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Teaching Artist Journal
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University Art Students Undertake
Entrepreneurship Action in Brunei Darussalam
Mart ie Geiger-Hoa & Kong Hob a
Texas Tech Universit y in 2003 b
Universit y of Brunei Darussal am Publ ished onl ine: 13 Jun 2014.
To cite this article: Mart ie Geiger-Ho & Kong Ho (2014) Universit y Art St udent s Undert ake Ent repreneurship Act ion in Brunei Darussal am, Teaching Art ist Journal , 12: 3, 155-167, DOI: 10. 1080/ 15411796. 2014. 909208
To link to this article: ht t p: / / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 15411796. 2014. 909208
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Cor r espondence r egar ding t his ar t icle should go t o:
M a r t ie Ge ige r - H o a n d Kon g H o
Facult y of Ar t s and Social Sciences
Univer sit y of Br unei Dar ussalam Jalan Tungun Link Gadong BE 1410 Br unei Dar ussalam m ar t ie.geiger @ubd.edu.bn; [email protected]
Mar t ie Geiger- Ho
University Art Students Undertake
Entrepreneurship Action in Brunei
Darussalam
of how som et hing seem ingly sim ple— t he est ablishing of a st udent - r un ar t s supply st or e in Br unei—can deeply affect a cit y and nat ion’s ar t , educat ion, and cult ural scenes.
I n t r odu ct ion
The cor r elat ion bet w een necessit y and change is a w ell- pr oven social int eract ion t hat can r esult in a r ipple effect t hat has far-r eaching im plicat ions. Just as dfar-r opping a st one in st ill wat efar-r causes r inged waves t o spr ead out in all dir ect ions, t he im plem ent at ion of a new idea or even a new business in a com m unit y can send out r ipples of change fr om it s epicent er. This is exact ly w hat happened w hen Zairah Ent er pr ise, a st udent founded and r un com pany pr im ar ily selling ar t supplies, was est ablished in t he Sult anat e of Br unei Dar ussalam in 2012. The com pany was bor n of a need for qualit y t radit ional ar t supplies, such as acr ylic paint s and br ushes, so t hat st udent s could raise t he st andar ds of t he w or k t hey pr oduced in t heir m odules at t he Univer sit y of Br unei Dar ussalam ( UBD) . A gr oup of st udent s under t ook t he challenge of being ent r epr eneur s, and w it h t he advice of t w o of t heir pr ofessor s fr om t he Unit ed St at es t hey opened a specialt y ar t st or e t o pr ovide for t heir ow n needs and t hose of ot her st udent s. The im m ediat e aim of t he st udent s was t o offer a full line of ar t supplies t hat w ould also m ake it easier for t hem and int er est ed secondar y and pr im ar y schools t o pur chase m at er ials t hat offer ed qualit y and consist ency. Ot her t ar get ed client s included ar t ist s and designer s w or king in and ar ound t he capit al cit y of Bandar Ser i Begawan.
The opening of Zairah Ar t Supplies st or e and it s w ell- lit ar t galler y and display ar ea sent out not one but t w o t ypes of r ipples t hat ar e helping t o st ir t hings up t hr oughout t he cr eat ive sect or of t he cit y. I n t his ar t icle, t he aut hor s exam ine how t heir st udent s set up an ext ensive ar t supply st or e t hat is t he lar gest of it s kind in Br unei for t heir ow n benefit as ar t ist s in need of supplies and exhibit ion space and, as a secondar y consequence, how t heir ent r epr eneur ial under t aking exem plifies t he phenom enon of conduct ing a business t hat can aid a count r y’s econom y t hr ough t he suppor t of t he cr eat ive indust r ies.
Kong Ho
I m age 1: Final capst one pr oj ect , Decept ion of t he Eyes, done by Sit i Zubaidah bint i Haj i Ahm adin, and show n in Spect acle: Ar t & Design Gr aduat ion Show 2013 in t he Ar t Galler y of Chancellor Hall, Univer sit y of Br unei Dar ussalam , in Apr il 2013.
Edu ca t ion a n d Br u n e i’s N e w
Cr e a t iv e Cla ss
The signs for t he em er gence of w hat econom ist Ter r y Flew dubbed a new “ cr eat ive class” ar e ever yw her e in Br unei. One
can see t his especially in t he appearance of visual and per for m ing ar t s venues w her e cont em porar y Br uneian ar t ist s ar e show casing w or ks w it h an int er nat ional st yle and appeal. Many young st udent s ar e inspir ed by exper im ent al avant - gar de ar t ist s like t he graffit i paint er and inst allat ion ar t ist Banksy, and t hey ar e looking t o
m ake a nam e for t hem selves by em bracing inst allat ion ar t and new m edia. How ever, t her e is a lim it t o w hat ar t ist s in Br unei Dar ussalam can explor e as subj ect m at t er since t he count r y is t he w or ld’s longest r unning absolut e m onar chy w her e any hint of disdain for His Maj est y Sult an Hasanal Bolkiah, t he Sult an and Yang Di- Per t uan
of Br unei Dar ussalam and his policies, especially t hose r egar ding t he follow ing of I slam as it is pract iced accor ding t o Sunni edict s, is pr ohibit ed.
Accor ding t o t he st at em ent of Minist r y of Cult ur e, Yout h and Spor t s of Br unei Dar ussalam r egar ding nat ion building and r ebuilding t he Br uneian cult ur e:
Due t o ot her pr ior it ies in lives, people t end t o neglect t heir ow n cult ur al pr act ices. People ar e also lacking in under st anding t he r elat ionships of t he or ganizat ion of cult ur e, value and nat ional sust ainable in t he cont ext of t he changing w or ld t oday. The cult ur e t hat is based on Malay I slam ic Monar chy ( MI M) has changed fr om t im e t o t im e due t o t he assim ilat ion of for eign cult ur al elem ent s. Due t o t his scenar io Br unei cult ur e should be r ebuilt and expanded by consider ing t he nat ional concept such as Malay I slam ic Monar chy ( Melayu I slam Ber aj a) .
Alt hough it seem ed for a t im e t hat an em phasis on Muslim cult ur e m ight be r elaxing in Br unei, t he r ecent launch of t he
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Syar iah Penal Code ( announced in lat e 2013) has polit ical analyst s w onder ing w hat t his w ill m ean for t he count r y’s appr oxim at e 415,717 inhabit ant s ( Populat ion census fr om t he Wor ld Fact book of t he Cent ral I nt elligence Agency) . Anot her indicat ion of t he Sult an’s I slam ic r efor m was expr essed in his r em ar ks t o t he Novem ber 2013 graduat es of t he Univer sit y of I slam Sult an Shar if Ali. As r epor t ed by Azlan Ot hm an, r epor t er for t he Bor neo Bullet in Sunday, Sult an Hasanal Bolkiah not ed in his speech t o t he 148 graduat es t hat he was pleased lar ge inst allat ion t o be exhibit ed alongside t he w or ks of t heir peer s in t heir graduat ion exhibit ion, show n in I m ages 1 and 2. While st udio equipm ent for building ar m at ur es and fram es is quit e lim it ed, st udent s ar e r esour ceful and usually can find a supply st or e or sm all shop t o help t hem w it h Br unei Dar ussalam , in Apr il 2013.
Ju st a s dr oppin g a st on e in st ill w a t e r ca u se s
I n his book The Cr eat ive I ndust r ies: Cult ur e and Policy, Ter r y Flew explains t hat higher educat ion has been keen t o cr eat e pr ogram s t hat pr ovide pr ofessional t raining leading t o em ploym ent in disciplines such as m edia and com m unicat ion, digit al m edia, kind of pieces, t he availabilit y of equipm ent and ar t supplies for st udent s st udying w it hin univer sit y pr ogram s is pr ofoundly im por t ant . Because univer sit ies ar e acut ely awar e of t he im por t ance of st udent dem ands for t he not available for paint ing and draw ing. The only ar t st udio found in t he Facult y of Ar t s and Social Science ( FASS) building was a r egular lect ur e r oom , w her e Pr ofessor Ho
given a m ont hly allowance by t he educat ion depar t m ent for books and ot her supplies. using low- grade t em pera and so- called acr ylic paint s. He sum m ed up his fr ust rat ion w it h t he sit uat ion by st at ing,
Because m y 20 advanced paint ing st udent s w er e used t o using r eally infer ior paint ing
fr esh fr uit s, and veget ables. I f t her e is not m uch dem and for pr ofessional ar t supplies, t hen no one w ill st ock t hem . Not being t he sor t of per son t hat gives up on his st andar ds for t eaching, Pr of. Ho offer ed his ow n
bought - and- paid- for acr ylics t o his class t o use unt il he could figur e out a way t o get a supply of bet t er acr ylic paint s t o Br unei.
Aft er lear ning t o paint w it h bet t er acr ylics and acquir ing gr eat er t echniques for glazing and building up t ext ur ed sur faces using acr ylic gel m edium and m odeling past e, Pr of. Ho’s st udent s, including Dk. Noor Affizah bint i Pg. Haj i Abd Rahm an, Moham m ad Nur iskandar bin Mohd. Hasnan, Muham m ad Nazr een bin Am in, and Am ir ul Jazli bin Jali, w er e convinced t hat t he dram at ic im pr ovem ent t hat t hey saw in t heir w or k had t o be par t ly due t o t he im pr oved qualit y of t heir paint s and paint ing m edium s. Not only did Ho see an im pr ovem ent in t he assignm ent s of his st udent s, he also felt
at t he t im e t hat he was est ablishing a new baseline of qualit y w or k t hat he could expect all of t he st udent s t o follow in t he new ly est ablished Ar t and Cr eat ive Technology pr ogram , w hich had been r unning for only t w o year s. Soon Ho’s st udent s w er e as det er m ined as he was t o find a way t o get high- qualit y ar t supplies t o Br unei. Happily for Pr of. Ho and his st udent s, t he answ er t o t his dilem m a w ould soon ar r ive. This solut ion w ould also involve ever yone’s cooperat ion for it s im plem ent at ion.
Ca se St u dy : Th e For m a t ion
of t h e Ar t En t r e pr e n e u r sh ip
Kn ow n a s Za ir a h En t e r pr ise
Thr ee m aj or fact or s br ought about t he for m at ion of Zairah Ar t s Supplies st or e. Fir st and for em ost was t he need by st udent s
I m age 3: Pr ofessor Ho cr it iquing t he paint ings done by his Advanced Paint ing class st udent s in FASS Ar t St udio 1.92 in t he fall sem est er of 2011–12. The r ecognized st udent s and t eaching ar t ist in t his pict ur e ( left t o r ight ) ar e Pr ofessor Kong Ho, Ak. Khair ul Am ilin bin Pg. Muham ad, Moham m ad Nur iskandar bin Mohd. Hasnan, and Muham m ad Alinor m in bin Hj . Om arali.
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at UBD and elsew her e in t he r egion for good qualit y ar t supplies; next cam e t he oppor t unit y for ent r epr eneur ship on t he par t of several st udent s w ho r ealized t hat if t hey could st ar t a t rading com pany, t hey w ould be able t o w or k and cont r ibut e in several ways t o Br unei’s fledgling cr eat ive ar t s indust r y; and last , Pr of. Ho and his w ife Dr. Mar t ie Geiger- Ho ( w ho becam e em ployed at UBD in June 2012) w er e put t ing t oget her a lar ge com m unit y m ural pr oposal for subm ission t o t he U.S. Em bassy for sponsor ship t hat , if appr oved, w ould r equir e a subst ant ial or der of acr ylic paint s, gesso, gel m edium , and ot her supplies. Grant ing of t he m ural pr oj ect seem ed alm ost assur ed, and t he pr om ise of an or der fr om t he com pany t hat t he st udent s want ed t o est ablish pr ovided t he iner t ia needed t o push one st udent , Affizah Rahm an, t o ask her fat her and her elder sist er t o invest in and back a t rading com pany w it h a r et ail st or e out let t hat she and her ar t st udent fr iends, including Nur iskandar Hasnan, Nazr een Am in, and Am ir ul Jali, w ould be able t o r un. The st udent s felt fr om t he ver y beginning t hat w it hout a r et ail st or e w her e t hey could anchor t heir business, any at t em pt s t o build a st r ong m ar ket ing ident it y w ould be lost . Fur t her m or e, t he st udent s want ed t o cr eat e a bout ique kind of st or e, show n in I m age 4, w her e t hey could feat ur e t heir ow n ar t w or k and put t heir design skills t o w or k in ar ranging in- house pr oduct displays w it h cr eat ive t ailor- m ade exem plar s of finished ar t obj ect s w it h w hich t he local cust om er could cult urally ident ify. The final out com e of t he st or e’s ident it y is one t hat is bot h pr ofessional and war m , w it h plent y of br ow sing r oom and space for t eaching paint ing classes. Zairah is planning t o add t he equipm ent for t eaching ceram ics at a lat er dat e.
Pg. Haj i Abd Rahm an bin Pg. Haj i Tahir im m ediat ely liked his daught er Affizah’s idea for an ar t supply st or e for t he follow ing r easons: I n t he past Mr. Rahm an had been t he sole ow ner of a dr y goods r et ail st or e, and he st ill held a covet ed r egist er ed t rader s license for im por t ing and selling goods; Mr. Rahm an believed t hat if Affizah’s elder sist er, Pg. Dr. Noor Affizan bint i Pg. Haj i Abd Rahm an, and her husband Mr. Joe Raihan
Knight s put capit al int o t he opening of t he st or e t hat it w ould indeed be a fam ily business t hat his son- in- law could help r un even w hen his elder daught er was busy pract icing m edicine as an opht halm ologist . Also, Mr. Rahm an felt t hat it was im por t ant t o est ablish a business w her e his younger daught er and her peer s could hone t heir ar t design skills by cr eat ing a cor porat e ident it y. Adding t o t he posit ive r easons for est ablishing Zairah Ar t Supplies was Pr of. Ho’s pr om ise t o advise t he st udent s on how t o or der ar t supplies fr om a com pany called Ut r echt Ar t Supplies in t he Unit ed St at es.
Ho felt t hat he could help his st udent s under st and how t o st ock ar t m at er ials t hat w ould sat isfy t he needs of m ost cust om er s plus t he lear ner s in his ar t classes. The oppor t unit y t o be t he sole agent in Sout heast Asia feat ur ing Ut r echt ’s ar t supplies was ver y appealing t o ever yone involved in t he ent r epr eneur ship of a new ar t supply com pany.
Pr of. Ho and Dr. Geiger- Ho’s com m unit y m ural pr oj ect , “ Transcending Cult ur e and Space: A Com m unit y Ar t Pr oj ect ,” was funded by t he U.S. Depar t m ent of St at e t hr ough t he Over seas Federal Assist ance
Awar d and t he U.S. Em bassy Br unei Dar ussalam . This good new s m eant t hat a lar ge ar t supply or der w ould have t o be fulfilled by som eone. I f Zairah could for m t heir com pany, t hen it w ould be a w in– w in sit uat ion for t hem and for t he m ural pr oj ect , since no one else could fill such an or der in Br unei. Also, Zairah needed a lar ge pr ocur em ent in or der t o ensur e t hat it s launch w ould be successful. Taking int o account all of t he posit ive r easons for est ablishing a new st ar t - up br ick- and- m or t ar st or e Mr. Rahm an and his elder daught er, Dr. Affizan Rahm an and Joe Raihan, decided t o
I m age 4: Zairah Ar t Supplies st or e locat ed in an int er ior plazas ar ea in Ber ibi, Br unei Dar ussalam .
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set up Zairah Ent er pr ise w it h a st r uct ur e of four divisions: Zairah Event s, Zairah Design Ser vices, Zairah Ar t Supplies, and Zairah Cust om Badges.
Zairah Art s Supplies was t he first branch of t he business t o open; however, before t hings could really get under way, Affizah and her peer Nazreen needed t o finish t heir college sem est er abroad at t he Universit y Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, where t hey t ook art courses during t he spring session of 2012. When Affizah and Nazreen ret urned t o Brunei in t he sum m er j ust prior t o beginning t heir senior year at UBD, t hey j oined up wit h several ot her UBD st udent s t o work part- t im e in t he shop space t hat would soon becom e a full- fledged st ore. Nuriskandar had also gone abroad t o st udy in Sout h Korea in his t hird year, and he becam e em ployed wit h Zairah along wit h Affizah and Nazreen. Three ot her t hird- year UBD st udent s were already working part t im e for t he com pany because t hey had st ayed in- count ry t o undert ake an int ernship program t hat would fulfill
UBD’s requirem ent s for it s Discovery Year Program . The four UBD art st udent s were Am iral Jali, Moham m ad Airul Arif bin Awang Dam it , Muham m ad Saifullah Al Waie bin Mat Jinin, and Moham ad Niq’Mat ul Ghizalif bin Md Jinin. These four lat t er st udent s had also been working hard wit h anot her t alent ed individual, Zaeem Om arali, who was finishing his high school st udies at Jerudong I nt ernat ional School, and t hey cont ribut ed m uch t oward supplying t he m ural paint ing m at erials and const ruct ing t he m ovable m ural panels, shown in I m age 5, for t he first com m unit y m ural proj ect in Brunei.
Fa cilit a t in g Ar t Pr odu ct ion
W it h Pr ofe ssion a l Ar t Su pplie s
a n d Su ppor t I n st r u ct ion
Zairah Ar t Supplies deliver ed t heir fir st big or der of ar t supplies t o Ho and his cr ew of m ural volunt eer s at Pusat Belia
I m age 5: Zairah Ar t Supplies’ par t - t im e w or ker s building t he m ural panels for t he fir st com m unit y m ural pr oj ect in Br unei at t he Pusat Belia Bandar Ser i Begawan ( Yout h Cent er ) in Bandar, Br unei. The r ecognized Zairah Ar t Supplies w or ker s in t his pict ur e ( fr om left t o r ight ) ar e Moham m ad Air ul Ar if bin Awang Dam it and Muham m ad Saifullah Al Waie bin Mat Jinin.
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Bandar Ser i Begawan since it s founding, Zairah Ent er pr ise has pr ovided ser vices fr om all four ar eas of it s subdivisions; how ever, t he fir st of t hese divisions t o open, Zairah Ar t Supplies, show n in I m age 6, is st ill t he lifeline branch of t he design cour ses. The im por t ance of Zairah Ar t Supplies t o t he ar t com m unit y of Bandar including w or kshops, m ur al paint ings and sells ar t w or ks done by t he com pany’s ar t ist s. encouraged by Zairah Ar t Supplies and ot her galler ies because it incr eases foot t raffic in t heir st or es and t hey ear n m oney fr om
gas indust r ies st ill account for m ost of it s econom ic act ivit y. Sim ilar t o it s pet r oleum indust r ies, t he Malay cult ur e am ong people in Br unei has been in place long befor e t he Br it ish colonial era. Malay is t he official language of Br unei, and coast al Malays m ake
I m age 7: Maj or Zairah Ent er pr ise associat es w it h Dr. Mar t ie Geiger- Ho and Pr of. Kong Ho in t he Zairah Ar t Supplies st or e in Ber ibi, Br unei, in July 2012. The r ecognized st udent s, t eaching ar t ist s and Zairah Ent er pr ise associat es in t his pict ur e ( fr om left t o r ight ) ar e Dk. Nur Afiqah bint i Pg. Haj i Abd Rahm an, Dk. Noor Affizah bint i Pg. Haj i Abd Rahm an, Dr. Mar t ie Geiger- Ho, Pr of. Kong Ho, Muham m ad Nazr een bin Haj i Am in, Pg. Dr. Noor Affizan bint i Pg. Haj i Abd Rahm an, Moham m ad Nur iskandar bin Mohd. Hasnen, and Muham m ad Haj i Hafiz bin Haj i Mor sidi.
An im por t a n t con side r a t ion for
a n y e st a blish m e n t in Br u n e i t h a t
w ish e s t o se ll e it h e r a r t w or k s or
a r t su pplie s is t h e r e qu e st fr om
cu st om e r s for a r t le sson s for t h e ir
ch ildr e n a n d t h e m se lv e s. I t se e m s
t h a t Br u n e ia n s h a v e com e t o e x pe ct
t h a t a r t de a le r s a lso pr ov ide on
-pr e m ise s cla sse s t h a t a r e u su a lly
t a u gh t by t h e a r t ist s w h ose w or k
h a n gs in t h e ir ga lle r y .
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t he cour ses, w hich t hey shar e w it h t heir t eaching ar t ist s. Also t eaching ar t ist s engage in lear ning how t o pass dow n know ledge and t echniques t hat t hey t hem selves have em ployed in t heir ow n ar t w or ks.
Cu lt u r a l, Socia l, a n d Econ om ic
Con t e x t of Br u n e ia n
Cr e a t iv e I n du st r ie s
Br unei becam e an independent st at e in Bor neo in 1984 aft er a cent ur y of colonial r uling under t he Unit ed Kingdom and t he Unit ed St at es opened an em bassy in Br unei upon it s independence ( Bur eau of East Asian and Pacific Affair s) . Br unei encourages for eign invest m ent in t he dom est ic
econom y t hr ough var ious st im ulat ions in new indust r ies. How ever Br unei’s oil and
up a m aj or par t of it s m ult iet hnic indigenous populat ion. Br unei em phasizes nat ional cult ur e building and fost er s it s r ich Malay cult ural backgr ound. Br unei also act ively par t icipat es in t he Associat ion of Sout heast Asian Nat ions and is keen t o st ay abr east of t he econom ic and educat ional concept s in t his r egion.
A gr eat m any ar t icles and books have been w r it t en in t he past t w o decades about t he r ise and im por t ance of t he cr eat ive indust r ies, also called t he cult ural indust r ies or cr eat ive econom y, as an im por t ant social and econom ic phenom enon. Mat ching t his r ise in t he for m al r esear ch being conduct ed in t his new suddenly popular ar ea of social science is t he num ber of people w ho ar e act ively em ployed in such cr eat ive ar eas as m usic, design, science, t he visual and per for m ing ar t ist , and ot her know ledge-based pr ofessionals. Accor ding t o Richar d Flor ida’s definit ion, t his new gr oup of pr ofessionals w hose ranks ar e sw elling t o such levels t hat t hey ar e shaping t he values and st r uct ur e of t oday’s shift ing Am er ican socioeconom ic geography, is w hat he calls t he “ Cr eat ive Class” ( Flor ida xiii) . I n his built fundam ent ally on hum an int elligence, know ledge, and cr eat ivit y.
Univer sit y of Br unei Dar ussalam , in Apr il 2013.
Kong Ho
can be seen in Noor Sa’Ar iyah Haziqah dynam ic and pr ogr essive in generat ing m or e j ob oppor t unit ies for unem ployed graduat es. I nst ead of looking for j obs in gover nm ent or pr ivat e sect or s in t he ar t and design fields aft er graduat ion, Cr eat ive Ar t s and Com m unicat ion m aj or st udent s ar e encouraged t o apply pract ical w or king exper ience obt ained fr om UBD’s Discover y Year I nt er nship pr ogram along w it h t he social cr eat ive class is r ealigning t hem selves t o m eet t he needs of a w or ld t hat is now
Wit hout or ganizat ions like Zairah Ent er pr ise, w hich ar e set up by cr eat ive individuals for est ablished and pot ent ial cr eat ive individuals, t he not ion of how it is definit ely indicat ive of an awar eness am ong UBD’s st udent s t hat a new appr oach t o t hinking cr eat ively t hr ough t he ar t s and ent r epr eneur ship is daw ning.
The developm ent of Zairah Ar t Supplies as t he m ain branch of Zairah Ent er pr ises
secondar y, and int er nat ional schools. Their design ser vices division cr eat ed a cr eat ive “ St op Mot ion” video adver t isem ent for pr om ot ing an online t op- up ser vice pr ovided by a local bank. The adver t isem ent was fir st scr eened at Br unei’s cinem a houses beginning in August 2013 and has cont inued t o r un unt il t he pr esent . Also, Zairah
Design Ser vices was com m issioned t o const r uct an out door st eel dom e st r uct ur e for t he UBD 2012 Pest a Konvo, an annual Convocat ion Fair in conj unct ion w it h t he Convocat ion Cer em ony, in Sept em ber 2012. I n addit ion, Zairah Design Ser vices has been com m issioned t o design t he UBD Convocat ion banner s for t he last t w o year s. As t went y- first- cent ury t eaching art ist s, Ho and Geiger- Ho believe t hat t hey have a m aj or role in nurt uring Brunei’s next generat ion t oward developing it s creat ive indust ries. Brunei is a sm all nat ion t hat is perfect ly poised t o t ake advant age of it s rich herit age as a cat alyst for producing creat ively designed and environm ent ally responsible product s and services ranging from apparel t o design t echnology. Wit h help from highly m ot ivat ed and creat ive individuals wit hin t heir own cult ural ranks, Brunei is sure t o m eet it s goal of becom ing ever m ore increasingly known as a creat ive societ y.
Wor ks Cit ed
• Adnan, Am m ir ual. Zairah ser vice aim s at im pr oving ar t . The Br unei Tim es. 18 Dec. 2012. Web. < ht t p: / / w w w.bt .com .bn/ happenings/ 2012/ 12/ 17/ zairah- ser vice- aim s- im pr oving- ar t >
• Bureau of East Asian and Paciic Affairs. U.S. r elat ions w it h Br unei. 18 Dec. 2012. Web.
< ht t p: / / w w w.st at e.gov/ r / pa/ ei/ bgn/ 2700.ht m >
• Cent ral I nt elligence Agency. East & Sout heast Asia: Br unei. Januar y 2014. Web. < ht t ps: / / w w w. cia.gov/ librar y/ publicat ions/ t he- w or ld- fact book/ geos/ bx.ht m l>
• Flew, Ter r y. The Cr eat ive I ndust r ies Cult ur e and Policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2012. Pr int .
• Flor ida, Richar d. The Rise of t he Cr eat ive Class. New Yor k, NY: Basic Books, 2002. Pr int .
• Minist r y of Cult ur e, Yout h and Spor t . Nat ion Cult ur al Policy. Br unei Dar ussalam : Aut hor, 2010. Pr int .
• Ot hm an, Azlan. “ Cr it icism of Syar iah Law Due t o Blur r ed Vision.” Bor neo Bullet in Sunday 3 Nov. 2013: 1–3. Pr int .
M a r t ie Ge ige r - H o ear ned a PhD ( Fine Ar t s I nt er disciplinar y) w it h an em phasis in ar t educat ion at Texas Tech Univer sit y in 2003. Cur r ent ly, Dr. Geiger- Ho is a senior lect ur er ser ving t he cr eat ive ar t s and com m unicat ion pr ogram at t he Univer sit i Br unei Dar ussalam ( 2012–pr esent ) . I n 2006, she was awar ded a Univer sit y Fellow ship fr om t he Hong Kong Bapt ist Univer sit y and w or ked at t he Academ y of Visual Ar t s ( 2007–09) . Her ar t has been exhibit ed in num er ous int er nat ional and nat ional exhibit ions.
Kon g H o ut ilizes his bicult ural backgr ound as a t eaching ar t ist t rained in bot h Chinese and West er n paint ing t o t each as associat e pr ofessor of ar t and pr ogram leader of t he cr eat ive ar t s and com m unicat ion pr ogram at t he Univer sit y of Br unei Dar ussalam , 2011 t o pr esent . Ho r eceived a Fulbr ight U.S. Scholar ship and t aught m ural paint ing at t he Nat ional Academ y of Ar t in Bulgar ia in 2010. His ar t has been exhibit ed in m or e t han ninet y int er nat ional and nat ional exhibit ions.
