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ALIENS IN THE ATTIC (Pragmatics Approach)
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement For the Sarjana Sastra Degree at English Department
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
By:
ARINI HIDAYAH C1307029
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
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iv Name: Arini Hidayah
NIM: C1307029
Stated a whole-heartedly that the thesis “An Analysis of Vocative
Expressions Among Characters in the Film Entitled Aliens In The Attic”
(Pragmatics Approach)” is originally made by the researcher. The things related
to other people’s works are written in quotation and included within the
bibliography.
If it is then proven that the researcher cheats, the researcher is positively
ready to take the responsibility.
The Researcher
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v
Life is simple; dare to dream then make it real (Silentium – Para Pemimpi)
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vi
I whole heartedly dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved mom and dad
My beloved sister and little brother
My beloved savior sister
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vii
Bismillahirrohmanirrohim.
Alhamdulillahi robbil ‘alamin. My biggest praise is just for Allah SWT, the
Almighty and the All Merciful God for His blessing that I can complete this thesis as one of
the requirements for accomplish the Undergraduate Degree of Sarjana Sastra. There are
many people who have given me many contributions to accomplish this thesis. That is why in
this opportunity, I would like to show my gratitude to:
1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D, as the dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts of
Sebelas Maret University, for approving my thesis.
2. Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd, as the Head of English Department Non Regular Program of
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University.
3. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A, Ph.D, as my thesis consultant. Thank you very much for
guidance, patience, concern, and advise so that I can finish my thesis.
4. Drs. Mugijatna, M. Si, Ph.D, as my academic consultant. I am very thankful for the time
and the support to me.
5. All the lecturers of English Department for all the knowledge which have been shared for
me.
6. My family, my beloved mom and dad thanks for everything you have given to me,
attention, pray, love, and care. My sister and little brother thanks for cheerful.
7. My beloved savior sister “Mbk Vian” thanks for all your knowledge about vocative
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viii
Kezia, Mbk Puri, and Mas Dhika, I miss every moment that we have and thank you for
helping me in doing my thesis.
9. All my friends in ED Non Regular ’07; ED Regular ’07, ’08, and ’10 (thanks for the
friendship, it is very nice to have you all ).
10.All of my friends in Piranha Board, thanks for the full of color which have given to me.
11.For everyone who I cannot mention, thanks for all support in doing my thesis.
I believe that this thesis is far from being perfect, thus constructive criticism and
suggestion are open-handedly accepted. Hopefully this thesis will be beneficial as it purposively
written. Thanks
Sukoharjo, July 2012
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TITLE ... i
APPROVAL BY THE SUPERVISOR ... ii
APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINER ... iii
PRONOUNCEMENT……….………iv
F. Research Methodology………. . 7
G. Thesis Organization ... 7
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D. Person Deixis ... 18
E. Vocative Expressions ... 20
F. Context ... 35
G. Synopsis of the Film “Aliens In The Attic”………..36
H. Reviews of Other Related Studies ... 37
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Type of Research ... 39
B. Data and Source of Data ... 39
C. Sample and Technique of Sampling ... 39
D. Technique of Collecting Data ... 40
E. Technique of Coding Data ... 40
F. Technique of Analyzing Data ... 41
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS A. Introduction………...42
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xi
B. Suggestion ... 81
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Table 4.1 Vocative Expressions ...71
Table 4.2 The Distribution of Types of Vocative Expressions and Vocative
Strategies………...74
Table 4.3 The Objectives of Using Vocatives Which Contain A Perlocutionary
Act of Association………..………..…....………….76
Table 4.4 The Objectives of Using Vocatives Which Contain A Perlocutionary
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entitled “Aliens In The Attic”.
This research is a descriptive qualitative research which takes purposive sampling technique. The data of this research were taken from the dialogue containing
vocative expressions in the film entitled Aliens In The Attic. They were classified by
using Kubo theories.
The findings of the research show that there are six types of vocative
expressions employed by the characters in the film Alien In The Attic, namely
Associative Referential Calling (2 data), Associative Referential Addressing (2 data), Associative Non-Referential Calling (3 data), Dissociative Non-Referential Calling (3 data), Associative Referential Addressing (2 data), and Dissociative Non-Referential Addressing (12 data).
The second finding is that there are two strategies which can be used to employ
certain types of vocative expression by the characters in the film entitled Aliens In The
Attic. There are in-group term (9 data) and out-group term strategy (15 data). In-group term strategy occurs when the speaker and the hearer have a close relationship while out-group term strategy occurs when the speaker and the hearer do not have a close relationship.
The third finding is the objectives of employing vocative expressions in the
film Aliens In The Attic which is analyzed based on whether the vocative contains
perlocutionary act of association or perlocutionary act of dissociation. There are 2 objectives found namely to associate and to dissociate the hearer. Those 2 objectives are divided into some objectives. The former objective is divided into 5 objectives namely to care about the hearer, to give a compliment to the hearer, to appreciate the
hearer, to associate the hearer who dissociate the speaker, and to show the speaker’s
affection towards the hearer. Those 5 objectives happen in certain vocative which contains perlocutionary act of association because the speaker and the hearer have a close relationship which is called as in-group term. The latter objective is divided into 4 objectives namely to tease the hearer, to show that the speaker does not like the
hearer, to show the speaker’s anger to the hearer, and to offend the hearer. Those 4
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1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Human being is an individual and a social creature need to communicate with
someone else to fulfill their daily needs in the society. In everyday social interaction,
people can communicate each other to show their ideas, wants, thoughts, desires, and
feelings, knowledge, and so on. Language plays a great part in human‟s live as stated
by Bloomfield that having both as a means of communication which has important
role for human being, and language can be a connection among people to spread
knowledge in the world. Most people in the world communicate with others are
looking relationship.
Vocatives are essential part in maintain relation among people because
vocatives are always used in the daily dialogue or conversation in the society in the
world and small units in an utterance but rich of linguistic phenomena. Vocatives are
under explored in pragmatics. Kubo states that most linguistics have not only failed to
treat properly the illocutionary acts, but have never paid notice to the perlocutionary
act that the speaker performs an illocutionary act when he or she utters an utterance
by using a vocative.
Levinson (1983: 71) states that vocatives can be divided into calls or
summonses and addresses. Call usually happens at the utterance-initial position and
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of locations that can occupy. According Kubo, the problem which can be found in
Levinson is that he fails to analyze speech act functions, both calls and addresses
must be analyzed with speech act. Levinson states that call can be as independent
speech act without touching the function of illocutionary used the addresses.
Osenova and Simon explain that vocatives are divided into two types which
are non referential and referential vocative. Kubo stated that the problem‟s Osenova
and Simon same with Levinson‟s problem that they fail to analyze the speech act
functions.
According Kubo, vocatives are classified into four sub-types seen from the
view of illocutionary act. They are referential calling, referential addressing,
non-referential calling, and non non-referential addressing. Afterwards, by adding the
perlocutionary act type distinction namely in-group terms perlocutionary acts of
association and out-group terms perlocutionary acts of dissociation. It can be
concluded that vocatives can be divided into eight sub types, namely: associative
referential calling, dissociative referential calling, associative referential addressing,
dissociative referential addressing, associative non-referential calling, dissociative
referential calling, associative referential addressing, and dissociative
non-referential addressing.
This research concerns on the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic” as the main
data of this research because there are many vocative expressions employed by the
characters of the film related to the context and situation. In addition, the research
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has been distributed by 3,106 theatres in United States on July 31, 2009. This film got
2 awards; they are Teen Choice Award 2009 for Choice Summer Movie Female Star
and Young Artist Award 2010 for category Young Ensemble Cast (as assessed in
www.imdb.com/titled/tt0775552/awards on Des 19th 2011). “Aliens In The Attic”
also produced ticket sales well over its production budget. Those reasons that make
this movie become one of the qualified movies to be a research object. This film tells
about the Pearsons versus the aliens who "came from upstairs," in an all-out battle
that will decide the fate of the Earth and kick-off the ultimate summer vacation. This
following example as one of data vocative expressions type is Dissociative Non
Referential Addressing type datum that found in this film to give more
comprehensive understanding.
The participants of the dialogue below are Ricky and Tom. The dialogue
between Ricky and Tom below happens in Tom‟s field house. Ricky is Bethany‟s
boyfriend. One morning, Ricky goes to Bethany house by riding a yellow car. Ricky
does not realize that he is controlled by the aliens because he has been shot by aliens.
Lee is Tom‟s cousin, Lee takes the alien‟s remote from the aliens. So that, Lee can
control Ricky‟s body, Ricky is like a robot. Lee plays the alien‟s remote to try
whether the alien‟s remote can control perfectly on Ricky‟s body or not. Ricky does
not realize that he bumped hardly his yellow car which he likes and his car scratches
because of his done. Tom orders Lee to press the middle button, to make Ricky
realize in a while, Ricky was shocked that his broken yellow car.
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while Ricky presents as the hearer. When Tom orders Lee to take the control of Ricky
by giving Lee the alien‟s remote. When Ricky is angry that his yellow car has broken,
he asks “Uh My Car! Who did this to my car?”, then Tom reply “You did, you giant
idiot “. In this case, Tom expresses an illocutionary act of giving declaration by
uttering an illocutionary act “You did, you giant idiot “. This act brings about a
perlocutionary act such that Tom order Lee to press stop button on his remote in
order to stop Ricky‟s angry.
It is clear that Tom employs an expressive specifically an illocutionary act of
giving declaration first then employing an illocutionary act of addressing. The
speaker, Tom, dissociates the hearer because Tom doesn‟t like Ricky as his sister‟s
boyfriend. Tom adds the vocative “you giant idiot” to address Ricky. The vocative
“you giant idiot” is commonly used to respect someone who is not liked. The
vocative “you giant idiot” implies that the relationship between Ricky and Tom is
unclose which is categorized as an out-group term.
Based on example above, the researcher is interested in analyzing vocative
expressions employed by the characters in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”.
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Expressions Among Characters in the Film Entitled Aliens In The Attic”
(Pragmatics Approach).
B. Problem Statements
The problems of the research are as follows:
1. What types of vocative expressions are employed by the characters in the film
entitled “Aliens In The Attic”?
2. How do the characters employ certain types of vocative expressions in the film
entitled “Aliens In The Attic”?
3. What the objectives of vocative expressions are employed by the characters in the
film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”?
C. Research Objective
Based on the problem statements, the objectives of the research are as follows:
1. To find out the types of vocative expressions employed by the characters in the
film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”.
2. To identify how the characters employ certain types of vocative expressions in the
film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”.
3. To find out the objectives of vocative expressions employed by the characters in
the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”.
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This research will give distributions in understanding of pragmatics research
are as follows:
1. English Department Students
To provide clear understanding about vocative expressions and to push
students to study more closely at the variations of vocative expressions that
are used in communication.
2. Other Researchers
This research can be a reference for them to accomplish a further research in
pragmatics field.
E. Problem Limitation
This research is limited on utterances of vocative expressions by the
characters in the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”. This researcher only focuses on
referential and non-referential vocative expressions based on all of Susumo Kubo
classifications.
F. Research Methodology
This research used descriptive qualitative method. The researcher only gives a
description in the explanation form of words. The researcher collected the data,
analyzed data, and drawing conclusion (Hadi, 1983:3).
The data of the research were chosen by using purposive sampling technique.
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referential vocative expressions. The detail explanation of research methodology will
be explained in the Chapter III.
G. Thesis Organization
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION, it consists of Research Background, Problem
Statement, Research Objective, Research Benefit, Problem
Limitation, Research Methodology, and Thesis Organization.
CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW, it consists of Pragmatics, Deixis, Speech
Acts, Person Deixis, Vocative Expressions, Contexts, Synopsis of
Film „Aliens In The Attic‟, and Reviews of Other Related Studies.
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, it consists of Type of Research,
Data and Source of Data, Sample and Technique of Sampling,
Technique of Collecting Data, Technique of Coding Data, and
Technique of Analyzing Data.
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANAYSIS, it consists of Introduction, Data Analysis, and
Discussion.
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION and SUGGESTIONS, in this chapter, the
researcher conclude the result of analysis and gives suggestions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to
an account of language understanding. Meanwhile, Yule states that pragmatics is the
study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. The
advantage of studying language via pragmatics is that one can talk about people‟s
intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of
actions that they are performing when they speak (1996: 4). Furthermore, May (1993:
4) states pragmatics is the study of language seen in relation to its users. Moreover,
Thomas (1995: 2) defines pragmatics is the study of meaning in use or meaning in
context.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that pragmatics is the study of
the utterance meaning about the relation between language and context. Thus, the
main study in pragmatics is that the interaction between language and context.
B. Deixis
Levinson (1983: 54) states that the phenomenon of deixis are the single most
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the structure of languages themselves. The word of „deixis‟ is borrowed from the
Greek word which has meaning „pointing‟ or „indicating‟. Further, deixis concerns
the way in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of
utterance or speech event, and thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of
utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance. Meanwhile, Yule
(1996: 9) states that deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic
things we do with utterances. When someone notices a strange object and ask,
„What‟s that?‟, you are using a deictic expression („that‟) to indicate something in the
immediate context.”
To sum up, deixis means pointing or indicating something via language not
only concerns on grammaticalize features, but also the interpretation of the utterances
depends on the analysis of that context.
According Cummings (2005: 22), deixis is divided into four categories:
person and social deixis, time deixis, place deixis, and discourse deixis. In order to
illustrate each of the four categories of deixis will be explained below:
a. Person and Social Deixis
Cummings (2005: 22) explains that with features such as social status
first and foremost an attribute of the person, an account of social deixis must
include some mention of person deixis. Yule (1996: 10) states that “person
deixis clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified by the
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‟she‟, or ‟it‟). In many languages these deictic categories of speaker,
addressee, and other(s) are elaborated with markes of relatives social status.”
It can be concluded that person deixis has relation to social deixis
because person deixis is elaborated by markers of social status. The speaker
must be included as person deictic category should give attention to the hearer
or whether the hearer has social status (high or lower status).
b. Time Deixis
Cummings (2005: 24) describes time deixis is most often encoded in
adverbs such as „now‟ and „then‟ and in calendrical terms (terms based around
the calendar) like „yesterday‟, „today‟ and „tomorrow‟. Yet even as these
terms encode different units of time, they can do so in a way that refers to
larger or smaller parts of those units. For example:
Yesterday was a glorious day.
The explosion occurred yesterday.
The term „yesterday „constitutes a 24-hour unit of time. However, the
„yesterday‟ of the first utterance refers to most, and probably all, of this 24
-hour unit, while the „yesterday‟ of the second utterance refers only to seconds
within this unit. For other time adverbials, which do not encode a set unit of
time, reference can still be made to smaller or larger stretches of time.
c. Place Deixis
Levinson (1983: 79) describes place or space deixis concerns the
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Meanwhile, Cummings (2005: 26) states that place deixis can be describe
along many of the same parameters that apply to time deixis. So it is, for
example, that references to place can be absolute or relational in nature.
Absolute references to place locate an object or person in a specific longitude
and latitude, while relational references locate people and places in terms of
each other and the speaker:
The bank is ten yards from the pharmacy.
The nearest shop is two miles away.
The place referent in the first example is not dependent on the point of
utterance: the bank remains ten yards from the pharmacy regardless of the
location of the speaker of this utterance. However, the shop‟s location may be
less than two miles away or more than two miles away depending on the
location of the speaker. Moreover, in the same way that the time deictic
expression „now‟ can refer to smaller pr larger periods of time from the point
of utterance, the place deictic term „here‟ can refer to the location of the
speaker or to locations at various distances from the speaker.
d. Discourse Deixis
According Cummings (2005: 28), In discourse deixis, linguistic
expressions are used to refer to some part of the wider discourse (either a
written text and / or an oral text) in which these expressions occur. A written
text both occupies space and is composed and read at certain points in time. A
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specific acts of speaker production is conferred on an oral text through the
time-specific acts of speaker production and addressee reception. Given these
spatial and temporal aspects of oral and written texts, it is unremarkable that
discourse deixis should be expressed through many of the same linguistic
elements that are used to express space (place) and time deixis:
You made a strong point there.
That claim was rather weak.
In the next section I present an opposing view.
The last chapter was extremely boring.
In the first two utterance on the place deictic terms „there‟ and „that‟
locate a point and claim within a prior discourse context. In the final two
utterances the time deictic expressions „next‟ and „last‟ have as their referents
some part of the forthcoming and preceding discourse context respectively.
Interestingly, the spatially deictic terms „there‟ and „that‟ assume temporal
prominence in the first two utterances. Their deictic function in these
utterances is akin to the temporal deictic function of „this‟ and „that‟ in „this
Sunday‟ and „that Sunday‟ and is related to the unfolding of these utterances
in real time as part (most likely) of an oral text. In this way, the speaker of the
first utterance is referring to a point that the addressee has made some time
earlier. Also, the claim that is mentioned in the second example precedes in
time the utterance that refers to it. In the final two utterances the time deictic
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a section and a chapter that occupy physical space in a written text before the
space occupied by the utterances („the next section‟). However, even the
spatial character of the terms „next‟ and „last‟ has its origin in a temporal
dimension – a section that is spatially „next‟ to an utterance is one that is
realized at a future time to that utterance. It emerges that features of temporal
deixis underline the expressions that are used to convey discourse deixis.
C. Speech Acts 1. The Definitions of Speech Acts
Speech acts focus on how to do something by saying utterances. It means that
the speaker uses a language to get the hearer to do something and expects that the
hearer will understand his or her communicative intention.
According to Searle (1969: 16), speaking a language is performing speech
acts, acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, and
making promises. While, Yule (1996: 47) defines speech acts as action performed via
utterance such as apology, complaint, invitation, promise or request.
Yule (1996: 47) explains that people do not only produce utterance containing
grammatical structure and words when they speak, but also perform action through
utterance. Action performs via utterances are generally called speech act. Meanwhile,
Searle (1969: 16) states that speaking a language is performing speech acts as asking
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In short, speech acts are utterance which has function to show the speaker‟s
intention to the hearer. The speaker hopes that the speaker‟s intentions will be
understand by the hearer.
Austin in Levinson (1983: 236) divides utterances into tree kinds of speech
acts:
1) Locutionary act (producing an utterance)
Locutionary act is the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and
reference. It is the basic act of utterance which produces a meaningful linguistic
expression. It is performing the act in saying something.
2) Illocutionary act (doing something in the utterance)
Illocutionary act is the making of statement, offer, promise, etc in uttering a
sentence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it (or with its explicit
performative paraphrase). Illocutionary act relates to the functions or the purposes
that a speaker has in mind when uttering a sentence.
2) Perlocutionary act (doing something to the hearer by producing the utterance)
Perlocutionary act is the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of
uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance.
To make clear the definition above, the example below may help to clarify:
Skip : “Attack the humans!”
Razor : “With pleasure”.
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The act of saying “Attack the humans!” is the locutionary act. Skip commands
Razor to attack the humans is the illocutionary acts, while the act of attacking to
the humans by Razor is the result of the shared understanding on the effect of
utterance (perlocutionary act).
In short, locutionary act is the actual words uttered. Meanwhile, illocutionary
act is the force or intention behind the words. Finally, perlocutionary act is the
effect of the illocutionary act on the hearer.
2. The Classification of Speech Acts
Searle (1976) in Yule (1996: 53-54) classifies five types of general functions
of speech acts, namely:
In using a declaration, the speaker changes the world via words.
b. Representatives: are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker
believes to be the case or not. Statements of fact, assertions, conclusions, and
descriptions, as illustrated below, are all examples of the speaker representing
the world, as he or she believes it is.
- The earth is flat.
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- It was a warm sunny day.
In using a representative, the speaker makes words fit the world (of belief).
c. Expressives: are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. They
express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes,
dislikes, joy, or sorrow. As illustrated below, they can be caused by something the
speaker does or the hearer does, but they are about the speaker‟s experience.
- I‟m really sorry!
- Congratulations!
- Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssahh!
In using an expressive, the speaker makes words fit the world (of feeling).
d. Directives: are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone else to
do something. They express what the speaker wants. They are commands, orders,
request, suggestions, and, as illustrated below, they can be positive or negative.
- Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black.
- Could you lend me a pen, please?
- Don‟t touch that.
In using a directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words (via the
hearer).
e. Commissives: are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit
themselves to some future action. They express what the speaker intends. They are
promises, threats, refusals, pledges, alone, or by the speaker as a member of a
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- I‟ll be back.
- I‟m going to get it right next time.
- We will not do that.
In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words (via
the speaker)
D. Person Deixis
Person deixis concerns with the identification of the interlocutors or
participant-roles in a speech event (Goffman (1979) and Fillmore (1971, 1997:62) in
Brown and Levinson (1978: 136)). It is commonly expressed by the traditional
grammatical category of person, as reflected in personal pronouns and if relevant,
their associated predicate in personal pronouns and if relevant, their associated
predicate agreements and vocatives, which can be encoded in, for example, kinship
terms, titles, and proper names, and in combinations of these (Levinson (1978: 136)).
It can be concluded that person deixis is related to the identification of
participants role in a speech event that is reflected in personal pronouns and in
vocative.
1. Personal Pronouns
Brown and Levinson (1978: 137) explain that personal pronouns concentrate
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a. Person
Personal pronouns are divided into three which are first, second, third
person. First person is the grammaticalization of the speaker‟s reference to
him- or herself. Second person is the encoding of the speaker‟s reference to
one or more addressees. Third person is the grammaticalization of reference to
persons or entities which are neither speakers nor addressees in the situation
of utterance.
b. Number
It is important to form number systems since languages vary greatly. Two
points are worth mentioning regarding non-singular of first person. In the first
place, plural of first person does mean the same as plural of third person. For
example, in English, we does not mean plural speakers in the same way that
they means more than one third-person entity (Levinson, 1983: 69). Secondly,
many of the world‟s languages have two non-singular first-person pronouns,
one meaning „we-inclusive-of-addressee‟ and the other meaning „we
-exclusive-of-addressee‟.
c. Gender
Personal pronoun may also mark as gender. The general pattern in all
languages for pronominal gender marking, gender can be distinguished on
third person, where commonly two (that is, masculine and feminine) or three
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gender assignment can also be for second person; in a few, gender can be
marked on first person as well.
2. Vocatives
Brown and Levinson (1978: 143) state that person deixis can also be
accomplished by vocatives. Vocatives are NPs that refer to the addressee, but form
no part of the arguments of a predicate. Prosodically, they are separated from the
body of an utterance that may accompany them. Vocatives will be explained more
detail in E of chapter II.
E. Vocative Expressions
As stated by Brown and Levinson (1978: 143), Vocatives are NPs that refer to
the addressee, but form no part of the arguments of a predicate. Prosodically, they
are separated from the body of an utterance that may accompany them. According to
Huang (2007: 143), the purpose of the vocative is used to addressee an individual
and to get his or her attention. Meanwhile, Corver (2008: 47) states that vocative
expression is a combination of a second person and an evaluating epithet noun.
According to him, the vocative noun is an epithet: its use is intended as a judgment
of value. Moreover, according to Biber, Conrad, and Leech (2003: 54) state
vocatives are noun phrases which generally refer to people, and serve to identify the
person(s) being addressed.
From some definitions above, it can be concluded that vocatives include noun
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can stand separately from their utterance and function both to attract the addressee‟s
attention and to address the addressee.
Zwicky (1974: 787) divides two types of vocatives namely calls and
addresses. Calls are used to catch the addressee‟s attention, while addresses are used
to maintain or to emphasize the contact between the speaker and the hearer.
According Levinson (1983: 70-71) divides vocatives into two types, calls or
summonses and addresses. Calls or summonses usually occur at the utterance-initial
positions and can be thought of as independent speech acts. Addresses are
parenthetical and can occur wherever other parentheticals can occur. They occur at
non-utterance initial positions.
The examples of calls or summons can be seen as follows:
a. Hey Daddy, look, a spider in the corner!
b. John, if we don‟t leave now, we‟ll be late for our next appointment.
c. Doctor Williams, do you think I need a blood test?
On the other hand, the examples of addresses can be seen as follows:
a. I‟m afraid, Sir, we are closing.
b. Are you hungry, Lucy?
c. My view, Dean, is that we should set up a new department of linguistics.
Those examples above explain three points. Firstly, calls or summons, being
gestural in nature, are utterance-initial; addresses, being symbolic in character, are
parenthetical, and can occur wherever other parentheticals can occur. It means that
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the utterances. Secondly, all addresses can be used as calls or summonses, only some
calls or summonses can be used as addresses. For example, the call or summon of
“Hey Daddy” in the utterance “Hey Daddy, look, a spider in the corner!” cannot be
used as the address. Thirdly, vocatives are socially marked in general, may express
wide variety features of the discourse situation.
A. Kubo’s speech Act Theoretic Analysis of Vocatives
Levinson (1983: 70) classifies vocatives into calls and addresses according to
the occurrence position in an utterance. The former usually occurs at the
utterance-initial position, and the letter at non-utterance initial position. For instance, “darling”
in (1a) and “Mrs. Clifton” in (2a) are calls, on the other hand. The former in (1b) and
the latter in (2b) are addresses.
(1) a. Darling, I just heard.
b. The team is in mourning, darling.
(2) a. Mrs. Clifton-(this is) Count Almasy.
b. This is not worth eight pounds, Mrs. Clifton.
It means that the same vocative expression plays different roles at different
place. The problem in Levinson (1983) is that he failed to analyze adequately their
speech acts functions. He only claims that the former “can be though as independent
speech acts” without touching upon the illocutionary function of the letter. Indeed,
both calls and addresses are used to perform speech acts.
In Osenova and Simov, they introduce Ivanova and Nitsolova (1995)‟s
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nominate the hearer: when vocatives do not nominate, they only refer to. In other
words, they classify vocatives into referential and non-referential ones. For instance,
“Mrs. Clifton” in (2 a, b) are referential vocatives, on the other hand. “Daring” in (1a,
b) are non-referential vocatives. Osenova and Simov (2002), however, shared the
same problem with Levinson (1983), namely, they failed to analyze adequately their
speech act functions. Following Nitsolova (1984), Osenova and Simov (2002) held
that when vocatives nominate the hearer, “it is assumed that there is a hidden
proposition with the performative verb „consider somebody to be of some property”
without examining the speech act functions of other vocative types.
Kubo points out that Osenova and Simov do not discuss speech acts function
in their analysis, but Osenova and Simov tend to maintaining vocative classification
of syntactico-pragmatics and semantico-pragmatics instead of the analysis of speech
act functions. Consequently, vocatives are classified into four types as shown in (3),
each of which is assumed to represent an illocutionary act type.
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Brown and Levinson (1978) have never brought up in relation to issues
regarding perlocutionary acts. They state that “by using any of the innumerable ways
to convey in-group membership, the speaker can implicitly claim the common ground
with the hearer that is carried by that definition of the group (p.107).” This implicit
claim is interpreted as a perlocutionary act performed concomitantly with the
illocutionary act by using vocatives that belong in-group terms of address. For
simplicity, Kubo names the perlocutionary acts performed concomitantly with an
illocutionary act via in-group terms as perlocutionary acts of association. Similarly,
there are innumerable ways to convey out-group membership as well. In-group terms
and out–group terms are expected to guarantee minimal and maximal distance
between participants, respectively. Kubo names the perlocutionary acts performed
concomitantly with an illocutionary act via out-group terms as perlocutionary acts of
dissociation. Consequently, there are two types of perlocutionary acts.
B. Typology of Vocatives in Speech Act Theory
From the explanation above in previous sub item, vocatives are classified into
four sub-types. Then, by adding the perlocutionary acts type distinction, Kubo gets
the following eight sub-types of vocatives:
1) Associative Referential Calling
It means that the speaker performs an illocutionary act of referential calling
the hearer by his/her name which is included as in-group terms which brings about a
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Thus, there are two points of associative referential calling which can be
described. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of referential calling
besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative
contains a perlocutionary act of association which brings about a perlocutionary
effect such that the hearer feels relieved which is included in-group term.
Example:
Kip : Hana. (Hana turns to the voice. Kip steps out of the darkness.)
Hana : (Happy) Kip. (And Kip goes to Hana)
In the dialogue above, each speaker performs a perlocutionary act of
association by performing an illocutionary acts of calling the other by his/her first
name that is a number of in-group terms to express his/her emotion to each other.
2) Dissociative Referential Calling
It means that the speaker employs an illocutionary act of referential calling the
hearer by his/her name which is included as out-group terms and which brings about
a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer feels dishonored.
Thus, there are two points of dissociative referential calling which can be
described. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of referential calling
besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative
contains a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a perlocutionary
effect such that the hearer feels dishonored as the vocative included as out-group
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Example:
Katherine (Mr. Clifton’s wife; Almasy’s lover): Will you not come in?
Almasy : No.
Katherine : Will you please come in?
Almasy : (a beat)Mrs. Clifton.
(Katherine turns, disgusted)
In the dialogue above, Katherine, Mr. Clifton‟s wife and also Almasy‟s lover,
wants Almasy to come into her room. Almasy however does not accept her asking.
He expresses his refusal to her invitation by commencing his reply with a call, “Mrs.
Clifton” that implies that he is emotionally detached from her, which causes
Katherine to feel disgusted.
3) Associative Referential Addressing
It means that the speaker performs an illocutionary act of referential
addressing the hearer by his/her name which is included as in-group term and it
brings about a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer feels relieved.
From the definition above, it can be explained in two points of associative
referential calling. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of referential
calling besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the
vocative contains a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a
perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels dishonored as the vocative included as
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Example:
Hanna (student) : Where is my book?
(Hanna is looking for her book at the library)
Tom (library officer): I saw something, Miss. Hanna. May be it‟s your book which
have been lost.
(Hana comes to Tom)
Hanna : (Happy face) Yeah, you are right. Thanks.
In the dialogue above, after discovering Hanna‟s book under bookcase, Tom
as library officer is calling Hannah “Miss. Hanna” that implies his intention to
respect her and to share that he has found her book. He knows her name because she
often comes the library during holiday. Here, the speaker performs a perlocutionary
act of association by performing an illocutionary act of referential addressing the
hearer by an in-group term, “Miss. Hanna”, which brings about perlocutionary effects
on the hearer feels relieved.
4) Dissociative Referential Addressing
It means that the speaker employs an illocutionary act of referential
addressing the hearer by his/her name which is included as out-group term and it
brings about a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer feels disgraced.
From the definition above, there are two points of dissociative referential
addressing which can be described. First is the vocative contains an illocutionary act
of referential addressing besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence.
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about a perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels dishonored as the vocative
included as out-group term.
Example:
(Any Sleeps at the bad room)
Nani (mother) : (Mom comes to her daughter) Hi….. Don‟t be lazy…!! Wake up,
please…!! Let‟s do some activities or do your home works…!!
Any (daughter) : (Any answers with a lazy voice) I wanna take some rest again Mrs.
Nani..! Please let me sleep in this day.
Nani : (sigh)
In the dialogue above, Nani (mother‟s Any) asks to Any to do something
instead of sleeping all time at bed room. Any address her mom with “Mrs. Nani”
because she feels disturbed if her mom asks to do some activities in which she prefer
to sleep instead of doing something. Here, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act
of dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of referential addressing the hearer
by an out group term, “Mrs. Nani”, in which the hearer feels disgraced after the
speaker saying “Mrs. Nani”.
5) Associative Non-Referential Calling
It means that the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by
performing an illocutionary act of non-referential calling the hearer by in-groups
terms, which brings about a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer feels
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There are two points of associative non-referential calling can be described.
Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of referential calling besides
employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the vocative contains a
perlocutionary act of association which brings about a perlocutionary effect such that
the hearer feels relieved as the vocative included referential in-group term.
Example:
Clifton: (on the phone) My sweetie, forgive me please, I can‟t go to the theater tonight
because I have to send my mom to the hospital.
Maria : (Maria answers) Oh….it‟s fine. We can go the theater in another day. I hope
your mother will get soon.
Clifton: I miss you.
In the dialogue above, Clifton excuses to his girlfriend for sending his mother
to the hospital with a non-referential calling, “My sweetie” that indicates his feeling
to his girlfriend. Here, the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by
performing an illocutionary act of non referential calling the hearer by in-group
terms, which brings about perlocutionary effects on the hearer feels relieved.
6) Dissociative non-referential calling
It means that the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of dissociation by
performing an illocutionary act of non-referential calling via out-group term which
brings about a perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer feels disgraced.
From the definition above, it can be depicted that there are two points of
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of calling besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the
vocative contains a perlocutionary act of dissociation which brings about a
perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels disgraced as the vocative included
referential out-group term.
Example:
John : (intentionally, John dropped the sauce in Tom’s shoes) Uppss… There is a
dot on your white shoes.
Nick : You bastard, how dare you try to deface my shoes.
In the dialogue above, feeling disgusted with John‟s act, Nick is calling him
“You bastard” to show her resistance to him. Here, the speaker performs a
perlocutionary act of dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of non
referential calling the hearer by an out-group term, “You bastard”, which brings
about a perlocutionary effects on the hearer such that his honor is disgraced.
7) Associative non-referential addressing
It means that the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of association by
performing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing the hearer with in-group
terms which brings about perlocutionary effect because of which the hearer fells
relieved.
From the definition above, it can be described there are two points of
associative non-referential addressing. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary
act of non- referential addressing besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix
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brings about a perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels relieved as the vocative
included as in-group term.
“sir” to honor her teacher. Here, the speaker (Amy) performs a perlocutionary act of
dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of non referential addressing the
hearer by an in-group term, “sir”, which brings about a perlocutionary effects on the
hearer such that his honor is relieved the mind.
8) Dissociative non-referential addressing
It means that the speaker performs a perlocutionary act of dissociation by
performing an illocutionary act of non-referential addressing the hearer with an
out-group term which brings about perlocutionary effects because of which the hearer
fells disgraced.
Thus, there are two points of dissociative non-referential addressing which can
be depicted. Firstly, the vocative contains an illocutionary act of non- referential
addressing besides employing illocutionary acts of the matrix sentence. Secondly, the
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perlocutionary effect such that the hearer feels disgraced as the vocative included as
out-group term.
Example:
(Mery is seeing her boyfriend dates with another woman, than Mary comes to her
boyfriend)
Mery : You are very clever, my ex-boyfriend. (angry face)
Andy : Wait…Wait…. Please don‟t go… I will explain…
Mery : Shut up!
Jane (another woman) : What the heck was that?
Andy : (just silent and leaving Jane alone)
In the dialogue above, feeling disgusted and angry with Andy‟s act, Mery is
addressing him “my ex-boyfriend”, it indicates that Mary is single. Here, the speaker
expresses his negative feeling to the hearer by performing an illocutionary act of non
referential addressing him by giving former of boyfriend, “my ex-boyfriend”, that is
a member of out-group term. The illocutionary act, then, entails his performance of a
perlocutionary act of dissociation, which causes a perlocutionary effect which the
hearer feels disgraced.
C. Some Further Issues of Vocatives in Pragmatics
In this section, Kubo sketches three relevant issues for the further studies of
vocatives in pragmatics. There are insincere perlocutionary acts, exploitation of group
commit to user 1. Insincere Perlocutionary Acts
The case can be categorized as insincere perlocutionary acts if a
perlocutionary act is insincere even if its illocutionary act is successful. It can be
clearly described through an example below.
They walk past a groundkeeper who’s at work at a patch of grass.
Groundkeeper : Morning, Mr. President.
Before he’s even completed the last syllable of the greeting, Janie quickly and
quickly said---
Janie (President personal assistant) : Charlie.
Bush (American president) : Morning, Charlie.
From the dialogue above, Bush performs a perlocutionary act of association by
performing an illocutionary act of addressing to a groundkeeper by the first name,
“Charlie”, that is a member of in-group terms. He does not have any intention to
associate him personally since he is not familiar with him, but intends to bring a
perlocutionary effect such that his illocutionary act of addressing lets him believe that
the president knows even a groundkeeper like him. Thus, his perlocutionary act does
not satisfy the condition of success, since it violates sincerity condition, even if his
illocutionary act satisfies it.
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Generally, “You bastard” is an out-group term used to dissociate the hearer
from the speaker. Interestingly, there is a case where the vocative is used to associate
the hearer to the speaker as the example below.
Vicky : I got an interesting experience today - I found a love letter in my bag after I
come back from school. Then, I opened the letter, you know what…. the
person who has written that letter was Katherine, the most popular girl in our
school, it was unforgettable moment - Hey … Hey… Did you understand what
I mean..? It means that finally, I have a girlfriend.
Dicky : (still shocked)Wow….. Amazing… You‟re a lucky man.
Vicky : (laughing) Ha… Ha.. Don‟t be dazed like that… Your expression likes
seeing the ghost in daylight. I just made a story… That story is false.
Dicky : You bastard, I was believing you! (laughing) I think, you‟re a good story
teller.
Vicky : See- you‟re always beating me..!
From the example dialogue above, “you bastard” is commonly used an out-group
term to dissociate the speaker from the hearer, but in this case the vocative “you
bastard” is employed to associate the hearer even though the speaker lies about the
story. Such use of an out-group term is more effective than simple use of an in-group
term to cause perlocutionary effect upon the hearer. This case is called exploitation of
group-term distinction.
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A vocative phrase is inconsistent whenever a head noun and its modifier of a
vocative phrase belong to inconsistent group terms. This example will give more
explanation about inconsistenct vocative phrases.
Nany (mother) : You have to do the kitchen and the bedroom before lunch, my
little pig dropping, and if you skip the corners, there will be no
lunch.
Julie (Nany’s daughter): ….. (Keeps silent and go the kitchen and the bedroom)
From the dialogue above, the speaker performs a pelocutionary act of
dissociation by performing an illocutionary act of addressing via inconsistent
vocative phrases. Thus, the speaker addresses the hearer as “my little pig droppings”
which is the combinations of a diminutive in-group adjective phrase “my little” and
the out-group terms „pig dropping”, then expresses perlocutionarry her hatred to the
hearer. To sum up, inconsistenct vocative phrases are the combination of diminutive
in-group and out-group term, in this case, the speaker performs pelocutionary act of
dissociation by performing illocutionary act of addressing which brings about a
pelocutionarry effect on the hearer such the hearer feels disgraced or dishonor.
F. Context
Context is an important part in interpreting the meaning of utterance.
According to Leech (1983: 13) context deals with relevant aspect of physical or social
setting of an utterance. It is the background which is shared by the speaker and the
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spoken and written language. It has function to help the speaker and the hearer to
deliver the message and to understend the meaning of the utterance.
Meanwhile, Levinson (1983: 24) points out the important of context, which is
included in the definition of pragmatics, as a study of the ability of languge user to
pair sentences with the context in which they would be appropiate.
Malinowsky (in Halliday & Hasan:1985) states that there are two notions of
context. They are context of situation and context of culture that have an important
role in the interpreting meaning of language. Context of situation is the situation
when speech is uttered, including participant, time, place, and social environment.
Context of culture is culture background or history of the participants. In studying
language, we should know and understand the culture background of language. It
includes participants or people who are involved in speech, time, place, social
environment, and political condition (Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 6)
It can be concluded that context is important in interpreting the meaning of an
utterance in the conversation. The hearer can fail in interpreting the meaning of
speaker‟s utterance if the hearer does not understand the context in the conversation.
G. Synopsis of Film “Aliens In The Attic”
Title : Aliens In The Attic
Starring : Ashley Boettcher as Hannah
Carter Jenkins as Tom
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Robert Hoffman as Ricky Dillman
Austin Butler as Nate's son Jake
Twins: Henri Young as Art and Regan Young as Lee
Writer : Mark Burton and Adam F. Goldberg
Producer : Barry Josephson
Genre : American family sci-fi comedy film
Year : 2009
Kids on a family vacation must fight off an attack by knee-high alien invaders
with world-destroying ambitions. At the same time, the youngsters work hard to keep
their parents in the dark about the battle upstairs.
It's the Pearsons versus the aliens who "came from upstairs," in an all-out
battle that will decide the fate of the Earth and kick-off the ultimate summer vacation.
H. Reviews of Other Related Studies
The researcher includes two previous researches which were related studies
about vocative. The first previous research entitled “An Analysisn of Vocative
Expressions In The Film Entitled Bring It On” which was done by Vianinda Pratama
Sari (2010) and the second previous research entitled „Vocative in MICASE‟ which
was done by Jennifer McCormick and Sarah Richardson (2006).
Vianinda‟s research used Kubo‟s theory to analyse vocative expressions based
on pragmatics approach. She only anlyzed non-referential vocative in the film entitled
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referential vocative expressions employed by the characters in the film Bring It On
according Kubo „s theory namely 1) Associative Non-Referential Calling, 2)
Dissociative Non-Referential Calling, 3) Associative Non-Referential Addressing,
and 4) Dissociative Non-Referential Addresing.
The reseach of Jennifer McCormick and Sarah Richardson analyzed the most
common vocatives in non-academic speech events (as assessed in
http://lw.lsa.umich.edu/eli/micase/Kibbitzer/VocKibEdit/html assessed on May 4th
2011). They could not distinguish between non referential and referential vocative in
MICASE (a collection of spoken academic in the University of Michigan). The result
of their research were that there are nine form of vocatives according Biber, Conrad,
and Leech‟s theory, namely 1) Group terms, 2) Second-person pronoun, 3) First
name, 4) Honorifics, 5) Familiarizer, 6) Indefinite pronoun, 7) Familiarized first
name, 8) Endearment, and 9) Title.
Comparing with the study above, this research tries to analyze both
non-referential and referential vocative based on Kubo‟s theory used pragmatics approach.
The researcher is sure that the result of this research will be different from two
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39
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research
This research is a descriptive qualitative research in which the researcher
focuses on collecting data, analyzing data, interpreting them, and making
conclusion. Meanwhile, qualitative research aims to describe a non-statistical or
descriptive data. It refers to the research procedure, which brings about descriptive
data both in written or spoken forms available to be examined (Bodgan and
Taylor in Moleong 2007: 4).
In this research, the researcher focuses on describing of the research
object, namely referential and non-referential vocative expressions, by using a
descriptive method. Thus, the research was done by collecting, analyzing,
interpreting the data, and drawing the conclusion from the analysis.
B. Data and Source of Data
According to Arikuntoro (2006: 129), the source of data refers to the
subject from which the data are obtained. Moreover, the data themselves may
appear in the form of discourse, sentence, clause, phrase, word, or even morpheme
(Subroto, 1992: 7).
In this research, the reseacher employed the film of “Aliens In The Attic”
as the source of data. The researcher used the data in the dialogue of the film
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Sample is a part or representation of the data being observed (Hadi, 1983:
117). Whereas sampling technique is a technique that is used by the researcher to
select samples out of the data (p.75). In other words, sample is the chose-data to
observe, while sampling technique is the technique used to choose or select the
samples.
In this research, the researcher employs a purposive sampling technique.
According to Sutopo (2002: 36), in the purposive sampling, selection of the
sample is directed to the data that have important relation with the problem being
observed. Therefore, the researcher uses the data by selecting them so that this
kind of sampling will ease in analyzing the data related to the field study. The data
used in this research are the selected-data containing vocative expressions
employed the characters in the film “Aliens In The Attic”.
D. Technique of Collecting Data
There are some steps taken by the researcher to collect the data in this research:
1. Watching the film entitled “Aliens In The Attic” for several times.
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6. Giving the codes for each datum.
E. Technique of Coding Data
The technique of coding data is used to make the data classification
becomes easier to analyze. The example of data coding of this research is as
follows:
Datum 01 / AR / ADD
01 : refers to the number of datum
AR : refers to the types of vocative expressions
It can be:
- AR : Associative Referential
- DR : Dissociative Referential
- ANR : Associative Non-Referential
- DNR : Dissociative Non-Referential
ADD : refers to illucutionary act of vocative
It can be:
- CALL : Calling
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The collected data were analyzed based on the following steps:
1. Describing the context of situation in the dialogue of film “Alliens In
The Atttic”
2. Analzing the data which contain vocative expressions.
3. Analyzing the data based on Kubo’s theory.
4. Finding the way how the characters expressed the types of vocative
expressions.
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42
DATA ANALYSIS
A. Introduction
Data analysis aims to answer the problem statements as follows: the first,
what types of vocative expression are employed by the characters in the film
entitled „Aliens In The Attic‟? The second, how do the characters employ certain
types of vocative expressions in the film entitled „Aliens In The Attic‟? The third,
what the objectives of vocative expressions are employed by the characters in the
film entitled “Aliens In The Attic”?.
There are three sub-chapters in this chapter. The first sub-chapter is the
types of vocative expression which are found in the data. The second sub-chapter
is the interpretation of the use of the types of vocative expression and the
objectives of type of vocative expressions used by the characters in the film
„Aliens In The Attic‟. The third sub-chapter is the discussion.
B. Analysis
B1. Types of vocative expressions
From the data, the researcher found 24 data containing vocative
expressions which are delivered by the characters in the film “Alien In The Attic”.
The six types of vocative expressions used in the conversations are as follows:
1. Associative Referential Calling : 2 data
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4. Dissociative Non-Referential Calling : 3 data
5. Associative Non-Referential Addressing : 2 data
6. Dissociative Non-Referential Addressing : 12 data
B2. The interpretation of vocative expression types
1. Associative Referential Calling
Datum 16/AR/CALL
(Stuart, Nina, and Nate just arrived from the market, they are surprised why sheriff come to their villa with the kids)
Nina : Is everything okay? (Nina walks toward her kids)
(Sheriff explains the reason why he comes to this place)
Sheriff : No, ma'am. I'd say making a fraudulent call to 911 about an alien invasion is most definitely not okay.
Stuart : You called 911? (Stuart does not believe that their kids call 911)
(Because the situation gets worse, Nate explains to Sherriff to make this problem to make easy by giving a warning)
Nate : Come on, buddy. I'm sure you can let these kids off with a warning.
Look at 'em.
(Sherriff does not accept Nate’s opinion, so that Sheriff looks for his mistakes which he has done by saying the mistakes one by one)
Sheriff : 1, not your buddy. 2, notice that your vehicle is missing a front license plate. 3, how about I write you up a ticket?
Nate : How about you don't? haha… (Nate rejects the ticket while smiles to
Sherrif)
Nina : Nate, stop talking. (Nina commands Nate to stop talking in order to make
