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Logic and
Critical Thinking
Logical Thinking in Business Management
• Conducting market research tests to gauge consumer reaction to a new product prior to devising an advertising strategy.
• Analyzing reviews by restaurant customers prior to structuring training protocols.
• Soliciting feedback from users about their experience with software prior to creating the next generation.
• Deciding who to designate as team leader after comparing the past evidence of leadership behaviors by prospective candidates.
• Interviewing departing employees to uncover patterns of unwanted turnover.
• Reaching out to colleagues at other organizations to discover high-impact practices prior to finalizing strategy for the next cycle.
• A contractor recommending extra insulation, high-efficiency heating, cooling equipment and appliances as well as a passive solar design to a customer who wants the most energy efficient home possible.
The Course Structure
• Introduction to Logic• Logical Errors and Fallacies
• Inferencing
• Creative and Innovative Thinking
• Critical Thinking
• Problem Analyzing
Logic or Logics?
•
Logika
a d
Logikanya
Logic or Logics?
•
Logic or Logics?
–Way of thinking (reasoning)
• Logikanya kan… –Cognitive
• Pakai logikado g! –Common Sense
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Logics
•
One of main branches of philosophy
•
A critical study of method and principle of
thinking properly, straightly, and well ordered
•
Logics is science, but also art of thinking
•
Logics is needed in many and various field of
study and serves as
fundamental structure for
other sciences
Why Logics
• Hu a ’s life is i separa le fro reaso i g pro ess: a i al
rationale (Aristoteles), cogito ergo sum (René Descartes)
• Decision making is one kind of reasoning process, and it is undeniable that management is closely related with this
• The question is:
–What would happen if decision is made through inadequate reasoning process?
Logical Reasoning
•
Every human being prescriptively has capacity
to think logically,
but this capacity might be
different in different person, including how
fast it develops.
Logical Reasoning
• People thinks by using his knowledge and understanding (apriori and aposteriori).
• That knowledge is treated cognitively and generates new knowledge or understanding as a conclusion. • This is what we call as reasoning.
Logical Reasoning
•
In general, reasoning process can be divided
into two forms:
–Inductive reasoning –Deductive reasoning
• But, you will learn, there is what is called abductive reasoningalso
Logic and Critical Thinking
• Thinking critically and thinking logically relate to each other
• Capacity to think critically is needed to unravel the complexity of issues (or problems)
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pegasus itu kan tidak ada, jadi tidak bisa dibuktikan dia bisa terbang atau tidak. C: Iya, jangan jadi idiot deh, logikanya yah,kuda kan tidak punya sayap.
?? Is Pegasus bisa terbang logi al? .. Or .. Does it make sense that Pegasus can fly?
Premise and Conclusion
• In assessing whether a reasoning process is logical or not, we need to know which is the conclusion and which is the premisethat is used to generate the
conclusion
• Whether it is logical or not is neither seen solely from the conclusion nor the premise, but how the conclusion is generated from the premise.
Logic
Premise Conclusion
Premise and Conclusion
• Arguments of B and C are WEAK!
• B judges A as logical or not from the conclusion (that Pegasus can fly)
• C judges A as logical or not from the premise (that Pegasus is a winged-horse)
• What we can know from A is only the conclusion (Pegasus can fly), making it difficult to say whether A is logical or not, unless we know why A says so.
Premis dan Kesimpulan
• It is a other ase if A said, Pegasus a fly, e ause it has wi gs
• Pegasus can fly (conclusion)
• Pegasus has wings (premise)
• All that has wings can fly(hidden premise)
• So, how to determine which is the conclusion and which is the premise?
Things to be Well Noticed
• There may be more than one conclusion and/or premisein one argument.
• One conclusion can be premise for other conclusion, creating a reasoning chain
