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N O I T C U D O R T N I .I R E T P A H C 1 .
A ResearchBackground…... 1 .
B ProblemFormulaiton…... 4 .
C ProblemLimtiaiton…... 5 .
D Objecitve so fStudy…... 7 .
E Benefti so fStudy…... 7 .
ii i x .
A Reviewo fRelatedStudy…... 1 1 .
B Theoreitca lDesc irpiton…... 41 .
1 EngilshPhonology…... 1 4 .
a Placeo faritculaiton…... 1 4 .
b Manne ro faritculaiton…... 1 5 .
c Energyo faritculaiton…... 1 7 .
d Labiodentalf ircaitve s…... 1 9 .
2 KoreanLanguage…... 2 0 .
3 Phonologica lSrtategie s…... 2 4 .
a SoundSubsttiuiton…... 2 4 .
b SoundDeleiton…... 52 .
c SoundSimpil ifcaiton…... 52 .
d SoundAssimliaiton…... 2 6 .
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CHAPTER I
INTRODECTION
This study deals with phonological analysis towards labiodental fricatives
produced by South Korean singers in the live performance video. This chapter
consists of six sections. The first section is background of study which discusses
the reason of conducting this study. The second is problem formulation. This part
states the questions that will be answered in this study. The third section is
problem limitation which constricts the scope of the study. The fourth is objective
of study. The last two sections are benefits of study and definition of terms.
A. Research Background
Nowadays, an astonishing fact appears in the existence of English as world
language. Today, English transforms into a language which is most broadly taught
as foreign language so that the number of second language speakers increases
vastly (Crystal, 2003). It even has bigger number compared to the speakers of the
mother tongue (Jenkins, 2000). Based on some researches that have been done by
linguists, number of non-native English speakers enlarges until several times
compared to the first language speakers. Crystal (1997) suggested that if the
‘reasonable competence’ criterion was allowed, there may be as many as 1,350
million second language speakers, whereas the first language speaker number is
number of second language speakers will reach around 335 million. This fact
shows that English is utilized more often than the first language and an apt symbol
of globalization, diversification, and modernization.
The non-native speakers try to produce approximate sound as closely as
possible to the native standard or Received Pronunciation (RP). However, the
production of English by non-native speakers brings out the labeling English as
‘foreign’ and ‘second’ language. EFL or English as Foreign Language is taught to
speakers whom English has no internal function in their first language country,
whereas ESL or English as Second Language is taught to speakers whom English
has an internal function in their first language country or speakers who emigrate
to country which has English as the L1. It drives a new tension which has begun
to emerge in the context of EFL. Lately, in the past half century, English has
rapidly transformed from foreign language into international language or EIL. The
transformation of English affects the transformation of English as Second
Language. Some countries which use English as target language are undergoing
process of switching from intra-national use of English to an inter-national one.
Being international language, English automatically meets various races
and nationalities. It can be ascertained that in the process of acquisition, English
will meet with various languages. The languages of the speakers will take a role in
their English. This is the fact that cannot be denied. In fact, some languages have
several sounds that absent but present in English or vice versa. One of the
has two writing system, Hangul and Hanja. This study has been narrowed into
Hangul sound production as comparison because it is used mostly by Korean
speakers. People nowadays do not use Hanja in daily activities.
Hangul is sound-based letter. One letter represents one sound. Hangul
consists of 19 consonants, 10 vowels, and 2 semivowel pronouns (USMI, 2008). It
is different from English that consists of 24 consonant sounds including round
sound, 12 vowels, and 8 diphthongs. Considering the number of standard sounds
which belong to each language, some sounds of another language seem hard to
reproduce in the other one. Two of them are labiodental fricatives, the consonants
/f/ and /v/. Labiodental fricatives are sounds produced by unremitting airflow
through the mouth which is involving the lower lip and the upper teeth (O’Grady,
Dobrovolsky, and Katamba, 1997.).
Besides the reason mentioned above, there is one more reason why this
study explores the Korean language, especially Hangul. Hangul has unique
writing system related to English. Roman alphabets do not commonly utilize to
represent Korean language. Vertical line, horizontal line, and dot are the main
elements of Hangul features of letter. However, these features surprisingly can be
applied in English. The followings are some example of Hangul- English writing
features.
There are two of many English words which become vocabulary in
actually read /pæsətə pʊdə/ using English accent. While, the second one is (reo-beu ra-in) or in phonological transcription is /lɒbə laɪn/. That words demonstrate the writing system of Hangul representing English. The first example shows
English word containing voiceless labiodental fricatives or /f/ and another
example is voiced sound /v/. Hangul which does not have those sound label them
with the closest quality sounds, /p/ in English accent for /f/ and /b/ for /v/.
The differences between Korean language and English, and the unique
character of Hangul writing features drive the study into error analysis. The study
deals with error analysis and accuracy where the writer tries to examine whether
the Korean Language speakers can produce the sound correctly or with some
inaccuracy. The Korean Language speakers are represented by Korean singers.
They are the members of four famous groups which sing English songs, Super
Junior, SHINee, CN Blue, and 2 AM. The video themselves are visual recording
of live performance in television or visual radio streaming. Though there is
accuracy analysis applied, it does not intend to correct the error. The analysis is
just employed as the comparison and the base of the language strategic study
towards English as Foreign language.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to make this study more organized, the writer has established two
1. How accurate do the South Korean singers produce labiodental fricatives
in English?
2. What are the linguistic strategies used by South Korean singers when they
face labiodental fricatives in English?
C. Problem Limitation
The aim of this study is to answer two questions that have been mentioned
in the Problem Formulation. The answers of the problems will produce profound
discussion on the linguistic especially in branch phonology. The study focuses on
sound production of English by second language speakers who are represented by
South Korean singers. South Korean singers are chosen because they represent the
Korean speaker who use English mostly because they do their debut
internationally. When they sing in live performance they try to produce sound as
similar as the native does. The live performance also has an important role here
because from the live performance performed by the South Korean singers this
study will be able to conduct real-situation sounds that are produced without any
correction and manipulation. The study is conducted towards 20 live-performance
music videos of English songs performed by four famous Korean groups; they are
Super Junior, SHINee, CN Blue, and 2 AM. The groups are selected because those groups have pulled off international debut in Asia such as Japan, China, Taiwan,
Thailand, Singapore and many more, and some groups have even debuted in the
videos with various number of songs within. The videos are chosen based on year.
The videos are performed within year 2009-2011. The English songs are chosen
randomly. The native singers are also various. Some singers are American
English, some are British English, and some singers are Canadian or Black
English. However, there are four songs sung by more than one group, they are
Neyo’s So Sick, Gleen Hansard’s Falling Slowly, and Jason Mraz’ Lucky. From
these songs, the writer wants to see the treatment toward same words done by
different speakers.
The subject of study is words and word groups in song lyrics that contain
labiodental fricatives. This study itself discusses two objectives. Firstly, it deals
with how accurate the Korean language speakers represented by South Korean
singers performing labiodental fricatives, consonant f and v, which are often faced
when they speak English. This part wants to see whether there are some
difficulties to pronounce certain words. Secondly, this part deals with the
linguistic strategy usually used by Korean language speakers to solve the problem
when they face difficulties to pronounce words containing labiodental fricatives.
In this part the writer will explicate both what linguistic strategies used to replace
the sound and the strategies to ease the sound to be pronounced. Within the
second objective, the structure of the word groups' syllable is also discussed. It
focuses on ambisyllabic sound where the sound is heard pronouncing in two
syllables or moves from the coda into onset of the next syllable. Besides, the
In major, this study will phonologically analyze the labiodental fricatives
which are produced by the South Korean speakers represented by South Korean
singers when they sing English songs. The writer is also eager to discover the
linguistic strategy to solve the differences sound instead of creating judgment
whether their production of sounds is wrong or right.
D. Objective of Study
The objectives of the study are set as follows.
1. It aims to observe the performance of South Korean singers to pronounce
English words containing labiodental fricatives or consonant /f/ and /v/.
2. It wants to see what linguistic strategies can be used to solve the occurring
of the non-existent sounds, labiodental fricatives, in South Korean
language when Korean speaker speak English.
E. Benefits of the Study
The result of analysis on the producing English sound of Korean language
speaker will hopefully provide some insights to the teachers of English, especially
for English as Foreign Language teachers that teach English to Korean speaker,
Korean learner of English, and for future study. The study towards English
produced by Korean speakers can give teachers of English as Foreign Language
an insight to help them understanding the uniqueness of students who are
possibly make will not be seen as the obstacle of English proficiency but as the
variety of English. This study also wants to show the cases of English proficiency
especially in pronunciation. So, by using the information, Korean learners can
solve the problems that may come when they learn English.
This study is expected to be a source of reference for students because in
Indonesia sources for Korean Language are still limit. So, it will help the future
research related to Korean Language or English variation. Besides, now some
students in English Education Study Program have taken Korean Language class.
The writer hopes that this study can help the EESP students who are interested to
Korean Language for their future study.
F. Definition of Terms
To avoid misunderstanding during doing this study, it is better for the
writer to define some terms frequently used in this study.
1. Phonological Analysis
Brown and Rodgers (2002) state that phonological itself has meaning as
relating to the nature of sounds of certain language, in this case is English. So,
phonological analysis is the process to discover certain phenomena relating to the
nature of language sounds. This study employs some phonological strategies to
see what are phenomena happen within the music video. The strategies used are
insertion, consonant omitting in consonant sequence, onset maximalism, and
gemination.
2. Labiodental Fricatives
Labiodental fricative sounds are consonant sounds, /f/ and /v/, which are
produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth with involving the lower
lip and the upper teeth. For examples, everything, for, and above, /evriθɪŋ, fɔ:r ,
əbʌv/ (O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, and Katamba, 1997). In this study, the labiodental
fricatives become the object of discussion. The writer wants to see how accurate
Korean singer to produce these sounds.
3. South Korean Singers
South Korean singers are idols who speak South Korean Language in their
daily conversation. However, they sing not only Korean songs but also foreign
songs such as Japanese songs and English songs. The chosen singers come from
various background of social. In this study, the South Korean singers are samples
who produce the sound. The way they produce the sound will be the main
discussion.
4. Live-performance Music Videos
The music videos (MV) which are chosen for the study are
live-performance music videos of South Korean singers singing English songs. The
live-performance music videos are videos which are recorded from live
performances. Live performance in this case means the performance is done in
the sound is produced in real situation, without any manipulation. This kind of
video will be used as one of the instrument in this study. Due to the impossibility
to have a direct contact to the singers, the writer tries to observe the sound
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter covers three major parts. The first part is a review of former
research which discusses about the role of the first language of Korean speaker in
the development of English in Korea. The second part exposes theoretical review
related to English. This part discusses about labiodental fricatives and the nature
of English phonology . The following part within same part present the theoretical
review related to Korean language or Hangul. This part presents the discussion
about the characteristics of Korean language based on its original sounds. Then,
still in the same section, there is a part which discusses the phonological strategies
usually used in interlingual language. The last, the third part, is the theoretical
framework which discusses the application of the theory within the study.
A. Review of Related Study
The previous research which was conducted by Anna Marie Schmidt from
Kent State University, Ohio, discussed about the consonant labeling between
Korean Language and English. This research talked about consonants
identification happened within cross-language. This research focused on Korean
perception towards English.
This research stated that it was impossible to have all sounds of one
identification occurred. It was an action where the L2 speakers tried to substitute
the L1 phonemes they perceive to be most familiar to L2 phonemes.
This research had three goals. Firstly, this study wanted to examine the
perceptual relationship between consonants in Korean and English. This part did
not only see the differences but also the possible similarities. Here the writer
wanted to see which specific L2 sound were perceived as most similar to which
specific L1 sound when L2 speakers substitute sound using their L1. Then, the
second goal was to examine the labeling and assessment of the differences
towards vowel context because the phonetic detail between Korean and English is
different. The last one, this study had a goal to assess token-to-token variability.
The next one was method. Due to discussing the cross-language
perception towards English by Koreans, the stimuli which was used must be
English. The recordings of this research were made of 3 monological female
native speakers' sound production. They actually spoke standart American
English. Besides, the selected stimuli was 594 syllable which was goten from the
accumulation of 3 repetition x 22 consonants x 3 vowels x 3 talkers. The vowels
used were /i ɑ u/.
The objects which in this research was called as the listeners were 20 (12
male, 8 female) native Korean in age ranging from 21 to 38. All the listeners were
able to read and write English. Length of living in U.S. was in ranging from 4
months to 5.5 years. However, they lived in Korean-speaking environment and
After discussing about the goals and the method, now is the time for
exposing the result. Though English consonants were labeled as a greater variety
of Korean consonants, those results agreed with the finding of Kim (1972) that /d g dʒ/ were covered in Korean, whereas /b v/ were consistently labeled as the lax
Korean /p/. Besides, English /ð/ was labeled as /t p tʃ/ in Korean. English /f g/ were also labeled as various Korean consonants including Koran /ph p* h s* t*/.
In this research voiced English consonants were labeled as both tense and
lax Korean consonants. Due to focusing on labiodental fricatives, the current
study only focused on the result of sound /f/ and /v/ labeling in the former
research. In the former research, the English /f/ stimuli were in major labeled as
Korean labial stop, even the rating was low. While, English /v/ was labeled mostly
as Korean lax /p/.
Generally, Korean bilinguals were able to label L2 consonants with the
term of L1 consonants. However, individual will differ their own categorization of
L2 consonants though there were some relationships between specific L1 and L2
consonants which will not be completely predicted. The result supported theories
of speech perception which stated that perception is context specific rather than
phonemically abstract. The result is also supported by the Best's theory that L2
will be assimilated to similar sound in L1. This research showed that the
English /v/ labeled as Korean /p/, while English /f/ was produced more accurately.
B. Theoretical Description
This part deals with three parts where each part deals with different
languages or both. In the first part the writer presents theories related to English
phonology, whereas the next part is about Korean language. Then, in the last part,
the theory of possible phonology strategies are discussed.
1. English Phonology
Collins and Mees (2003) states that phonology is a study of the selection
patterns of sounds in a single language. Therefore, when it deals with English it
becomes English phonology. Phonology brings three issues that can be examined;
one of them that also will be used in this research is articulation. Articulation
deals with the changing place of tongue, lips, teeth, and other speech organs to
produce certain sounds.
Generally in articulation there are three important aspects, they are place
of articulation, manner of articulation, and energy of articulation.
a. Place of Articulation
Place of articulation enlightens where the sound is produced, where the air
stream can be modified to produce a different sound.
1) Labial
If the sound produced with closure or near closure of the lips it is called as
producing the both lips, whether the upper or the lower one, involved, the sound is
named as bilabial, for examples are /b/, /p/, or /m/. While, if the sound is
produced with the involving of upper teeth and lower lip, it is called labio-dental
sound, they are /f/ and /v/.
2) Dental
Sound that is produced with involving the tongue placed againts or near
the teeth is called as dentals. If the tongue place between the teeth, the sound is
named as interdentals. Here are the sound that related to dental, thing /gɪŋ/ and
this /ðɪs/.
3) Alveolar
Alveolar ridge is a small ridge stick out from behind the upper front teeth
within the oral cavity. Alveolar sound itself is produced when the tongue touch
near the ridge.
4) Palato-alveolar and Palatal
Behind the alveolar ridge, there is an area called as palate-alveolar, the
roof of the mouth which rises sharply. There is the highest part of the roof of the
mouth named palate. Therefore, the sound produced there is called as palatals.
5) Velar
The soft area towards the rear of the roof of the mouth is called velum.
When the sound produced with the tongue touching or near this position are called
velars. Another sound produced is labiovelars, sound that produced because the
6) Uvulars
Uvular is the sound produced with the tongue near or touching the uvula
area, the small fleshy flap of tissue hanging down from the velum.
7) Pharyngeals
The area of the throat between the uvula and the larynx is known as the
pharynx. Sound made through the modification of airflow in this region by
retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx are called pharyngeals.
8) Glotal
Sound produced by using the vocal folds as the primary articulators at the
glottis are glottal.
b. Manner of Articulation
1) Stop
Stops are made with complete and temporary closure of airflow through
the vocal tract, preventing the air to escape.
2) Fricative
Fricative is sound where the manner of articulators is close to each other
but do not make a complete closure. Still there is a narrowing for the air stream to
pass through, producing audible hiss-like friction (Collins and Mess, 2003). It is
3) Africates
When a stop articulation is released, the tongue moves rapidly away from
the place of articulation. Some non-continuant consonants show a slow release of
the closure; these sounds are called affricates.
4) Liquids
Liquids is the form of a special class of consonant.
5) Laterals
Lateral sounds are produced when the air escapes through the mouth along
the lowered sides of the tongue.
6) Glides
Glide is a very rapidly articulated non-syllabic segment.
c. Energy of Articulation
English commonly has two classes of consonant sound; the first one is
fortis, the stronger and voiceless articulation, and lenis, the weaker and voiced
articulation. The following table is a table of International Phonetic Alphabet
Figure 2.1
International Phonetic Consonants
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonant
Figure 2.2
International Phonetic Vowels
The next theory will focus on the sound intended to research, the
labiodental fricatives.
d. Labiodental Fricatives
After having further understanding about articulation, the writer wants to
narrow the scope into labiodental fricatives or /f/ and /v/. Labiodental fricatives
are sounds which are produced by involving the near contact of the lower lip to
the upper front teeth. This sound is produced when the soft palate being raised and
the nasal resonator being shut off. While, the inner surface of the lower lip makes
contact with the edge of the upper teeth so that the air which is escaping produces
friction (Indriani, 2005).
Fricatives are sound produced when the airflow is forced through a narrow
opening in the vocal tract so that noise produced by friction is created. Related to
the place, labiodental, there are two sounds of labiodental fricatives: voiceless
labiodental fricative or /f/ and voiced labiodental fricative or /v/. The difference
between the two sounds is the way of air stream flow (Akmajian, et.al., 2001).
Voiceless and voiced sounds relate to the airflow. When during the airflow
the vocal cords are apart, the airflow freely through the glottis and supraglottal
cavities, it will be voiceless sound. While, if the vocal cords are closed, the air
stream forces its way through and causes them vibrate, the sound will be voiced
2. Korean Language
South Korea people have their own national writing system named
tangul. Hangul is original language from South Korea. Seeing from historical
viewpoint, this language has a story. In the beginning, Korean people do not have
letters, so that they apply Chinese letters in their writing. However, there are many
people that do not understand the meaning of Chinese letters because they are too
complicated. Knowing that, King Kim Sejong (1397-1450) tried to create simple
letter (Lee and Ramsey, 2011). Inspiring from the nature, Hangul has unique
philosophy in each form of letter. The circle (o) is a depiction of heaven. Then,
the diagonal line ( _ ) is a depiction of Earth. The last, the longitudinal line ( l ) is
depiction of man.
Korean language has nineteen consonants, ten vowels, and two
semi-vowels phonemes (Ho-min Sohn, 2000). Focusing on the consonant, there are
three types of sound productions towards the nineteen sounds: the three way
contrasts (lax-aspirated-tense) in stop consonant, two way contrasts (lax-tense) in
the alveo-dental fricative, and no contrast (only aspirated) in the glottal fricative.
First is lax or plain [p, t, k, c, k, s]. Then, aspirated [ph, th, ch, kh, h]. The last is
tense [p’, t’, c’, k’, s’]. The rest consonant sounds are [l, m, n, ŋ].
Influencing dialectical variations, vowels system consists of five front
vowels (three unround: [i e ɛ]; two round: [ö ü]) and five back vowels (three unround: [i e a]; two round: [u, o]). The two semivowels are palatal [j] and the
Figure 2.3
Korean Letters and Sounds
Source: http://thinkzone.wlonk.com/Language/Korean.htm
The Korean phonetic syllable structure is ( C) (G) V (C). Therefore, only
one optional consonant (C) and one optional glide of semivowel (G) in the onset
position, and one optional consonant in the coda position are allowed in Korean
speech. The only obligatory element is the nucleus vowel (V) (Young-key Kim,
2001).
In Korean, there is no voicing contrast (Lee and Ramsey, 2000). The
position of the sound is affected the way how the sound to be produced. In the
initial position there are two ways to pronounce, one is lax sound and one is
voicing delay of about 30 to 50 msec, whereas the aspirated one are produced
with strong aspiration lasting about 100 msec. If there is any comparison with
English, voiceless sound in English are produced in range about 70 to 85 msec. As
the result, English speaker are often unable to hear the distinction between two
ways of Koreans' sound production. English speakers often label Korean
reinforced consonants as voiced sounds though in reality reinforced sounds are
voiceless sounds.
In the medial position, between voiced sound, preceded and followed by
vowel, the lax consonants are phonetically voiced. Therefore, the word 바 보
(papo) is pronounced as [pʌbo] and the word 고기 (koki) is pronounced as [kogi], etc. In Korean, the changing between voiceless and voiced sound does not affect
the meaning. For Koreans /b d j g/ are same to /p t c k/. Then, the consonants in
final position are only pronounced as lax consonants or voiceless and unreleased
ones. Reinforced consonants and aspirated consonants do not occur in final
position.
Among those consonants, there is one consonant which can be pronounced
only in the final position, similar to English sound. The sound is /ŋ/. This sound
has symbol in a form of circle (o) which has two functions. The first function is
the preceding of vowel. In Korean, vowel can not stand by itself. Thus, the (o) is
used to precede the vowel so that it sounds. Then, the second function is as the
final consonants which sounds /ŋ/. This sound, the velar nasal sound, is never
sound in the beginning of syllable only if the syllable is noninitial. On the other
hand, the aspirated and reinforced sound, as well as the fricatives and affricates,
can not appear in the end of syllable.
Related to the length of the sound produced, there are two types in Korean,
double consonants and simplified consonants. Double consonants or geminates
are reinforced consonants because the consonants are produced longer. The
example is the word 아빠. This word has /pp/ like in (appa). However, Koreans still has simplified sound or homorganic lax consonants. For example the word 앞
(aph). The plosive will be sounded if the sound is followed by vowel. However, if
both of the sounds are consonants the word will be pronounced as [ʌp]. Similar to Lee and Ramsey's theory, Rogers (2005) stated that Korean, especially Hangul,
has three classes of obstruents: plain, aspirated, and tense.
Discussing the cross-language between Korean means discussing the effort
of labeling the sounds. Though Korean and English have different way of sound
production, there are many words in Korean are loaned from English (Song,
2005). Besides, the accent for English loanwords which is used by Koreans is
more likely to be British English than North American accent. Having English
loanwords, Korean speakers face the problem about absent sounds. Foreign
sounds which do not exist in Korean are substituted with native sounds having
closest term in quality. In fact, Korean is not as rich as English in fricatives
and //h/, Korean only has three, namely /s/, /ss/, and /h/. Thus, for English /f/
and /v/, Koreans replace them with the variations of bilabial plosives.
3. Phonological Strategies
Phonological strategies are strategies which are used to solve the problem
of sound production. When we talk about cross-language, language strategies will
occurred mostly (Schmidt, 1994). This matter is related to accuracy. Sound
differences among languages were always occurred. The speakers of certain
language will use 'interlingual identification' where they try to identify the way to
solve the in-existing sound by replacing with similar sound, omitted, or other
strategies.
a. Sound Substitution
The L2 speakers often find difficulties when facing the sounds which are
absent in their L1. Thus, they try to label the non-existing sound with the sound
that is present in their language and has the closest quality with the L2 sound.
Sound substitution often happens to Korean speakers. Jenkins (2009) gave an
example of sound substitution done by Koreans when they performed English.
Within Koreans writing system, Hangul, labiodental fricatives are absent, so the
Korean speakers substitute them with /p/ or /b/. For example, one day a Korean
student came into the class, which had English environment, after having his drive
test. With the sad expression he announced to his friends 'I pailed'. Another
example, one of Korean students who had her lunch with her friends offered her
want a copy?'. She waved the hand out while she was speaking. However, the
friend answered, 'I think milk is better.' Both former examples shows that the
sound /f/ is substituted with /p/. Theoretically, Korean writing system has the rule
that the sound /f/ will be substituted with /p/, whereas /v/ with /b/.
b. Sound Deletion
Sound deletion is the phonological process where one sound with a
syllable is omitted (Jenkins, 2009).There are some types of deletion (Nathan,
2008). The first one is aphesis or apheresis. This is the type of deletion in the
initial position of word. [weɪ] can refer to two words, way and away. However, if we talk about sound deletion the former phonetic transcription must be a part of
away /əweɪ/. In this case the schwa sound is omitted.
The second type is syncope. Syncope is a very common deletion where the
vowel in the middle of the word is deleted, for example the word family [fæmli]. Lastly, there is apocope. Apocope is usually consonant deletion. The final sound
of a word is omitted which is usually placed within consonant cluster.
c. Sound Simplification
Sound simplification is a variation where the certain sound within one
syllable is simplified into simple sound. It usually happens within short and long
vowel or minimal pair (McMahon, 2002). In certain condition or certain sequence
some sounds are sound similar for example [ ]ɛ conomic and [i]conomic. If they are in single words, the contrast between those two sounds is obvious but not within
versus lit. It is possible to hear the contrast in the first pair of word because they
are initial consonants. However, the second word pair sometimes is impossible to
get the contrast because they are final sound. It also happens in Korean language
which does not have minimal pair. Between b/p, d/t, and g/k there is no contrast.
In Korean language voiced and voiceless sound do not exist. Amazingly, if the
speaker from other language produce the sound randomly, may be they use /p/
or /b/, the Korean addressee still understand.
This strategy is also similar to the rule of one of Korean phonological
process, neutralization. One condition which differs the simplification and
neutralization is in Korean this process happened only in the last syllable. In
Korean final syllable, the slight puff of air sometimes heard in English is
impossible. The final sound is never released. Consonants which form the final
sound are called pachim (Chang, 1995). However, in Korean not all consonants
can be placed in final syllable: /k n t l m p ŋ/. Other sounds which cannot occur in
the final syllable will be neutralized as following.
ᄃᄉᄌᄎᄐᄒᄊ
as pronounced as /t/ᄇᄑ
as pronounced as /p/ᄀᄁᄏ
as pronounced as /k/Based on the preceding theory, all the final sounds become voiceless sound.
d. Sound Assimilation
Assimilation is linguistic process when one sound becomes more like its
sound. When the sound in the preceding syllable is assimilated to the next sound it
is called anticipatory assimilation or regressive assimilation, or simply
leftforward assimilation. When the direction goes forward from the causing sound
to the affected sound it is said as perseveratory assimilation, or progressive
assimilation, or rightforward assimilation.
Assimilation also has relationship with geminates. Geminates is double
consonants sound in sequence (Harris, 1996). Therefore, when assimilation
happens and changes one sound to be same to neighbor sound, so that there are
two identical sounds, it is named gemination.
e. Insertion
The opposite way of sound deletion is sound insertion. This strategy adds
a sound into a word. Nathan (2008) explained two reasons of applying insertion.
Firstly, the insertion is done to prevent consonant cluster that violate syllable
structure. Secondly, it is applied to ease transition between segments that have
multiple incompatible.
There are three major types of insertion divided by the position the sound
is placed. The first one is prothesis. In this type, the sound precedes the initial
word. For example, the word special becomes [espesial] and Snoopy becomes
[esnupi]. The second one is epenthesis. This type inserts a sound in the middle of
the word. For example, the word film is pronounced as [fılәm ]. The last type, paragoge, is a kind of insertion which is added in the final word. It is often used
it sounds, they add vowel in the end of the word, or example, ice [aısә]. It happens because the letter 's' is pronounced as /t/ instead of /s/ in the final. Thus, the
speaker add the short vowel, schwa sound, to make it sound.
f. Syllabic Structure
Generally, a word is composed of one or more syllables. One word can
have one or more syllables. Syllable itself is a phonological unit built of
phonemes (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2007). Phoneme is individual sound
represented by certain symbol. Within one word, there are various type of
phonemes, such as nucleus, onset, and coda. One syllable should have one
nucleus. Nucleus is the core of sound. It is usually vowel, or sometimes it can be
syllabic liquid or nasal. One syllable will be named as syllable must be composed
of at least one nucleus, without it the syllable does not sound. Letter N is used to
be the symbol of it. There are also other individual sounds, onset and coda. Onset
is consonants, one or more, which precede the nucleus. While, coda is consonant
which follow the nucleus. In the hierarchical structure, which uses syllable tree,
rime occurs as the roof of nucleus and coda or nucleus itself. The following is the
Figure 2.4 Hierarchical structure
McMahon (2002) stated that there were two types of syllable, open and
closed one. In open syllable, there are only two possible phoneme classes, onset
and nucleus. Coda does not appear
