SPEECH FUNCTION IN JOKOWI’S SPEECHES
A THESIS
Submitted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
TEGUH K. I TARIGAN
Registration Number 209220051
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise to JESUS CHRIST, the great thankfulness is given to Jesus Christ for being every pray, always loving and blessing the writer finished this thesis.
This thesis has been written to fulfill the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra at the English Department of Faculty Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
The writer would like to give appreciation, and special thanks for:
1. Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., the Rector of State University of Medan.
2. Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Language and Arts, Vice Dean I, II, III, and all the administrative staff.
3. Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the head of English Department and Rika, S.Pd, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Department and also Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the Head of Applied Linguistics for suggestions, and administrative help during his study and time in conducting this thesis. 4. Drs. Muhammad Natsir, M.Hum., his thesis consultant and also
academic consultant for his advices, guidance, constructive comments and his previous time in making correction to this thesis and also Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed and Drs. Bakhtiar, M.Pd as his examiners. 5. For all lecturers throughout his academic years at the State University
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6. Nasrani Tarigan and Marianna br Surbakti, S.PAK, his beloved parents, and also for my young brother Kharis N. W Tarigan who has patiently given moral, spiritual and financial support including their endless love and pray for the writer.
7. His beloved and best friends, Mhd. Irham T, S.S, Handrian Sigalingging, Mhd. Luthfi S, S.S, Junaidi, Elka Fernando, Yenny Manalu, Ines Sihombing, S.S, Siti Arfah, S.S and Nancy Panggabean, and all classmates in applied linguistic 2009 and all of his friends from other major, his senior and junior thanks for the support and advices. 8. His beloved and best friends, Kurniawan Putra, S.Pd, Faisal
Situmorang, S.Pd, Ade Lubis, S.Pd, Eko Hrp, and Rahmat Nst, S.Pd, Equinta Stp, Dewanta Gtg, Edi Gtg, Otniel Bangun, S.H, Yovianus Trg, Prayuda T Siregar, other friends that cannot be mentioned, thank you for the support, laugh, friendship, advice and understanding him. 9. All the others whose name cannot be mentioned one by one for their
help and supports. Thanks for everything. God bless us. Amin.
Medan, Januari 2014 The Writer
Teguh K. I Tarigan
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ABSTRACT
Tarigan, Teguh K. I. Speech Function in Jokowi’s Speeches. The Faculty of Languages and Arts, University of Medan, 2014
This study deals with Speech Function in Jokowi’s Speeches. The objective of this study is to find out the types of Speech Function, the most type of Speech Function used, and the meaning of the dominantly used. The research on this thesis was carried out on descriptive qualitative research. The data are taken from the 4 speeches of Jokowi in English. The data are analyzed and classified into four types of speech functions in the procedures namely Statement, Question, Offer, and Command. There are 116 speech functions from 4 speeches of Jokowi. The finding indicate from the four types of speech function taken from the speeches of Jokowi they are Statement are 88 (75,86%), Question are 11 (9,48%),
Command are 17 (14,66%), and there is no Offer in Jokowi’s Speeches (0%).
Statement as the dominant type of speech function that is used in Jokowi’s
speeches it’s mean give or state information, the way of the speaker to deliver the information about the Jakarta city’s problem and how to solve that, the speaker’s
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i
ABSTRACTS….… ... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv
LIST OF APPENDIXES ... vii
LIST OF TABLES ... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A.The Background of the Study ... 1
B.The Problem of the Study ... 5
C.The Scope of the Study ... 6
D.The Objective of the Study ... 6
E. The Significance of the Study ... 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7
A.Functional Grammar ... 7
B.Metafunction ... 7
C.Interpersonal function ... 9
1. Speech Function ... 10
a. Statement ... 12
b. Question ... 13
c. Offer ... 13
d. Command ... 14
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F. Communication Competence ... 24
G.Speaking Context ... 25
H.Speech ... 26
1. Discussional Communication ... 27
2. Informational Speaking ... 27
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C. Research Finding ... 38
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 41
A. Conclusion ... 4
B. Suggestion ... 42
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 ... 11
TABLE 2.2 ... 15
TABLE 2.3 ... 16
TABLE 4.1 ... 38
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LIST OF APPENDIXES
APPENDIXES A ... 45
APPENDIXES B ... 48
APPENDIXES C ... 52
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of Study
Language is one of the most important thing that human need to interact to the other people. Language cannot be separated from the human being, language is a tool to say anything and express the ideas, by language, people can interact well, exchanging their ideas and also to fulfill their needs. Language serves many functions: to give information, to persuade people to do something, etc.
Human being use language in their daily life to make easy in communication. Cause language gives understanding between the speaker and the listener who know that language. Wierbicka (1996:1) stated that language is an instrument for conveying meaning. The structure of this instrument reflected its function, and it can only be properly understood in terms its function. Halliday (1994:106) stated that language enables human being to build a mental picture of reality, to make sense of what goes on around them. And Clark (1977:3) stated that language stand at the centre of human affairs, from the most prosaic to the most profound. It serves many functions; to give information, to express feeling, to persuade people, asking something, or many functions else.
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information. It means when language is used, people need not only to interact with others but also to get other person understand their thought and feeling.
Halliday (1994:69) stated that when exchanging and expressing the ideas, the human being perform two roles namely giving and demanding, the commodity may be information and goods or services. In systemic functional linguistic (SFL), it named speech function. Speech function is a way of someone delivers the ideas in communication to make the listener understand the ideas well. Speech function itself divided into four kinds: statement, question, command and offer. In mood system, the kinds of speech function above realized by declarative, interrogative and imperative, offer function is coded by anyone of the three moods. The spoken communication is usually represented by utterances. In every word, phrase or sentence is always perform the different function and misunderstanding will occur if the listener does not notice what kind of function uses by the speaker.
Halliday (1994:60) stated that Systemic Functional Linguistics is theory centered on a notion of language function. It is concerned with the realization between language and context, interpersonal meaning in text. Based on theory of SFL, language is used by people to fulfill the function of language as
interpersonal meaning. And interpersonal meaning its self concern the speaker’s
role in the speech function.
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interpersonal and textual functions. When the language is used to organize, understands and express our perceptions of the world and of our own consciousness, it performs ideational function. This function can be classified in to two, they are experiential function is largely to concerned with content or ideas. While the logical function is concerned with the relationship between ideas. When the language is used to relate what it is said (written) to the real world and to other linguistic events. This involves the use of language to organize the text itself. This is known as the textual function.
It is called as interpersonal function when the language is used to enable us to participate in communicative acts with other people, to take on roles and to express and to understand feeling, attitude and judgments. The interpersonal function has two levels; they are speech function and mood.
To get an effective communication or interaction, the addresser (speaker/writer) and the addressee (listener/reader) will perform two roles, they are giving and demanding and commodity being exchanged could be information or goods and services. When someone says something in the form of statement, the speaker expects the listener to receive the information but when someone says something in the form of command, the speaker expect the listener to do something or to give some objects. This two variables, role and commodity exchange, when taken together, define the four primary speech function; statement, question, offer, and command.
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functional role and assigns the addressee a complementary role. There are four types of speech function; they are statement, question, offer, and command.
The communicative act or verbal communication is usually represented by the utterances. In attempting to express themselves, people produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words. It shows that every word, phrases or a sentence that is human uttered perform different form and if the hearer cannot get the intention of every utterance, it will lead a misunderstanding.
Crystal (1980:327) stated that speech means communication or expression of thought in spoken words. Through speech, speaker conveys a message to the audience either it is to convey information or insight, to persuade or to motivate. A speaker must engage his or her audience with a central idea or propositions. If a speaker does not have a clear reason to give a speech, the speech should not be given.
Joko Widodo or usually called Jokowi is a leading figure in Indonesia especially in DKI Jakarta. Joko Widodo at his time had become mayor of Surakarta (Solo) 2 times for the tenure 2005-2015. He is previously businessman furniture currently elected Mayor of Solo. Jokowi won elections in 2012 and established as a DKI Jakarta Governor.
This study refers to the use of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches. The writer found that there are many type of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches. The writer considers that types of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches are important to be analyzed to show the most dominant types of speech function is
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The writer also wants to give the deeply explanation about speech functions which contain of two parts they are giving and demanding which are the essence of communication must be noticed well to avoid misunderstandings occur towards the speaker and the listener. When the speaker utters something through question, he/she is actually requiring the listener to receive it. While requiring give information when he/she utters something through command or offer. The writer aware this issue so that he/she wants to analyze the speech functions of speeches. In case there are some research through this theory and found some conclusions, for the examples in hypnosis utterances tent to use question as the highest proportion because the hypnotist ask some question to get the information as much as possible (Anggraini:2011). Another research found that the highest proportion in detective Conan comic is statement (Hasibuan:2012). By this study, the writer will explain the form of utterances in Jokowi’s speeches by using the speech functions theory. The writer chooses this figure because he/she is interested to the speeches which giving a different things than the other leader figure in Indonesia in 2013.
B. The Problem of Study
Base on the explanation on the background of study, the problems of the study are formulated as the following:
1. What types of speech functions are used in Jokowi’s speeches?
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3. What is the implication of the dominant types of the speech function used in Jokowi’s speeches?
C. The Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is focused on the types of speech function identified in Jokowi’s speeches. According to Halliday (1994:69), there are four primary speech functions. They are statement, question, command and offer.
D. The Objectives of the Study
Related to the problems of the study formulated above, the objectives or the study are as follows:
1. To identify the types of speech function used in Jokowi’s speeches.
2. To identify the most dominant type of the speech functions used in Jokowi’s speeches.
3. To find out the implication of the dominant types of speech functions in Jokowi’s speeches.
E. The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful and relevant to:
1. The students of English Department who are learning functional grammar as guidance to analyze the types of speech function in speech/text.
2. Readers who want to enrich their knowledge and get more understanding and information of how speech function used.
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from Jokowi’s Speeches; they are Statement, Question, Command, and
there is no Offer. Statement were 88 (75,86%), Question 11 (9,48%),
Command 17 (14,66%), and there is no Offer in Jokowi’s Speeches
(0%).
2) The dominant type of speech functions used in Jokowi’s speeches is
Statement 88 (75,86%). This is because the speech function of statement deals with the commodity of information rather than interacting the commodity goods and services.
3) The result that show statement as the dominant type of speech function
that is used in Jokowi’s speeches it’s mean give or state information,
the way of the speaker to deliver the information about the Jakarta
city’s problem and how to solve that, the speaker’s planning for
Jakarta, and give thanks for the audience in Jakarta Anniversary to the audience by using statement. So, the implication of the dominant types
speech function in Jokowi’s speeches is it show that the characteristic
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B. Suggestion
Having seen the results of the study, the writer would like to offer some suggestion which were stated in the following:
1) It suggested to linguistic students to study more about speech function its types, so they can understanding how speech function used in daily life especially in speech and they know how to use speech function deeper so that they know how to influence the people by using speech function.
2) It is suggested to the people involved in speech to give a clear information and clarification about certain topics, so the audience will get the good information from the speech.
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