INTERNATIONAL JOINT SEMINAR AND
COMPANY VISIT TO CLEAN AUTHORITY OF TOKYO
(SHIN-KOTO INCINERATION PLANT)
Humanizing Collaboration Between Indonesia and Japan Tokyo, 15-19 May 2017
Individual Report
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1. MARKETING ANALYSIS REPORT
When we had to travel to Japan for academic trip, we attended some famous shopping place Tokyo, Japan. There are:
a. Ueno
Ueno Park is one of the most popular parks in Japan. The park has 10,000 trees including cherry blossom tree. However, on this trip we did not have opportunity to visit the park. Across from Ueno Park, there is a shopping area called Ameyoko. We had visited this shopping place. Ameyoko on the Yamanote Line track between Okachimachi and Ueno Station, it’s a busy market street. The shops were spreading to the streets, and the products sold were very diverse. Starting from bags, clothes, branded second products, souvenirs, cosmetics, etc. There are also street foods and restaurants lined the side of the road. The conditions along the street crowd with many people passing by and sounds of sellers screaming to sell their products.
b. Ginza
Ginza is one of the elite shopping centers in Tokyo. Ginza in Chuo district, south of Yaesu and Kobayashi, west of Tsukiji, east of Yurakucho and Uchisaiwaicho, or north of Shinbashi. It in the heart of Tokyo which is close to the Kasumigaseki government center, business center and Tokyo Station. In Ginza we can find luxury shopping centers, clothing boutiques, restaurants, cafes, museums, art galleries and theatrical performances. For example Uniqlo Outlet in Ginza comprises 12 floors and was the largest Uniqlo branch in Japan. Other outlets that found here is Apple Store where this outlet became one of the Indonesian tourist destination when traveling to Japan. As we know, we can found Apple's latest product that has not launched in Indonesia. Compared to Indonesia, Ginza is like Sudirman-Thamrin. Where the area is close to the central government and business center, so shopping centers in this area look elite and exclusive.
c. Tsukiji Fish Market
Japan is abundant for its marine resources. Fish became the main consumption of Japanese society, fisheries very developed. Tsukiji Fish Market is one of the largest traditional fish market in Japan. This market holds 2,000 tons of seafood per day from all corner of the region. Then seafood and vegetables distributed to markets and retails around Tokyo every day. One of the interesting activities that happen in this market is fresh tuna auction that held almost every morning. Tuna auction held in early morning, for participants who interested to attend this auction must present at location since 03.00 am because the auction process started at 05.00 am.
Unluckily, on our way to Tokyo, we did not get a chance to attend the tuna auction because it held too early in the morning. So, we only had time walking around the market in the morning when the sun has risen to see wholesale activities. At Tsukiji Fish Market, we not only found fresh seafood, vegetables, and fruits, but also a lot varieties of processed seafood and street food. Like sushi, boiled octopus, unagi, juice, tamagoyaki, etc. Although Tsukiji Fish Market is a traditional market, the environment still clean and neat. No garbage on the roadside and every people throw garbage in its place. Indonesia has a fish market too, in Muara Angke, Jakarta. But the environment is different. In Muara Angke, the market is not as clean as Tsukiji Fish Market.
d. Aquacity Mall Odaiba
Odaiba is one of Tokyo's popular shopping and entertainment areas. In Odaiba there are two large malls, Aquacity Mall and DiverCity. Aquacity Mall isn’t different than the other mall, shopping centre and foods. An interesting view in this area is the liberty statue. So, besides shopping we also get an interesting spot to take pictures.
e. Harajuku
f. Akihabara
Akihabara or Akiba is another shopping center in Tokyo located around Akihabara station. It has different with other shopping centers. Akihabara is a shopping center for electronics, anime, manga, doujinsi, and computers. For tourists who interested with anime and manga, you should come to this place.
g. Shisui Premium Outlet
Shisui Premium Outlet is a shopping center that sells branded products. In Japan there are several premium outlets, like Gotemba Premium Outlet and Mitsui Premium Outlet, but we went to the Shisui Premium Outlet is near Narita International Airport. This shopping area is wide and not terraced, so it would tire if we try circling the entire shopping area. We can find hundreds of branded outlets here. There are food courts or restaurants, too. We will get a wi-fi password to used while we in, a map of Shisui Premium Outlet shopping area that make visitors easier to go to the intended brand outlet, and a coupon book that contains discounts for each brand product with certain terms and conditions.
As foreign tourists, we can qualify for tax exemption shop special terms and conditions. This tax exemption applies when tourists shop for commodities (electronic goods, bags, clothing, shoes, etc on the same day with total shopping above ¥10,000 or consumer goods such as food, beverage, medicine, cosmetics, etc with a minimum spend of ¥5,000. This tax exemption may apply only by showing a passport and only for travelers with a temporary stay time or having a visa for 90 days until 6 months. Taxes will returned by redeeming at a special booth or tax-free at certain purchase outlets. But not all stores or outlets applied free tax. There are outlets that remain taxable even though we shop above the minimum total free tax. For example when we bought Pablo Cheese Cake snacks, the outlet does not impose tax free for its buyers, although tourists and shopping above ¥5,000.
PESTEL ANALYSIS Political
The political situation in Japan differs from Indonesia. Japan is an imperial state, its head is the emperor and the head of its government is prime minister. Its government system is parliamentary democracy with the form of his reign of the Constitutional Monarchy. Japan led by Emperor Akihito since 1989 and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has ruled since 2012. Japanese society does not elect a direct state leader because the head of Japanese government is Prime Minister, and Prime Minister appointed by the Japanese parliament.
The power of the Emperor of Japan limited by the existing constitutional monarchy system. As the head of state, Emperor of Japan regulated in the constitution of the state symbol and unifier of the people. The power of government is in the hands of the Prime Minister and the elected members of the Japanese Parliament, and his sovereignty is in the hands of the Japanese people. The Japanese emperor himself acted as head of state in political and diplomatic affairs.
Economic
Japan is the third largest economy in the world after the United States and China. Japan's economic system adheres to a free-market and induced market economy. Japan implements a dumping policy in its economy, which sells imported goods below the market price inside Japan. In addition, Japan also executes a strict protection policy to protect domestic production goods. Domestic Japanese production sold at high prices. The profit earned used to cover the loss of overseas sales.
Industrial sector is one that plays an important role in the Japanese economy. Japan's industrial output exported to other countries, such as automotive products, electronics, computers, gadgets, etc. The Japanese brands are very famous in the world for example Sony, Fujifilm, Toyota, etc. The other sector is services. Three quarters of Japan's total revenue comes from the services sector. The services sectors Japan relied on were banking, insurance, transportation, and so on.
3 derived from the word "mono" meaning product or goods and "zukuri" means the process of manufacture, creation or production. The concept contains excellence, skills, soul (spirit or spirit of propulsion), and pride in the ability to create and produce goods well.
Japan industrial area spread in several prefectures or provinces, there are:
a. The Kanto region, industrial estates are in Chiba, Kanagawa, Saitama, and Tokyo. b. Tokai region, Chukyo - Tokai industrial area is in Aichi, Gifu, Mie, and Shizuoka. c. The Kansai region, Hanshin industrial area is in Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe.
d. Setouchi industrial estate covers the southwest of Honshu Island and the northern part of Shikoku around the Seto Inland Sea.
e. Kyushu, industrial area is in the northern part of Kyushu.
Japan is a country with low natural resources. To expect this, Japanese companies imported raw materials, then process and make it into finished goods, which sold in domestic or exported. Therefore, Japan maximizes its Human Resources capability to develop services, industry and trade. Thus, this makes the Japanese economy able to grow and compete with other major countries.
Rice is the main agricultural product in Japan. The area of land in Japan compared to the population is less. Thus, the existing land is inadequate process other agricultural products such as wheat, soybeans, etc. So, no doubt that the prices of vegetables and fruits expensive.
Social
Although Japan is very advanced in technology, but behind it, Japan has social problems. Japan is one with the highest suicide rate in the world. In 2016, recorded death toll from suicide reached 21,897 people. However, the number has decreased from the year 2011 and 1994 recorded through 30,000 peoples. The factor of suicide is complex and combined of many factors. But the cause of the suicide is due to health and financial problems. To overcome these problems, Japan established Lifelink institutions, a non-profit institutions to prevent suicide.
To overcome worker’s life balance, Japanese Government set up a Premium Friday program to encourage workers to leave early on Friday at 3:00 pm so that workers can spend time for themselves. Due to the typical Japanese people who love work hard, so they had minimal time to socialize. This program is as of providing incentives for employees who leave early. The program launched after numerous suicide deaths related to excessive workload loads in Japan. However, not all companies adopt this program. It’s because the hard working culture is more viscous and ingrained for the Japanese people
Another social problem is the low birth rate. The factor was Japanese women delayed having children or even decide not to have children. In addition, the declining marriage rate led to lower birth rates besides the high mortality rate. Efforts by the Japanese government to cope with low birth rates are providing tax incentives to encourage Japanese women to have children, provide childcare facilities, and freezing frozen eggs for women who want to have children later on.
Nowadays, Hikikomori has become a new social problem. Hikikomori is a condition in which the perpetrator alienates himself from his social environment and only confines himself in the room and does not leave the room. The perpetrators of this hikikomori average self-exile above six months but some do so up to ten years. Factors that affect a person to do Hikikomori are environmental factors (bullying and failing in the exam) and family factors (protective parents), social environment factors, and individual factors.
Technological
Japan is robot technology. This technology can lead Japan in the world. Japan embodies the robots in real life, called humanoid. Examples of some of the world's most powerful Japanese assembly robots are ASIMO, Erica, Asuna, to HRP-4C (a robots that capable of walking on a catwalk like model.
Another technology that is the mainstay of this country is a fast train, Shinkansen. The train uses magnetic levitation technology that can keep the train as high as 10 centimeters from the rail and drive at speeds up to 600 kilometers per hour. In the automotive industry, Japan is a country that has the most superior hybrid technology and the most sophisticated vehicle concept of the future. For example hybrid technology owned by the world's largest automotive manufacturer, Honda. Even Japan created “green” cars that do not use fuel.
For the food industry, Japan capable of developing technology to convert sea water into drinking water. In addition, Japan is the first country in the world that made technology to turning rice into bread. The agricultural system in Japan has used advanced technology. For plant, water, and harvest, Japanese farmers assisted by machinery. If in Indonesia plow fields still use a single plow, in Japan plow has been using six plows, so it is faster to finish. Food quality in Japan safe because of its processing using high technology.
Legal
Based on regulatory research in Japan conducted by the Indonesian delegation, it can concluded that in Japan, the law does not always mean written rules, but also ethics and customs. Not all laws applicable in Japan set forth in a written regulation. Japanese society is law-abiding, both written and unwritten.
In terms of trade or imports, to oversee the quality of goods, Japanese government implements rules that refer to the national interest, there are:
a. The Plant Protection Law that regulates the quarantine system of fruits, vegetables, and plants that banned in Japan.
b. The Consumer Product Safety Law which regulates procedures for importing and selling consumer goods in Japan.
c. Measurement Law which regulates the product packaging system with the label of content description, name and address of importer.
d. Quarantine Law which regulates quarantine system of imported goods.
e. Law for Promotion of Sorted and Recycling Containers and Packaging that regulates recycled packaging systems - Industrial Standardization Law that regulates industry standard product quality systems.
Japan's import tariff for some imported commodities is low at 3.6%. Tariff determination in Japan based on Custom Tariff Schedule with HS 9 digit, but for goods other than raw materials, Japan adopts escalation tariff system.
Environmental
The environment in Japan is spotless and neat. The community accustomed to clean living and discipline in terms of cleanliness. This is evident from the neat environment of garbage, clean rivers, and non-budgets for maintaining and developing the tourist area.
2. CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS REPORT Differences in Values, Beliefs, ans Policies
Japanese society embraces Bushido principle in their life. Bushido is a code of ethics of Samurai chivalry in Japanese feudalism. Bushido principle adopted by the exemplary Japanese community are:
5 Gi or integrity is the ultimate and most basic value in Bushido value. Gi means harmony in mind, speech, and deed in upholding honesty and truth.
b. Yu (Heroic Courage)
Yu or courage is the character and determination of the soul to survive for the principle of truth that believed despite the pressure and obstacles.
c. Jin (Compassion)
Jin or generous is the nature of loving, caring, and caring for each other. d. Rei (Respect)
Rei or respect and courtesy to others. Rei value is thick and become the character of Japanese society. The value of Rei instilled from an early age, so Rei takes precedence over all aspects of life. e. Makoto or Shin (Honestly and Sincerity)
That is to be honest and sincere sincere, say or convey information under reality and truth. f. Meiyo (Honor)
Maintain self-esteem with respectable behavior. One of preserving honor or self-esteem is by not wasting time on unimportant activities and avoiding useless behavior. It is rare for Japanese society to relax doing nothing. When in a state of relaxation, then they still use it by doing activities such as reading, sending email, and so forth. Therefore, the Japanese people belong to workaholic to achieve the highest honor.
g. Chugo (Duty and Loyalty)
Chugo is loyalty to leaders or teachers. To keep the good name of the leader or teacher, the Japanese people work hard as much as possible.
Japanese society very disciplined and respect the time. It is rare for Japanese people to be late in work or school. Likewise discipline in obeying the rules. Japanese society is very obedient to both written and unwritten rules. Besides discipline, Japanese society is very enterprising and workaholic. For them, overtime is better and is a feat compared to going home fast.
We visited places that become the landmarks and culture of Japan. The places are: 1. Asakusa Kannon Temple
Asakusa Kannon Temple or Sensoji Temple is a Buddhist temple in Asakusa. The first outer gate called Kaminarimon (Thunder Gate). After walk inside, we will cross Nakamise Street, which is shopping street from the first Gate to the second gate, Hozomon. At Nakamise street, we will find many traditional food and beverage, traditional shops, and Japanese souvenirs. After passing the Hozomon Gate, then we see the temple's main hall and a five storied pagoda. This tourist spot is very busy every year and become the main destination both domestic and foreign tourists.
2. Tokyo Skytree
Tokyo Skytree is the tallest tower in Japan. In March 2011, Tokyo Skytree became the tallest tower in Japan with an altitude of 634 meters and made the tower into number 1 the world's tallest tower beating the Tower Canton. Tokyo Skytree is a broadcasting, restaurant, and observation tower. Tokyo Skytree was complete built on 29 February 2012 and its opened to public from May 22, 2012. Entrance price charged for adult is ¥ 3000 for single ticket (floor 350) and ¥ 4000 for combo ticket (floor 350 + 450). From a height of 350 meters, we can see the sights of Tokyo in the day or night.
3. Tokyo Tower
At night, me and my friends took time to visit Tokyo Tower, one of Tokyo landmarks. We visited it at night because only at taht time we can go there. Tokyo Tower is the highest tower in Japan since 1957 with a height of 332.6 meters, but after Tokyo Skytree built, this position replaced. Tokyo Tower established in 1957 as a transmitter tower for the television wave, but now Tokyo Tower is better known as a tourist attraction. Tokyo Tower entrance price charged at ¥900 per person for adults. We can enjoy views of Tokyo at night or day from a height of ± 150 meters. When we visited Tokyo Tower in the evening, we can enjoy the view of city lights and cars that twinkle and colorful. In addition, on the 2nd floor of Tokyo Tower there are shops selling a wide range of Japanese souvenirs. Japanese snacks such as Tokyo Banana can also found at this place.
There is an acculturation between Japanese culture and Chinese culture. It has seen from the architecture of Japanese buildings in the Yamato era which acculturated Chinese culture. However, this acculturation did not affect the Japanese government. In terms of belief, the Japanese community not influenced by the Confucian and adhered to the Shinto. Japanese culture that has acculturated with Chinese culture is writing and language, religion (the entry of Buddhism in the 5th century), philosophy, astronomy, woven, agriculture, craft, and medicine.
Acculturation can occur in a person's personality when he or she settles in a country that is not a country of origin or immigrants in the long term. The customs and behavior of the immigrants adjust to the culture of the country.
World Brands
Japan has many brands that are very global, both from the electronics sector to cosmetics. This is because the Japanese society is high end of hard work and integrity in working to produce the best product or service. That is why Japan is becoming the most innovative country. From the electronics sector, we know Sony, Canon, Fujifilm, Panasonic, and Toshiba. In terms of automotive, which is very famous are Honda, Toyota, Yamaha, and Suzuki. For cosmetics, we know SK-II with technology and innovation Facial Treatment Essence Pitera derived from yeast fermentation. Other well-known cosmetic brands are Shiseido, Kose, Hadalabo, Shu Uemura, Kanebo, etc. In fashion, we know Uniqlo and Onitsuka Tiger.
3. COMPANY VISIT ANALYSIS REPORT Waste Management in Japan
The success key of Japan in managing waste began about 20 years ago when Japan emerged into an industrialized country. In the 60-70s, pollution cases, environmental pollution, poisoning, became the effect of the growing industry in Japan. Household waste became a big problem for the environment and disrupt the life of the Tokyo’s people. In the mid-1970s, there emerged an environmental-care community movement or "chonaikai" in various cities in Japan. This movement concern about environmental and adheres to 3R theme, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. This movement is growing and supported from various layers of Japanese society. However, the Japanese Government did not have a law on waste management. In 1997, Containers and Packaging Recycle Law approved by the Japanese Parliament. In June 2000, Basic Law for the Promotion of the Formation of Recycling Oriented Society also approved by Parliament.
A Good waste management begins by cultivating 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) by Japanese "choinakai" movements that start good culture of waste management habits. Reducing the amount of waste can achieve by 3R, Reduce - Reuse - Recycle. The first R is Reduce, which is all activities undertaken to minimize the volume of waste. This activity could done before the waste produced, for example by reducing the consumptive lifestyle, which is changing the habits of the wasteful and consumption that generates a lot of waste to be efficient / less waste. Reuse is the activity of reusing waste without form changes for other useful activities. Recycle is an effort to recycle waste into other useful items or new products. Waste management by the 3R method is more how to build waste disposed by individuals, houses, or residential areas.
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Picture 1. 3R Process
The picture above describes the 3R process in managing waste. Starting from production of natural resources in manufacturing or distributed into a goods or products that can consumed by the community. Then, the product consumed and used its benefits. Once the product is consumed and the benefits of the product have been exhausted, it will leave the rest of the product that couldn’t consumed again or waste that must removed. More and more products or goods consumed, it will cause in an increasing amount of waste. Step 1 3R starts from, Reduce, at this stage, we can reduce the amount of consumption of products / goods so as to minimize the amount of waste generated. Step 2, Reuse, use or reuse the garbage that can still used for the same function or other functions. Treatment that can done on the waste can be through recycling or incineration. In Step 3, Recycle, the waste can recycled into energy, material, or various products beneficial to society. While the waste that can’t recovered or recycled back into anything will be discharged to the final disposal.
In order for a good waste disposal culture to be established in the community, it is necessary to promote 3R. The five key things that necessary done in 3R promotion, as the Japanese do. First, awareness-raising, which raises awareness and awareness of society to the environment by getting used to throw garbage in its place. This can be done by educating the community so that people understand the important of 3R in everyday life. This education can start as early as possible, from home and school environments. Second, information sharing, information about 3R should share to the public. To achieve 3R success, it requires participation from various parties or stakeholders from product design stage to recycling / disposal stage. Share information is very important to establish, such as information about the labels showing environmental friendliness of product and labels indicating material type of recycling. The information will facilitate in the next waste management. Third, Incentives, incentives in 3R promotions classified into two, economic and social incentives. Economic incentives such as preferential taxation, low interest loans, subsidies, and debt guarantee. Social incentives can be eco-community projects and green purchasing awards. Fourth, technology development, technology development such as promotion of research on systems that enable the material cycle at the local level, research to establish and evaluate material flows, develop clean technologies to promote 3R at the production and technical development stage to promote 3R at the design stage would require in the future. Fifth, partnership, approach through partnership is very important. All stakeholders, central government, local government, private sector, community and NGOs required to work on their own initiatives while fully aware of their expected roles.
Examples of activities that we can do in everyday life to train 3R, first, before buying a product, get used to check the product, whether the product is durable? Can it be recharge? Can it be recycle? And am I spending too much? Second, use or bring your own shopping bag, it to minimize the plastic bags used. Third, before disposing of trash, think first whether the trash can still be reused or recycled into something more beneficial. Fourth, when the trash can’t be recycled or reused, we have to throw in a right trash can according to the waste material.
Collection is one stage in waste management. This stage is at the beginning. To facilitate the processing, in the garbage disposal separate of waste based on the material, such as bottles, cans, and pet bottles. Classification in waste disposal can facilitate waste management in the next process. Waste classification in Japan according to (NREL, 1993) are:
Source: Waste Management Law (NREL, 1993)
Picture 2. Schematic of Japanese Waste Classifications
In Japan, each city determines collection day and area depending on the type of waste, and performs an efficient operation drafting operations plans according to seasonal changes and regional trends in the amount of waste. The waste management process in 23 cities not charged for household waste (not exceeding 10 kg per day), besides large sized waste and waste of business activities charged.
In this International Joint Seminar program, we had chance to visit Shin-Koto Incineration Plant in Yumenoshima, Koutou-ku. Shin-koto Incineration Plant is one of the existing waste processing plants in Japan, Tokyo. There are 21 Incineration Plant in 23 cities in Tokyo and serve areas within the city. Shin-Koto Incineration Plant built on 61,000 m2 area, with a total waste 18,000 tons / day. It costs about 88 billion yen to built this plant. Shin-Koto Incineration Plant completed in September 1998. The other facilities list of the Clean Authority of Tokyo are:
Table 1. Facilities List of the Clean Authority of Tokyo
Calssification Plant Name Date Completed Type*
Incineration Meguro March 1991 A
Incineration Ariake December 1995 A
Incineration Chitose March 1996 A
Incineration Edogawa January 1997 A
Incineration Sumida January 1998 A
Incineration Kita March 1998 A
Incineration Shin Koto September 1998 A
Incineration Minato January 1999 A
Incineration Toshima June 1999 B
Incineration Shibuya July 2001 B
Incineration Chuo July 2001 A
Ash-melting Chubo Ash-melting Facility December 2006 Mitsubishi, Plasma Graphite electrodes
Source: Waste Report Clean Authority of Tokyo, 2017
*Incinerator Types:
9 B = Fluidized bed furnace (full continuance combustion)
C = Gasification melting furnace (All continous operation)
The process of waste management from collection to the final disposal stage is first, waste originating from homes, shops, offices, schools, and inside the city were collected and classified according to the applicable rules and put in the trash according to their respective types. For example bottle, cans, and pet bottle. The waste in the landfill classified or separated according to its nature. Waste classified into four types, combustible waste, incombustible waste, large-sized waste and resources.
1. Combustible waste is organic waste or garbage derived from vegetable, fruits, eggshells, paper and so on which can destroyed by burning. This waste will load onto collection sites, from which it directly transferred by truck and taken to an Incineration Plants. Incineration prevents bacteria, vermin, and foul odor and maintains a sanitary environment. By incinerating waste, its volume reduced to approximately one-twentieth. Emission of hazarddous substances within exhaust and wastewater from incineration plants controlled and reduced to lower impact on the environment. In an incineration plan, power generation and heat supply performed using the heat energy of waste incineration. Ash generated from incineration at an incineration plant separated into Bottom ash and fly ash. Bottom ash is cinder discharged from the bottom of the incineration. Fly ash is soot and dust within exhaust collected by bag filters, etc. The combustible waste will process as follow:
a. Waste discharged to the final waste disposal assigned to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government at the New Sea Surface Disposal Site. The remaining bottom ash sent to landfill disposal. Fly ash processed with chemicals and sent to landfill disposal.
b. Private cement factories, bottom ash recycled it into cement then used it as construction materials and civil engineering materials, etc.
c. Ash-Melting Facility, bottom ash melted into slag used as a civil engineering material, etc. When bottom ash melted at a high temperature of over 1,200o C (2,192o F) and then cooled, it turns into sandy slag. As slag, the volume is almost half that of ash, and one-fortieth of its original state as waste. The process of making slag decomposes dioxins within the ash, and traps heavy metals inside, so making it safe and efficient for use as construction materials, etc.
d. Used efficiently to produce heat energy. Electricity and hot water produced at plants used within facilities to operate the plant, so reducing electricity purchases and fuel costs. Surplus electricity sold to power companies. All of the plants sell electricity, and four plants sell heat as hot water to other facilities. The heat energy can serve as:
- For housing, used as power generator - Selling of surplus power
- For air conditioning, local heated swimming pool, and so on.
Source: Waste Report Clean Authority of Tokyo, 2017
Picture 3. Heat Energy Process
Based on the picture above, hot water pressurized and remains in its liquid state even at a temperature over 100oC (212oF). Ariake and Shinagawa Incineration Plants sell heat to supply companies. Shin-Koto and Itabashi Incineration Plants supply heat to metropolitan facilities at a charge.
incombustible waste will transfer to the Incombustible Waste Processing Center. In Tokyo, there are two Incombustible Waste Processing Centers that serve 23 cities, one of it is Chubo Incombustible Waste Processing Center. Incombustible waste is processed at two incombustible waste processing centre. The process divided into pulverization and saparation. Incombustible waste pulverized to reduce its volume, so that an efficient use of landfill sites made possible. Incombustibles also contain recyclable resources, such as ferrous metals and aluminum, which separated and collected into aluminum metals stockyard. In addition, other waste discharged to the final waste disposal at the Outer Central Breakwater Landfill Disposal Site or the New Sea Surface Disposal Site.
Source: Waste Report Clean Authority of Tokyo, 2017
Picture 4. Incombustible Waste Process
3. Large-sized waste. These garbage have large-scale, for example broken cabinets, broken mattresses, broken bikes, etc. Large-sized waste separated into combustible large-sized waste, such as wooden furnitures, and into incombustible large-sized waste, such as bicycles. The separation work performed manually at large-sized waste transfer stations in each city, or at the receiving yard of the Large-sized Waste Pulverization Processing Facility. There is one facility serving 23 cities. Combustible residue will transfer to the incineration plants after pulverization for incinerate. Incombustible residue will sent to Central Breakwater Landfill Disposal Site or New Sea Surface Disposal Site. The results of the process will be transferred to the Chubo Incombustible Waste Processing Center for ferrous metals and aluminum recovery to aluminimum metals stockyard, for large non-combustable solid waste. The picture below draw the overview of processing large-sized waste.
Source: Waste Report Clean Authority of Tokyo, 2017
Picture 5. Large-Sized Waste Process
4. Resources. Which belong to these resources are bottles used drinks, cans, food sushi box, and so forth. The resources will collect, each city collects paper, bottles, cans, PET bottles and trays, but the items and methods in the collection of each city vary. Resources recycled into new resources by recycling centers or private recycling businesses. The basic law that promotes the creation of a society oriented to recycling are:
- Act on the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources - Containers and Packaging Recycling Law
- Home Aplliance Recycling Law - Food Waste Recycling Law
- Construction Materials Recycling Laws - Law on recycling of End of-Life Vehicles - Small Home Appliances Recycling Law
In Japan, central and local governments have an important role in waste and waste management. The central government establishes a municipal waste management framework and collects and uses
11 information, technological development, and assistance to local governments. Meanwhile, local governments created modern waste collection systems using the knowledge they collected when building a community hygiene mechanism because the amount of municipal waste generated exploded during periods of high economic growth in the 1960s. Both central and local governments have intensified their efforts to modernize sanitation and to implement environmental conservation measures. The key to Japanese success in managing waste is the understanding, participation, and cooperation between the central government, local government, and the community.
Three secrets of Japanese success in handling household waste are the high priority of the community in the recycling program. Almost all Japanese people understand the importance of recycling waste management. Second, the emergence of social pressure from Japanese society when littering. The shame of society is the key to waste effectiveness in Japan. Third, a massive and aggressive educational program done from an early age so as to build a culture of waste disposal in the subconscious.
Waste Management in Indonesia
Indonesia is one country that has problems regarding garbage. Siti Nurbaya Bakar, Indonesia's Minister of Environment and Forestry stated in the electronic media that the volume of garbage in Indonesia reaches 65 million tons a year, the composition dominated by 60% organic waste and 14% increasing plastic waste. Sources of waste comes from households, traditional markets, and offices. The problem of waste in Indonesia becomes complex related issues of waste pollution at sea. Based on research by Jambeck, Jena R., et. al. In 2015 entitled "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean" declared the potential of plastic waste in the Indonesian ocean reached 187.2 million tons / year. The research states that Indonesia became the second largest country in the world that contributes waste to the sea after China.
Indonesia worked in managing waste so as not to be a disaster that harms the community. Waste management regulation in Indonesia regulated in Law (Undang-Undang) Number 18 year 2008 about Waste Management, Government Regulation Number 81/2012 about Household Waste, Presidential Instruction until Ministerial Regulation on waste. Based on Law No. 18 of 2008, waste management is the responsibility of local government. However, the central government must provide support and make efforts nationally. Some examples of government policies to reduce waste are the trial of reducing plastic shopping bags at convenience stores in 2016.
In 2014, Indonesian Government established the 2020 Free Indonesia Program of Waste (Program Indonesia Bebas Sampah 2020). Which the central government, local government, non-governmental organizations, private, public figures, artists, the media, and individuals concerned with waste issues joined the national action movement simultaneously in each region. In 2015 the national action movement followed in 20 cities and 23 points. As for the year 2016, 1024 communities in 155 cities / regencies in 34 Provinces move together.
Besides launching the Indonesia Free Garbage 2020 Program, the Government will commemorate National Rubbish Day (HPSN) every February 21st. The date chosen to commemorate the trash debris tragedy at the Leuwi Gajah Landfill on February 21st, 2005. The disaster resulted in 141 deaths and 6 injured, compensation payments amounting to Rp65 billion, and the release of 68 houses on a 12 hectare land around Leuwi Gajah Landfill at a cost of Rp15 billion.
In 2016, Surabaya won Adipura Paripurna Award for Metropolitan City Category. A top award in the field of cleanliness. Adipura Cup received by Surabaya for seven consecutive years. In 2015, Surabaya awarded Adipura Kencana, because it considered superior and able to create innovation, especially in terms of utilization of landfills as a source of energy (waste to energy). Waste management conducted by Surabaya City through waste reduction starting from its source, ie household, school, hotel, campus, and market by adopting 3R. Garbage produced by Surabaya City per day reaches 1,500 tons and 3R effort can reduce garbage volume up to 300 tons per day.
waste, paper or that could sold aside, valued by junk banks. In addition, the waste in Benowo Landfill can be processed into electricity and sold to PLN up to 2 mega watts. To reduce a pollution filter and unpleasant smell, the Government of Surabaya City collaborated with Government of East Java Provincial to prepare green belt around Benowo Landfill. So, the air in the settlement around Benowo will not polluted.
Hermawan Some, Coordinator of Zero Garbage Community, stated that there are five aspects in waste management: regulation, institution, social participation, financing, and technology. However, what generally constrains a city / district in managing waste is financing. This is because waste management requires a large cost for equipment and technology which isn’t cheap and APBD in many areas is not significant. Therefore, society awareness and participation regarding waste disposal or management are essential. Besides government and society, producers or companies of packaging products, have the responsibility of extended producer responsibility (EPR), withdraw their packaging or recycle.
Recommendation
Waste becomes a common problem in big cities. Indonesia also experienced problems regarding waste and its management. Although in Kabupaten Tangerang converted garbage into coffee briquettes, but garbage remains a problem in other cities. Adopting the existing waste management system in Japan being applied in Indonesia is very important. However, to realize it required planning and costly. In addition, the most important thing that would be implemented is mental readiness of Indonesian people to love the cleanliness and discipline in disposing of garbage. Japan's success in waste management supported by discipline and hygiene practices adopted by Japanese society. The Indonesian Government needs to educate and socialize to all levels of society, both in urban and inland about clean living culture, not littering and throwing garbage in garbage bins according to the type of garbage. For the last thing start to be applied, but less effective in its implementation. Many uneducated or uninformed societies know to dispose of waste in its place according to the type of garbage. Education about waste should start as early as possible from the family environment until it becomes a habit. There are still many origin of disposing of garbage is not under the trash provided. For example throwing bottles in organic trash. While educating the public about the discipline in disposing of waste, Indonesian Goverment have to make planning and realizing the incineration plant and waste
13 Mengenal Pasar Jepang, http://www.kemendag.go.id.
NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (1993). Integrated Solid Waste Management in Japan.
Springfield, VA: U.S. Departement of Energy.
Surat Edaran Nomor SE.1/MenLHK-Sekjen/Rokum/PLB.3/1/2017 tentang Pelaksanaan Peringatan Hari Peduli Sampah Nasional (HPSN) Tahun 2017, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Indonesia, 2017.
Waste Report 2017 Clean Authority of Tokyo.
DOKUMENTATION
1. Ueno
2. Asakusa
3. Japanese People
4. Shin-Koto Incineration Plant
6. Shisui Premium Outlets
7. Disposal Bins
8. Tsukiji Fish Market
9. Tokyo Tower
15 11.Tokyo Skytree
12.Harajuku, Nakamise Street
13.Akihabara
