❒❮ ❐➱ ❰❐❰❮ ➴➷Þà❒➮➮Ð➱ ➱ßáæ
çèééêëé ì í îè ïðñèò óé ïðêë ôõ ðîêò êö ðê÷÷ õëóðïîóêë êò óëîèòïðîóêë ì ø ñóé ðêë ðè ù î
óé ô óé ðõ é éè ô ïé úèçç û ü ýóçþèò ïëô ÿê õî îñïî îè ï ðñèò óé îñè ðêë ôõðîêò êò
ðêëîò êççèò êö îñè óë îèò ïðîóêë ✁ ñè✂é ñè é è îé îñè îêùóð✄èç óðóî é îñè òèéùêëé èé ✄ ôè ðóôèé
úñê ùïòîóðóùïîèé ✄ ïë ô óþèé öè èôûïð☎ì ✆
✝û þóêõé çü✄ ï îè ï ðñèò öò è✞õèëîçü óëó îóïîèé
îñè ðç ïé é ò ê ê÷ ôóéðêõòé è ✄ òè ùïóò é é îõôèëîé ✥ òèéù êë éè êò ÷ óéîï☎è✄ ïëô óþèé
öèè ôûïð☎ì ø ñè ðç ïéé òêê÷ óé îñè ùç ïðè úñèòè îñèðê÷÷ õëóðïîóêë û ü ïîè ïðñèò ïë ô
é îõôèëîé ñïù ùèë é ì
ýóçþèò ïë ô ÿê õî éîïîè ô îñ ïî îñè ðêë îòêççèò êö óë îèòïðîóêë óë ï ðç ïé é óé ï
îè ïðñèò ì ✟
✠è î✄úñïîñ ïùùèëé óö ïîè ïðñèò ðïë ë ê îôèç óþèò úèçç ïç ïë õï èêò ñ óé ✂ ñèò
óôè ï óë ï ðç ïé é ò ê ê÷✡ ø ñè ïë éúèòéö êò îñ óé ✞õ èéîóêë ïòè é îõôèëîé ÷ ïüûè ðêëöõ é è ô
úñïî îñè îè ïðñèò éïóôì ☛ë ïô ôóîóêë✄ îñè îè ïðñèò ïçéê ÷ ïü ûè ùò êûïûçü ðêë öõ éè ô
úñïî ñè✂é ñè óé éõùù êé è ô îê ôêì ø ñóé éóîõïîóêë ûè ðê÷èé ûòè ï☎ô êúë
ðê÷ ÷õ ë óðïîóêë ì ☞òèï☎ô êúë ðê÷÷ õë óðïîóêë óé úñèë éùè ï☎èòé ðïë ëêî ôèç óþèò
úèççîñè óòçïë õï è êò úñèëç óéîèëèò é ðïë ë ê îõ ë ôèòéîïëô îñèé ùè ï☎èò ✥éç ïë õï èì
ø ñè ðïé è êöûò è ï☎ôêúë ðê÷ ÷õ ë óðïîóêë ñïùùèëé óë ðç ïé é ò ê ê÷ é úñèëéîõ ôèë îé êö
✌ë ç óé ñ øè ïðñèò ✌ôõðïîó êë ✍è ùïò î÷ èë î
(
✌ø✌✍✎ êö ýîïîè ☛é ç ï÷ óð ✏ëóþèòéóîü êöýõëïë í÷ùèç
(
✏☛✑ýí✎ ùò ïðîóðè îèïðñóë óë ✒òè ✓ýèòþóðè ø è ïðñóë ✔ êò ✒✒✕ ✔ðêõ òé èìø ñèùò êûçè÷ðïõ é èé îñèéîõ ôèë îéðïëë ê î÷ï✖ó÷ó✗èîñè óò îè ïðñóë ì
✘✙✚ ✛✜✢✙ ✣✜✤ ✦✧✜★ ✩
(
ýøé)
✄ é îõôèëîé úñêùò ïðîó ðè îè ïðñóë ✄ óë✒✒✕ ✔ ðêõ òé èïòè ðêëö õé è ô óë ðê÷ ÷õ ë óðïîóë úóîñ îñè óò éîõôèë îé ✥
(
îñè ýø é✥ öòóèë ôé úñê✪
✫✬ ✭ ✮✯✬ ✰ ✱✲✳✴
&
✵✮ ✰✶✷ ✮✸✹ ✺✻✭ ✼✽✾ ✲ ✮✿ ❀✲✳✾✮✰❁✴❂ ✲❃ ✮✺✹✺✬ ✿✾✮ ✰❁✮✷ ❃❄ ✰✮❅❅✳✹✹❆❇✿✭ ✬ ✱✬ ✭ ✬ ✲❅❈❇✷✹ ✭ ❀✲✳❉✹✹ ❁ ❊ ❋ ❋●✴✼ ❍✼
4
■
❏ ❑▲▼▲◆❖ P◗ ◗ ▼❘❖ ▲◆ ▼◗
)
❙ ❚ ▼ ❯P ❱ ❲P ❘◗ ▲ ▼❳P ▼ ▼❳▲❱ ❏❑❨❩P❩ ❬❱ P ❑▲ ◆ ❨▼ ❑▲P❖ ❱ ▼❨ ▼▲P❲ ❳❙❭❘ ❑▼❳ ▲❑❯ ❨ ❑▲❪ ▼❳▲❱ ❯P ❱ ◆❨ ▼ ❏ ❑ ❨❩ P❩❬❱ ❫◆❨❴ ▼❳ ▲ ❵❘ ◆❲ ▼❛❨◆◗ ❨❵ ❬P ◆❜❘P❜▲ P ◆❖ ❳ ❨❴
▼❳▲❱ P ❑▲ ❘◗▲❖ ❛◆ ▼▲P❲ ❳❛◆❜❙ ❝ ❳❘◗❪ ▼❳❛◗ ❏❑❨❩❬ ▲❯ ❲P ❘◗ ▲◗ ▼❳ ▲ ◗▼❘❖▲◆▼◗ ❲ ❨◆❵❘◗▲❖ P◗
❴▲❬❬❙ ❝ ❳ ▲❱ ▼▲◆❖ ▼❨ P❬❴P❱◗P◗❫ ▼❳ ▲❛❑❵❑❛▲◆❖ ◗ ❴❳P ▼ ▼❳▲ ▼▲P❲ ❳ ▲❑◗ P❛❖ ❙❝ ❳❛◗ ◗❛▼❘P ▼❛❨◆
❲ ❨❯ ❯ ❨ ◆❬❱P❏ ❏ ▲P ❑◗❴❳❛❬ ▲▼❳▲❞❝◗❏ ❑P❲ ▼❛❲ ▲▼▲P❲ ❳❛◆❜❡ ◆❜❬❛◗❳ ❛◆❢❢❣❤❪❖❨▼▲P❲ ❳ ▲❑◗
❴ ❛▼❳ ❬❛❯❛▼▲❖ ▲✐❏▲❑❛▲◆❲ ▲ ❛◆ ▼▲P❲ ❳❛◆❜ ❡◆❜❬❛◗ ❳❙ ❝ ❳ ❘◗❪ ▼❳❛◗ ❏ ❑❨❩❬ ▲❯ ❛◗ P ❑❛◗▲◆ P◗ ▼❳▲
❑▲P◗❨◆❵❨ ❑ ▼❳❛◗ ❑▲◗▲P ❑❲ ❳❙ ❝ ❳❛◗ ❑▲◗▲P ❑❲ ❳ ❛◗ ❖❨◆ ▲▼❨ P ◆P❬ ❱❥ ▲ ▼❳ ▲❞❝◗ ❦ ❘▼▼▲❑P ◆❲ ▲◗ ❨❑
❧▲❑❩ P❬❬P ◆❜❘P❜▲❙
❣P ◆❜❘P❜▲ ❴❳❛❲ ❳ ❛◗ ❏ ❑ ❨❖❘❲ ▲❖ ❳P◗ ◗ ❨❯ ▲ ❵❘◆❲ ▼❛❨◆◗ ❙ ❝ ❳ ▲ ❵❘ ◆❲ ▼❛❨◆◗ ❨❵
❬P ◆❜❘P❜▲ P ❑▲ ◆❨ ▼❛❲ ▲❖ P◗ ▼❳▲ ❬P ◆❜❘P❜▲ ❵❘ ◆❲ ▼❛❨ ◆◗ ❙ ♠▲❑❑▲❬ P ◆❖ ♥❨❑❖P ◆ ❖ ▲◗ ❲ ❑❛❩▲ ▼ ❳▲
❬P ◆❜❘P❜▲ ❵❘◆❲▼❛❨ ◆◗ ❴❳❛❲ ❳ P ❑▲ ❖ ▲◗❛❜◆ ▲❖ ❩ ❱ ♠P❬❬❛❖ P❱❙ ❝ ❳ ▲ ❵❘ ◆❲ ▼❛❨ ◆◗ P ❑▲
❛◆◗▼❑❘❯ ▲◆ ▼P❬❪ ❑▲❜❘❬P ▼❨❑❱❪ ❛◆ ▼▲❑P❲ ▼❛❨◆P❬❪ ❏▲❑◗❨◆P❬❪ ❳ ▲❘❑❛◗▼❛❲❪ ❛❯P❜ ❛◆P ▼❛❧▲❪ P ◆❖
❑▲❏ ❑ ▲◗▲◆▼P ▼❛❨◆P❬ ❵❘◆❲ ▼❛❨◆◗ ❙ ♦
❚ ◆◗▼❑❘❯ ▲◆ ▼P❬ ❵❘◆❲ ▼❛❨◆ ❛◗ ❘◗▲❖ ❴❳ ▲◆ P ▼▲P❲ ❳▲❑ P◗❫◗
◗ ▼❘❖ ▲◆ ▼◗ ▼❨ ❖ ❨ ◗❨❯▲▼❳❛◆❜ P◗ P ❲ ❨❯❯ P ◆❖❪ ❵❨ ❑ ▲✐P❯ ❏❬ ▲ ♣ q❏ ▲◆ ❱ ❨ ❘❑ ❩❨❨❫ r ❙
s ▲❜❘❬P ▼❨ ❑❱❵❘ ◆❲ ▼❛❨ ◆❳P◗P❵❘ ◆❲ ▼❛❨◆▼❨❲ ❨◆ ▼❑❨❬◗▼❘❖▲◆▼◗ ❦❩ ▲❳P❧ ❛❨ ❑❙❚ ▼❖ ▲P❬◗❴ ❛▼❳ ▼❳ ▲
❑❘❬ ▲◗ ❨❑ P❜❑▲▲❯ ▲◆ ▼◗ ❴❳❛❲ ❳ P ❑ ▲ ❯ P❖ ▲ ❩ ❱ P ▼▲P❲ ❳ ▲❑ P ◆❖ ◗ ▼❘❖▲◆▼◗ ❛◆ P ❲❬P◗ ◗❪ ❵❨ ❑
❛◆◗▼P ◆❲ ▲ ♣❢❬ ▲P◗▲ ◗❘❩❯❛▼ ❱ ❨❘ ❑ P◗ ◗❛❜◆❯▲◆▼ ◆▲✐▼ ❴▲▲❫
!
❚❵ ❱ ❨ ❘❖ ❨ ◆❦▼❪ ❴▲ ❴ ❛❬❬ ◆ ❨▼◆▲❲ ▲◗ ◗ P ❑❛❬❱ ❳P❧▲P❯ ▲ ▲▼❛◆❜ P❜P❛◆❙ ❙ ❚ ◆▼▲❑P ❲ ▼❛❨◆P❬ ❵❘ ◆❲ ▼❛❨ ◆❳P◗ P❏ ❘ ❑❏ ❨◗▲▼❨❲ ❑▲P ▼▲
❛◆▼▲❑P❲ ▼❛❨ ◆◗ ❘❲ ❳P◗ ♣♠ ❛
!
❪♣♠▲❬❬ ❨!
❪ ♣t ❨❨❖❯❨❑◆❛◆❜!
❪ ❨❑♣♠❨❴P ❑▲❱ ❨❘✉❙ ❝ ❳▲◆❪❏ ▲❑◗❨ ◆P❬ ❵❘ ◆❲ ▼❛❨ ◆ ❛◗ ❘◗ ▲❖ ▼❨ ▲✐❏ ❑ ▲◗◗ P❩❨❘ ▼ ▲❛▼❳▲❑ ❏ ▲❑◗❨◆P❬ ❨❏❛◆❛❨ ◆❪ ❑ ▲◗❏❨◆◗▲❪ ❨❑
✈
➙
➛ ➜➜➝➞➟ ➠➡➛ ➢ ➤➜➥ ➦➧➨➝ ➜➩➫➢➢ ➭ ➯ ➡➩ ➲➦➠➤➜➜➯ ➡ ➢➤➩➲➭➢ ➟ ➳➵➵➸➞➟ ➺➻➢➯ ➯ ➼ ➜➽ ➤➞ ➻➵➞ ➾➛ ➽➟➾➵➞➢➟
➾➦➟ ➚➜➽ ➻ ➜➭ ➵➢➭➞ ➻ ➾➢➪➜➤➢➤➜➥ ➨➝➢➤➜➞➟➛ ➢ ➤➧ ➦➵➞➢➟ ➻➽➾➸ ➦➻➩➶➸ ➦➵➞ ➻➵➸ ➜ ➨ ➦➻➵➛➢➤➧➢ ➛
➤➜➦➭ ➹ ➯ ➲➟ ➦➭➭ ➞➵➞➢➟➡➞ ➧ ➦➠➞➟ ➦➵➞➪➜➛➽ ➟ ➾➵➞➢ ➟ ➸➦➻➦➨➽➤➨➢➻➜➞➛➢ ➟ ➜➽ ➻ ➜➻ ➦➝ ➦➟➠ ➽ ➦➠➜➵➢
➵ ➜➝➝ ➦ ➵➢➤➘ ➢➤ ➵➢ ➾➤➜➦➵ ➜ ➞ ➧ ➦➠➞➟ ➦➵➞➪➜ ➴➢ ➤➝➭ ➚ ➘ ➨➝ ➦➘➞➟ ➠➯ ➷➦➻➵➡ ➤ ➜➨ ➤➜➻ ➜➟ ➵ ➦➵➞➢➟➦➝
➛➽➟➾➵➞➢➟➸➦➻➦➛➽➟➾➵➞➢➟➵➢ ➾➢ ➧➧➽➟ ➞ ➾➦➵ ➜➢ ➤ ➭➜➝➞➪➜➤➞➟ ➛➢➤➧➦➵➞➢ ➟ ➻➽ ➾➸ ➦➻➩➬➸ ➜➨ ➦➻➵
➛➢ ➤ ➧➢ ➛ ➮ ➱✃❐➞ ➻➮➱✃❐➯ ➯❒➢ ➧ ➜➢ ➤ ➦➝➝➢ ➛➵➸➜➛➽ ➟➾➵➞➢➟➻➢➛ ➝ ➦➟ ➠➽➦➠ ➜➧ ➦➘➦➨➨➜➦➤➞➟ ➦
➾➝ ➦➻➻➯ ❮➢➤➜➢➪➜➤➡ ➢➟➜ ➽ ➵➵ ➜➤➦➟ ➾ ➜ ➧ ➦➘ ➸➦➪➜ ➢➟➜ ➛ ➽➟➾➵➞➢➟ ➢➤ ➧➽ ➝➵➞➨➝ ➜ ➛➽➟➾➵➞➢➟➻➯
➬➸➽➻➡➦➵➜➦➾➸➜➤➞➟➾➝➽➭ ➞➟➠➦❒➬ ➾➦➟➽ ➻ ➜➵➸➢ ➻ ➜➻ ➜➪➜➟➛➽ ➟ ➾➵➞➢➟➻➢➛➝ ➦➟ ➠➽➦➠ ➜➞➟➢➤➭ ➜➤
➵➢➾➤ ➜➦➵ ➜➾➝ ➦➻ ➻ ➤➢➢➧➭➞ ➻ ➾➢➽➤➻ ➜➯
❒➾➸ ➞➛➛ ➤➞➟ ➡ ➬➦➟➟➜➟➡ ➦➟ ➭ ➼ ➦➧➞➝➵➢ ➟ ➻ ➵ ➦➵ ➜ ➵➸ ➦➵ ➵➸ ➜ ➻➵➽ ➭➘ ➦➚➢ ➽➵ ➭ ➞ ➻➾➢ ➽ ➤ ➻➜
➦➟ ➦➝➘➻➞ ➻ ➞ ➻ ❰➽➞ ➾➺ ➝➘ ➠ ➤➢➴➞➟➠ ➽ ➨➯ Ï
➬➸ ➜ ➤➜➻ ➜➦➤ ➾➸ ➜➤ ➻ ➛ ➤➢➧ ➦➚➤➢ ➦➭ ➴➸ ➢ ➭➞ ➻ ➾➽➻➻ ➜➭
➦➚➢ ➽➵ ➾➝ ➦➻➻ ➤➢ ➢ ➧ ➞➟➵ ➜➤➦➾➵➞➢➟ ➦➤➜ Ð➞➢➢ ➺ Ð➜➸➟➦➧ ➦➟ ➭ Ñ➦➻ ➻➦➧➞➟ Ò➢➽➤➞ ➤➦➟➡ ➦➟ ➭
❮➞ ➾➸ ➦➜➝ Ó➯ ❒➸ ➜➨ ➸ ➜➤➭➯ ➲➟ ➦➭➭ ➞➵➞➢➟ ➡ ➵➸➜➤➜ ➦➤➜ ➵➸➜ ➢ ➵➸ ➜➤ ➤ ➜➻➜➦➤ ➾➸ ➜➤ ➻ ➴➸➢ ➻➵➽➭➞ ➜➭
➦➚➢ ➽➵ ➾➝ ➦➻ ➻ ➤➢ ➢ ➧➭➞ ➻ ➾➢ ➽ ➤➻ ➜➛ ➤➢ ➧➲➟ ➭➢ ➟ ➜➻➞ ➦➯ ➬➸ ➜➘➦➤➜Ô➦➺ ➸ ➧ ➦➴➦➵➞➡ Õ➝➝➞ ➻➘Ó ➞➻➘➦➸ ➡
➦➟➭Ö➽ ➤× ➦➟ ➟ ➦➸ ➯ Ø
Ð➜➻➞➭ ➜➻➡ ➵➸ ➜➵➸➜➜➥ ➦➧➨➝ ➜➻➢➛ ➟ ➦➧➜➻➢➛ ➻➾➸ ➢➝ ➦➤ ➻➦➟ ➭ ➤➜➻ ➜➦➤ ➾➸ ➜➤ ➻
➞➟➵➸➜➛➞ ➜➝➭➢➛➵ ➜➦➾➸➜➤➵ ➦➝➺ ➻➵ ➦➵ ➜➭➚ ➘Ñ➦➟ ➛ ➜➟➦➟ ➭Ñ➽ ❰➞➟➦➤➜➷➞➟ ➭➸ ➢➝ ➧Ù ➷➜ ➦➤➘➡Õ➝➝➞ ➻➡
➦➟➭➶➤➞➠➸ ➵➯ Ú
➬➸ ➜➢➵➸➜➤➤➜➻ ➜➦➤➾➸➜➤➻➴➸➢➭➞ ➻ ➾➽ ➻ ➻ ➜➭ ➦➚➢ ➽➵➵ ➜➦➾➸ ➜➤➵ ➦➝➺➛ ➤➢ ➧➦➚➤➢➦➭
➦➤➜ ❮➦Û➞➢Ù ➘➦➟➡ ➼ ➻➞➟ÙÑ➞➟ ➷➞➟➡ Ñ➦➟ ➛ ➜➟ ➦➟ ➭ Ñ➽ ❰➞➟➡ × ➜➟➞ ➦ Ò➯ ➲➪➦➟ ➢➪➦➡ ❒➞➝➪➜➤ ➦➟➭
Ü
ÝÞßà áâãäåã æ ççáæ èéÝÞßà áâãê âèè Þèé
&
ë Þæ ì æí îë âïæð ñàèéò óôõö ÷ø ùúú ûú üýþÿ ú ✁ ✂ÿ ô✄ ÷ö ☎ ✆ÿ þÿ(
✝✞çàáì✟✠ð âå ✡☛ Þð ðé☞✌ ✌✍)
é✍î7
✎✏ á✑â èèâãé✒è✓✏ßð æ✔ã Þìêã Þ✔æ✔ ✟✥✄ ÷✄÷ö☎ ✆ÿ þÿú ü✕☎öÿÿ ✂ú ú✖ýþÿ ú✁✂ÿ ôþ ÷✗✘ôöû þ ÷✙✕☎öÿÿúü✚÷✙☎þ ÿ ó
ýô✘ö ✂✛✖ô÷ ✛✗✛✁øô÷ ✛ÿö ✛✜÷ þ✢ ô✂ÿ þ ✛✆ú ü✣✁ óö✖✖öøþ ✆ö ó✤✂ôÿ þû ✦
(
ä✏ áâß â✧â✟★✩★✎ä✏ èâè✩ ï✓Þðä✏ áâß â✧â✪ áÞ✔✔é☞ ✌✍☞
)
é☞✫ ✬✭ ✌î8
✮ æ✏✯ âèçÞ èé
&
✰ã âà✯✏ ✱ æèé✥✩äñ✏ ì ✧àçê Þâåã Þáê âð ✡æ è★ èñ Þáâåñæàè✔æ èíè✲ð æ✔ã✳ð â✔✔Þ✔ ✴✕ó þ÷ ôÿ ô✹
✺✻ ✼✽✾✿❀❁❂ ❃❄❅❆❇✻❂❅✾✿❁❈ ❉❀❁❂ ✾❁❊❁❈✾ ❄❁ ✼✻ ❋●❂ ✻ ❍✾ ■❆❆❁❂ ❃❏❅✾ ✽❉ ❄❆ ❅❑ ❏✾ ■❆▲❂❆ ▼ ❄✻ ✽ ❅
❅◆■✻ ❃❁❂❅❁❈ ❉ ❂❆ ❅❆❁❂◆■❆❂❅✿ ✾ ■❆ ❉ ❄❖❖❆❂❆❈◆❆ ❅ ❑❆✾P❆❆❈ ✾ ■❄❅ ❂ ❆❅❆❁❂◆■ P❄✾ ■ ✾■✻ ❅❆ ❆❁❂ ❃ ❏
❂❆ ❅❆❁❂◆■❆ ❅ ❁❂❆ ✾ ■❆ ✾✻ ▲ ❄◆ ❁❈❉ ✾ ■❆ ✾ ■❆✻ ❂❏❋ ◗ ■❄❅ ❂ ❆ ❅❆❁❂◆■ ❖✻◆✽ ❅❆❅ ✻❈ ✾ ■❆ ❊ ◗❅❘
✽✾✾❆❂❁❈◆❆ ❅❁❈❉✾ ■❆ ✾ ■❆✻ ❂❏❖❂ ✻ ❍❇❁ ❃❃❄❉❁ ❏❁ ❑✻✽✾❅❆ ▼❆❈ ❃❁❈✼✽❁ ✼❆ ❖✽❈◆✾ ❄✻ ❈ ❅❋ ❇❆❈◆❆✿
✾ ■❆❂❆ ❅❆❁❂◆■❆❂❉✻ ❆ ❅❈✻ ✾❖✻◆✽ ❅✻ ❈❁❈✻ ✾ ■❆❂❁ ❅ ▲❆◆✾✻❖◆❃❁ ❅ ❅❂✻✻❍❉ ❄❅◆✻✽❂ ❅❆✻ ❂✾❆❁◆■❆❂
✾❁ ❃❙❋ ❀✻ ❂❆✻▼❆❂✿ ✾ ■❆ ❁❈ ❁ ❃❏❅ ❄❅ ❖✻◆✽❅❆ ❅ ✻❈ ❃ ❏ ✻ ❈ ❅ ▲✻❙❆❈ ❉ ❄❅◆✻ ✽❂ ❅❆ ✻ ❂ ❅ ▲✻❙❆❈
❃❁❈ ✼✽❁ ✼❆❄❈✾ ■❆ ◆❃❁ ❅ ❅❂ ✻✻❍ ❅❑ ❏✾ ■❆ ❊◗ ❅❋ ◗■❆❂❆❖✻ ❂❆✿✾ ■❄❅❂❆ ❅❆❁❂◆■◆❁❈ ❑❆ ❑❆❈ ❆❖❄◆❄❁ ❃
❖✻❂ ❖✽❂ ✾ ■❆❂ ❅✾ ✽❉❏ ❁❑✻✽✾ ❃❄❈✼✽❄❅✾ ❄◆❅✿ ❉ ❄❅◆✻ ✽❂ ❅❆✿ ◆✻ ❍ ❍✽❈ ❄◆❁✾ ❄✻ ❈✿ ❁❈ ❉ ✻✾ ■❆❂
❉ ❄❅◆❄▲❃❄❈ ❆ ❅❋
◗■❆ ❅✽ ❑❚❆◆✾ ❅ ✻❂ ▲❁❂✾ ❄◆❄▲❁❈✾ ❅ ◆■✻ ✻ ❅❆❈ ❖✻❂ ✾ ■❄❅ ❂❆ ❅❆❁❂◆■ ❁❂❆ ❖❂ ✻ ❍ ✾ ■❆
❅✾ ✽❉❆❈ ✾ ❅P■✻ ✾❁❙❆ ❯❯❱ ❲ ◆✻✽❂❅❆ ❄❈ ❳◗ ❳❨ ✻❖ ❩❬ ❭❊ ❪❋ ◗■❆❂❆ ❄❅ ✻❈ ❆ ❂❆❁ ❅✻ ❈ P■ ❏
◆■✻ ✻ ❅ ❄❈ ✼ ✾■❆ ▲❁❂ ✾ ❄◆❄▲❁❈✾❅ ❁❈ ❉ ✾ ■❆ ▲❃❁◆❆ ✾✻ ❉✻ ✾ ■❆ ❂❆ ❅❆❁❂◆■ ❋ ●❄❂❅✾✿ ✾■❆❂ ❆ ❄❅ ❁
▲❂✻❑❃❆ ❍❄❈✾ ■❆❊ ◗❅❘❃❁❈✼✽❁ ✼❆✻❂ ✽✾✾❆❂❁❈◆❆ ❅❋ ❫ ■❆❈ ✾ ■❆❏✾❆❁◆■ ❄❈ ◆❃❁ ❅ ❅❂✻✻❍ ❅✿✾ ■❆ ❏
▲❃❁ ❏ ❂✻ ❃❆ ❁ ❅ ✾❆❁◆■❆❂❅❋ ◗ ■✽ ❅✿ ✾ ■❆ ❄❂ ❃❁❈ ✼ ✽❁✼❆ ❄❅ ❄❍▲✻❂ ✾❁❈✾ ✾✻ ❑❆ ✽❈❉ ❆❂ ❅✾✻✻ ❉ ❄❈
✾❆❁◆■❄❈✼ ❁❈❉ ❃❆❁❂❈ ❄❈✼ ▲❂✻◆❆ ❅ ❅❋ ◗■❆ ❏✿ ❖✽❂✾ ■❆❂ ❍✻ ❂❆ ✿ ❁❂❆ ✾ ■❆ ◆❁❈❉❄❉❁✾❆ ❅ ✻❖ ❳❈✼❃❄❅ ■
✾❆❁◆■❆❂❅❋ ◗ ■❆❂❆❖✻❂ ❆✿ ❄✾ ❑❆◆✻ ❍❆ ❅❄❈✾❆❂❆❅✾ ❄❈✼ ✾✻ ❁❈ ❁ ❃❏❴❆ ✾ ■❆ ❖✽❈◆✾ ❄✻ ❈ ❅✻❖ ❃❁❈✼✽❁✼❆
❄❈✾ ■❆ ❄❂✽✾✾❆❂❁❈◆❆ ❅❁❈❉✾ ■❆▲❂✻❑❃❆ ❍ ❅❖❁◆❆❉P■❆❈✾ ■❆ ❏▲❆❂❖✻ ❂ ❍✾ ■❆ ❄❂❃❁❈ ✼ ✽❁ ✼❆❋
◗■❆❂❆ ❁❂❆ ✾P✻ ❂❆❁ ❅✻❈❅ P■ ❏ ✾ ■ ❄❅ ❂❆ ❅❆❁❂◆■ ❄❅ ❄❍ ▲✻ ❂✾❁❈ ✾❋ ◗■❆ ❏ ❁❂❆ ✾ ■❆
▲❂✻❑❃❆ ❍✻❖❑❂❆❁❙❉ ✻P❈ ◆✻ ❍ ❍✽❈❄◆❁✾ ❄✻❈❁❈ ❉✾ ■❆✾ ■❆✻ ❂❏✽ ❅❆❉ ❄❈✾ ■❄❅❂❆ ❅❆ ❁❂◆■❋● ❄❂ ❅✾✿
❉ ✽❆ ✾✻ ✾ ■❆ ▲❂✻❑❃❆ ❍ ✻❖ ❑❂ ❆❁❙❉✻P❈ ◆✻ ❍ ❍✽❈ ❄◆❁✾ ❄✻ ❈ ❄❈ ❯❯❱ ❲✿ ✾ ■❆ ❂❆ ❅❆❁❂◆■❆❂
❁✾✾❆ ❍▲✾ ❅✾✻❁❈ ❁ ❃❏❴❆ ✾ ■❆ ❃❁❈ ✼ ✽❁ ✼❆ ❖✽❈◆✾ ❄✻❈❅✽ ❅❆❉ ❑❏✾ ■❆ ❊◗ ❅❁❈ ❉✾ ■❆ ❄❂❉❄❖❖❄◆✽ ❃✾ ❄❆ ❅
❵
❛ ❜❝❞❡❢❣ ❝❤✐❥❣ ✐❣ ❤ ❦❧ ♠ ♥♦♣qq❢ ❧♣♥❢❤ ❥ ♣❥ ❦q♥ ❡♣ r ❦❝♣❤ ❡s ❦ ♠♣❤ ❢❤❛❣ ❥ t♣ ❝♥❥ ❦❤❦♣❥ ❞s ❦❥❤
❤❢ ❝❞ ❦ ❡s ❦♥ ❡❦❝❧ ❡❣ ❜❤❦ ❡s❦ ❡s ❦❣❥ ❢ ❦❤ ❛ ❥❣t ✉❢ ❝❞q♣❢❥✈ ✇❣❜q❡s ♣❥ ❧✈ ①❥♣②❢q✈ ♣ ❝❧ t♣ ❝♥
❣❡s❦❥❤ ③ ④❡ t ♣♥ ♠ ❦ ❞♣ ❜❤❦❧ ❡s♣❡ ❡s ❢❤ ❡s ❦❣❥ ♥ ❧ ❦♣q❤ ⑤❢❡s ❡s❦ ❛ ❜ ❝❞❡❢❣❝❤ ❣❛ q♣ ❝⑥❜♣ ⑥ ❦
⑤s❢❞s♣❥ ❦ ❜❤❦❧♠ ♥ ❞s❢q ❧❥❦❝③ ⑦s ❦❥❦❤❦♣❥❞s❦❥ ❧ ❦❞❢ ❧❦❤ ❡❣ ❜❤❦❡s❢❤ ❡s❦❣❥ ♥ ❤ ❢ ❝❞ ❦ ❢❡ ❢❤
❥♣❥ ❦q ♥ ❜❤❦❧ ♠ ♥ ❣ ❡s ❦❥ ❥❦❤❦♣❥ ❞s ❦❥ ❤③ ①❦❤ ❢ ❧❦❤✈ ❢❡ ❢❤ ❞s ❣❤❦❝ ❤ ❢ ❝❞ ❦ ❡s ❢❤ ❡s ❦❣ ❥ ♥ ❢❤
♠❣ ❥❥❣ ⑤ ❦❧❛ ❥❣t q❢ ❝⑥ ❜❢❤ ❡❢❞❤ ❡❣ ❧❢❤ ❞❣ ❜❥❤❦♣ ❝♣q♥❤ ❢❤ ♠ ♥ ❡s❦ ❥ ❦❤❦♣❥❞s❦❥③ ⑧⑨❦❝❡s ❣ ❜ ⑥s
❡s❢❤ ❡s ❦❣ ❥♥ ❢❤ ❛❥❣ t q❢ ❝⑥ ❜❢❤ ❡❢❞❤ ❧❢❤ ❞❢✐q❢ ❝❦✈ ❢❡ ❞♣ ❝ ♠❦ ❜❤❦❧ ❡❣ ♣ ❝♣q♥②❦ ❞q♣❤ ❤ ❥❣❣ t
❧❢❤ ❞❣ ❜❥❤❦♠ ❦❞♣ ❜❤❦❞q♣❤❤ ❥ ❣❣ t ❧❢❤❞❣❜❥ ❤ ❦❢❤ ❡s ❦ ♠❥♣❝❞s ❣❛ q❢ ❝ ⑥❜❢❤❡❢❞❤ ③⑦s❦✐ ❥❣ ♠q ❦t
❢ ❝ ✉⑦❤ ⑩ ❜❡❡ ❦❥♣ ❝❞ ❦ ♣ ❝ ❧ ❡s ❦ ♦♣qq❢ ❧♣♥ ⑩❤ ❡s❦❣ ❥♥ ⑤s❢❞s ❢❤ ❥♣❥ ❦q ♥ ❡♣ r ❦❝ ❢ ❝ t ♣ ❝♥
❥ ❦❤❦♣❥❞s❦❤ ♣❥❦ ❡s❦ ❥ ❦♣❤ ❣❝❤ ⑤s♥ ❡s ❢❤ ❥❦❤❦♣❥ ❞s ❢❤ ❢t✐ ❣❥❡♣ ❝❡ ❡❣ ♠ ❦ ❧❣❝❦ ♠ ♥ ❡s❦
❥ ❦❤❦♣❥❞s❦❥③
⑦s❦❥ ❦ ♣❥ ❦ ❡⑤❣ ❡❦❞s ❝❢❶❜ ❦❤ ❡❣ ⑥♣❡s❦❥ ❡s❦ ❧♣❡♣③ ⑦s ❦♥ ♣❥❦ ❣ ♠❤❦❥⑨♣❡❢❣ ❝ ♣ ❝ ❧
❢ ❝❡ ❦❥⑨❢ ❦⑤ ❡❦❞s❝❢❶❜ ❦③ ⑦s❦❥ ❦♣❥ ❦ ❝❢ ❝❦✉⑦❤ ⑤s❣♣❥❦❣♠ ❤ ❦❥⑨❦❧♣ ❝❧❢ ❝❡ ❦❥⑨❢ ❦⑤ ❦ ❧③ ⑦s❦
❣♠ ❤ ❦❥⑨♣❡❢❣❝ ❢❤ ❧❣❝❦❡❣ r ❝❣ ⑤ ❡s ❦ q♣ ❝ ⑥❜♣ ⑥❦ ❛ ❜❝❞❡❢❣ ❝❤ ❜❤❦❧♠ ♥ ❡s❦ ✉⑦❤ ③ ⑦s❦ ❝❢ ❝ ❦
✉⑦❤ ♣❥❦ ❣ ♠ ❤ ❦❥⑨❦❧ ❜❤ ❢ ❝⑥ ❣ ♠❤❦❥⑨♣❡❢❣ ❝ ❞s ❦❞ rq❢❤❡ ♣ ❝ ❧ ⑨❢ ❧ ❦❣❷❥ ❦❞❣ ❥ ❧❢ ❝ ⑥③ ❸❢ ❧❦❣ ❷
❥ ❦❞❣❥❧❢ ❝ ⑥❢❤❜❤❦❧❡❣♣⑨❣❢ ❧❡s❦❧♣❡♣t ❢❤❤ ❢ ❝⑥❛ ❥❣t❡s❦✉⑦❤ ③⑦s❦✉⑦❤⑩❜❡❡ ❦❥ ♣ ❝❞ ❦❤♣ ❥ ❦
❞q♣❤❤ ❢❛❢ ❦❧♠ ♣❤❦❧ ❣ ❝❡s❦❛❜❝❞❡❢❣❝❤ ❣❛ q♣ ❝ ⑥❜♣⑥❦③ ⑦s❦❣ ❥♣q ❧♣❡♣ ♣❥ ❦❡❥ ♣ ❝❤ ❞❥❢♠❦❧♣ ❝❧
❡s ❦❝ ✐♣❥❡❤ ❣❛ ❡❥♣ ❝❤❞❥ ❢✐❡❢❣❝♣❥ ❦ ❧❢❤ ✐q♣ ♥ ❦❧♣❤ ❦❹❡❥♣❞ ❡❤ ❢ ❝ ❡s❦❛ ❢ ❝❧❢ ❝ ⑥❤ ❤ ❦❤ ❤ ❢❣ ❝③ ⑦s ❦
❢ ❝❡ ❦❥⑨❢ ❦⑤ ❢❤ ❧❣ ❝ ❦ ❡❣ ❛❢ ❝❧ ❣❜❡ ❡s ❦ ✉⑦❤⑩ ❧❢❛❛❢❞ ❜q❡❢ ❦❤ ❢ ❝ ✐❦❥❛❣ ❥t ❢❝ ⑥ ❡s ❦ q♣ ❝ ⑥❜♣⑥❦
❛ ❜❝❞❡❢❣ ❝❤ ③ ④ ❝ ❞❣❝❞q ❜❤ ❢❣❝✈ ❣ ♠❤❦❥⑨♣❡❢❣ ❝ ♣ ❝❧ ❢ ❝❡ ❦❥⑨❢❦⑤ ♣❥❦❡s❦ ❡ ❦❞s ❝❢❶❜ ❦❤ ❡❣ ❦q❢❞❢❡
❺
❻❼ ❽ ❾❿➀ ➁ ❾➂ ➃➄ ❼❾➅ ❾➂❼➃➄ ➆ ❼➀ ➇➀ ➈ ➅❾➂❾➈➅❿ ➉ ➈❽ ➀ ➊ ❼ ❼➉ ❾ ➋ ➈➄ ➆➊ ➈➆ ❾ ➌➊➄❿ ❼➃➀ ➄➂ ➀ ➌
➂ ❼➊ ➇❾➄❼➍❼❾➈❿ ➉ ❾➅➂➎ ➊❼❼❾ ➅➈➄❿ ❾➂➃➄➏➏➐❻➈❼➑➒ ➑➓➀ ➌➔❻→➣↔➣➊➅➈❽➈↕➈❽❾❿ ➈➊➂❾❼➉ ❾➅❾
➃➂ ❼➉❾ ➙ ➅➀ ❽➋ ❾➁ ➀ ➌ ❼❾➈❿ ➉➃➄ ➆ ➑➄➆➋➃➂➉ ➃➄ ➏➏➐ ➛ ❿➀ ➊ ➅➂❾➜ ➒➉➃➂ ➅❾➂ ❾ ➈➅❿ ➉ ➉ ➈➂ ❼➝➀
➙ ➊ ➅➙➀ ➂❾➂➜ ➒➉❾↕ ➈➅❾ ❼➀ ➈➄➈➋↕➞❾ ❼➉ ❾ ➋ ➈➄ ➆ ➊➈➆ ❾ ➌➊➄ ❿ ❼➃➀ ➄➂ ➀ ➌ ➣ ➒➂➎ ➊ ❼❼❾➅➈➄ ❿ ❾➂ ➈➄➇ ❼➀
➟➄ ➀➝❼➉ ❾➇➃ ➌➌➃❿ ➊➋ ❼➃ ❾➂ ➌➈❿ ❾➇❽↕❼➉❾➣ ➒➂➃➄ ➙ ❾➅➌➀ ➅ ➁➃➄➆❼➉❾➋ ➈➄➆➊ ➈➆❾➌ ➊➄❿ ❼➃➀ ➄ ➂ ➜ ➒➉ ❾
➅❾➂❾➈➅❿ ➉ ❾➅ ➉➀➙❾➂ ❼➉➈❼ ➃ ❼ ❿ ➈➄ ➃➄ ➌➀➅➁ ➈➄ ➇ ➉❾➋➙ ❼❾➈❿ ➉ ❾➅➂➠ ❾➂ ➙❾❿➃ ➈➋➋↕ ❼➉ ❾ ➣ ➒➂ ➀ ➌
➑➒➑ ➓➀ ➌ ➔❻→➣↔ ➣➊➅ ➈❽ ➈↕➈➠ ❼➀ ➊➄➇❾➅➂ ❼➈➄➇ ❼➉ ❾➃ ➁➙➀➅❼➈➄❿ ❾ ➀➌➋➈➄➆➊ ➈➆ ❾ ➌➊➄❿ ❼➃➀ ➄➂
➃➄❿➋ ➈➂ ➂➅➀ ➀ ➁➂ ➜
➡
.
➢➤s
➤ ➥➦ ➧➨➩u
➤st
➫ons
➒➉❾➅❾➂❾➈➅❿ ➉➭ ➊❾➂❼➃➀ ➄ ➂❽ ❾➋➀➝❿➀ ➁ ❾➊➙ ➌ ➅➀ ➁❼➉ ❾➙➅➀❽ ➋ ❾➁➂ ➇➃➂ ❿ ➊➂ ➂❾➇➃➄❼➉ ❾
➅❾➂❾➈➅❿ ➉❽ ➈❿➟ ➆ ➅➀ ➊➄ ➇➯
➛➜ ➲ ➉➈❼ ➈➅ ❾ ❼➉❾ ➋ ➈➄ ➆➊ ➈➆ ❾ ➌➊➄❿ ❼➃➀ ➄➂ ➝ ➉➃❿ ➉ ➈➅❾ ➊➂❾➇ ❽↕ ❼➉❾ ➂ ❼➊ ➇❾➄❼ ❼❾ ➈❿ ➉ ❾➅➂ ➃➄
➏➏➐➛➈❼➑ ➒➑➓➀➌➔❻→➣↔➣➊ ➅➈❽ ➈↕➈➳
➵➜ ➲ ➉➈❼➈➅❾❼➉ ❾➇➃ ➌➌➃❿ ➊➋ ❼➃ ❾➂❾➸➙ ❾➅➃ ❾➄ ❿ ❾➇❽↕❼➉ ❾➂❼➊➇ ❾➄ ❼❼❾➈❿ ➉❾➅➂➃➄➙❾➅➌➀➅➁➃➄ ➆❼➉❾
➋ ➈➄ ➆ ➊➈ ➆❾➌➊➄ ❿❼➃➀ ➄➂ ➃➄➏➏➐➛➈❼➑➒ ➑➓➀➌➔❻→➣↔➣➊ ➅➈❽➈↕➈➳
➺➻ ➼ ➽➾➤ ➧
t
➫v
➤s o
➚➪ ➨➤➢➤s
➤ ➥➦ ➧➨➒➉ ❾➀ ❽ ➶❾❿ ❼➃➹ ❾➂➀ ➌❼➉➃➂ ➅ ❾➂❾➈➅❿ ➉➈➅❾➯
➛➜ ➒➀ ➌➃➄➇➀➊❼ ❼➉❾➋ ➈➄➆➊ ➈➆❾ ➌➊➄❿ ❼➃➀ ➄➂ ➝ ➉➃❿ ➉ ➈➅❾➊➂❾➇❽↕❼➉ ❾ ➂ ❼➊ ➇❾➄❼❼❾➈❿ ➉ ❾➅➂ ➃➄
➘
➴ ➷ ➬➮➱✃ ➮❐❒❮ ❰Ï ÐÑ ÑÐÒÓ Ô❒ Ð❰Õ❰Ö × ❰Ø Ð❰✃Ò ❰ÏÙ Ú❒❮ ❰ Õ❒Ó Ï ❰✃❒ ❒ ❰ÛÒ❮ ❰ØÕÐ✃ × ❰Ø Ñ➮Ø Ü Ð✃ Ý❒❮ ❰
ÔÛ✃ ÝÓÛÝ❰ÑÓ ✃ Ò❒ Ð➮✃ ÕÐ✃ÞÞßàÛ❒á➬áâ➮ ÑãäåæçæÓØÛ ÙÛ ÚÛ➷
èé êëì íëîë ïð íïñ
o
î òóñôñs
ñ ðõïó➬❮❰ Ø ❰Õ ❰ÛØÒ❮ ÒÛ✃ Ù ❰ Ù❰✃ ❰ÑÐÒ ÐÛ Ô Ñ➮Ø ❒❮ ❰ Õ❒Ó Ï ❰✃ ❒ ❒ ❰ÛÒ❮❰Ø Õ
(
æ➬ Õ)
ö ❒❮❰ á✃ÝÔÐÕ❮➬❰ÛÒ❮❰ØáÏ ÓÒ Û❒ Ð➮✃â❰×ÛØ ❒ Ü❰✃ ❒
(
á➬á â)
öÛ✃ ÏØ ❰ÛÏ❰Ø Õ ➷÷é ø
or t
óñstu
ùñnt t
ñ ð ïóñrs
➬❮ ÐÕØ ❰Õ ❰ÛØÒ❮ ÜÛ ÚÙ❰Ó Õ ❰ÑÓ Ô Ñ➮ØÛ ÔÔ ➮Ñæ➬Õ Ð✃ ❒❮❰Õ ÐÖ❒❮ Õ ❰Ü❰Õ❒ ❰Ø ➮Ñá➬áâ
❐❮ ➮ ❒Û ➱ ❰ ÞÞß à Ò ➮Ó Ø Õ ❰ö Û Õ ❒❮ ❰ Ú ÛØ ❰ ❒❮ ❰ ×ÛØ❒ ÐÒ Ð×Û✃❒ Õ ➮ Ñ ❒❮ÐÕ Ø❰Õ ❰ÛØ Ò❮ ➷ úÚ
Ø ❰ÛÏÐ✃ Ý ❒❮ ÐÕØ ❰Õ ❰ÛØ Ò❮ö ❒❮❰Ø❰Õ ❰ÛØ Ò❮ ❰Ø❮ ➮ ×❰Õ❒❮ Û❒ Ð❒ÒÛ✃ Ð✃ÑÔÓ❰✃Ò ❰ ÜÓ Ò❮ Ù ❰❒❒ ❰Ø❒ ➮
❒ ❰ÛÒ❮ Ð✃ÝÛ✃ Ï Ô❰ÛØ✃Ð✃ Ý×Ø➮Ò ❰Õ ÕÐ✃❒❮❰Ò ÔÛ Õ ÕØ ➮➮ ÜÕ ➷ ➬❮ ❰æ➬ÕÒÛ✃ Ó✃ Ï ❰ØÕ❒Û✃ Ï ❮ ➮❐
❒ ➮Ó Õ ❰❒❮❰ÔÛ✃ÝÓÛÝ❰Ð✃❒❮❰ÐØÒ ÔÛ ÕÕ ❰Õ ➷û➮Ø❰➮ü❰Øö Ð❒ÒÛ✃❮❰Ô×❒❮❰Ü❒ ➮Ñ➮Õ❒ ❰ØÛ✃Ï❒ ➮
Ï ❰ü❰Ô➮× ❒❮ ❰ÐØ ❒ ❰ÛÒ❮ Ð✃Ý Û Ù ÐÔÐ❒ Ú Ð✃ ❒❮❰ Õ ❰Ò ➮✃ Ï ÞØ ❰ýæ❰ØüÐÒ ❰ ➬❰ÛÒ❮Ð✃ Ý ➮Ø ÞÞß ➴
×Ø➮ÝØÛ ÜÛ❒Ø ❰Û ÔÕÒ❮➮➮ ÔÕ ➷
2.
øor t
óñþn
ìÿës
óò ñ ð ïóñr
þùu
ïðëon
èñp
ðõtm
ñnt
➬❮ÐÕØ❰Õ❰ÛØ Ò❮ ÜÛÚ Ù❰Ó Õ ❰ÏÛ Õ Ð✃ Ñ ➮Ø ÜÛ❒ Ð➮✃Û✃ Ï Û Ò ➮✃ÕÐÏ❰ØÛ❒ Ð➮✃ Ñ➮Ø ÑÛÒÓ Ô❒ Ú
❰Õ ×❰Ò ÐÛ ÔÔÚ Ñ➮Ø á➬áâ➷ ä❒ ÜÛÚ Ð✃Ñ➮ØÜ ❒❮Û❒ Õ❒ÓÏ❰✃❒ Õ ❐❮➮ ×ØÛÒ❒ ÐÒ ❰ ❒ ❰ÛÒ❮Ð✃ Ý
á✃ÝÔÐÕ❮ Ð✃ ÞÞßà❮Ûü❰ÏÐÑÑÐÒÓÔ❒ Ð❰ÕÐ✃Ó ✃Ï❰Ø Õ❒Û✃Ï Ð✃Ý❒❮❰ ÑÓ ✃Ò❒ Ð➮✃ Õ➮ÑÔÛ✃ÝÓÛÝ❰ ➷
➬❮❰✃ö❒❮❰Ï❰×ÛØ❒ Ü ❰✃❒ÒÛ✃❒Û ➱❰ÛÕ ➮ ÔÓ❒ Ð➮✃ Ñ➮Ø ❒❮❰Ü❒ ➮Ø❰Ò ➮Ý✃ Ð✁❰❒❮ ❰ÐÜ ×➮Ø ❒Û✃Ò ❰
✂
3.
✄or r
☎✆ ✝☎rs
✞✟✠ ✡✠☛✠ ☞ ✡✌ ✟ ✌☞ ✍ ✎✠ ✟✠✏✑ ✒✓✏ ✒✔✡ ✡✠☞ ✕✠ ✡☛ ✖ ✟✔ ☞ ✡✠ ✗✍✘✠ ✡✠☛ ✘✠ ✕ ✗✍ ☛ ✘✓✕✙ ✗✍✚
✏☞ ✍✚✓☞✚✠ ✠☛ ✑✠✌ ✗☞✏✏ ✙ ✕✗☛ ✌ ✔✓✡☛ ✠ ✔✡ ☞✑ ✑✏ ✗✠ ✕ ✏ ✗✍✚✓ ✗☛ ✘ ✗✌ ☛✛ ✞✟✠✙ ✌☞ ✍ ✚✠✘ ✘✟✠
✗✍✒ ✔✡✜☞✘ ✗✔✍✖ ✟☞✘ ✘ ✟✠ ✒✓ ✍✌✘ ✗✔✍☛ ✔✒✏☞ ✍✚✓ ☞ ✚✠☞ ✡✠✛ ✢✠☛✗✕✠☛ ✣✘ ✟✗☛ ✡✠☛✠☞✡✌ ✟✜☞ ✙✎✠
✟✠✏✑✒✓ ✏ ✒✔ ✡✘✠☞✌ ✟✠ ✡☛ ✔✡✤✠ ✡✙✥✎✠✚✗✍✍ ✗✍ ✚✥✘✠☞✌ ✟✠ ✡☛✘ ✔✓☛ ✠☞✏☞ ✍✚✓☞✚✠ ✒ ✔✡✘✠☞✌ ✟ ✗✍✚
✠☛ ✑✠✌ ✗☞✏✏✙✘✠☞✌ ✟ ✗✍✚✦ ✍ ✚✏ ✗☛✟✛
✧
.
★✩op
☎✆✪✝✫✬m
✬t
✆✭✬on o
✮✯ ✰☎✱☎s
☎✆✲✩ ✰✞✟ ✗☛ ✡✠☛ ✠☞ ✡✌✟ ✟☞☛ ✒✔✓ ✡ ☛✌ ✔✑✠☛✛ ✳✗✡☛ ✘ ✣ ✗✘ ✗☛ ✓☛ ✠ ✕ ✘✔ ☞ ✍☞✏✙✴✠ ✘✟✠ ✏☞ ✍✚✓☞ ✚✠
✒✓ ✍✌✘ ✗✔✍☛ ✔✒ ☛✘✓✕✠ ✍✘ ✘✠☞✌ ✟✠ ✡☛
(
✵ ✞☛)
✶ ✓✘✘✠ ✡☞ ✍✌✠☛✛ ✞✟✠ ✡✠ ✒✔ ✡✠ ✣ ✘ ✟✠ ✘✙✑ ✠ ✔ ✒ ✕✗☛ ✌ ✔✓✡☛ ✠✖ ✟✗✌ ✟ ✗☛ ☞ ✍☞✏✙✴✠ ✕ ✗☛ ☛ ✑ ✔✷✠ ✍ ✕ ✗☛✌ ✔✓ ✡☛ ✠✛ ✵✠✌ ✔ ✍ ✕✣ ✘ ✟✠ ☞ ✍☞✏✙☛✗☛ ✔ ✒ ✤✠ ✡✎☞✏
✌ ✔✜ ✜✓✍✗✌☞✘ ✗✔✍ ✗☛ ✘✟✠ ✠ ✜✑✟☞☛✗☛ ✗✍✘ ✟ ✗☛ ✡✠☛ ✠☞ ✡✌ ✟✛ ✞✟✗✡ ✕✣✘ ✟✠ ✕☞✘☞✗☛ ✚☞✘ ✟✠✡✠ ✕✒✡✔ ✜
✘ ✟✠☛ ✠✌ ✔✍ ✕✘✠☞✌ ✟ ✗✍ ✚✑ ✡☞✌✘ ✗✌✠ ✔✒✸✸✹✺ ✎✠✌ ☞✓☛ ✠ ✘ ✟✠ ✡✠☛✠ ☞ ✡✌ ✟✠ ✡✌☞ ✍✌ ✔✏✏✠✌✘✘ ✟✠ ✕☞✘☞
✒✡✔ ✜ ✘ ✟✠ ☛✠✌ ✔ ✍✕ ✘✠☞✌ ✟✗ ✍✚ ✑✡☞✌✘ ✗✌✠✛ ✳✔✓✡✘ ✟✣ ✘ ✟✠ ✡✠☛ ✠☞ ✡✌ ✟✠ ✡ ☞ ✍☞✏✙✴✠☛ ✔✍✏✙ ✍✗✍✠
☛✓✎✻✠✌✘☛ ✔ ✡ ✑☞ ✡✘ ✗✌ ✗✑☞ ✍✘☛✛ ✼✔✡✠ ✔✤✠ ✡✣ ✘ ✟✠✙ ☞ ✡✠ ✌ ✟✔☛ ✠ ✍ ✎✠✌☞✓ ☛ ✠ ✘ ✟✠✙ ✟☞ ✕ ✘ ✟✠ ✢✽✶
✜☞ ✡✷ ✗✍ ✵✑ ✠☞✷✗✍✚ ✾✶ ✌ ✔✓ ✡☛ ✠✛ ✢✠☛✗✕✠☛✣ ✘ ✟✠ ✙✘☞✷✠ ✿✗☛ ✌ ✔✓✡☛ ✠ ❀✍☞✏✙☛✗☛ ✶ ✌ ✔✓✡☛ ✠ ✗✍
✘ ✟✗☛☛ ✠ ✜✠☛ ✘✠ ✡✔ ✡✗✍✘ ✟✠☛ ✗❁✘ ✟☛✠ ✜✠☛✘✠ ✡✛
✞✟✠ ✡✠☞ ✡✠ ✒ ✔✓✡✑✔✗✍✘☛✖ ✟✗✌ ✟✎✠ ✌ ✔✜✠✘ ✟✠✏ ✗✜✗✘☞✘ ✗✔✍ ☛✔✒✘ ✟✠ ✡✠☛ ✠☞ ✡✌ ✟✛✳✗✡☛ ✘ ✣✘✟ ✗☛
✡✠☛ ✠☞ ✡✌ ✟ ✕✔✠☛ ✍✔✘ ☛✘✓✕✠ ✍✘✶☛ ✓✘✘✠ ✡☞ ✍✌✠☛✛ ✵✠✌ ✔✍ ✕✣✗✘ ✕ ✔✠☛ ✍✔✘ ✕ ✗☛ ✌✓☛ ☛ ☞ ✎ ✔✓ ✘ ✖ ✡✗✘✘✠ ✍
✕✗☛ ✌ ✔✓✡☛ ✠☞ ✍ ✕✍ ✔✍✥✤✠ ✡✎☞✏✌ ✔ ✜✜✓ ✍ ✗✌☞✘ ✗✔✍✛✳✔✓ ✡✘ ✟ ✣✘ ✟✠✡✠☛✠ ☞ ✡✌ ✟✠✡✕✔✠☛ ✍ ✔✘☞✍☞✏✙✴✠
✘ ✟✠ ✍✔ ✍✥✤✠ ✡✎☞✏ ✌ ✔ ✜✜✓✍✗✌☞✘ ✗✔✍ ✒✡✔ ✜ ✵✞☛ ✶ ✓ ✘✘✠ ✡☞ ✍✌✠✛ ✞✟ ✗✡✕ ✣✘✟✠ ✕☞✘☞ ✗☛ ✍✔✘ ✘☞✷✠ ✍
❂ ❃
❄ ❅❆❇❈❉❉ ❅❊ ❉❋ ●❋ ❍❍❅●❉ ❉■ ❅ ❊ ❏❉ ❏ ❑❆❋ ❇ ❉■❅ ❑❈❆▲❉ ❉ ❅❏●■ ❈▼ ◆ ❄❆❏●❉❈ ●❅❖ P❋ ◗ ❆❉■ ❘ ❉■ ❅
❆❅▲❅❏❆●■❅❆ ❊ ❋ ❅▲ ▼❋ ❉ ❉ ❏❙❅ ❉■❅ ❄ ❏❆❉❈ ●❈❄❏▼❉▲ ❚■❋ ■ ❏❊ ❉■ ❅ ❇ ❏❆❙ ❈▼ ▲❉ ❅❏❊ ❋ ❑ ❯ ❱❲ ❈▼
❳❄ ❅❏❙❈▼◆❨❲ ●❋ ◗ ❆▲❅❍❏▲ ❉ ❑❋◗❆❉■ ▲❅❇❅▲ ❉ ❅❆❖ ❩■❅▲◗❬❭ ❅●❉▲ ❘ ❑◗ ❆❉■ ❅ ❆❇❋❆❅❘ ❚■❋ ❊❋ ▼❋ ❉
❉ ❏❙❅ ❪❈▲ ●❋◗❆▲ ❅ ❫▼❏❍❴▲ ❈▲❲ ●❋ ◗❆▲ ❅ ❈▼ ❉■ ❈▲ ▲❅❇❅▲ ❉ ❅❆ ❏❆❅ ▼❋ ❉ ●■ ❋▲❅▼ ❉❋ ❬ ❅
❄ ❏❆❉❈ ●❈❄❏▼❉▲ ❈▼ ❉■ ❈▲ ❆❅▲❅❏❆●■ ❖ ❩■❅❆❅❬❴❘ ❉■ ❅ ❆❅▲◗ ❍❉ ❋ ❑ ❉■ ❈▲ ❆❅▲❅❏❆●■ ●❏▼ ▼❋ ❉ ❬❅
◆❅▼❅❆❏❍❈❵❅❊ ❉❋ ❏❍❍ ❄❋ ❄ ◗ ❍❏❉❈❋▼ ❋❑ ▲❈❛❉■ ▲❅❇❅▲ ❉ ❅❆ ▲❉ ◗❊ ❅▼ ❉▲ ▲ ❈▼ ●❅ ❉■❅ ❆❅▲❅❏❆ ●■ ❅❆
❏▼ ❏❍❴❵❅▲❋▼ ❍❴▲ ❋ ❇ ❅❆ ❅❄ ❆❅▲ ❅▼ ❉ ❏❉❈❜ ❅▲◗ ❬❭ ❅●❉▲ ❖
❝
.
❞❡❢ ❣n
❣t
❣on o
❢❤❡y
✐ ❡rms
❩■❅❆ ❅▲❅❏❆●■❅❆❚❏▼❉▲❉❋❏❜❋ ❈❊ ❇❈▲◗▼ ❊ ❅❆▲❉ ❏▼ ❊❈▼◆❬❴❊ ❅❑❈▼ ❈▼ ◆▲ ❋ ❇ ❅❙❅❴❉ ❅ ❆❇▲
❋ ❑❉■❈▲❆ ❅▲❅❏❆ ●■ ❬❅❍❋❚❥
❂❖ ❦❍❏▲▲❆❋ ❋ ❇❪❈▲●❋ ◗ ❆▲❅
❯❅▼■❏❇❏▼❊❧❋◗❆❈ ❆❏▼❊❈▲● ◗▲ ▲ ●❍❏▲ ▲ ❆❋❋❇❊❈▲●❋ ◗ ❆▲❅❏▲❏❉❴❄❅❋❑❊ ❈▲●❋ ◗ ❆▲❅
❉■ ❏❉ ❋●●◗❆▲ ❈▼ ●❍❏▲ ▲ ❆❋❋❇▲ ❖ ♠
♥▼ ❏❊❊ ❈❉❈❋▼ ❘ ♦◗❆ ♣❏▼▼❏■ ▲❉ ❏❉ ❅▲ ❉■ ❏❉ ●❍❏▲▲❆❋ ❋❇
❊❈▲●❋◗❆▲❅ ❈▲ ❉■ ❅ ❍❏▼◆◗ ❏◆❅ ❚■❈ ●■ ❈▲ ◗▲❅❊ ❬❴ ❏ ❉ ❅❏●■ ❅❆ ❏▼ ❊ ▲ ❉ ◗❊ ❅▼ ❉▲ ❉❋
●❋ ❇ ❇◗▼❈ ●❏❉ ❅ ❈▼ ❉■❅ ●❍❏▲ ▲❆❋❋❇❖ qr
❩■ ❅ ❉❚❋ ❊ ❅❑❈▼❈❉❈❋▼ ▲ ❏❬❋ ◗❉ ●❍❏▲▲❆❋ ❋ ❇
❊❈▲●❋◗❆▲❅ ■ ❏❜❅ ❉■ ❅ ▲❏❇ ❅ ❄ ❋❈▼ ❉ ❉■❏❉ ●❍❏▲▲❆❋ ❋ ❇ ❊❈▲●❋ ◗ ❆▲❅ ❈▲ ❏▼❴ ❉❴❄ ❅ ❋ ❑
❍❏▼ ◆ ◗❏ ◆❅◗▲ ❅❊ ❬❴❏❉ ❅❏●■ ❅❆❏▼❊▲ ❉ ◗❊❅▼❉▲❈▼❉■ ❅●❍❏▲▲❆❋ ❋ ❇❖
s
t ✉✈✈ ✇t ①②③ ④⑤⑥
&
⑦④⑧⑧ ④⑤ ✉②⑨ ✈ ⑩❶✉ ❶④② ⑥❷❸❹ ④⑧⑧ ❶✈ ✈⑤❺✉⑧ ❻✈ ⑩❶⑧ ①❼❽② ④❹ ❾❿ ✉② ➀➁①④❻③①❶➂ ➃ ①④❶②①❶➄②➅①❶④ ❻➅✉✈ ②✉②➄❶④② ✉ ④②➆ ➇➃➁④⑧✇➈t ④⑧ ①➉❸❹ ④⑧⑧ ❶✈ ✈⑤⑧ ➋ ➌ ➍➎➏➊ ➐ ➑ ➒➓ ➔➏ ➍➔→ ➊➣✈ ❹ ➊↔ ↕⑥↕➙ ➙➛⑥↔↔➜➊ ➝➞
➟⑩❶➠ ④②② ④③⑥➡②➢⑩➤❹ ✉⑧③ ①➉➁③①⑧ ✉⑧ ❼❷➥ ➒➥ ➒➏➦➧ ➨➑ ➨➌➩➫ ➦➏➨ ➨➍➌➌→➭➑ ➨➯➌➔➍➨➲➑➒➳➵ ➲➏➸ ➑ ➒➓➫ ➦➏➨➨➌➩➺ ➒➓ ➦ ➑ ➨➻
➭➲➵➏ ➍➎→ ➲➒➎➳➎➔➼ ➲➒➎➨➏ ➎➽➒ ➑➾ ➲➍➨➑➎➧➌➩➚ ➔➻➏→→➏➼➑➧➏➻➪➍➲➨➑➸ ➶
(
➹ ⑩❶④➤④❾④ ❼➄❽➄➟➹ ⑩② ④②❽⑤➢①❹➘➘
➴ ➷ ➬➮ ➱✃ ❐❒❮❰ÏÐ ➱ÑÒ Ï ❐
➬➮➱✃❐❒Ó❰ÏÐ ➱ÑÒ Ï ❐Ô ÕÐÐ ➱ÒÓ❰❒Ö ×➱ØÒ ➱Ù❒Õ❒ÓÚÑÛ❐Ô ❰Ï×Ü❐Ý❐ÒÞ ÕÛÒ ❐Ð ➱ÒÓ ➱ß
Ð ➱à àÑ ❒❰ÐÕ×❰➱ ❒ ➷ áá
â×Ó❐ÕÛÏÙ❰×ÜÐ ➱ ❒Ý❐Ò ÏÕ×❰➱❒ ÏÔ Ó❰ÕÛ➱ÖÑ❐ÏÔ Ï➮ ➱✃❐❒ à ➱❒ ➱Û➱ÖÑ❐ ÏÔ
Õ❒Ó àÕ❒ã ➱×Ü❐Ò Ï ➷ â ❒ ➱×Ü❐Ò Ù➱ÒÓÏÔ ❰× ❰Ï ×Ü❐ ÛÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐ Ñ××❐Ò ❐Ó Þ ã Ï ➱ à❐➱❒ ❐ ❰❒ Õ
à➱ ❒➱Û➱ÖÑ❐➱ÒÐ ➱ ❒Ý❐Ò ÏÕ×❰➱❒ ➷
ä➷ åÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐æÑ ❒Ð×❰➱ ❒
ç❐Ò Ò ❐ÛÕ❒Óè➱ÒÓ Õ❒❐é➮ÛÕ❰❒ ×Ü❐ÛÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐ßÑ❒Ð×❰➱❒ ÏÙÜ❰ÐÜ ÕÒ ❐Ó❐Ï ❰Ö❒ ❐Ó Þ ã
çÕÛÛ❰Ó Õ ã➷ê Ü❐ßÑ❒Ð×❰➱ ❒Ï➱ßÛÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐ÕÒ❐×Ü❐➮ ÑÒ➮➱Ï ❐Ï➱ßÛÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐➮Ò➱ÓÑÐ ❐Ó Þã
ÐÜ❰ÛÓÒ ❐❒ Õ❒Ó ÕÓÑÛ×Ï ➷ á ë
â ❒ ➱×Ü❐Ò Ù➱ÒÓÏÔ ÛÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐ ßÑ❒Ð×❰➱ ❒ ❰Ï ×Ü❐ ➮ ÑÒ➮➱Ï ❐ ➱ß
ÑÏ ❰❒Ö ×Ü❐ ÛÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐ ❰❒ Ð ➱ àà Ñ❒ ❰ÐÕ×❰➱ ❒➷ ê Ü❐ ×❐Ò à ÛÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐ ßÑ❒Ð×❰➱❒ Ïì ❰Ï
Ï ❰à❰ÛÕÒ Ù❰×Ü ßÑ❒Ð×❰➱ ❒Ï ➱ß ÛÕ❒ÖÑÕ Ö❐ì Õ❒Ó ÛÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐ Ñ Ï ❐ì➷ ê Ü❐Ò❐Ï❐ÕÒÐÜ❐Ò ÑÏ ❐Ï
×Ü❐×❐Ò à Ï ÛÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐ßÑ ❒Ð×❰➱ ❒ìÕ❒Óí ßÑ❒Ð×❰➱❒➱ßÛÕ❒ÖÑÕÖ❐ì ❰❒×Ü❰ÏÒ ❐Ï ❐ÕÒÐÜ➷
î ➷ ➬×ÑÓ❐❒×ê❐ÕÐÜ❐ÒÏ
ê Ü❐ ×❐Òà Ï×ÑÓ❐❒× ×❐ÕÐÜ❐Òì ❰Ï Þ➱ÒÒ➱Ù❐Ó ßÒ➱à ❮❐Ù❰➷ áï
➬Ü❐ Ó❐ß❰❒ ❐Ï ×Ü❰Ï
×❐Ò à ÕÏ ×Ü❐Ï ❰é×Ü Ï ❐à❐Ï×❐Ò Ï×ÑÓ❐❒×Ï➱ß ðêð❮ ➱ß ñâò ➬ó ➬ÑÒÕÞ ÕãÕ ÙÜ➱ ×Õ✃❐ Õ
Ð ➱ÑÒ Ï ❐➱ß×❐ÕÐÜ❐Ò ×ÒÕ❰❒❰❒Ö
(
ôôå)
Õ❒Ó➮ ÒÕÐ×❰Ð ❐×❐ÕÐÜ❰❒Ö❰❒ôôåÐÛÕÏ ÏÒ ➱➱ àÏ➷õ õ
ö÷øø ÷ù úû üý þúÿ
&
ö ýü ✁ ✂✄ø ÿ☎✆ ✝✞✟ ✠✡✝☛☞ ✌✍ ✎✏✝✆ ✝ ✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑ÿ✒ ✑ õ✓✔✕ü ÷ ú ú ✖ ✑✗ üü ø ÿ
&
✘ ÷✙ ✚ù ø✛ý ü✕ù úÿ✜✆ ✢ ✣✏✤ ✣✡✍ ✣☛ ✥✆☛ ✝✢ ✟✡✦☛✍ ✞✧✆ ✌ ✥★ ✌✥ ✎✆ ✝✧✩✍✌✥ ✠✍✥☛✩ ☛✍✡ ✌☛✡✝(
✪ ✚÷ü✕ ✕ ÷ ✪ ÷ý ú) (
✫ ùü✬ý ú✘ üü ÷ø✫ ü ú✪ü ÷✙ ✗ù øø ÿ✭ ✮ ✮✯)
ÿ✰ ✱✲ ✑13
✳ü ÷✳✄ ü✴ù✵ þ÷ÿ✶ú✷✄ ✸ø ÷✬✚ ✕✹✚ ✬ ÷✬ ✺✻ ✦✧☛✼ ☛✽✍✥✟✥✆ ✞✍✎✾✟ ✿❀☛ ✣☛ ✌✞☛✟ ✢✤ ✣ ✠✽ ☛ ✌ ✣✦☛✍ ✞✧☛ ✡✝✍ ✣★ ✌✥ ✎✆ ✝✧
★✽ ✠✞✍✣✆ ✟✌☎☛❀ ✍✡ ✣✿☛ ✌ ✣✟✢✤✣✍ ✣☛❁✌✝ ✣✆ ✣✠ ✣☛✢✟ ✡❁✝ ✎✍✿✆ ✞✤ ✣ ✠✽ ✆☛ ✝✤ ✠ ✌✍✌☞✿❀ ☛ ✎❂✤ ✠✡✍❃✍✏✍
(
✳✄ üù✸ù✴ù✺❄✔❄❅❈ ❉
❊ ❋ ●❍■ ❏❑▲❍
▼◆❑ ❍❑❖P ◗❍■❏❑▲❍❘ ❖❑❙❑❖◗❍❚❍◆❑ ◗❍■ ❏❑▲❍◗❯▲ ❱❱❲❈ ❳❨❩◗ ◗❖❚❚P ◗❋ ▼◆❑❬ ❩❖❑
❍◆❑ ◗❍■❏❑▲ ❍◗ ❭◆❚ ❍❩❪❑ ❱❱ ❲ ❳❚■❖ ◗❑ ❋ ▼◆❑❬❫ P ❚❖❑❚❴❑❖❫ ❵❨❩❬ ❖❚❨❑ ❩◗ ◗❍■❏❑▲ ❍◗ ❩◗
❭❑❨❨❭◆❑▲❍◆❑●▼◗❵❖ ❩❳❍❯ ❳❑❍❑❩ ❳◆❯▲❛❯▲❩❳❨❩◗ ◗❋
❜ ❋ ❱❱❲
▼◆❑ ❳❚■❖ ◗❑ ❱❖❑❝●❑❖❴❯ ❳❑ ▼❑❩❳◆❯▲❛ ❚❖ ❱❱❲ ❯ ◗ ❚▲ ❑ ❚❙ ❍◆❑ ❳❚P❵■❨◗ ❚❖❬
❳❚■❖ ◗❑◗ ❯▲ ❞▼❞ ❡❋ ▼◆❯ ◗ ❳❚■❖ ◗❑ ◆ ❩◗ ❵■❖❵❚◗❑ ❍❚ ❍❖ ❩❯▲ ◗❍■ ❏❑▲❍◗ ❚❙ ❞▼❞ ❡ ❍❚ ❢❑
❍❑❩❳◆❑❖ ◗❋ ❱❱❲❯◗ ◆❑❨❏❯▲ ❍❭❚ ❵❖❚❛❖❩P ◗❣ ❱❱❲❈ ❩▲❏❱❱❲ ❉❋ ▼◆❑ ●▼◗P■◗❍ ❵❩◗ ◗
❍◆❑ ❱❱❲ ❈ ❢❑❙ ❚❖❑ ❍◆❑❬ ❍❩❪❑ ❱❱ ❲ ❉❋ ❱❱❲ ❈ ❯ ◗ ◆❑❨❏ ❯▲ P❯ ❳❖ ❚❍❑❩❳◆❯▲❛ ❖ ❚ ❚P◗❫
❭◆❑❖❑❩◗❱❱❲❉❯ ◗◆❑❨❏❩❍❖❑❩❨◗ ❳◆❚ ❚❨◗❋ ❤ ✐
14
➅➆➇➈➉ ➊➋➌ ➌
➋ ➊➍➌➊➎➏➐➋ ➊➑➇➉➊➒➑➌ ➉➊➋ ➇➉➓➋ ➊
➇➔ ➋→➣ ↔→
w
↕ ➙➋→➛➜ ➝→➞➑i
➝→➟➜ ➝➠➟→➡➔ ➉➢→➤➜ ➝➠➟→↕ ➙ ➒↔➥ ➦↕➠➟➥→➇➧➜ ➛➨➥
i
➥The terms
➩discourse
➫and
➩discourse analysis
➫have varieties of
definitions. The definition of discourse itself really depends on the linguists
who discuss about discourse.
➭➯cording to Rymes, discourse is
➩language in
use
➫.
➲This means that language deals both in forms and functions.
➳n some
linguistics books discourse is
➩language beyond the sentence
➫. The definition
of the term discourse as
➩language beyond the sentence
➫similarly appears like
➩
language above the sentence
➫in other textbooks of linguistics.
➭➵guably, that
discourse is
➩language beyond the sentence
➫or
➩language above the sentence
➫is not appropriate to describe the term discourse.
➳f discourse is only about the
forms, organization, or structure of the language, it may ignore the social
context and the functions of the language itself.
➸or example, there is a word
➩➺➻➼ ➽➾➚➫
on the door of public lavatory.
➪an anyone understand even though
this is just a word
➶What does this word mean
➶ ➹➘➴n though this word
➩➺➻➼ ➽➾➚➫
is just one word, but it has a function where this word exists and
people can understand it.
➳t is obvious from the example that language has a
➷
➬
etsy Rymes,
➮ ➱✃ ❐ ❐❒❮❮ ❰ÏÐ ❐Ñ❮ Ò❒ ❐ÓÔ Õ✃ ➱Ö ❐Ð ❐×ÔØ❮❮➱Ù❮❒➮ ❒ ÐØ Ð Ñ✃➱ÚÓÛ ➱ÓÑØ Ð❮Õ(
Üresskill,
ÝÞ ßàampton
æ ç
form and a function. Thus, the meaning of discourse is close to
èlanguage in
use
éthan the others.
The term
èdiscourse
écomes to a question what discourse analysis is.
êë
re are some definitions related to discourse analysis.
ìirst,
írown and Yule
discuss that analysis of discourse is
èthe analysis of language in use
éand an
investigation of what language is used for.
îThey explain that discourse
analysis cannot be restricted to the independent description of linguitic forms
from the functions of the language. Second,
ïc
ðharty defines discourse
analysis as the study of relationship between the language and contexts in
which it is used.
ñThese two previous definitions have the same point that
discourse analysis refers to the study of the language and its use. Then, Van
òó
jk states that discourse analysis is the form of language which refers to
public speech or more commonly to spoken language.
ôVan
òójk makes a
distinction that discourse analysis frequently deals with spoken language.
õn
fact, discourse is language produced in oral and in written communication.
While according to Steve Walsh, discourse analysis focuses on words and
utterances above the level of sentence.
õts main aim is to look at the ways in
which words and phrases function in context as well.
öõ
t is clear that the
÷
ø
illian
ùrown, &
øeorge Yule,
úûüý þÿü ✁✂ ✄☎ ✆✝ü ûü(
✞ew York
✟✠ambridge University
✡ress,
☛☞ ✌✍),
☛
.
✎✏
ichael
✏c
✠harty,
úûüýþÿ ü ✁✂ ✄☎ ✆✝ü ûü✑þ ✒☎✄✓ÿ☎✓✁✔✁☎ý✕✁(Shanghai
✟Shanghai
✖ducation
✡ress,
✗✘✘✗
),
✙.
✚Teun van
✛ijk,
úûüý þÿ ü ✁✂ü✜ ✢ÿý✢ÿ ✁✂ ✄✣✤ þý ✁üü(
✥ondon
✟S
✦ø✖✡ublications,
☛☞ ☞✧),
☛.
★✯ ✰
analysis of discourse attempts to figure out the forms of the language and its
context being used as natural data than in made up examples.
2.
✱✲ ✳✴✵✶✷✸✹✵ ✺✶✻✼✵ ✴✽
ased on the channel or medium used in discourse, there are two types
of discourse
✾written discourse and spoken discourse.
✿✽
rown and Yule
describe those types of discourse in the following.
❀❁ ❂✼
i
❃❃✴❄ ✸✹✵✺✶ ✻✼✵✴✾written discourse is one of types of discourse.
❅t
studies written texts such as essays, newspaper, magazines, and many
others.
❆
.
❇ ✳✶❈✴❄ ✸✹✵ ✺✶✻✼✵ ✴✾ ✽rown and Yule said that spoken discourse is verbal
record of communication.
❉❅
t studies conversations, dialogues, spoken
monologues, and many others.
❊❋scourse analysts usually work with a
tape-recording of an event, they then makes a written transcription.
3.
✱●✴❍ ❀❃✻✼✴✶✷ ■❏❀✵✵ ✼✶✶❑✸✹✵ ✺✶✻✼✵ ✴❊❋
scourse is communication in general which is always found in any
social interaction including in a classroom.
❊❋scourse occurred in a classroom
is usually called as classroom discourse.
❅t has the interaction between a
teacher and students in a class, and vice versa.
▲▼re are some arguments about
the term
◆classroom discourse
❖.
P◗cording to
❘❙❚❯annah, classroom discourse
refers to the language which is used by a teacher and students to communicate
❱
❲
illian
❳rown, &
❲eorge Yule,
❨❩❬❭ ❪❫ ❴❬ ❵❛ ❜❝ ❞❡❬ ❩❬(
❢ew York
❣❤ambridge University
✐ress,
❥❦ ❧♠),
❥♥
.
♦♣ q
in the classroom.
rs
t is obvious that classroom discourse is where language
takes place in a classroom. While Rymes identified that classroom discourse
refers to
tlanguage in use
✉in classroom context.
st is also to understand how
context and talk are influencing each other.
✈s
t means that the language is used
to communicate in relation to lesson and communication in a classroom.
✇①
cording to
②③een cited in Rakhmawati as quoted by
④annah, classroom
discourse is formed by two components. Those are social context and
academic context.
⑤⑥Social context deals with the involvement of participants,
and the process of interaction.
⑦esides, academic context deals with the
content of a lesson. To summarize, classroom discourse is the language used
in the classroom or in the context of teaching.
⑧
lassroom discourse has many features. Walsh describes that one of
the features is the structure of classroom discourse.
⑤⑤s
t is important to know
the structures.
⑨irst, it is common and predictable within classroom
interaction. This exchange structure of classroom discourse enables us to
understand the kinds of interaction in a classroom. Second, it is very
frequently used by teachers to see the progress of interaction in
teaching-⑩
❶
ur
❷annah, Unpublished Thesis
❸❹❺ ❻❺ ❻❼ ❽ ❾❿➀ ❿➁ ➂➃ ❽❼❿❿➄➁➁➅➆ ➀ ❿➇➁ ➈➄ ❿➉➀ ❻➊➋ ➉❼ ➌ ➀ ❻➍➃ ❽❼ ❿❿➁➂➎ ❻➍ ❽➀ ❿➏➆ ➉➋ ❼➄➐➅➉❻➐ ➊➐➈➑➉ ❻➐❿ ❼➐ ➒ ❻➀➓➉➄ ❿➀➐❾ ➁ ➂ ➔➈➏❼ ➅➅❼➑➀ ❾❼➏ →➄ ➉❿➀➌➣
(Surabaya
❸ ↔↕↔❶Sunan
↕mpel
Surabaya
➙ress,
➛➜ ➝➛),
➝➛.
➞
➟
etsy Rymes,
➃ ❽❼ ❿ ❿➄➁➁➅➆ ➀ ❿➇ ➁➈ ➄ ❿➉❺ ❻❼ ❽ ❾❿➀ ❿➠❺➐➁➁❽➡➁➄➃ ➄ ➀➐➀➇❼❽➢ ➉➂ ❽➉➇➐➀➁❻(
➤resskill,
❶❷❸➥ampton
➙
ress,
➛➜ ➜➦),
➝➧.
➨➩❶
ur
❷annah, Unpublished Thesis
❸❹❺❻❺❻❼ ❽ ❾❿➀ ❿➁➂➃ ❽❼ ❿ ❿➄➁➁➅➫➫ ➫➫➫ ➫➫➫➫,
➝➛.
➨ ➨➲ ➳
learning process.
➵ast, it can be used to evaluate the teacher
➸s role in
classroom discourse as well.
➺or example, a teacher frequently initiates the
interaction first, and he
➻she evaluates the students
➸utterance. The structure of
classroom discourse is beneficial for teachers to analyze their utterances in
teaching.
The structure of classroom discourse typically has the pattern which is
called as an exchange structure. Some writers and practitioners refer to
➼ ➽R
➺exchange structure
➸. The
➼ ➽R
➺➸stands for
➽nitiation, Response, and
➺eedback.
This structure was first put forward by Sinclair and
➾oulthard.
➚➪➼➽
nitiation
➸means that a teacher usually initiates the classroom discourse.
➽t can be
opening and closing the stage of lessons, eliciting (gathering information from
students), or checking student
➸s understanding about the lesson.
➼Response
➸is
defined as student
➸s answers or teacher
➸s questions.
➼➺eedback
➸means the
evaluation or the way a teacher assesses students
➸response. This exchange
structure typically occurs in teacher-learner interaction in classrooms all
around the world.
There is the other features of classroom discourse stated by Walsh.
There are four features in classroom discourse
➶control of interaction, speech
modification, elicitation, and repair.
➾ontrol of interaction means that there is
a control from a teacher or students during interaction in a class, even though
➹➘
à á
the roles of teacher and students are not equal.
âteacher more frequently
controls the classroom interaction than students. The examples of this feature
are managing the topic of communication and turn taking. Speech
modification is that a teacher modifies the speech. Sometimes a teacher
modifies the speech by increasing or decreasing the volume and tone.
ãn
addition, she
ähe also may simplify the vocabulary and grammar in speaking.
åæ
icitation is a strategy done by teachers to ask students about their
understanding of the content of lesson. Teachers may ask either display
questions or referential questions. Repair, the last feature, is the way teachers
deals with students
çerror. The errors can be the grammar, vocabulary, or the
content.
è éThese features usually happens in each classrooms by teachers, and
they are rarely done by students.
4.
êëìí î ïðñî ðìòñ ïóôi
õ ïöâ÷
the foundation of this research, this part reviews the functions of
language namely the instrumental function, the regulatory function, the
interactional function, the personal function, the heuristic function, the
imaginative function, and the representational function. These functions are
identified by
øalliday.
èùThe r