ISSN 2079-2050
© IDOSI Publications, 2015
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejts.2015.7.3.94150
Corresponding Author: Dr. P. Saranraj, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur – 635 601, Tamil Nadu, India.
Mangrove Medicinal Plants: A Review
P. Saranraj and D. Sujitha
1 2
Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), 1
Tirupattur – 635 601, Tamil Nadu, India
Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, 2
A.V.S College of Arts and Science, Salem – 636 106, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract: India has a rich heritage of knowledge on plant based drugs both for use in preventive and curative
medicine. A country like India is very much suited for development of drugs from medicinal plants. A large number of these plants grow wild and exploited especially for use in indigenous pharmaceutical houses. Some of these plants produce valuable drugs which have high export potential. The use of plants and plant products as medicines could be traced as far back as the beginning of human civilization. Mangrove plants have been used in folklore medicines and extracts from mangrove species have proven inhibitory activity against human, animal and plant pathogens. The present review deals with the pharmacological activity of mangrove medicinal plants. Several species of mangrove produce bioactive compounds that may control microbial growth. Also, preliminary studies have demonstrated that the mangrove plant extracts have antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterial strains. Mangrove extracts can also be the possible sources of mosquito larvicides, antifungal, antiviral, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic compounds.
Key words:Mangroves Medicinal Plants Pathogenic Microorganisms Drug Resistance and
Antimicrobial Activity
INTRODUCTION Therefore, screening of antibacterial activity of medicinal
Infectious diseases are the world's leading cause of plants have been used for centuries as remedies for premature deaths [1]. Furthermore, various hard work human diseases. Among them extracts from different parts have been made to discover new antimicrobial of mangroves and mangrove associates are widely used compounds from many kinds of natural sources such as throughout the world [3].
plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other microorganism. The marine world offers an extremely rich resource for It is because the phenomenon that many pathogenic important compounds of structurally novel and bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. In addition, many biologically active metabolites. It also represents a great synthetic antibiotics smoothly confirm the terrible effect challenge which requires inputs from various scientific in term of health and bacterial resistance. Contrary to the areas to bring the marine chemical diversity up to its synthetic antibiotic, antimicrobials of plant origin are not therapeutic potential. So far, many chemically unique associated with many side effects and have an enormous compounds of marine origin, with different biological therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases [2]. activities, have been isolated and a number of them are
Microorganisms have potential to cause human under investigation or development [4, 5].
against antibiotics, many scientists have recently paid present study, three different mangrove medicinal plants attention to extracts and biologically active compounds were evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against human isolated from plant species used in herbal medicine [7]. pathogens.
Mangroves are woody trees or shrubs and the salt marsh
halophytes are herbs and sledges. The mangrove plants Microbial Diseases and its Drug Resistance: Bacterial are distributed in 121 countries and Pichavaram mangrove diseases are responsible for heavy mortality in human forest is one of the coastal ecosystems of Tamilnadu, beings. The problems in the farms are usually tackled by India with rich vegetation. Mangroves are used in preventing disease outbreaks or by treating the actual traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases [8]. disease with drugs or chemicals. Antibiotics used in both Mangrove forests are among one of the world’s most human as well as veterinary medicines have been tried productive tropical ecosystems and are highly potential experimentally to treat bacterial infections of fish. because the ecosystem is always under stress which Problems including solubility, palatability, toxicity, cost, leads to the production of certain compounds for their delivery and governmental restrictions have limited the survival. India harbors some of the best mangrove forests available antibiotics to a select few, especially in food fish of the world which are located in the alluvial deltas of the culture. Decreased efficacy and resistance of pathogens major rivers such as the Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, to antibiotics has necessitated development of new Krishna, Cauvery and also on the bay of Andaman and alternatives [19].
Nicobar Islands [9-14]. It covers about 6,749 sq km along Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has been a great the 7,516.6 km long coast line, including Island territories problem for many years. Due to the in discriminating use
[13]. of antibacterial drugs, the microorganisms have
Mangrove plants have been used in folklore developed resistance to many commercial antibiotics [20]. medicines and extracts from mangrove species have Development of such newer disease causing pathogens proven inhibitory activity against human, animal and plant and evolution of existing microorganisms has resulting pathogens. Several species of mangrove produce severe consequences including mortality of patients bioactive compounds that may control microbial growth [21, 22].
[15]. Also, preliminary studies have demonstrated that the The expanding bacterial resistance to antibiotics has mangrove plant extracts have antibacterial activity against become a growing concern worldwide [23]. Intensive care pathogenic bacterial strains; Staphylococcus sp., physicians consider antibiotic resistance bacterial a
Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. and antibiotic significant problem in the treatment of patients [24].
resistant bacterial strains; Staphylococcus sp. and Increasing bacterial resistance is prompting resurgence in
Proteus sp. [16]. Mangrove extracts can also be the research of the antimicrobial role of herbs against
possible sources of mosquito larvicides, antifungal, resistant strains [25, 26]. A vast number of medicinal antiviral, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic compounds [17]. plants have been recognized as valuable resources of Secondary metabolites like alkaloids, phenolics, natural antimicrobial compounds [27]. Medicinal plant steroids and terpenoids have been characterized from extracts offer considerable potential for the development mangroves and have toxicological, pharmacological and of new agents effective against infections currently ecological importance. However, these studies are difficult to treat [2].
restricted to the mangroves of muddy region. Only few The indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial species like Pemphis acidulaare growing only in coral drugs has caused multiple drug resistance in human sand substrates [18]. Studies on such species do not exist pathogenic microorganisms [28]. Plants containing active too much. At present, there is a need to search for new compounds are able to inhibit the microbial growth. antimicrobial agents because infectious diseases are still Studying plant based antimicrobial properties provides a global problem because of the development and spread additional information in developing natural antibiotics of drug-resistant pathogens. Encouraged by the idea of and discovering the alternative of antimicrobial drugs for “Drugs from the Sea”, the chemists have identified lots of the treatment of infectious diseases [29].
for novel natural compounds that can be obtained from Researchers are increasingly turning their attention the plants or microorganisms. Plants, in particular, have to natural products looking for leads to develop better been a source of inspiration for novel drug compounds drugs against many microbial infections [38, 39]. More since days immemorable. The search for newer sources of than 80% of the world’s population relies on traditional antibiotics is a global challenge preoccupying research medicine for their primary healthcare needs. Plants used institutions, pharmaceutical companies and academia, in traditional medicine contain a wide range of ingredients since many infectious agents are becoming resistant to that can be used to treat chronic as well as infectious synthetic drugs [30]. In developing countries were diseases. A vast knowledge of how to use the plants medicines are quite expensive, the investigation on accumulated in areas where the use of plants is still of antimicrobial activities from ethnomedicinal plants may great importance [40]. The medicinal value of plant lies in
still be needed. some chemical substances present in them. The most
Medicinal Plants and its Pharmacological Activity: alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds [41].
Disease is as old as life itself and man has always been Consumers are increasingly interested in in search of agents to cure diseases. Medicinal plants and complementary and alternative medicines, including herbs have been used for the eradication of disease and herbal medicine, as they perceive these forms of healing human suffering since antiquity. Plants that possess as being both safe and effective. This trend in use of therapeutic properties or exert beneficial pharmacological alternative and complementary healthcare has prompted effects on an organism are generally known as "medicinal scientists to investigate the various biological activities plants". Many indigenous medicinal plants are being of medicinal plants. A number of medicinal plants have discovered everyday. Medicinal plants used in traditional been documented as important source of bioactive medicine should be collected at the right time, the right compounds [42].
season and the right stage of their growth so that the Saranraj et al. [43] evaluated the antibacterial constituents can be optimally harvested [31]. potentiality of ethanol and ethyl acetate solvent extracts Plants have the major advantage of being the of mature leaves of Acalypha indica against nine most effective and cheaper alternative source of drugs pathogenic bacterial isolates viz.,Staphylococcus aureus,
[32]. The local use of natural plants as primary Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli,
health remedies, due to their pharmacological properties Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella
is quiet common in Asia, Latin America and Africa pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas
[33]. Medicinal plants contain substances that can be aeruginosa. The turbidity of the bacterial inoculums was used for therapeutic purposes or which are used as compared with 0.5 Mc Farland standards and the precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs [34]. antibacterial potential of Acalypha indica ethanol extract Researches on use of plants as the source of drugs and was tested by using Agar well diffusion method. The dietary supplements are increasing in recent years. Plants ethanol extract of Acalypha indica (100 mg/ml) showed have been foundin vitro to have antimicrobial property maximum zone of inhibition (30 mm) againstPseudomonas
as they are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
[35, 36]. Staphylococcus aureus showed less zone of inhibition
Potential of higher plants as source of new drugs is (12 mm). The ethyl acetate extract of Acalypha indica
still largely unexplored. Among the estimated 250,000 – (100 mg/ml) showed maximum zone of inhibition (23 mm) 500,000 plant species, only a small percentage has been againstEscherichia coli.
investigated phytochemically and the fraction submitted Murugan and Saranraj [44] tested the herbal plant to biological and pharmacological screening is even Acalypha indica for its antibacterial activity against smaller. Thus, any phytochemical investigation of a given Nosocomial infection causing bacteria. The Acalypha
plant will reveal only a very narrow spectrum of its indica was shade dried and the antimicrobial principles constituents. Historically, pharmacological screening of were extracted with Methanol, Acetone, Chloroform, compounds of natural or synthetic origin has been the Petroleum Ether and Hexane. The antibacterial activity of source of innumerable therapeutic agents. Random Acalypha indica was determined by Agar Well Diffusion screening as tool in discovering new biologically active Method. It was found that 50mg/ml of methanolic extract molecules has been most productive in the area of of the plant able to inhibit the growth of nosocomial
antibiotics [37]. infection causing bacteria when compared to other
solvent extracts. From this it was concluded that the Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts with different solvent methanol able to leach out antimicrobial principle concentrations (100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml) were very effectively from the plant than the other solvents. mixed with 1 ml of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and added The phytochemicals present in the Acalypha indicawas into the well. The inhibitory effect of ethanol extract was tested and it conferred that the possible antibacterial relatively high when compared to ethyl acetate extract. principle resided in tannins and alkaloids. The extract ofDatura metel showed maximum zone of Siva Sakthi et al. [45] evaluated the antibacterial inhibition against fungal pathogens when compared to potentiality of ethanol and ethyl acetate solvent extracts Acalypha indica.
of mature leaves of Datura metel against nine pathogenic Saranraj et al. [47] evaluated the bioactivity of bacterial isolates viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Mangifera indica ethanol extract against human
subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The plant material was
typhi, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio collected, shade dried and powdered. The powdered
cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The turbidity of material was extracted using the organic solvent ethanol. the bacterial inoculums was compared with 0.5 Mc Farland Antimicrobial activity ofMangifera indica ethanol extract standards and the antibacterial potential ofDatura metel was determined by Disc diffusion method. The zone of ethanol extract was tested by using Agar well diffusion inhibition of Mangifera indica ethanol extract against method. The ethanol extract of Datura metel (100 mg/ml) bacteria was maximum against Vibrio cholerae followed showed maximum zone of inhibition (26 mm) against by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli andBacillus Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
subtilis. Staphylococcus aureus showed less zone of Escherichia coli. The least zone of inhibition was
inhibition (8 mm). The ethyl acetate extract of Datura recorded against Salmonella typhi. The Minimum
metel(100 mg/ml) showed maximum zone of inhibition (19 Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was ranged from 2 mg/ml
mm) against Escherichia coli. There was no zone of to 4 mg/ml. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (MBC) value ranged between 2 mg/ml and 4 mg/ml. For Saranraj and Sivasakthivelan [46] tested the fungi, the zone of inhibition was maximum against antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus amarus was tested Candida albicans, followed by Aspergillus fumigatus, against Urinary tract infection causing bacterial isolates Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus niger,Candida tropicalis
viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, and Candida cruzei. The least zone of inhibition was
Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Streptococcus recorded against Penicillium sp. The MIC was 0.5 mg/ml
faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and and the MFC value was 1 mg/ml.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ThePhyllanthus amarus was Sekaret al. [48] screened the pharmacological activity
shade dried and the antimicrobial principles were extracted of the ethanol and acetone extract of Phyllanthus amarus,
with methanol, acetone, chloroform, petroleum ether and Acalypha and indica Datura metel for its antimicrobial hexane. The antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus amarus activity against selected pathogen. The antimicrobial was determined by Agar Well Diffusion Method. It was activity was determined by using Disc diffusion method. found that methanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus Ethanol and acetone extracts with different concentrations showed more inhibitory activity against UTI causing (100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml) were mixed with 1 ml bacterial pathogens when compared to other solvent of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The inhibitory effect of
extracts. ethanol extract was relatively high when compared to
Siva Sakthiet al. [45] screened the pharmacological acetone extract. The study of antimicrobial activity of activity of the ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of Datura herbal plant extract of Datura metel,Acalypha indica and
metel and Acalypha indica for its antifungal activity Phyllanthus amarus showed that the ethanol extract
against pathogenic fungi. Six different fungal isolates viz., shows promising antimicrobial activity against bacterial
Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Aspergillus and fungal human pathogens when compared to acetone
fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and extract.
Penicillium chrysogenum were tested for its antifungal
activity. The collected leaf samples were powdered and Mangroves Plants and its Antimicrobial Properties:
covered with mangroves. These estuarine environments pharmacology [52]. Also different type of solvents are strongly dynamic in nature. Freshwater, from including ethanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate have been numerous channels and creeks and tidal saline water used for extraction [53].
alternatively washes these very special coastal wetlands. Mangrove forests not only play an essential Being flashed by the saline water twice a day, the role as the source of food for marine organisms but evergreen floral community occupying these are also a good source of food for human consumption environments is well adjusted to water stress, possesses based on their nutrient potential [54, 55]. Several mechanisms that allow water consumption versus salinity mangrove plants are consumed as medicinal plants in gradient, has broad and specified root systems has traditional medicine for many years [50]. Some recent marked tendency to vivipary and exhibits xerophytic studies confirmed the medicinal properties in some adaptation techniques. Mangroves, as a matter of fact, are mangrove plants which were consumed in folkloric composed of a diverse collection of taxonomically medicine. For example, 3',4',5,7- Tetrahydroxy flavone uncorrelated plant species containing both shrubs as well isolated from Sonneratia caseolaris, a mangrove as trees. However, despite of being taxonomically plant showed a significant inhibition activity against unrelated, these plants express resemblance in physical cell proliferation of SMMC-7721 human hepatoma feature and structural adaption to their habitat as a result cells in an in vitro cytotoxic assay carried out by of confluent evolution. Though, all members of Minqinget al. [56].
mangroves can grow well at minimum temperature average Pharmaceutical potential of mangrove plants is 20 C. Each mangroves species may vary in their salinity including antibacterial and antifungal properties have also tolerance, degree both in their salinity tolerance and the been reported. Abeysinghe and Wanigatunge [57] degree to which salinity may be necessary to maintain reported promising antimicrobial activity with ethyl their growth and competitive dominance. Due to their acetate extract of Avicennia marinamature leaves while distribution along inter-tidal coastlines, mangroves are Chandrasekaran et al. [58] showed the antimicrobial subjected to salt stress. To survive in such stressful potential of the methanol extract of Excoecaria agallocha
habitat, mangroves possess salinity tolerant adaptive 2 leaves and shoots. Antifungal activity of methanol extract mechanisms. Restriction of salt entrance into plants and of Exoecaria agallocha and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
salt secretion through special salt glands in leaves are trunks was also shown [59, 60]. The mangrove plants common adaptive measures [49]. have also been proved for antiviral, antibacterial and
anti-Mangroves are usually found only in tropical ulcer properties [61-63]
climates, as they need consistently warm conditions for Recent research evidenced that Indian mangroves development and survival. They occur in approximately contained antibacterial [58] and antifungal [64] properties. 112 countries and territories and are largely confined to Until now, more than 200 bioactive metabolites have been the regions between 30º north and south of the equator isolated from true mangroves of tropical and subtropical [50]. Medicinal plants are known to produce certain populations [65]. According to their chemical structure, bioactive molecules which react with other organisms in most of the isolated compounds belong to steroids, the environment; inhibiting bacterial or fungal growth. triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are being phenolics which having a wide range of therapeutic increasingly reported from different parts of the world possibilities [66].
[51]. Wu et al. [65] evaluated the antibacterial activity of
Mangrove plant extracts have been used for mature leaves, tender leaves and bark extracts of centuries as a popular method for treating several health Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis and Bruguiera
disorders. Plant-derived substances have recently become sexangula. The antibacterial activity was screened by of great interest owing to their versatile applications. using agar diffusion technique against pathogenic Mangroves are biochemically unique, producing a wide bacteria species of Staphylococcus sp., Proteus sp., array of novel natural products. Mangrove and mangrove Escherichia coli, Shigella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. associates contain biologically active antiviral, Twelve different plant extracts in A. marina, A. officinalis
antibacterial and antifungal compounds. The effects of and B. sexangula exhibited different degree of growth Mangrove extracts on some microorganisms including inhibition against tested bacterial strains. Mature leaf
Shigellasp., Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp. has extracts of A. marina and tender leaf extracts of A.
antibacterial activity than other plant extracts. All plant Chandrasekaranet al. [58] collected the Rhizophora
extracts in ethyl acetate showed strong inhibition conjugata and extracted successively with hexane, compared to other extracts on all tested bacterial strains. chloroform and methanol using the soxhlet extraction Among all bacterial strains, Pseudomonas sp. and E. coli apparatus. The antimicrobial activities of the organic showed considerable growth inhibition against almost all solvent extracts on the various test microorganisms, plant extracts. including bacteria and fungi investigated using agar well Henriquezet al. [67] reported the different antioxidant diffusion technique. Methanol extracts exhibited activities of five Chile apple cultivars. Different parts of a promising antimicrobial activity than chloroform and plant might also show different bioactivity potentials. For hexane extracts. Among all tested microorganisms L.
example, dissimilar antioxidant values from different parts acidophilus (22 mm) showing highest susceptibility ofAndrographis paniculata were reported by Rafat et al. followed byS. salivarius (19 mm) and A. hydrophila, S.
[68]. The method of plant extraction can also affect mutansand lowest activity was found with C. herbarum,
bioactivity potential. For example, methanol extract of F.oxysporum, S. anginosus andS.mitiswith concentration
Borreria hispida had higher antibacterial activity than 100 mg/ml.
both ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts. These Pradeep Khajure and Rathod [69] studied the references also suggest the application of combination of antimicrobial activity of n-hexane, chloroform and different assays to indicate a specific bioactivity. As an methanol extracts of leaves and roots of the plant example, the antioxidant capacity of Oenanthe javanica Acanthus ilicifolius. Ampicillin and clotrimazole were was higher than Euodia redlevi using DPPH free radical used as standard antibacterial and antifungal agents scavenging assay while the results of superoxide respectively. The result of the study revealed that the n-dismutase activity assay showed the higher antioxidant hexane extract and chloroform extract of leaves exhibited potential of Euodia redlevicompare to O. javanica from strong inhibitory action against Bacillus subtilis,
the same plant extracts. Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus
Rafatet al. [68] investigated the antimicrobial activity fumigatusandAspergillus niger and moderate inhibitory of the mangrove plant extract of Sonneratia apetala on action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus
the various test microorganisms, including clinical vulgaris.The rest of the extracts showed good inhibitory multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and phytopathogens. activity.
Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined by Ravikumar et al. [53] screened the antibacterial the well diffusion method. In vitro screening of activity of chloroform extract of Exoecaria agallocha.
Sonneratia apetala mangrove plant extracts of showed Chloroform extract of leaves exhibited strong inhibitory
species specific activity in inhibiting the growth of activity against all the pathogens tested. The six bacteria and fungi. Hexane, chloroform and methanol chloroform fractions of E. agallocha leaf extracts were extracts showed good activity against all the pathogens, collected and tested against the fish pathogens. The 3 where as methanolic extracts were active against most of fraction of chloroform from the leaf extracts were showed
the pathogens. maximum activity againstBacillus subtilis, followed by
Chandrasekaranet al. [58] studied the antibacterial Aeromonas hydrophyla, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V.
activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of harveyi and Serratia sp., respectively. Of these 3 leaves/shoots of five salt marsh halophytes and six fraction showed maximum activity (12 mm) againstVibrio
mangroves against Methicillin resistant, clinical isolates parahaemolyticus,followed by Bacillus subtilis (10 mm),
of Staphylococcus aureus. There was a clear V. harveyi, (10 mm) and A. hydrophyla (8 mm).
comparability between the salt marsh halophytes and Rai et al. [70] examined the antioxidant and mangroves in their antibacterial action. The mangrove antimicrobial properties of ethanol, methanol and plants possessed higher antibacterial potency than the chloroform extracts of Rhizophora mucronata leaves. salt marsh halophytes. The highest activity was recorded Ethanol, chloroform and methanol extracts of the leaves with the methanol extract of Excoecaria agallocha showed the highest antioxidant potential in superoxide followed by the methanol extracts of Aegiceras dismutase, erythrocyte haemolysis and free radical
corniculatum, Lumnitzera racemosa and Ceriops scavenging assays respectively. The highest total
decandra. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) phenolic content was found in ethanol extract followed by
values ranged from 0.125 to 4 mg/mL and 1 to 16 mg/mL methanol extract. Paper disk diffusion method was applied for methanol and aqueous extracts. to determine the antimicrobial activities of ethanol and rd
methanol extracts of the leaves. Both ethanol and respectively. The A. marina has Minimum Inhibitory methanol extracts could inhibit the growth of Escherichia Concentration value of 50 µg ml/1 as against
coli,Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus while no Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp. and
inhibition was detected against Pseudomonas Escherichia colifollowed by MIC value of 100 µg ml/1
aeruginosa. against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus
Raiet al. [51] investigated the antibacterial activity of epidermidis.
leaves and bark extracts of Ceriops tagaland Pemphis Ravikumar and Gnanadesigan [72] evaluated the
acidula using acetone, methanol, ethanol and water extracts of stem and root of Avicennia officinalis for their
extract against human pathogens such as Pseudomonas antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia
aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis,
cholera. The Pempis acidula possessed higher Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Staphylococcus aureus and
antibacterial potency than the Ceriops tagal, with Streptococcus pyogenes by agar well diffusion method. which the highest activity was recorded in methanol The stem and root extracts in acetone demonstrated best extract of bark, more active against Staphylococcus antibacterial activity. However, extracts prepared in other
aureus (17.2 ± 0.1 mm). The minimum inhibitory solvents also showed antibacterial activity against the
concentration (MIC) value was obtained as 75 mg/mL for test organisms. The extracts that possessed antibacterial methanol extract of the same. activity were further used for the determination of the Jaiminiet al. [71] evaluate the antibacterial potential Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) taking different of a mangrove plant Sonneratia apetala. Acetone extract concentrationsviz., 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg /100 µl. The value was prepared from the leaves and was tested against of MIC was found to be ranged from 1.25 mg/100 µl various bacterial pathogens. For this purpose, both Gram- to 5 mg/100 µl for different test organisms.
negative as well as Gram-positive bacterial strains were Gnanadesigan et al. [73] tested different levels of tested in this study. Antibacterial potency of the extract mangrove extract from Avicenna marina for its was tested by standard growth inhibitory assay methods. antimicrobial effect. A pathogen, gram negative bacteria The tested extract showed to varying degrees of Escherichia coli and a rotten fungi, Penicillium
antibacterial potential against tested Gram - negative as digitatum has been affected by mangrove extract using well as Gram - positive bacteria. These promising findings disc inhibitory zone. The length of inhibition zone was suggest antibacterial activity of the plant material measured in millimeters. Results showed that mangrove indicating presence of bioactive compounds against extract has inhibitory effect on both tested fungi and bacterial pathogens and exhibiting an alternative source pathogen but its effect on pathogen is stronger and more of antimicrobial compounds against diseases caused by considerable.
these microorganisms. Rahmi Nurdiani et al. [74] examined the
Ravikumaret al. [53] tested the antibacterial activity phytochemical content and antibacterial activity of the mangrove leaves of Avicennia marina, Ceriops potency of methanol extract ofRhyzophora mucronata.
decandra and Bruguiera cylindrica against antibiotic The phytochemical screening was assayed by qualitative
resistant pathogens viz. Staphylococcus aureus, analysis and the antibacterial assay determined by disk
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, diffusion method. The results of phytochemical analysis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and eye pathogens viz. showed that all methanol extract of root, bark, leaf, fruit
Escherichia coli, Proteus, Acinetobacter and and flower of R. mucronata contained alkaloid, tannin and
Staphylococcus epidermidis. Most of the plant extracts flavonoid, in addition fruit contained steroid respectively. showed promising antibacterial activity against both the The antibacterial activity in gram positive bacteria bacterial groups. However, Maximum antibacterial activity (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria was observed with the leaf extract of A. marina with the (Escherichia coli) was showed by almost all extracts of zone of inhibition 7.12±0.11mm against P. aeruginosa root, bark, wood, flower and leaf of R. mucronata. followed by B. cylindrical (6.8±0.84mm) and C. decandra Kazuhiko [59] studied the antibacterial activity and (6.02±0.02). Moreover, the leaf extract of A. marina phytochemical analysis of Mangrove plant Avicennia
protophormiae, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Alcaligens analyzed, ethanolic leaf extract of Pongamia pinnata and
faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Lowsonia innermis exhibited a maximum resistance
Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus megaterium, Enterococcus against Bacillus subtilis and possessed a highest
faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Salmonella enterica, inhibitory zone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Micrococcus luteus respectively when compared to other
Bacillus subtilis. Of the six solvent extracts ofA. alba, bacterial strains. ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of leaf and stem, with
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