THE MEANING EQUIVALENCE AND SHIFT IN THE INDONESIAN
TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH NOMINAL COLLOCATION IN
SIDNEY SHELDON’S NOVEL”RAGE OF ANGLES”
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister of Humaniora
By
MINA ROSITA
Registration Number : 116112037
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
ABSTRAK
MINA ROSITA. Makna Kesetaraan dan Pergeseran Dalam Terjemahan Kolokasi Nominal Bahasa Inggris Di dalam Novel Karya Sidney Sheldon“Rage of Angles” dan terjemahannya. Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan 2015.
Penelitian ini menyelidiki Makna Kesetaraan dan Pergeseran Dalam Terjemahan
Kolokasi Nominal Bahasa Inggris di dalam novel”Rage of Angels”. Kolokasi
adalah fenomena menarik dalam bahasa dan terjemahan. Kolokasi mencerminkan ciri-ciri linguistik, gaya bahasa dan budaya dari teks. Oleh karena itu, pentingnya kolokasi, umumnya dalam bahasa dan khususnya dalam terjemahan teks-teks sastra, serta cara- cara bagaimana kolokasi diterjemahkan, diselidiki dalam tesis ini. Dalam proses penerjemahan, kolokasi diterjemahkan dengan cara berbeda yang di pilih oleh penerjemah ketika mereka mentransfernya dari teks sumber ke dalam teks sasaran.
Tesis ini merupakan studi deskriptif kualitatif dari penjabaran kolokasi nominal dalam teks sastra dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Studi ini mencoba untuk menjelaskan bagaimana penerjemah menangani kolokasi ketika mentransfer kolokasi tersebut ke bahasa target. Empat pertanyaan yang diselidiki: Apa jenis kesetaraan yang terjadi dalam terjemahan Indonesia dari kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris? Apa jenis pergeseran yang terjadi dalam terjemahan Indonesia dari kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris? Bagaimana makna kesetaraan dan pergeseran dalam kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris direalisasikan ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia? Strategi pergeseran apa yang terjadi dalam terjemahan kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia?
Kesetaraan sering terjadi dalam penerjemahan kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris. Pergeseran makna pada data ditemukan dalam terjemahan Bahasa Indonesia, lima jenis pergeseran yaitu; pergeseran pada morpheme, pergeseran sintaksis, pergeseran kategori kata, pergeseran semantik, dan pergeseran karena perbedaan sudut pandang budaya. Makna kesetaraan dalam kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris diwujudkan dengan menggunakan fungsi statis. Makna pergeseran dalam kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris diwujudkan dengan mengganti bahasa sumber dengan kata-kata yang setara kedalam bahasa tujuan tetapi tidak merubah makna dari kolokasi bahasa sumber, dan pemahaman perbedaan budaya dalam pengguna bahasa di masyarakat.
ABSTRACT
MINA ROSITA. The Meaning Equivalence and Shift in The Indonesian Translation of English Nominal Collocation in Sidney Sheldon’s novel “Rage of
Angles”. Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan, 2015.
This research investigated The Meaning Equivalence and Shift in Indonesian Translation of English Nominal Collocation in the novel Rage of Angels.Collocations are a fascinating linguistic phenomenon in language and translation. Collocations reflect the linguistic, stylistic and cultural features of texts. Therefore, the importance of collocations, generally in language and particularly in the translation of literary texts, as well as the way(s) in which they are translated, is investigated in this thesis. Within the process of translation, collocations are subject to different approaches opted for by translators when they transfer them for the source text into the target text.
The present thesis is a descriptive quantitative study of the translation of nominal collocations in literary texts from English into Indonesian. The study attempts to shed light on how translators deal with collocations when transferring them to the target language, and whether the target text fulfils the linguistic and stylistic characteristics of the collocations or not. Four questions are investigated: What types of equivalence occur in the Indonesian translation from English nominal collocation? What types of shift occur in the Indonesia translation from the English nominal collocation? How are the meaning equivalence and shift in English nominal collocation realized into Indonesian? In what strategies do the shifts in translation of English nominal collocation occur into Indonesian? The study endeavours to answer these questions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahirobbil a’lamin, giving the deepest sense of grateful to Allah SWT for
the happiness in life, because of His generousity, the writer is able to accompalish this thesis
as a partial fulfillment the requirement for Master Degree of Applied Linguistic Study
Progam Post Graduate School in State University of Medan.
First, the writer’s extremely grateful is directed to her first and second adviser,
Prof.Dr. Busmin Gurning and Dr.Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Hum., for their patient guidance,
excellent during completing this study.
My sincere thanks also go to the various professors who have examined me
Prof.Dr.Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph. D., Prof. Berlin Sibarani, M. Pd., and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda
Murni, M. S. . Thank you for your efforts, advices, and help. It was really a wonderful
experience that I will always remember.
The writer thanks also directed Dr. Rahmad Husein, M. Ed.,the Head of English
Applied Study Program and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M. S., the secretary of English
Applied Linguistic Study Program, for encouranging to finish this thesis.
My deepest thanks, appreciation, and love go to my family, who have encouraged me
to complete my study and helped me during the years I spent in LTBI, as well as my little
brother, Julianto, for his undying encouragement, patience, and support.
Medan, February 2016
MINA ROSITA
3.1 Research Design ………...48 3.2 Source of the Data………...48
3.3 Technique of Collecting data ...48 3.4 Technique of Analyzing data ………...48 3.5 Trustworthiness ………...51
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS 4.1 Data analysis ...52 4.2 Research Findings ...66 4.3 Discussion...67
CHAPTHER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion... 70 5.2 Suggestion...70
REFERENCES ...72
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Types of Grammatical Collocation by Martynska (2004)
Table 2.2 Types of Lexical Collocation by Martynska (2004)
Table 4.1 Types Equivalence in translating nominal collocation found in
novel”Rage of Angles”
Table 4.2 Translation Strategies Used in Translating English Nominal Collocation
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Adj adjective
G grammatical
L lexical
N noun
P phrase
W word
SL source language
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Translation is the solution in understanding the books or other materials or even the
conferences as the supporting sources for the development of technology and science which
is very important for all the people in the world. It is crucial for development of science,
technology and art. Translation has been used to transfer written or spoken source language
texts to equivalent written or spoken target language texts.
Generally, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts including
religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts in another language and thus making
them available to wider readers. If language has the same general or universal concepts, it
would be easy to translate from source language to target language. The bigger the gap
between the source language and the target language, the more difficult it is to transfer the
message from one to another. The difference between source language and target language,
and the variation in their cultures make the process of translation become a real challenge.
Literature, as is widely known, is rich with metaphors and associations (connotative and
denotative). Literary translation is perhaps considered to be the most difficult kind of translation
as it relies strongly on appreciating literature and trying to reflect the writer’s style and word
choice. Thus, translators should be creative enough to deal with word choices and deviances.
Translation is accomplished by choosing the appropriate and idiomatic equivalents rather than
choosing literal and non-established equivalents.
One aspect of the linguistics problems to be mastered by a translator is structure,
meaning the sequence of linguistic units that have relationship to each other. As Catford
2
equivalents”. As far as language are concerned, there are two absolute synonyms within one
language.
Naturally, no two words in any two languages are completely identical in meaning. As
Miao states no translator would hinder the reader's comprehension by using absolute
expressions in order to achieve equivalent effect. As translation involves at least two
languages and since each language has its own peculiarities in phonology, grammar,
vocabulary, ways of denoting experiences and reflects different culture, any translation
involves a certain degree of loss or distortion of meaning of the source text.
It is the role of translation to translate those books or materials and the conferences into
language which can be understood by the readers or participants, in this case is the
Indonesian people with Bahasa Indonesia as the national language. Hijrah (2013) in his
writing “Menyoal Karya Sastra Terjemahan”Catatan Editor, Erlangga Book Club states:
“Penerjemahan karya sastra asing yang berbeda dari teks asli diterjemahkan dengan kurang baik sehingga gagasan dan informasi yang diciptakan oleh penulis tidak mampu ditangkap dengan baik oleh pembaca yang mengakibatkan ketidakpahaman pembaca sehingga makna tulisan menjadi bias dan lepas dari apa yang sebenarnya ingin disampaikan penulis.”
Hijrah (2013) states the literary translation is a literary text "different" from literary
texts in source language. Translation of literary texts is no longer a part of the literary of
source text, but became part of the literary of the target language to translate the text.
Problems may come while translating a text, for example the problem of non-native
speakers in translating a text. Usually with the use of English vocabulary and the use of
combination of words. This is an aspect of language called collocation. The non-native
translator may find it difficult to translate a collocation since collocation usually cannot be
translated into the languages word by word. Furthermore, there are no collocation rules that
can be learnt. The native speaker intuitively makes the correct collocation based on a
lifetime’s experience of hearing and reading the words in a set of combinations in their own
3
limited experience and may be frequently collocate words in a way that sounds odd or
inappropriate to the native speaker’s hearings.
There is much interest in collocation partly because this is an area that has been
neglected in structural linguistic traditions that follow Saussure and Chomsky. However, a
tradition in British linguistics, associated with the names of Firth, Halliday, and Sinclair that
pay close attention to the phenomena like collocation.
Linguistically, collocation is defined as a combination of words in a language that
happens very often, and more frequently than would happen by chance. In other words, a
collocation is an expression consisting of two or more words that correspond to some
conventional way of saying things. As Lewis (2000) and Taiwo (2004) stated,” Collocation is
described as the words that are placed or found together in a predictable pattern”. Taiwo
(2004) said,” Collocation is relation between individual lexical items and the ones that
habitually occur with them in the language”. Collocation is the tendency of words to
co-exist. Collocations can be dramatic and interesting because unexpected, or they can be
important in the lexical structure of the language because of being frequently repeated.
The analysis of this thesis is focused in collocations. Benson (1997) as cited by
Martynska (2004-3) divided collocations into two. Those are lexical collocations and
grammatical collocations. Moreover, Benson explained that lexical collocations has seven
types, they are Lexical Collocations type 1, type 2, type 3, type 4, type 5, type 6 and type 7.
While grammatical collocation has eight types, they are Grammatical Collocations type 1,
type 2, type 3, type 4, type 5, type 6, type 7 and type 8.
The source of the data in this thesis is a novel entitled The Rage of Angles both in
English as a source language (SL) and in Indonesian as a target language (TL). The
4
in Indonesian novel (TL) will also to be analyzed to find whether the English collocation is
also a collocation in the target language or not.
Nominal collocation is chosen as the main topic of this study because in the translation
many collocations are found. Sometimes in translating the text from different language is
very difficult and every language has its own rules, so that to translate the language we use
shifts to get the equivalence meaning in order to make the reader understand the product of
translation.
An example of English collocation and the translated collocation that also a
collocation in Bahasa Indonesia (TL) from the data:
Witness stand Mimbar saksi
N Verb N N
The novel The Rage of Angles is written by Sidney Sheldon a well known American
writer and 1 bestselling novels, including Master of the Game which has become one of the
best selling novels of all time.The novel itself is about Jennifer Garner’s life as an attorney
takes an unexpected turn when she is wrongly accused of being involved with the mafia
headed by Micheal Moretti. Adam Warner, who is running for the senator’s position brings
the love quotient to the proceedings. In trying to save her son’s life Jennifer gets involved in
the unlawful dealings of the Mafia and Moretti himself.
The explanation above becomes the main interest to find out more on what kinds of
collocations found in the novel written by an American author.The novel entitled The Rage
of Angles written by Sidney Sheldon is chosen to be the source of data in this research since
the novel is a best seller all over the world and has been published in Indonesia since 2002
both in English and the translation in Indonesian.This novel is a new novel but it already has
a good respond from the readers. The source of the data in this thesis is a novel entitled Rage
5
(TL). The collocations found in the English novel (SL) will be analyzed and the translated
collocations in Indonesian novel (TL) will also to be analyzed to find whether the English
collocation is also a collocation in the target language or not.
In this study, the source language is English for it may be the most translated language.
The target language is Bahasa Indonesia since it is our national language which is used as the
medium of instruction in our country. This research tries to find out the meaning equivalence
and shift in Indonesian translation from English Nominal Collocation. This is because the
core of equivalence and shift are in the form and meaning. In equivalence and shift, the
meaning is more important than the form. Besides that, equivalence focuses to cases where
languages describe the situation by different structure. Whereas, when the form in Source
Language, has new form or different form from the Target Language, it is called shift. In
other words, equivalence and shift are also interesting for the writer because one of the
important things in translating English into Indonesia is how to replace English nominal
collocation in Source Language by appropriate equivalence in Target Language. Therefore,
the writer would like to compare the translation of English Nominal Collocation into
Indonesian in order to find the equivalence and shifts in form in meaning.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
There are some problems of interest to be discussed in this study. The problems are as
follows:
1. What types of meaning equivalence occur in the Indonesian translation from English
nominal collocation?
2. What types of meaning shift occur in the Indonesia translation from the English nominal
collocation?
3. How are the meaning equivalence and shift in English nominal collocation realized into
6
4. In what strategies do the shifts in translation of English nominal collocation occur into
Indonesian?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
Generally, this study has an aim to improve our knowledge in translation, to apply the
theories and concepts of translation by conducting a research. This study discusses about the
equivalence and shift in translation which occurs the English Collocation are translated into
Indonesia in which it can also involve loss and gain of information in translation.
With regards to problems of the study, specifically, this study is aimed at:
1. Finding out the types of equivalence are in the Indonesia translation from the English
nominal collocation.
2. Finding out the types of shift are in the Indonesian translation from English nominal
collocation.
3. Analyzing and describing the meaning equivalence and shift of English Nominal
collocation translated into Bahasa Indonesia.
4. Analyzing and describing the reason why shifts occur in the translation of English
nominal collocation into Indonesian.
1.4 The Scope of the study
The scope of the study can be specified as follows,
1. The main characteristics of collocation in contrast to idiom are their meaning in the text.
However the translation, especially from English into Indonesia sometimes confuses
the readers or translators. The study discusses the form varieties of the English
Collocation when it is translated into Indonesia.
2. This study is concerned with the equivalence, formal and dynamic equivalence.
3. The study is concerned with the shift that occurs in the process of translation. Therefore,
7
1.5 The Significances of the study
Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to development of
linguistics studies, especially for the translation study about some insights of the possible
translation of English Nominal Collocation into Indonesian and at once to see the occurrence
of equivalence and shift in translation. Therefore the clearest translation can be done by the
translator.
Practically, the result of this research can be used as a reference in the process of
translating the English Nominal Collocation into Indonesian. Also, it is hoped that this
research can be used as framework for translating English text into Indonesian, especially the
71
70 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion
Based on the data analysis on the previous chapter, the study made it possible to arrive
the following conclusion;
1. There are three types of meaning equivalence in the translation of English nominal
collocation into Indonesia, namely equivalence, almost equivalence and non equivalence.
2. There are five types of meaning shift in translation of English nominal collocation into
Indonesia, namely shift in the morpheme level, shift in the syntatic level, shift in the
category of words, shift in the semantics level, and shift on the difference in cultural
viewpoints.
3. Shift occurs due to Indonesian translation does not have the equivalent of a few English
words and to avoid ambiguity of meaning.
4. Translator opted to use some strategies to find one-to one correspondence between SL
and TL. Those translation strategies were being applied in translating English nominal
collocation, namely similar meaning, changing meaning and paraprashing.The dominant
strategy is using a Collocation of Similar Meaning.
5.2 Suggestion
Based on the result of the study, some suggestion were proposed as follows:
1. The most important thing is to keep the meaning or the message of the source language
remains the same when it is being translate into target language. To produce a meaning
equivalence in the translation work, the translator should know and apply the theory of
71
70
2. Especially in translating English nominal collocation, the translator should refer to the
rules of English nominal collocation translated in contextual meaning from the SL into
TL to avoid non equivalence.
72
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