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THE ABILITY OF SMP STUDENTS IN USING ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS
(A Case Study at SMP Negeri 30 Makassar)
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Letters Hasanuddin University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement to Obtain Sarjana Degree
In English Department
SRI SYAHRURAMADHANI F211 07041
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2012
2 SKRIPSI
THE ABILITY OF SMP STUDENTS IN USING ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS
( A CASE STUDY AT SMP NEGERI 30 MAKASSAR )
Disusun dan diajukan oleh :
SRI SYAHRURAMADHANI Nomor Pokok : F21107041
Telah dipertahankan didepan Panitia Ujian Skripsi pada hari Jumat, 7 Desember 2012
Dan dinyatakan telah memenuhi syarat
Menyetujui, Komisi Pembimbing
Ketua Sekretaris
Prof.Dr.Noer Jihad Saleh,M.A Dra. Hj.Hamsinah Yasin,M.Hum NIP.195611281989031003 NIP.195412011987032001
Dekan Fakultas Sastra Ketua Jurusan Sastra Inggris Universitas Hasanuddin Fakultas Sastra UNHAS
Prof.Drs. H. Burhanuddin Arafah,M.Hum. Ph.D Drs. Husain Hasyim,M. Hum NIP. 19650303 199002 1 001 NIP. 19611028 198703 1 003
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UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN FAKULTAS SASTRA JURUSAN SASTRA INGGRIS
Sesuai dengan Surat Tugas Dekan Fakultas Sastra Universitas Hasanuddin nomor: 658/UN4.10.1/PP.27/2012 tanggal 24 Februari 2012. Dengan ini kami menyatakan menerima dan menyetujui skripsi ini untuk diteruskan ke panitia ujian skripsi.
Makassar, 22 November 2012
Konsultan I Konsultan II
Prof.Dr. Noer Jihad Saleh, M.A Dra. Hj.Hamsinah Yasin,M.Hum NIP. 196511281989031003 NIP. 195412011987032001
Menyetujui a.n. Dekan
Ketua Jurusan Sastra Inggris
Drs. Husain Hasyim,M. Hum NIP. 196110281986031003
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PENGESAHAN UJIAN SKRIPSI
Pada hari ini, Jumat tanggal 7 Desember 2012 panitia ujian skripsi menerima dengan baik skripsi yang berjudul :
“THE ABILITY OF SMP STUDENTS IN USING ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS”
(A Case Study at SMP Negeri 30 Makassar)
Yang diajukan dalam rangka untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat ujian akhir guna memperoleh gelar Sarjana Jurusan Sastra Inggris program studi kebahasaan pada Fakultas Sastra Universitas Hasanuddin.
Makassar, 7 Desember 2012 Panitia Ujian Skripsi
1. Prof.Dr. Noer Jihad Saleh,M.A Ketua 1 ...
2. Dra. Hj.Hamsinah Yasin,M.Hum Sekretaris 2 ...
3. Drs. Stanislaus Sandarupa,M.A,Ph.D Penguji I 3 ...
4. Drs. Husain Hasyim,M.Hum Penguji II 4 ...
5. Prof.Dr. Noer Jihad Saleh,M.A Konsultan I 5 ...
6. Dra. Hj.Hamsinah Yasin,M.Hum Konsultan II 6 ...
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirahmanirrahim…….
Allhamdulillahi Rabbil Alamin, first of all, the writer would like to express her great praise to the Almighty Allah SWT, who has give blessing to her in finishing her thesis. Peace and gretting to the Muhammad SAW, his family, friend, and every body who has persistence to fight the truth in this world.
The writer also expressed her deep appreciation and thanks to her first consultant : Prof.Dr. Noer Jihad Saleh, M.A and her second consultant : Dra.Hj.
Hamsinah Yasin, M.Hum for they valuable ideas, time, help, patience, suggestion, correction, towards to completion of this thesis. Afterward, the writer would like to put into words her thankfulness to Drs. Husain Hasyim, M.Hum as her first examiner and Drs. Stanislaus Sandarupa, M.A, Ph. D as the second examiner.
High appreciations are extended to Prof. Burhanuddin Arafah, M. Hum, Ph. D as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Drs. Husain Hasyim, M. Hum as the Head of English Department and Drs. Simon Sitoto, M. A as the secretary of English Department and to all lecturers of English Department. They all have give the most valuable contribution.
The writer proudly presents this thesis to his beloved parents, Drs. Ruslan H. idris and Sri Sulastri who have given their loves, support, advices and even tears. Her thanks are also extended to her brother and sisters : k‟Sedo, k‟mala, k‟
dedi, k‟nia, k‟atank, and k‟yuni. They are fabulous people in her life, she thanks
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them very much. The special gratitude is also expressed to her boyfriend JALI (Ale Ncoki), thanks for all the support.
The grateful thanks also goes to her friends in ED‟07 Especially Any cute, Muly Green, Reny Purnama Sary, Nurfitriana abd. Majid, Hastriyawati, Dzakiah Darajatun, and Nurfitriana and all of the INDEPENDENT 07 CREW that the writer cannot write one by one, thanks very much for the friendship and best moments we share together.
Finally, the writer still realizes that this thesis is not a perfect one. Any suggestions and critics for the improvement in the future is welcomed and appreciated. May this thesis give additional knowledge to all readers and may Allah Subhanahu Wataala blesses for the best.
Makassar, 5 December 2012
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title ... i
Acknowledgement ... v
Table of Contents ... vii
Abstrak ... vi
Abstract ... iiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1. Background ... 1
1.2. Identification of Problem ... 3
1.3. Scope of Problem ... 3
1.4 Statement of Problem ... 4
1.5 Objective of Writing ... 4
1.6 Significance of Research ... 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ... 6
2.1. Previous Study ... 6
2.2. Grammar ... 8
2.3. Definition of Prepositions ... 9
2.4. Forms of Preposition ... 12
2.4.1 Simple Preposition ... 12
2.4.1.1 Place Position ... 13
2.4.1.2 Direction ... 14
2.4.1.3 Time ... 14
2.4.1.4 Purpose, reason ... 15
2.4.1.5 Possession ... 15
2.4.1.6 Manner, Instrument ... 15
2.4.1.7 Identification ... 15
2.4.1.8 Distance ... 16
2.4.1.9 Agent ... 16
2.4.1.10 Material ... 16
2.4.1.11 Quantity ... 16
2.4.2 Complex Prepositions ... 17
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ... 18
3.1. Library Research ... 18
3.2. Field of Research ... 18
3.2.1 Method of Collecting Data ... 18
3.3.1.1 Questionnaire ... 18
3.3.1.2 Multiple Choice ... 19
3.3.1.3 Essay Test ... 19
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3.3. Method of Analyzing Data ... 20
3.4. Population and Sample ... 21
3.4.1. Population ... 21
3.4.2. Sample ... 22
CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION AND ANALYSES ... 23
4.1. Data Presentation and Analyses I (Multiple Choice) ... 23
4.2. Data Presentation and Analyses II (Essay Tests) ... 40
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 49
5.1. Conclusion ... 49
5.2. Suggestion ... 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 51
APPENDIX ... 52
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ABSTRAK
Sri Syahruramadhani 2012 “The Ability of SMP students in Using English Prepositions (a case study at SMP 30 Makassar) dibimbing oleh Noer Jihad
Saleh dan Hamsinah Yasin.
Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan kemampuan dan pemahaman siswa kelas VIII SMP 30 Makassar dalam menggunakan kata depan dalam bahasa Inggris, khususnya penggunaan kata depan waktu. Disamping itu, penulis juga memaparkan kesalahan-kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh para siswa. Data yang dikemukakan dan dianalisis merupakan data yang diperoleh dengan cara memeberikan beberapa tes kepada siswa kelas VIII yaitu berupa tes pilihan ganda dan isian. Dari hasil tes tersebut, penulis kemudian menganalisis jawaban yang benar dan yang salah, menguraikan kesalahan-kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh siswa dan mentabulasikannya dalam bentuk tabel untuk menentukan kemampuan rata-rata siswa dalam menggunakan kata depan bahasa Inggris.
Hasil dari analisis tersebut bahwa siswa yang memberikan jawaban yang salah lebih banyak daripada yang memberikan jawaban yang benar. Kemampuan siswa dalam menggunakan kata depan waktu dalam bentuk pilihan ganda adalah cukup (64,5), kemudian kemampuan siswa dalam menggunakan kata depan waktu dalam dalam bentuk isian adalah sanagat buruk (41). Kemampuan siswa dalam menggunakan kata depan waktu bahasa Inggris dalam bentuk pilihan ganda dan isian adalah cukup (62,3). Perbandingan antara pilihan ganda dan isian menenujukkan bahwa perolehan nilai tes pilihan ganda lebih baik daripada tes isian.
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ABSTRACT
Sri Syahruramadhani 2012 “The Ability of SMP Students in Using English Prepositions (a case study at SMP 30 Makassar) supervised by Noer Jihad Saleh
and Hamsinah Yasin.
This research aimed at explaining in how far the ability and comprehension of students grade VIII at SMP 30 Makassar in using English Prepositions, especially Preposition of time. The writer describes the mistakes that have been done by the students. The data was taken by giving multiple choice and completion test to the students. From the test, the writer analyzed the correct answer and incorrect answer, describes the errors that have been made, and tabulated it into a table to know the average score of students in using English Prepositions.
The result of this research shows that there are many students who give more incorrect answer that correct answer. The level students ability in using English Preposition of time in multiple choice is fair (64,5). Then, the level students ability in using English Preposition of time in completion test is failing (41). The ability of the students in using Preposition of time in English appropriately in multiple choice and completion test is fair (62,3). The comparison between multiple choice and completion test shows that the score in multiple choices is better than that of completion test.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
I.I Background
People use language to share their knowledge, ideas and purposes to communicate with other people. We call this as a communicating presents. A good communication if the idea of one person is transcribed and understood by other person. Language performs two basic functions for human being. These two basic functions are to provide a structure for naming and expressing relationship among concepts, and enables people to communicate to each other. That is why language claimed as the most important part in the communication activity.
Each language has a system, norms that need to be known and obeyed by the users. English is very important to be learned because the scientific works are written in English. Moreover English has become international language nowadays because of its important in communicating with the people all over the world. In learning English, the students need to know the tenses and other grammar rules. Without knowing the systems and rules of English, people cannot get the meaning of its message.
One of the people is always encountered by the learners of the language grammar. Beside the student usually also face difficulty to teach English. One part of the grammar that the students often face is preposition. This word is a significant aspect of grammatical structure
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which has also its own system and rule that must be followed by English language and those who want to become a master in English. Each of preposition has a certain meaning which is different from the other in the sentences. So, the preposition in the right way brings a clear meaning which can be understood by other people.
In traditional grammar, preposition is classified as a part of speech.
It is divided in two groups, they are : simple preposition and complex preposition. Simple preposition is sometimes called common preposition, while complex preposition is resemble with phrasal preposition or compound preposition. However, students at SMP Negeri 30 Makassar still get problems in using prepositon. Most students still do not understand how to place preposition in the sentences appropriately.
As far we know that there are large number of English prepositions, which are can used not in one condition only but in many conditions. Such as, time position, position of place, duration, and another uses, it is depend on the students, they have to read the questions carefully before answer it. The simple preposition consists of one word of preposition, such as : at, on, in, from, with, to, by, near, beside, behind, before, after, during, above, between, about, below and etc. Each of them has different meaning in sentences. Based on the reason above, the writer realizes that it is very important for students to understand preposition of English. The writer intends to discuss this research with title : “The Ability of SMP Students in Using Preposition(A Case Study at SMP 30
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Makassar) “ for her thesis. This research also could be a refresh for them to remember what they got about preposition.
1.2. Identification of Problems
From the explanation above, the writer tried to identify the problems which are probably faced by the students in using preposition.
The problems are :
1. The are some students who do not understand to use preposition English.
2. The students do not know which preposition is included in simple preposition.
I.3 Scope of Problem
There are two types preposition, that are complex preposition and simple preposition. The complex preposition such as : because of, as from, apart from, except for, close to, ahead of, away from, back of, next to, up against, contrary to, thanks to and etc. While the simple preposition such as : at, on, in, from, with, to, by, near, beside, since, for, behind, before, after, during, from, above, between, about, below and etc. In this research the writer gives a limit by focusing on seven kinds simple preposition.
They are at, in, on, from, since, by and for. She focuses on those seven words because the students sometimes find difficulty in using them as simple preposition. The writer would also like to know the students ability in using simple preposition from multiple choice and completion test, this done by describing the correct answers.
14 I.4 Statements of Problems
From the previous explanation above, this research is focused on the following research questions which are going to be answered by the writer:
1. What kinds of ability are usually done by students at SMP 30 Makassar in using preposition in the sentences?
2. What kinds of problems encounter by students at SMP 30 Makassar in using preposition in the sentences ?
I.5 The Objectives of Writing
Based on the research questions above, this research has purposes to:
1. Explain what are the ability of the second year students of SMP 30 Makassar to use preposition of time.
2. Describe the ability of difficulties are faced by the second year students of SMP 30 Makassar to use preposition of time.
I.6 The Significance of Research
Most researchers expects that their research can be useful, particularly this research. The writer hopes that the result of this research will be useful for the students and refresh their mind preposition especially the use of simple prepositions to refers time at, on, in, from, since, by and for. The writer also hopes that she can improve her own ability in using preposition in sentences and apply them when she needs.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1. Previous Studies
There are many students of English Department discuss on using preposition. In this writing the writer takes only four o them, they are : 1. Daniel Pagayang Palipangal (Unhas1993) in his research entitled “
The incorrect use of English Prepositions A Case study at the Faculty of Letters Hasanuddin University. He analyzes and classifies the incorrect using of prepositions in the sentences. In his writing he does not limit the number of prepositions. The possible sources of the error made by the respondents can be summerized as follows:
a. The are some students still confuse to differentiate prepositions show place and position show direction and motion, prepositions show time.
b. The are some students do not know a spesific rule of each group of prepositions above. Therefore the students sometimes gare an impossible answer on the test. It can be proved in the table of each part that still many students gave incorrect answer compare to the correct answer.
2. Nurbaya (Unhas 1993). In his research entitled “The Ability in Using Prepositions by students of English Department Hasanuddin University”. She does not limit the number of prepositions. The result of her research indicates that the 69 students of the English Department
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are able to use prepositions tested to them,although the rate ability that they obtain from the test is classified as the poor achievement. The students from literature study are more able to using preposition than those from language study. They find it difficult to use preposition correctly because most of them have several diffirent functions.
3. Elvira Damayanti (Unhas 1998), in his research entitled “Complex Prepositions in Agatha Christies “ Cat Among the Pigeons” and their equivalents in Suwarnis “Kucing di tengah Burung Dara” (A Constrative study)”. She only taken anlyzing and examining the use of Complex Christies novel Cat Among The Pigeons. The result of her research, as following ways :
a. What are the dictionary meaning of complex prepositions in sentences which are taken from Agatha Christie‟s Cat among The Pigeons.
b. Which complex prepositions are choosen by the translator in determining the equivalents of complex prepositions in Indonesia language.
c. What are type of translations which the the translator used in translating complex prepositions in sentences.
4. Irfanni (Unhas 2005). In her researchs title is “Students ability in using English Prepositions : A Case study at Faculty of Letters, Hasanuddin University. She only focuses on Prepositions of place or position, preposition of time, preposition of manner and prepositions of
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direction. The result is the ability of students English Department Hasanuddin University in using Prepositions of place or position, preposition of time, prepositio of manner and preposition of direction is classified as very poor.
The four studies above are valuable as previous studies because the studies give some references about prepositions to this writing. Besides, from the researches, the writer finds out the comparison of students ability in different time and place. And the last, the writer can compare each method of these researhes and determine what method of these researches and determine what method is better to use in this writing.
In this writing, the writer discusses about “The Ability of SMP Students In using English Prepositions (A Case Study At SMP 30 Makassar)”. This research is quite diffirent from the four researches above because it is not only to figure out the ability to use prepositions of time by students, but also this research aims to find out the problem faced by student when they do the test.
2.2 Grammar
The Longman of Contemporary English defines Grammar as „(the study and practice of ) the rules by which words change their form and are combined into sentence‟. There are two basic elements in this definition : the rules of grammar, and the study and practice of the rules.
The rules of grammar , as the dictionary suggest, are about how words change and how they are put together into sentences. For example,
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our knowledge of grammar tells us that the word walk changes to walked in the past tense. This is an example of a word changing its form.
According to the defenition given by Harmer (1987:1), “ grammar is the study and practice of the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences”. In another opinion given by Huddleston (1984:1), “ the term „grammar‟ is used in a number of different senses-the grammar of language may be understood to be a full description of the form and meaning of the sentences of the language or else it may cover only certain, variously delimited, parts of such a description. “
From the definition above, the writer can conclude that grammar is a very important rule to be understood because it defines how words and phrases are constructed into languages. With the mastery of grammar, people can make good sentences whenever they need.
2.3 Definition of Preposition
Many linguist have already stated and limited the definition of preposition. The writer would like to present some definitions in order to obtain the description of how the preposition is used in a sentence.
The definition of preposition given by Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary by Hornby (6th ed.2000 : 917) she that “a preposition is a word or group of words. Such as in, from, to, out of, and on behalf of, are used before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time and method.
Similar to that given by Brown (1984 : 51) that preposition is a word that expresses a relationship between a noun or a pronoun and
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another word in the sentence. She gives some examples of using preposition in sentence, they are :
The Lake is behind the cottage. (The preposition behind, shows where the lake is in relation to the cottage).
We swam after lunch. (The preposition, after, shows a time relationship between lunch and when we swam).
The lake like a mirror (The preposition, like shows the similarity
between a mirror and the lake).
Wishon and Burks (1980 : 288) stated that preposition are always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are connective words that show the relationship between one of the basic sentence elements (subject, verb, object or complement) and nouns that following them. They usually indicate relationships, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the sentence.
Hofmann (1993 : 159) also gave a statement about preposition, that “ in many languages preposition are used to shows aspects of location of an event where something happen, for example : in, on, at or near my house. English has a rather extensive set of such preposition and uses them to carry the meaning for which other language commonly use nouns or verbs ”.
From the definition above, it is clear that preposition is always followed by noun or pronoun. Preposition is the word, which has function
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to show the relationship of or pronoun to some other words in order to show the meaning of the sentence. It is also used to show aspects of location of an event where something happened. Besides, preposition can also follow a certain verb, and they form an idiomatic expression. As Wishon and Burks (1980 : 308) state that some verbs in English are associated with certain prepositions. It is the same as description given by Marcella Frank (1972 : 172) that a preposition way combine with a verb to form a new vocabulary item :
For example :
at : look at, throw at, laugh at.
in : believe in.
in : act on, down on, depend on.
to : compare to, add to, down to.
of : consist of, think of.
for : thank for, wait for.
from : suffer from, away from, down from.
with : agree with, deal with.
From those definitions and examples above, we can conclude that preposition show the position of one word in relation to another. Besides, preposition is connective word that show the relationship between the noun or pronoun in a sentence.
21 2.4 Forms of Preposition
Most preposition are short words, usually consisting of one or two syllables. Sometimes two short prepositions are joined into one-word compound, or two or more separate words function together as a phrasal preposition.
According to Quirk (1978 : 300) preposition can be grouped into two main groups. They are simple preposition and complex preposition.
1. Simple Preposition
The most common English preposition is simple preposition which consist of one word. It usually comprises of one or two syllables.
Sometime to short preposition are joined into a one compound word, for example in + to become into, up + on become upon, with + in become within. As has been mentioned before that prepositions not only to show the relationship of noun or pronoun to some other words in order to show the meaning of the sentence, but also it used to show aspects of location of an event where something happen. Wishon and Burks ( 1980 : 289 ) give some example about simple preposition and its meaning categories in sentences, as follows :
1. Place position
This is example simple preposition of place position they are:
after : The cat ran after the dog. After you.
among : I like being among people.
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around : We are sitting around the campfire.
at : I stay at the hotel this evening.
before : S comes before T in the alphabet.
behind : The little girl hid behind her mother.
below : Footnotes are provided below the text.
between : Our house is between the supermarket and the school.
by : He lives in the house by the river.
in : The boys stand in a line.
on : The photo hangs on the wall.
over : The cat jumped over the wall.
under : The cat is under the table.
2. Direction
across : You mustn't go across this road here.
at : He is looking at the park.
down : He came down the hill.
into : You should not go into the castle.
to : Turn to the right.
toward : We ran towards the castle.
up : He went up the hill.
3. Time
about : His house is about two hours from here.
for : She is lived there for seven years.
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since : He is worked here since 1999.
from : Most people work from nine to five.
after : She arrives after ten o‟clock.
at : I met John at a party.
before : She comes before celebrate Idul Fitri.
by : I have to go Bandung by Monday.
in : That happened in March, in 2000.
on : I‟ll be at home on Friday morning.
4. Purpose, reason
for : Take this medicine for your headache.
5. Possesion
of : The leader of the scouts has not arrived yet.
6. Manner, instrument
by : I enjoy going there by train.
in : you can not go to that restaurant in jeans.
like : that clown walks like a duck.
with : she writes with a pen.
7. Identification
at : The shop at the corner sells stamps.
by : That book by Hemingway is masterpiece.
in : The man in the dark suit is my neighbor.
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on : The apartment on the second floor is smaller than ours.
with : People with law degrees often go into politics.
8. Distance
for : we walk for miles and miles.
9. Agent
by : This film was directed by a Czech director.
10. Material
with : I must fill my pen with ink.
11. Quantity
by : Meat is sold by the pound or by the kilo.
2. Complex Preposition
According to Quick, Green baum, and Leech ( 1985,669 ), complex preposition consist of more than one word. Complex preposition may be subdivided into two and three word sequence, as follows. Two word sequences, the first word ( which usually is relatively stressed ) is an adverb, adjective or conjunction, and the second word a simple preposition ( such as, from, for, of , to or with).
Here is a list of sceme-two word preposition as follows :
except for along with as to
because of but for off of
next to aside from outside of
as for as from close to
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out of as of due to
up against devoid of owing to
apart from inside of preparatory to
away from irrespective of prior to
ahead of void of up to
back of regardless of contrary to
exclusive of void of thanks to
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Library Research
During this research, the writer reads some literatures and books about Preposition as her theory source. There are two libraries which the writer uses to read the related books, they are library of Faculty of Letters, the Central Library of Hasanuddin University. The writer also read certain articles from internet as her supporting materials or additional information which are relevant to the object of writing.
3.2 Field Research
This method will use to find out primary data which is needed in this research. To find out the data, the writer uses technique of collecting data, that is objective test as instrument. The writer came directly to the students of SMP Negeri 30 Makassar in order to get the data for this research.
3.2.1 Method of Collecting Data
In obtaining data the writer conduct some technique as follow : 3.3.1.1 Questionnaire
In this step, the writer collected the data before doing the observation to the respondents who will be chosen, then the writer gave questioner about the difficulty in using preposition. The
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writer gave the respondents the test about 30 statements consist of 20 questions in multiple choices and 10 essay test to respondent.
3.3.1.2 Multiple Choice
Multiple choice is a kind of test which gives an incomplete statements four option (a, b, c, and d) to be chosen. One of correct answer is to complete the statement. This test consist of 20 numbers.
For example :
1. I have to stay……..bed.
a. on c. at
b. in d. By
3.3.1.3 Essay Test
The essay test consist of 10 numbers.
For example:
1. We are having a party……..the Fourth of July.
2. He travelled in the desert…….six month.
3. He has been here……Monday
3.3 Method of Analyzing Data
In this research, the writer used descriptive method to analyze the data : a. The data are classified into two groups, test I and test II
b. Students performance of class VIII Unggulan are tabulated then their achievement are classified into five levels by using these criteria.
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80-100 = Excellent 70-79 = Good 60-69 = Fair 50-59 = Poor 0-49 = Fail
P = SC x 100 % Q
Where, P = Presentation of correct answer SC = Number of correct answer Q = Total of question
After that the writer disclosed the average score of students by using the method as follow:
H = Nn N
Where, H = Score average Nn = Total score
n = Total data
c. To describe the students ability of class VIII Unggulan to use preposition.
29 3.4 Population and Sample
3.4.1 Population
Population of this research was students grade the third at SMP 30 Makassar. The writer collects data from 30 students.
3.4.2 Sample
The writer took thirty students as sample of this research.
The reason is that they have already studied preposition and the sample is chosen by using random sampling technique.
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CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSES
In this chapter, the writer presents the data which are taken from the students work of SMP NEGERI 30 MAKASSAR. The writer gives test to thirty students of VII Unggulan Class. They are the second grade students of SMP NEGERI 30 Makassar.
4.1 Data Presentation and Analyses I (Multiple Choice Test)
The writer explains all of the answers had been given by the respondents.
In this case, it is written how many students answer the option (a), how many students answer the option (b), how many students answer the option (c), and how many students answer the option (d). The correct answer is given with a bold mark.
Number of students 1. My English class start……….10 a.m.
A. In 1
B. since -
C. at 29
D. on -
For this number, there are 30 students who give the correct answer by choosing the option c. at. There is 1 student who chooses incorrect answer the option a. in. There are no students choose the
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option b. since and d. on, because these answer the wrong. The correct answer is
at because „at‟ here is suitable to complete this sentence My English class start...10 a.m. At is preposition of time which are describing times (hour/minutes).
2. I will return near it to you……….Wednesday.
A. at -
B. on 26
C. in 4
D. by -
In this question, there are 26 students who answer correctly by choosing the option b. on. There are 4 students who choose incorrect answer the option c. in. This answer is incorrect because it is not suitable with the sentence.
On is the correct answer because it is preposition of time for specific days and „on‟ here is suitable to complete the sentence above. There are no students choose the option a. at and d. by, because these answers are incorrect.
3. The river near my house is dry……….summer.
A. for 5
B. since 2
C. from 1
D. in 22
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In answering this item, there are 22 students who answer correctly by choosing the option d. in and there are 8 students who give incorrect answer. There are 5 students who choose the option a.
for. There are 2 students who choose the option b. since. There is student who chooses the option c. from. The correct answer is „in‟
because „in‟ is used with periods of time and appropriate to complete the sentence above.
4. I find him difficult to sleep……….night.
A. by -
B. on 5
C. in 1
D. at 24
In this question, there are 24 students who answer correcttly by choosing the option d. at. There are 6 students who give incorrect answers. There are 5 students choose the option b. on. There is only 1 student who chooses the option c. in and there is no student chooses the option a. by because these answers are incorrect. This answer is correct because „at‟ explain about the night and „at‟ here is appropriate to complete the sentence above.
5. The train leaves station………5 minutes ago.
A. at 2
B. in 15
C. on 3
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D. since 10
In this question, there are 15 students who give the correct answer by choosing the option b. in and there are 15 students choose incorrect answers. There are 2 students who choose the option a. at.
There are 3 students who choose the option c. on and there are 10 students who choose the option d. since.
In is correct answer because prepositions of time duration (in a minute), not „since‟ but „in‟ which suitable with the sentence above. So, the correct prepositions of time is in.
6. They have been producing noodles……….the war.
A. Since 15
B. For 9
C. By 2
D. From 4
In this question, there are 15 students who give the correct answer by choosing the option a. since. This answer is correct because
„since‟ is the prepositions of time which is appropriate with the sentence above.
Since is mostly used for time not for place and means „from that time to referred to‟ . It is often used with a present perfect tense or past perfect tense. There are 15 students who give incorrect answer.
There are 9 students who choose the option b. for. There are 2 students
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who choose the option c. by and then there are 4 students who choose the option d. from.
7. Our president will be go to abroad……….three weeks.
A. from 2
B. since 4
C. for 24
D. at -
In this question, there are 24 students who give answer correctly by choosing the option c. for. There are 6 students who make mistakes in answering this question. There are 2 students who choose the option a. from. There are 4 students who choose the option b.
since. There is no student chooses the option d. at. For is the correct answer in this question. For is used of a period of time like this sentence Our president will be go to abroad ... three weeks.
8. The trade fair will start……….March, 12, 2012
A. at -
B. since -
C. in 1
D. on 29
In this question, there are 29 students who choose correct the answer that is point d. on. This answer is correct because „on‟ here is appropriate in sentence the trade fair will start……….March, 12, 2012, so to be on as preposition of time correct to complete the
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sentence. There is no student chooses the option b. since and then there is 1 student who chooses incorrect answer the option c. in. There is no student chooses the option a. at because these answers are incorrect.
9. She expects to finish writing the book………. April
A. by 8
B. since 2
C. on 6
D. in 14
In this question, there are 22 students who give incorrect answer. There are 2 students choose the option b. since. There are 6 students who choose the option c. on. There are 14 students who choose the option d. in. There are 8 students who choose the correct answer that is option a. by.
This answer is correct because „by‟ is used with an act completed and then „by‟ appropriate to complete this sentence „She expects to finish writing the book……….April. But, 8 students do not make mistake in answering this question. They are not difference in using preposition of time since, on, in , and by.
10. The weather was stormy……….Wednesday to Friday
A. for 8
B. on 3
C. at 2
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D. from 17
In this question, there are 13 students who give incorrect answer. There are 8 students who choose the option a. for. There are 3 students who choose option b. on and then there are 2 students who choose option c. at. There are 17 students who give the correct answer by choosing the option d. from. This answer is correct because „from‟
here is appropriate to the sentence.
The correct answer is from because from is normally used with to or till/until and often is used to refer to the beginning and end of an event and from appropriate to complete this sentence The weather was stormy...Wednesday to Friday.
11. He has worked for us ever……….Wednesday to Friday
A. in 2
B. for 5
C. from 21
D. since 2
In this question, there are 21 students who choose correctly answer the option c. from. This answer is correct because „from‟
here is appropriate to complete this sentence he has worked for us ever………Wednesday to Friday. There are 2 students who choose incorrect answer option a. in. There are 5 students choose the option b. for and there are 2 students choose the option d. since.
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From is the correct answer for this item. From with to is followed by spesific preposition of time. From except followed to or usually followed till/until. From often is used to refer to the beginning and end of an activity and from appropriate to complete this sentence He has worked for us ever ...Wednesday to Friday.
12. She should be back……….seven at the latest
A. at 2
B. since -
C. from 8
D. by 20
In this question, there are 20 students who choose correct answer the option d. by. There are 2 students choose incorrect answer the option a. at and there are 8 students choose the option c. From.
There is no student who chooses the option b. since.
The correct answer is d. by. By is used with preposition of time (with a maximum time limit). At, since, and from are not suitable with the sentence above.
13. They lived in Makassar……….two years
A. for 22
B. since 6
C. at -
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D. in 2
For this number, there are 22 students who give the correct answer by choosing the option a. for and 8 students choose incorrect answers.
There are 6 students choose the option b. since . There are 2 students who choose the option d. in and there is no students choose the option c.
at.
In answering the item above, there are 10 students who make mistakes with choosing since, at, in as their answer. The students do not know that since is often be a conjunction of time and used with present perfect and past perfect tense. At is often used with a time (at dawn, at six, and at midnight) while in is often used with lengths of time. While, for is a period of time can be used with a present perfect tense or past perfect tense.
14. Lila travelled in the desert……….two month
A. since 4
B. at 2
C. for 24
D. by -
In answering this item, there are 6 students who give incorrect answer. There are 4 students choose the option a. since and there are 2 students who choose the option b. at. There are 24 students who give the correct answer by choosing the option c. for. There is no student who chooses option d. by . The correct answer is for because for
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is used of a period of time and for appropriate to complete this sentence Lila travelled in the desert...two month .
15. Most people work……….nine to five.
A. on 2
B. from 19
C. at 9
D. in -
In answering this item, there are 11 students who give incorrect answer. There are students 9 choose the option c. at. There are 2 students choose the option a. on. There are 19 students who give the correct answer by choosing b. from and there is no student who chooses option d. in.
For this item, from is the correct answer. From with to is followed by spesific preposition of time. From except followed to or usually followed till/until and also used to refer to the beginning and end of an activity and from appropriate to complete this sentence Most people work...nine to five.
16. I would like to go to the cinema……….Sunday
A. at 2
B. by -
C. in 1
D. on 27
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There are 27 students who give the correct answer by choosing the option d. on and there are 3 students who give the correct answer. There are 2 students who choose the option a. at. There is 1 student who chooses the option c. in and there is no student who chooses the option b. by.
On is the correct answer for this item. On is used with the days of the week. So, on is appropriate to complete this sentence I would like to go to the cinema...Sunday.
17. They are getting married……….Friday at 6 o‟clock
A. on 20
B. at -
C. in 6
D. since 4
In answering this item, there are 10 who give the correct answer. There are 6 students who choose the option c. in and there are 4 students who choose the option d. since. There are 20 students who give the correct answer by choosing the option a. on. There is no student who chooses the option b. at.
The correct answer is on because on is used with days and dates. It is preposition of time because it uses adverbial of time
„Friday‟ that indicates that sentence above suitable with the word „on‟.
Most of th students make mistakes in answering this item. The
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students do not have any reasons why they choose in and since as their answer.
18. The reception will be on Sunday……….four in the afternoon
A. at 28
B. in -
C. on 2
D. for -
There are 28 who answer correctly by choosing the option a. at and there are 2 only students who answer wrongly by choosing the option c. on.
For this item, at is the correct answer. At with spesific times (hour) or is used with the following times of the day. In the sentence, there is preposition of time four. Therefore, at is the correct answer.
There are 2 students who make mistakes in answering this item. The students do not have any reasons why they choose on as their answer.
19. Our sales rose continuously……….Christmas until right before holy week
A. from 22
B. since 2
C. at 2
D. for 4
In answer this item, there are 8 students who give incorrect answer. There are 2 students choose the option b. since. There are 2
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students who choose the option c. at and 4 students who choose the option d. for. There are 22 students who give the correct answer by choosing the option a. from.
The corret answer is from because from is used to refer to the beginning of one period to the beginning of another or is used to refer to beginning and end of an event.
Since, at and for are not suitable with the sentence above.
Most of the students make mistakes in answering this item. The students do not have any reasons why they choose since, at and for as their answer.
20. Mary has not watched a movie……….last month
A. at 1
B. since 22
C. on 5
D. from 2
In this question, there are 22 students who give the correct answer by choosing the option b. since and 8 students choose incorrect answers. There is 1 student who chooses the option a. at.
There are 5 students who choose the option c. on and 2 students who choose the option d. from.
The correct answer is since. Since is used with an event that happens at some time or continuosly after another time or even. Also it is used with present perfect tense negative (s+have/has+not+verb
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III) like the sentence above. In answering the question above, there are 9 students who make mistakes by choosing at, on and from as their answer. The students do not know that at is used with spesific times, on is used with dates and days. While, from is used to refer to the beginning of one period to the beginning of another or is used to refer to beginning and end of an event.
After looking at the data and analyzing the result of the test, the writer shows on the table the result of the students work in choosing the correct answer that consist of twenty numbers and each of the numbers consist of four options. For knowing the answer presentation that is correctly from the test result of the students, so the writer uses formula as follow:
P = SC x 100%
Q
For this, the following the writer explains the first table in which shows the presentation of the total students in using preposition of time appropriately. The writer also put out the criterion that is showing the student‟s ability, that is:
Criterion Value
80-100 is classified as excellent
70-79 is classified as good
60-69 is classified as fair
50-59 is classified as poor
0-49 is classified as fail.
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Table I: To show in general the result of multiple choices, the ability of each student.
Number of Students
Number of Questions
Total of Correct Answers Percentage Correct
answer
Score
1 20 18 54 90%
1 20 17 51 85%
2 20 16 48 80%
3 20 15 45 75%
4 20 14 42 70%
3 20 12 36 60%
4 20 11 33 55%
5 20 10 30 50%
6 20 9 27 45%
1 20 7 20 35%
30 Score Average 64,5
Based on the table above, there is no student who answers the entire questions correctly (100%). There is one student who gives 18 correct answers (90%), and it is excellent criterion. There is student who gives 17 correct answers (85%), and it is also excellent criterion. There are two students who give 16 correct answers (80%), and it is excellent criterion too. There are three students
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who give 15 correct answers (75%), and it is good criterion. There are four students who give 14 correct answers (70%), and it is also good criterion. There are three students who give 12 correct answers (60%), and it is fair criterion.
There are four students who give 11 correct answers (55%), and it is poor criterion. There are five students who give 10 correct answers (50%), and it is also poor criterion. There are six students who give 9 correct answers (45%), and it is fail criterion. There is one student who gives 7 correct answers (35%), and it is also fail criterion. The level student‟s ability in using preposition of time in multiple choice tests is fair (64,5).
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A. Data Presentation and Analysis II ( Completion Test )
The second question is completion test. These questions consist of 10 numbers about preposition of time. The students are asked to complete the sentence using preposition of time which has appropriate meaning in the box.
1. I have been living in Makassar……….2007.
For this number, there are 18 students who choose „since‟, 7 students choose „for‟, 4 students choose „from‟, and only 1 student chooses „in‟.
The correct answer in the sentences i have been living in Makassar...2007 should be completed by the word since. „Since‟ is correct preposition of time for the sentence because it is used with the start of a period of time and often used with present perfect tense (s+have/has+been) .
2. My mother said I have to be home……….7 p.m
In this item, all students give answer incorrect by choosing „at‟. The correct answer in the sentences my mother said i have to be home...7 p.m should be completed by the word by. „By‟ is correct preposition of time for the sentence because it is used with to completed by a certain time. All students do not know by is correct answer for the senetence above.
-At -In - From - since -By -for -On
47 3. Let‟s meet……….lunchtime for a coffee.
In answering this item, there are 7 students who give the correct answer by choosing „at‟ and there are 23 students who choose incorrect answer. 14 students choose „on‟ and 9 students choose „for‟. At is the correct answer because at is used with points in time. On and for are not suitable. On is mostly used with days and dates. While, for is used with partular duration.
The number of the students who give the correct answer in this item is very bad. There are 7 students who answer correctly and 23 students make mistakes by incorrect answer. For the students who make mistakes by giving incorrect answer, they do not have any reasons why they choose on and for as their answer.
4. The weather……….spring is beautiful.
There are 14 students who give the correct answer by choosing „in‟
and there are 16 students who choose incorrect answer. There are 7 students choose „for‟ . There are 6 students who choose „by‟. There are 2 students choose „since‟ and only 1 student chooses „in‟. There are 14 students who answer correctly and 16 students make mistake by incorrect answer. In is the correct answer because in is used season.
5. The conference held……….March, 10.
In answering this item, there are 22 students choose the correct answer by choosing „on‟ and 8 only students choose „in‟. On is used date or day.
The correct answer for the sentence sentence The conference
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held...March, 10 should be completed by the word „on‟. This is correct preposition of time in used date or days. So, the word appropriate for the sentence above is on.
6. I have been living here……….four years.
In answering this item, there are 16 students who give the correct answer by choosing „for‟ and there are 14 students who choose the incorrect answer. There are 7 students choose „since‟ and there are 3 students choose „from‟. But, there are 4 students choose „at‟. The correct answer for the sentence I have been living here...four years should be completed by the word „for‟. For is used with particular durations except that also used present perfect tense as the sentence above it is mean „he began live here four years ago and still lives here‟.
7. I meet Wati in a party……….Friday night.
In question number 7, there are 7 students who give the correct answer by choosing answer at and there are 23 students give the correct answer.
There are 16 students choose „on‟ and there are 7 students choose „by‟ as their answer. At is used with the following times of the day. So, the correct answer for this sentence i meet Wati in a party...Friday night is at. For the students who make mistakes by giving incorrect answer, they do not have any reasons why they choose on and by as their answer.
8. Melly will be in the classroom……….8 a.m.
For this number, all students who giving the correct answer by choosing answer at. There are no students make mistakes for this number.
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They are know the correct answer is at because the sentence above clearly explain about time/hour. This number the students very good in answering the sentence above.
9. The World War Two lasted……….1939 until 1945.
For number 9, there are 13 students who giving the answer by choosing answer from and there are 15 students who choose „since‟. There is 1 student chooses „in‟ and there is 1 student chooses „on‟. So, the corret answer is from . From is used to refer to the beginning of one period to the beginning of another or is used to refer to beginning and end of an event. The students do not have any reasons why they choose „since‟ as their answer.
10. He had been away from home……….two weeks.
In this question, there are 17 students who giving the answer by choosing answer for and there are 13 students who answer incorrect.
There are 10 students who choose „in‟ and there is 1 student chooses
„since‟. There is 1 student chooses „on‟ and there is 1 student chooses
„from‟. For is used with particular durations and it is using past perfect tense as this sentence he had been away from home...two weeks.
After looking at the data and analyzing the result of the test, the writer shows on the table the result of the students work in choosing the correct answer that consists of ten numbers. For knowing the answer presentation that is correctly from the test result of the students, so the writer uses formula as follow:
50 P = SC x 100%
Q
Table 2: To show in general the result of completion test, the ability of each student.
Number of
Number of
Total of Correct Answers
Percentage
Students Questions
Correct Answer Score
2 10 8 32 80%
3 10 7 28 70%
5 10 6 24 60%
7 10 5 20 50%
1 10 4 16 40%
7 10 3 12 30%
1 10 2 8 20%
4 10 1 4 10%
30 Score Average 41,11
Based on the table above, there is no student who answers the entire questions correctly (100%). There are two students who give 8 correct answers (80%), and it is excellent criterion. There are three students who give 7 correct answers (70%), and it is good criterion. There
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are five students who give 6 correct answers (60%), and it is fair criterion.
There are seven students who give 5 answers (50%), and it is poor criterion. There is one student who gives 4 correct answers (40%), and it is fail criterion. There are seven students who give 3 correct answers (30%), and it si fail criterion. There is one student who gives 2 correct answers (20%), and it is also fail criterion. There are four students who gives 1 correct answers (10%), and it is fail criterion too. The level student‟s ability in using preposition of time appropriately in completion test is fail (41).
To know the student‟s ability in general multiple choice and completion test in determining a criterion, the writer uses the formula and shows on the table, as follows:
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Table 3: To show in general the result of multiple choice and completion test, the ability of each students.
Students Total of Number of correct Total of Total Number Questions Answer correct Score
answer Multiple Completion
Choice Choice
1 30 10 6 16 60
2 30 15 2 17 64
3 30 12 1 13 56
4 30 11 7 18 66
5 30 9 3 12 54
6 30 10 5 15 60
7 30 16 3 19 68
8 30 14 1 15 60
9 30 12 5 17 64
10 30 7 7 14 58
11 30 11 1 12 54
12 30 9 5 14 58
13 30 10 3 13 56
14 30 14 1 15 60
15 30 11 3 14 58
16 30 9 4 13 56
17 30 9 5 14 58
18 30 11 6 17 64
19 30 12 5 17 64
20 30 14 7 21 72
21 30 18 8 26 82
22 30 9 5 14 58
23 30 10 3 13 56
24 30 14 6 20 50
25 30 9 3 12 54
26 30 11 6 17 64
27 30 15 6 21 72
28 30 16 6 22 74
29 30 17 8 25 80
30 30 15 5 20 70
Score Average 62,33
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Based on the table above, it can be seen that the ability of the students in using Prepositions of time in English appropriately in multiple choice and completion test is fair (62, 33).
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A.
ConclusionAfter analyzing the data that are taken from 30 students of the Exact class( as the respondent ), the writer concludes that the student‟s ability in using English Preposition of time is as follows:
1. a. Most students of SMP 30 Makassar use in English preposition of time incorrectly even though they had studied it for a long period and in using English preposition of time they still confused.
b. The errors that are done by students still do not understand about the grammatical rules in using English preposition of time. English has its own grammatical features which are different from Indonesian‟s. That means that the students as Indonesian native speaker face the errors in using Prepositions in English.
2. The problems of students in using English preposition were found in preposition of time. They still confuse to identify the kinds of prepositions and do not understand to use prepositions correctly. The level of student‟s ability in using English preposition of time appropriately in multiple choices is fair (64, 5) see table 1. While the level of student‟s ability in preposition of time appropriately in completion test is fail (41) see table 2.
In addition, the ability of the students in using English preposition of time appropriately in multiple choice and completion test is fair (62, 33) see
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table 3. The comparison between multiple choice and completion test shows that multiple choice is better than completion test.
B. Suggestion
From the result of this research, the writer gives suggestion to both students and teachers of SMP NEGERI 30 MAKASSAR to increase their attention to prepositions in English. The teacher should better give students an English course outside the English class in the school. Where they can read some English grammar books and making English group for the students to support their ability in learning English.
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