4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
1.
Country Description
2.
Impact of Climate Change in Indonesia
3.Source of Green House Gasses
4.
Working Group on Climate Change
5.Legal & Regulatory Framework
6.
National Development Planning
7.Program for Mitigation
8.
Technology Requirement
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Indonesia is located in the tropical belt, is
the largest and widest archipelago country in
the world, consist of 17,508 big and small
islands, there are 5 big islands : Sumatera,
Java, Borneo, Celebes and West Irian
There are two season in Indonesia , May to
October is dry season and October to April is
rainy season
Second world’s longest coast line (81.000
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Based on demography survey in 2000,
the total population was 206 million,
representing the fourth largest country
in the world
With the population growth rate was
1,49 percent.
Estimate population in 2006 was 220
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Climate Change Effects
Impacts on Indonesia
Sea Level Rise
Ocean Warming Increased Temperature Increased Rainfall Increased Evaporation Increased Tropical Storms
Disappearing Small Islands Salt Water Intrusion
Decline in Fisheries Harvest Loss of Biodiversity
Increased Fire Risk
Increased Disease Risk, Range Floods and Land Slides
Changes in Planting Season Drought, Food Security
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Deforestation rate (2000 – 2005) -> 2,8
Million Ha/year & Forest fire (West Borneo in
2006) -> loss of 91 Million USD (source:
www.beritabumi.or.id
)
Flood (February 2007) result in 8 Billion USD
loss (source:
www.detikfinance.com
)
Landslide -> 80 Million USD/year
Human health : Dengue, Malaria, Diarrhea
Rise of Sea Level
Drought (Cirebon District in 2006) result in
loss of 8.6Million USD (source:
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
The disappearing of small Island ->
within 2005 – 2007, 24 small islands
disappear, the location:
3 island in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD)
3 island in Papua
5 island in Riau
2 island in west sumatera
7 island in the coastal area of Jakarta
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
The availability of water is very dependent on the climate, due
to the limited supply of water (only covers about 37% of urban population and 8% of rural population) causing people and
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
During El Nino years (1994, 1997,2002,
2003, 2004 and 2006) shown that 8
reservoirs in Java have produced
electricity below normal capacities
During El Nino 1997 has caused serious
problems to coral reef ecosystems
where 90-95% of coral reefs at the
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Poorest nations and poor groups are likely to be
hardest hit by the effects of climate change as they:
rely heavily on climate change-sensitive sectors
(agriculture and fisheries)
Are less able to respond (lack of human, institution
and financial capacity)
Achievement of the National Development goals
Changes in mean climate, variability, extreme events
and sea level rise
Impact on poverty and national development
planning targets Impact on the eight MDG
Increased temperature and changes in
precipitation reduce agricultural and natural resources
Change in precipitation, run-off and variability leads to greater water stress
Increased incidence or intensity of climate related disasters lead to damage to assets and
infrafstructure
Temperature, water and vegetation changes contribute to increase prevalence of disease
Lowered industrial output and labour productivity, high inequality, impacts on trade, and fiscal and macro-economic growth, and poverty-reducing effects
Reduced productivity and security of poor people’s livelihood assets, and reduced access for the poor to their livelihood assets
Less effective coping strategies among the poor, and increased vulnerability of poor people
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Food security jeopardized, more intense disasters threaten livelihood
2. Achieve universal primary education
More vulnerable livelihoods means more children engaged in employment; infrastructure damage from disasters
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
Women make up two-thirds of world’s poor and are more adversely impacted by disasters.
4. Reduce child mortality
Children more vulnerable to malaria and other diseases, which are spread more widely by climate change
5. Improve maternal health
Pregnant woman particularly susceptible to malaria
6. Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Increase prevalence of mosquito-bone diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
Climate change indication of unsustainable practices. Move toward more energy-efficient model of consumption
8. Promote global Partnerships
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Based on Workshop on Climate Change and Health in South East Asian
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Transportation
Industry
Forestry
Mitigation Adaption Post Kyoto Forestry Energ y Financial Mech. Transfer of Technology Waste Ocean Forestry Agricultur e Transportatio n Industry Energy:
Working Group on Climate Change Activities: to undertake qualitative policies and measures that lead to the our response to Climate change, i.e. to stabilize concentration of GHGs at the safe level.
Working Group of Transfer of Technology Activities: to further derivation and enrichment the previous project and to prioritize technology needs, and capacity building to assess technology needs, modalities to acquire and absorb them.
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Ministry of Environments
Ministry of Research and Technology
Agency for the Assessment and
Application of Technology (BPPT)
Governments Departments: Energy &
Mineral Resources, Forestry,
Agriculture, etc.
Meteorology and Geophysical Agency
Indonesia State Electricity Company
Private Sectors
Universities
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Presidential Rule No.5, 2006 regarding
National Energy Policy, asp. on energy
mix by the year 2025
Presidential Decree No.10, 2005 on
energy efficiency
Presidential Decree no. 1, 2006
regarding Biofuel Utilization Program
Act No. 6/1994 which stipulate the
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Act No. 23/1997 regarding
Environmental Management
Ministrial Decree of Forestry No. 14/04
regarding Afforestation/Refforestation
Project
Ministrial Decree of Environment no.
53/03 regarding Ministry of
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Ministrial Decree of Environment no.
206/05 regarding Ministry of
Environment as the Indonesia DNA
Government Regulation no. 4/2001
Bahan Bakar Nabati (Biofuel) 5% Panas Bumi 5% Biomasa, Nuklir, Air, Surya, Angin 5% Batubara yang Dicairkan (Coal Liquefaction) 2%
Batubara 33%
Minyak Bumi 20%
Others 17% Gas Bumi
30%
PRIMARY ENERGY MIX 2005
National Energy Mix Target 2025
(PERPRES NO. 5/2006)
• Enhancing energy security & mitigating CO2 emissions: to secure strategic reserve, to improve efficiency in energy production & use, to increase reliance on non fossil fuels and to sustain the domestic supply of oil/gas (slower growth in fossil fuel-demand in
oil/gas imports and in emissions).
• Proposed energy technology use, diffusion and deployment, increasing clean energy technologies.
• Energy infrastructures and its time frame.
• Etc.
THE NATIONAL ENERGY ISSUES
What is the Sustainable Road Map?
NATIONAL ENERGY TRAJECTORY
Minyak Bumi 51.66% Batubara 15.34% Gas Bumi 28.57% Tenaga Air 3.11% Panas Bumi 1.32% ≤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥
t2? t1?
t3?
t25
EBT +
Presidential
Rule No.
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
2010-2014 National Mid-Term
Development Plan (NMDPT) Strategic Nat. Res & Env.
Assessment (SNREA) for 2010-2014 NMTDP INPUT DOCS
BRIDGING DOCS
Integrating Climate Change to
National Development Planning
Process
National Communication,
Climate Change Program MID TERM DEVELOPMEN T PLAN 2004-2009 GOV WORK PLAN 2008 FUNDING GOV FUNDING MID TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2010-2014 GOV WORK PLAN 2014 GOV WORK PLAN 2013 GOV WORK PLAN 2012 GOV WORK PLAN 2011 GOV WORK PLAN 2010 GOV WORK PLAN 2009
LOAN GRANT PRIVATE/COMM/
NGO/CSR CDM
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AGENCY
BAPPENAS
“NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE”
INTERNATIONA L WORLD
IMPLEMENTATIO N
1. Agriculture
2. Coastal and Small Island 3. Health
4. Transportation 5. Public Works
6. Human Settlements 7. Energy and Mining 8. Forestry
9. Environmental 10. Technology
11. Rehabilitation & Revilitation Peat Land
12. Mainstreaming Decentralized Disaster Risk Reduction
INDONESIA
CLIMATE CHANGE NATIONAL ACTION
PLAN
LIVING DOCUMENT “NATIONAL ACTION
PLAN IN FACING CLIMATE CHANGE”
MINISTRY OF ENVIROMENT
“The Strategy of Carbon Absorption
Potential Improvement and Strategy of Carbon Emission Reduction” MINISTRY OF SOCIAL
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
What is national development plan?
Process to make development plans consist of long-term
development plan, medium-term development plan and
annual development plan which will be implemented by
state institutions, private sector and community in all
level of regions
Current regulations applied for development planning:
Law No. 25/2004 about Development Planning
Presidential Regulation No. 7/2005 about Medium-term
National Development Planning 2004-2009
Other national development plan policy relates to Climate
Change:
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Environmental Policies are aimed to:
1.
To mainstreaming sustainable development principles
into alldevelopment aspects;
2.
Improve coordination among environmental institutions in
nantional and local level;
3.
Increase the law enforcement effort to the poluters;
4.
Increase the capacity of environmental institutions in
national and local level;
5.
Improve the awareness of community on environmental
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Among 15 environmental policy objectives, 3
objectives
(No.5-7) are related to climate change issues
:
1.
Improve urban air quality especially in Jakarta,
Surabaya,Bandung, and Medan, supported by
improvement of environmentally sound of
transportation system and management;
2.
Reduction of ODS (
Ozone Depleting
Substances)
gradually until 2010;
3.
Improve national capacity in adapting climate
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Target 9 :
Integrate the principles of
sustainable development into country
policies and programmes and reverse the
loss of environmental resources
Target 10 : Halve, by 2015,
the proportion
of people without sustainable access to
safe dringking water and basic sanitation
Target 11 :
By 2020, to have achieved a
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
To integrate the agenda of climate change adaptation to the National Development
Strategy such as: Mid-Term & Long-Term Development Plan;
To re-observe and re-adjust initiative or program to be resilience to the climate
change;
To Institutionalize the climate information usage to enable climate risk mitigation
and management;
To encourage local government to integrate the climate risk consideration into their
local development planning;
To strengthen information and knowledge to reduce climate risk in recent and in the
future;
To ascertained of the availability of internal resources and funding for adaptation
program and maximalize the utilization of available international funding;
To choose for no-regret option, which is taking the adaptation act regardless for
example the non-occurence of climate change;
To encourage the establishment of national dialog to accelerate the implementation
4 – Indonesia Position & Role
4 – Indonesia Position & RoleMITIGATION ADAPTATION
1. Toward Green Indonesia (MIH) & Aforestation (National forest and land rehabilitation)
2. Water Conservation (Watershed
Management, Well Absorption,
Reservoir)
3. Forest Fire Master Plan Poverty Derivation Education for Farmer (for not doing land clearing by land burning such as: government will supply fertilizer and contribute good quality seed)
4. Flood Management
5. Reconstruction/redesign of irrigation Agriculture
6. Encouraging CDM Project increase by sectoral approach
7. Mixed Energy Policies
8. Free tax for clean technology equipments
9. Energy Efficiency in the government buildings
10.Air Pollution Control for
Transportation
11.Self Sufficient Energy Village
Program
1. Encourage MGA
(Meteorological and
Geophysical Agency) to have
station monitoring for
weather forecast More
Accurate and Realistic
Number
2. Identify the vulnerable
sectors affected by climate change.
3. Public Participation.
4. Mainstreaming Adaptation
Issue into related policies sector; for reviewing the 5--years Strategy Programme. 5. Draft National Strategy on
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
The immediate objective:
to enable Indonesia to identify national technology needs, capacity building to asses international technology
availability, and
modalities to acquire and absorb the appropriate technology.
Sectors in Existing Indonesian TNA
Energy Sector Energy Industry Industry Sector
Household and Commercial Sector Transportation sector
Non-Energy Sector
Agriculture and Livestock Forestry
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
MODALITIES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Institutional Establishment
Regulation Development
▪ Procedure of Transferring Technology
▪ The Role of Decentralization
▪ System & Procedure Establishment
Financial Arrangement
Foreign Direct Investment
Official Development Assistance The Global Environmental Facility Clean Development Mechanism Multilateral & Bilateral Agencies Regional Development Banks Etc.
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Criteria for prioritizing technology needs
Utilization of local resources
Rational utilization of resources
Socio-economic important
GHG reduction potential
Investment cost
Social acceptance
Minimum impact on environment
Methods for prioritization of technology needs
Cost–benefit and risk–benefit analyses
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Indonesia listed barriers and measures sector-wise. Types of barriers to technology transfer identified are:
Economic / market
Information/awareness Policy Regulatory Institutional Human Technical Infrastructure
Indonesia expressed concern about the high investment costs of selected mitigation options, which could translate into higher product prices and loss of competitiveness in the case of the energy sector. However, it identified barriers only in the
transport, forestry and agriculture sectors.
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
High Efficiency Power Generation: Clean Coal Technology, CHP
Technology, etc.
Energy Efficiency in Industrial sector (cement, iron & steel,
pulp & paper, fertilizer, textile, mining, lime calcination, chemical, etc.)
Energy Efficiency in Industrial Equipments (Industrial process,
electrical motor, boiler, compressor, furnace, Refrigeration, heater, room conditioning, cooling tower, electrical system, combustion, pump, lighting, steam distribution, waste heat recovery, etc.
Energy consumption efficiency in transportation including
using gas for vehicles including improvement of public transportation
Carbon Capture Sequestration (CCS)
Cleaner Production Technology for Industry
Renewable Energy: Biomass, Wind, Solar, Ocean, Geothermal,
Hydro electric, etc.
Climate modification technology
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Avoiding forest burning, avoiding deforestation, forest
conservation and reforestation, etc.
Composting of agricultural waste, manure management, etc. Landfill management to avoid methane release
Ocean Sequestration
Technology for water resources management Industrial waste water treatment
Industrial solid waste treatment (recovery, composting of
53
Indonesia is already responding to this challenge in
anticipation of the future consequences.
In 2007 and 2008, central government spending on
environmental programs over 2006 levels to 6 trilion rupiah was doubled.
At the regional level, we have also nearly doubled
spending to 6 trillion Rupiah on reforestration and special funds for environment and conservation.
Together, these funds amount to USD 1.4 billion spent
on environment management, conservation and forest restoration.
In 2005, Indonesia also instituted a large increase in
54
Indonesia
(RPJP, RPJM, RKP)
Donor
(Country Strategy/ Program)
Climate Change
Joint Programs
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Bilateral JBIC DFID AusAID DANIDA Netherlands EC GTZ Norway CIDA Sweden Multilateral Wolrd Bank ADB UNDP
O t h e r s
Int’l trust funds: GEF, Adaptation funds, CIF Private Sectors
F i n a n c i n g
Bilateral Multilateral
CDM
M e c h a n i s m s
Loan Grant G-to-G Trust tee Managemen t GoI host TA & financial & management support
CC Trust Fund
Mitigation & Adaptation Public-private partnership Policy Re-orientation Climate-Proof Economy Awareness raising Community-Based Programs Capacity Building Training/Workshops Piloting Small-scale Investment Policy Implementation
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
UNFCCC Convention
Article 11: grant and/or concession… Prefer to have ODA+
Paris Declaration
ownership, donor harmonisation, governance,…
In line with national interest and financing
regulation:
Long-term and Mid-term National Development Goals
State Law No. 17/2003 about State Finance and Foreign Loan
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Non-UNFCCC mechanism:
Grant from Bilateral Countries or Multilateral Institutions
(ODA and ODA+)
Foreign Loan (ODA and ODA+):
▪ Program Loan: only for budget/fiscal deficit
▪ Sectoral Loan: emphasizing co-benefit approach
between development and climate change
▪ Trust Fund (both International and national)
UNFCCC mechanism:
Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)
Adaptation Fund (AF)
Up-coming Reduction Emission from Deforestation and
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CDM investment through Bilateral, Multilateral
and Unilateral sources
PRIVATE SECTOR:
We should also look to encourage greater
levels of private sector involvement in
mitigating and adapting strategies. Government
can use fiscal instrument to encourage private
sector to invest in environmental friendly
59
Grant
Debt swap
Trust Fund
60 Steering Committee/Ministers
Program Steering Committee
Chair: GoI
Co-chair: Representative of Donor
Ministries/Agencies/ Local Governments/ SOEs Sub Group/Issue Sub Group/Issue Sub Group/Issue: Climate Change Multi Donor Trust Fund (MOU GOI-Donors) Bilateral/ Multilateral Donors Program Dialogue
4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
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Gas
Coal
WindWind Therma
l Othe
r
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4 – Indonesia Position & Role 4 – Indonesia Position & Role
Presidential Decreed No. 1 / 2006
Regarding
